biheviorizmi

manana meliqiSvili

biheviorizmi

2012

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manana meliqiSvili

manana meliqiSvili,
biheviorizmi

redaqtori:
naTia nacvliSvili

ydis dizaini da dakabadoneba:

levan barbaqaZe

masalis momzadebisas gaweuli daxmarebisTvis madlobas vuxdiT

nino labartyavas da saba CixlaZes

© maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnuli centri, 2012.

www.tpdc.ge

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 biheviorizmi

biheviorizmi

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi:

1. swavlisadmi sami midgoma.

2. i. pavlovis Sexeduleba swavlaze.

3. biheviorizmis ZiriTadi postulatebi.

• j. uotsonis Sexeduleba swavlaze.
• e. Torndaikis Sexeduleba swavlaze.

4. b. f. skineris Teoriis ZiriTadi postulatebi da

misi gamoyeneba ganaTlebaSi.
• respondentuli da operantuli qceva.
• qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi.
• pozitiuri da negatiuri ganmtkiceba.
• pozitiuri da negatiuri dasja.
• aversiuli kontroli.
• ganmtkicebis ganrigi.

5. klasis marTvis bihevioristuli modeli.

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manana meliqiSvili

erT-erTi kiTxva, romelsac yvelaze xSirad svamen

maswavleblebi, gaxlavT Semdegi: - rogori pirobebia
ufro efeqturi, raTa moswavlis qcevaSi sasurveli
cvlilebebi SevitanoT?

qvemoT ganvixilavT bihevioristebis mosazrebebs aR­

niS­nul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

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 biheviorizmi

swavlisadmi sami midgoma

swavla - es aris axali informaciisa da codnis,

Cvevebisa da Cveulebebis, damokidebulebebisa da rwmenis
SeZena. Sesabamisad, fsiqologebi ganmartaven swavlas,
rogorc garkveulwilad stabilur cvlilebebs adamianis
codnasa da qceviT potencialSi, romelic gamowveulia
gamocdilebiT (garemo) da ar aris dakavSirebuli -
daRlasTan, travmasTan, avadmyofobasTan da organizmSi
mimdinare biologiur cvlilebebTan. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, swavla aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTac
gamocdileba iwvevs garkveulwilad mudmiv cvlilebebs
codnaSi an qcevaSi.
cvlileba rom swavlad CaiTvalos, igi unda iyos
adamianis gamocdilebis, garemosTan misi urTierTobis
Sedegi. mxolod momwifebiT gamowveuli cvlileba,
rogoricaa simaRleSi zrda an gaWaRaraveba ar iTvleba
swavlad. cvlilebebi, romelTac iwvevs avadmyofoba,
daRla an SimSili, aseve ar Sedis swavlis gansazRvrebaSi.
fsiqologTa umravlesoba am debulebas iziarebs, magram
zogi xazs usvams codnas, zogi ki - qcevas. kognituri
fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic yuradRebas
codnis cvlilebaze amaxvileben, fiqroben, rom swavla
Sinagani gonebrivi saqmianobaa. aqedan gamomdinare,
isini yuradRebas amaxvileben swavlis inteleqtualur
procesebze (mexsiereba, azrovneba). kognitivistebi
cdiloben, gascen pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvebs: - rogor xdeba
codnis miReba? rogor vwyvetT problemebs? rogor
xdeba axali informaciis organizeba? rogor vixsenebT
informacias, vcvliT da viyenebT?
bihevioristuli (behavior ing. - qceva) Sexeduleba
gulisxmobs, rom swavlis Sedegi qcevis cvlilebaa da
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manana meliqiSvili

xazs usvams adamianze garemo movlenebis gavlenis

mniSvnelobas. bihevioristebi cdiloben, axsnan wesebi,
romlis mixedviTac myardeba kavSiri stimulsa da reaqcias
(qcevas) Soris.
mesame midgomaa humanizmi. humanisti fsiqologebi
yuradRebas amaxvileben adamianis individualobasa da
unikalurobaze. maTi yuradRebis centrSia adamianis
emociuri ganviTareba, da ara informaciis gadamuSaveba
an stimul-reaqciebi (ix. cxrili #1).

cxrili # 1. swavlisadmi 3 midgoma.

midgoma amosavali ZiriTadi warmomad- sargebeli
wertili cnebebi genlebi maswavleb-
lisTvis
bihevio- qceva stimuli, pavlovi, xsnis swavlas
rizmi reaqcia, uotsoni, Cvevebisa da
ganmtkiceba, Torndaiki, asociaciebis
dasja, skineri, CamoyalibebiT.
qcevis bandura.
modifikacia, gansakuTrebul
asociaciuri yuradRebas
swavla. amaxvilebs
ganmtkicebaze.
kogniti- Semecneba gadawyveti- piaJe, xsnis gagebis
vizmi lebis bruneri (azrovnebis)
miReba. ganviTarebas.
gageba.
kognituri xazs usvams
struqtura. codnis
aRqma. gaazrebas da
mexsiereba. organizebas.
humanizmi pirovneba me- maslou, xsnis emociur
koncefcia. rojersi ganviTarebas.
TviTaqtua-
lizacia. xazs usvams
Rirsebis pirovnebis
grZnoba. keTildReobas.

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 biheviorizmi

i. pavlovis Sexeduleba swavlaze

swavlis yvelaze adreuli axsna aristoteles ekuTvnis.
man Tqva, rom Cven sagnebs (movlenebs) vimaxsovrebT maSin,
roca:
• isini msgavsia
• sapirispiroa
• mosazRvrea
yvelaze mniSvnelovania bolo, asociaciiT swavlis
principi. rodesac ori an ramodenime SegrZneba
erTdroulad sakmaod xSirad warmoiqmneba, maT Soris
myardeba asociaciuri kavSiri. mogvianebiT, roca am
SegrZnebaTagan erT-erTi (stimuli) iCens Tavs, meorec
gvaxsendeba xolme (reaqcia). magaliTad, roca Cven gvesmis
sityva `istoria“, SeiZleba gagvaxsendes Cveni istoriis
maswavlebeli.
ideaTa Soris asociacia aseve did rols asrulebs
klasikuri ganpirobebis saxeliT cnobil saswavlo
procesSi (pavlovi, uotsoni).
klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsi aRmoaCina i. pavlovma,
rusma fiziologma, romelic cdilobda, daedgina: Wamidan
ramdeni xnis Semdeg gamoyofda ZaRli kuWis wvens.
pirvelad ZaRlebma nerwyvi gamoyves Wamis dros, Semdeg
- rogorc ki saWmeli dainaxes, xolo mere - rogorc ki
gaiges, rom mecnieri, romelic maT aWmevda, laboratorias
uaxlovdeboda.
sakvebi warmoadgens upirobo stimuls, radgan araviTari
winaswari wvrTna ar aris saWiro nerwyvis gamoyofasa
da sakvebs Soris bunebrivi kavSiris dasadgenad. man es
avtomaturad gamoiwvia. roca nerwyvis gamoyofa saWmlis
an mecnieris danaxvaze iwyeba, sakvebi (mecnieri) gaxda
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manana meliqiSvili

pirobiTi stimuli, xolo reaqcia (kuWis wvenis gamoyofa)

- ganpirobebuli sapasuxo reaqcia, pirobiTi refleqsi.
klasikuri ganpirobeba - es aris avtomaturi reaqciebis
dakavSireba neitralur stimulTan, romelic, gameorebis
SemTxvevaSi, xdeba pirobiTi stimuli - iwvevs refleqss
an emociur reaqcias.
klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis gamomuSavebiT,
SesaZlebelia adamianebsa da cxovelebs aswavlo iseT
stimulebze reagireba, romelsac adre araviTari efeqti
ar hqonda.*

* sakiTxavi masala.
narkotikis gadaWarbebuli dozis miRebiT gamow­
veuli gardacvaleba da i. pavlovis Teoria
narkotikis (heroinis) gadaWarbebuli dozis miRebiT
gamowveuli gardacvaleba sakmaod gavrcelebuli
movlenaa wamaldamokidebul adamianTa Soris. cnobilia,
rom miCvevasTan erTad, wamaldamokidebuli adamiani
sul ufro metad zrdis preparatis dozas, romelic
misTvis regularuli xdeba. Cveulebrivi adamianisaTvis
ki gazrdili doza SeiZleba sasikvdilo aRmoCndes.
saqme isaa, rom wamaldamokidebuli adamianis organizmi
gamoimuSavebs garkveul meqanizmebs, romelic icavs
mas narkotikuli preparatis mavne zemoqmedebisagan.
ratom xdeba, rom wamaldamokidebuli adamiani iRupeba
narkotikis didi, magram misTvis Cveuli dozis miRebis
Sedegad? i. pavlovis Teoria iZleva pasuxs am kiTxvaze.
davuSvaT, rom narkotikuli preparati aris upirobo
stimuli, xolo misi organizmis dacviTi meqanizmebi ki -
upirobo reaqcia. rodesac wamaldamokidebuli adamiani

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 biheviorizmi

narkotikul preparats iRebs garkveul situaciaSi -

Tavis megobrebTan erTad, Cveul adgilas, maSin es
situacia xdeba pirobiTi stimuli. es situacia iwvevs
(magaliTad, momzadebis Cveuli rituali) organizmis
reaqcias, xdeba dacviTi meqanizmebis CarTva.
rogorc gadaWarbebuli dozis miRebis Semdeg
gadarCenili adamianebi amboben, maT narkotikuli
preparati miiRes maTTvis aratipur garemoSi (magaliTad,
ucnob adgilas). am SemTxvevaSi pirobiTi stimuli
(nacnobi situacia), romelic iwyebda organizmis
momzadebas, ar iyo mocemuli da organizmma ver gauZlo
maTTvis Cveul dozas.

biheviorizmis ZiriTadi postulatebi

biheviorizmi, anu moZRvreba adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb,

Camoyalibda XX saukunis dasawyisSi. bihevioristebi (j.
uotsoni, e. Torndaiki, b.f. skineri) miiCneven, rom fsiqo­
logiam unda Seiswavlos mxolod uSualo dakvirvebisTvis
misawvdomi movlenebi (qceva). cnobierebis Seswavla
kvlevis mecnieruli meTodebiT SeuZlebelia - misi
dafarulobisa da subieqturobis gamo. amitom, isini
Tvlian, rom mecnieruli fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani
unda iyos adamianis qceva da ara misi Sinagani samyaro
(azrovneba, grZnobebi da sxva).
bihevioristebma swavlis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi
principebi cxovelebze daadgines, amave dros, isini
Tvlian, rom adamianis swavlisas igive kanonzomierebebi
moqmedebs.

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manana meliqiSvili

bihevioristebis azriT, ar arsebobs axali informaciis

TavisTavad dauflebis winapirobebi. informacia adamians
(bavSvs) garedan miewodeba. swavlis procesSi centraluri
figuraa maswavlebeli. igi garkveuli instruqciebiTa
da miTiTebebiT aswavlis moswavles. Cveulebriv,
informacia guldasmiT aris gaanalizebuli, davalebebad
danawevrebuli da moswavles TanmimdevrobiT miewodeba.
maswavlebeli flobs informacias da misi movaleobaa,
bavSvs codna gadasces. maswavlebelma unda Seafasos
moswavlis mier aTvisebuli codnis xarisxi da Semdgom
safexurze gadasvlamde kvlav ganamtkicos ganvlili
masala.
bihevioristuli swavlebis Teoria aris maswavlebelze
orientirebuli, direqtiuli swavleba. maswavlebeli
srulad akontrolebs saswavlo da aRmzrdelobiT process.
sagnis specifikidan gamomdinare, gansazRvravs saswavlo
masalas, warmarTavs mas, gansazRvravs gakveTilis temps,
amowmebs da asworebs moswavleTa codnas. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, maswavlebeli aris codnis gadamcemic,
makontrolebelic da Semfasebelic.

j. uotsonis Sexeduleba swavlaze

biheviorizmis fuZemdeblad miCneulia j. uotsoni

(ganicdida i. pavlovis ideebis gavlenas). j. uotsonis
Tanaxmad, adamiani ibadeba refleqsebis garkveuli
raodenobiT. swavla ki warmoadgens refleqsebis
safuZvelze ganxorcielebul klasikur ganpirobebas.*

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*sakiTxavi masala.

patara alberti

uotsonma da rainerma 8 Tvis alberti daaSines

patara, saTamaSo TeTri virTxiT, romelic mas Zalian
moswonda. maT TeTri virTxis gamoCena daawyviles
upirobo, aversiul stimulTan - liTonis firfitaze
CaquCis dartymiT gamowveul usiamovno xmasTan.
SekrTo­ mis upirobo reaqcia da emociuri distresi
gaxda swavlis mizezi - alberti, ukve 7 cdis Semdeg,
SiSiT reagirebda TeTri virTxis danaxvaze. emociuri
ganpirobeba ganzogadda qceviT ganpirobebaze, radgan
albertma iswavla virTxisTvis Tavis arideba, misgan
gaqceva. Semdeg SiSi ganzogadda saerTod bewvian
sagnebze - baWiaze, ZaRlze da santa klausis niRabzec
ki. albertis dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave
hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda, manamde
waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs mouxsnidnen. amitom aravin
icis, ra bedi ewia patara alberts.

P. S. dRes aseTi saxis eqsperimentis Catareba

fsiqologis eTikuri normebis darRvevad aris miCneuli.

Sesabamisad, adamianTa Soris gansxvaveba aris Sedegi maTi

cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis. j. uotsoni miiCnevs, rom
fiqris, ganzraxvisa da sxva Sinagani fsiqikuri movlenebis
mecnierulad da srulyofilad Seswavla SeuZlebelia.
es `mentalizmi“, rogorc is uwodebs, saerTod ar unda
yofiliyo moxsenebuli swavlis ganmartebisas.

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manana meliqiSvili

`momeciT ramdenime janmrTeli Cvili bavSvi da

SesaZlebloba, aRvzardo isini specialur garemoSi.
me gaZlevT garantias, rom SemTxveviT SerCeuli erTi
maTganisgan nebismieri profilis specialists gamoviyvan:
eqims, mxatvars, vaWars, maTxovarsa da qurdsac ki.
miuxedavad maTi midrekilebisa, niWisa, misi winaprebis
saqmianobisa da rasobrivi ideologiisa,“ - wers j.
uotsoni.
SesaZloa, Cveni bevri emociuri reaqcia sxvadasxva
situaciaze naswavli iyos klasikuri ganpirobebis
gziT. magaliTad, bavSvma SeiZleba tirili daiwyos
TeTrxalaTiani adamianis danaxvisas, Tuki adre mas eqimma
raime mtkivneuli procedura Cautara.
klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsi moqmedebs rogorc
moswavleze, aseve, maswavlebelze. gaxsovdeT, rom saklaso
oTaxSi iswavleba ara mxolod ideebi da faqtebi, aramed
emociebi da damokidebulebebi. am emociurma swavlam
SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos akademiur swavlaze.
klasikuri ganpirobeba (gansakuTrebiT emociuri
reaqciebis) gvxvdeba yvela saswavlo dawesebulebaSi.
swored es aris imis safuZveli, rom skola, sagani,
maswavlebeli Cven an mogvwons, an - ara. magaliTad,
romelime saswavlo sagani (igulisxmeba, rom moswavlem
ar icis sagani) - neitraluri stimuli, Tavidan iwvevs
mcire emociur reaqcias. magram maswavlebeli, saklaso
oTaxi an raime sxva stimuli, romelic xSirad ukavSirdeba
saswavlo sagans, SeiZleba gaxdes upirobo stimuli.
es upirobo stimuli SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos
rogorc sasiamovno reaqciebTan (moxerxebuli merxi,
keTilganwyobili pedagogi), aseve usiamovno reaqciebTan

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 biheviorizmi

(mouxerxebeli merxi, uxeSi maswavlebeli, cudi dafa).

Sedegad, sagani (magaliTad, maTematika) ukavSirdeba
upirobo stimuls (magaliTad, mouxerxebeli merxi) da
emociebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia upirobo stimulTan,
SeiZleba gaxdes klasikuri ganmamtkicebeli sagnis mimarT.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, SeiZleba vaswavloT maTematika
da amave dros vaswavloT, rom ar uyvardeT maTematika.
aqedan gamomdinare, maswavlebelma, romelic iwvevs
moswavleebis Rimils, roca isini swavloben, magaliTad,
gamravlebis tabulas, SeiZleba miaRwios warmatebebs
Tavisi moswavleebis swavlebaSi. Sedegad miviRebT:
1. Rimils da sasiamovno ganwyobas, rac, TavisTavad,
Sedegia.

2. ori stimulis (magaliTad, 2 da 3) kavSirs reaqciasTan (6).

3. siyvaruls maTematikis, maswavleblis, skolis mimarT.

klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis gamoyeneba

saklaso oTaxSi.

rekomendaciebi:

1. daakavSireT saswavlo davalebebTan pozitiuri,

sasiamovno movlenebi.

• moawyveT saklaso oTaxi ise, rom is komfortuli

iyos. magaliTad, dawyebiT klasebSi SeiZleba
moawyoT sakiTxavi kuTxe baliSebiTa da feradi
wignebiT.
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manana meliqiSvili

• yuradReba miaqcieT jgufur Sejibrebebsa da

TanamSromlobas (gaiTvaliswineT, rom moridebul
bavSvebs Sejibrebaze negatiuri reaqcia aqvT, rac
SeiZleba swavlaze ganzogaddes).

2.
daexmareT moswavleebs, gariskon da miaRwion
warmatebebs SfoTvis gamomwvev situaciaSi.

• daavaleT morcxv moswavleebs, daexmaron megobars

davalebis SesrulebaSi.

• yoveldRe, da Semdeg - kviraSi erTxel, CautareT

moswavleebs testebi, romelSic niSans ar dauwerT.

• Tu moswavles eSinia klasis winaSe saubris, mieciT

mas ufleba, mcire jgufis winaSe, damjdarma
gipasuxoT gakveTili, Semdeg igive gaakeTebineT
fexze mdgoms, bolos daavaleT, rom mTeli klasis
winaSe gipasuxoT.

3.
daexmareT moswavleebs, gaarCion situaciaTa
msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi, raTa SeZlon movlenaTa
ganzogadeba da gansxvaveba.

• auxseniT patarebs, rom unda eridon ucnobebs,

romlebic maT saCuqrebs an sadme miyvanas
sTavazoben, magram miiRon es SemoTavazeba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu es mSoblis TandaswrebiT moxdeba.

• auxseniT moswavleebs, romlebic Zalian Relaven

misaRebi gamocdebis Taobaze, rom es gamocda maT
mier Cabarebuli sxva nebismieri gamocdisgan ar
gansxvavdeba.

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 biheviorizmi

ra gansazRvravs kavSirs stimulebs, reaqciebs da

stimul-reaqcias Soris?

i. pavlovis da j. uotsonis Tanaxmad, es aris maTi

erTdroulad miwodeba. maTi azriT, ori movlenis
erTdroulad aRmoceneba sakmarisia asociaciuri
swavlisTvis. e.i. sakmarisia davrekoT zari da mivceT
sakvebi X-jer, raTa adgili hqondes swavlas.

e. Torndaikisa da skineris Tanaxmad ki saWiroa

ganmtkiceba. maTi azriT, reaqciis Sedegi iwvevs swavlas.

e. Torndaikis Sexeduleba swavlaze

e. Torndaiki Tavis SromebSi ganixilavs im pirobebs

(kanonebs), romlebic iwvevs kavSirebis (asociaciebis)
ganmtkicebas an darRvevas. es kanonebi qmnis misi swavlis
Teoriis safuZvlebs.

efeqtis kanoni

didia albaToba im reaqciebis gameorebisa, romelmac

gamoiwvia kmayofilebis mdgomareoba da naklebia
albaToba iseTi reaqciis gameorebisa, romelic iwvevs
ukmayofilebas. mogvianebiT, e. Torndaikma Seitana
cvlilebebi efeqtis kanonSi. adre is Tvlida, rom
ukmayofilebis mdgomareoba iwvevs kavSirebis darRvevas
(daviwyebas). SemdgomSi man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom is,
rac iwvevs kmayofilebas, gamoiwvevs swavlas, xolo is,
rac iwvevs ukmayofilebas, ar iwvevs daviwyebas, aramed
adamiani asrulebs sxva aqtivobas.

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manana meliqiSvili

am kanonidan gamomdinare, maswavlebelma moswavlis

swori reaqciebi unda daajildoos. jildos da dasjis
gamoyenebis dros maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos
konkretuli situacia da bavSvi.

mzaoba

swavla mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli moswavlis

mzaobaze. iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa - momwifeba da
gamocdileba, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs imas, Tu
rogori iqneba swavla - advili, rTuli Tu SeuZlebeli.
es kanoni safuZvlad udevs dasjisa da waxalisebis e.
Torndaikiseul ganmartebas. kerZod, mzaoba gansazRvravs,
aris Tu ara mdgoma­reoba damakmayofilebeli. kmayofilebis
mdgomareoba (jildo) Cndeba maSin, roca adamiani mzadaa,
raRac gaakeTos da SeuZlia amis gakeTeba. amave dros, Tu
adamians ar aqvs SesaZlebloba, gaakeTos is, risTvisac
mzadaa, an iZulebulia, gaakeTos is, risTvisac mzad ar
aris, es iwvevs ukmayofilebis mdgomareobas (dasja).

ras niSnavs mzaoba?

mzaoba SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos fizikur

momwifebaze, inteleqtualur Cvevebze, codnaze.
Sesabamisad, mzaobis Sesafaseblad da gansaviTareblad
saWiroa maswavlebelma icodes bavSvis emociuri da
inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis kanon­zo­mi­erebebi.

gameoreba

gameoreba xels uwyobs kavSiris (codnis) simtkices. am

kanons aTeuli wlebis ganmav­lobaSi udidesi mniSvneloba
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 biheviorizmi

hqonda swavlebis procesze. varjiSi da gameoreba miRebuli

iyo, rogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pedagogiuri teqnika.
mogvianebiT, e. Torndaikma kategoriulad uaryo es
kanoni. mis mier adamianebze Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena,
rom TavisTavad gameoreba ar iwvevs swavlas.

mravlobiTi reaqcia

roca adamianis winaSea rTuli problema, romlis

gadawyvetac man ar icis, is gamoimuSavebs mraval SesaZlo
reaqcias manam, sanam erT-erTi maTgani ar gamoiwvevs
problemis gadaWras. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
problemis gadaWra xdeba cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT. am
kanonis gamo, e. Torndaikis Teoria cnobilia, rogorc
cdisa da Secdomebis meTodebiT swavlis Teoria.

ganwyoba

swavla xSirad damokidebulia winaswar Camoyalibebul

ganwyobaze, anu garkveuli saxiT reagirebis tendenciaze.
es kanoni gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi xSirad reagireben
axal situaciaSi Tavisi ganwyobebidan gamomdinare.
ganwyoba ganicdis mniSvnelovan kulturul gavlenas.
magaliTad, zogierT qveyanaSi agresiuli reaqciebi
ufro xSirad gvxvdeba, Sesabamisad, didia albaToba, rom
adgili eqneba maT ganmtkicebas. kultura da uSualo
garemo ara mxolod imaze axdens gavlenas, Tu ra
reaqcias ganaxorcielebs adamiani, aramed imazec, Tu ra
ganixileba damakmayofileblad da ra - ara. magaliTad,
bavSvis uSualo garemo gansazRvravs, Tu ra iqneba misTvis
prioritetuli - swavla Tu popularoba.
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manana meliqiSvili

elementTa dominireba (yuradRebis miqceva)

organizmi reagirebs situaciis mniSvnelovan elementebze.

magaliTad, did yuTSi moTavsebuli kata ar cdilobs
Weridan gamosvlas, aramed manipulirebs karis urduliT.

moswavles ar SeuZlia reaqcia hqondes yvelaferze,

rasac is xedavs da esmis konkretul SemTxvevaSi. amitom
maswavlebelma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilos saswavlo
situaciis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. magaliTad, xazi
gausvas mniSvnelovan azrs, gamoiyenos feri, xma, Jesti,
gameoreba da a. S.

analogiis kanoni (ganzogadeba)

magaliTad, roca moswavle iyenebs skolaSi naswavl

gamravlebis wesebs, imisTvis, rom gansazRvros, ramdeni
fanqris yidva SeuZlia 5 larad, is azogadebs naswavls.
maswavlebelma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos ganzogadebas,
miuTiTebs ra im situaciebs, sadac SeiZleba calkeuli
reaqcia an wesi iqnes gamoyenebuli. aseve, mniSvnelovania,
xazi gaesvas ideebs Soris kavSirs. es kavSirebi aris
codnis safuZveli - ambobs e. Torndaiki.

b. f. skineris Teoriis ZiriTadi postulatebi da misi

gamoyeneba ganaTlebaSi

b. f. skinerma gamoyo qcevis ori tipi: respondentuli

da operantuli qceva. respondentul (respond - ing. -
reaqcia, pasuxi. respondent - mopasuxe) qcevaSi stimuli
yovelTvis win uswrebs reaqcias. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, is xorcieldeba, rogorc reaqcia stimulze.

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 biheviorizmi

respondenti (skineris termini) - raime stimulze

reaqcia

upirobo reaqcia respondentuli qcevis magaliTia.

magaliTad, dacemineba, Tvalis xamxami, SimSili, SiSi,
agzneba da a.S. aris respondentebi. maTTvis saerToa
is, rom isini arian avtomaturi, uneblie reaqciebi
stimulze. msgavsi reaqciebi SeiZleba iyos klasikurad
ganpirobebuli. skineris Tanaxmad, klasikuri ganpirobeba
aRwers mxolod imas, Tu rogor SeiZleba daukavSirdes
arsebuli qceva axal stimuls. klasikuri ganpirobeba ar
xsnis imas, Tu rogor iZens adamiani axal, operantul
qcevas.*

*saintereso faqti.

atarebda ra eqsperimentebs cxovelebze, skineri gaxda

virtuozi momTvinierebeli. mas SeeZlo, mtredisTvis
ramodenime wuTSi eswavlebina cekva.

operantuli (operatio laT. - moqmedeba) qceva - es

aris farTod gavrcelebuli qcevis mniSvnelovani tipi,
romelic ar aris reaqcia raime stimulze, aramed es aris
organizmis mier ganxorcielebuli reaqcia (qceva).

operanti (skineris termini) - reaqcia, romelic ar

aris gamowveuli raime stimuliT.

magaliTad, manqanis marTva, werilis dawera, simRera,

wignis kiTxva da a.S. umravles SemTxvevaSi, aris operanti.
isini warmoiqmnebian ara rogorc reaqcia stimulze, aramed

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manana meliqiSvili

rogorc moqmedeba, romelsac akontrolebs adamiani.

operantuli qceva emorCileba operantuli ganpirobebis

kanonebs.

ganpirobeba - es aris daswavlis saxe, rodesac kavSiri

myardeba stimulsa da reaqcias Soris.

operantuli ganpirobeba gansxvavdeba Torndaikis

swavlis koncefciisa da misi efeqtis kanonisagan.
Torndaiki Tvlida, rom ganmtkicebis efeqti mdgomareobs
stimulsa da reaqcias Soris kavSiris damyarebaSi.
xolo skineri Tvlida, rom kavSiri myardeba reaqciasa
da ganmtkicebas Soris. e.i operantuli ganpirobebis
dros adgili aqvs jer qcevas, xolo Semdeg adgili
aqvs ganmtkicebas. operantuli swavlis dros izrdeba
ganmtkicebuli reaqciis gameorebis albaToba.

ra aris operantuli ganpirobeba?

operantuli ganpirobeba - es aris daswavlis forma,

romelic gulisxmobs qcevis gaZlierebas ganmtkicebis
Sedegad.

qcevis ganxorcielebis mizezi garemoSia, ambobs skineri.

amitom biheviorizmis mizania, aRmoaCinos da aRweros
kanonebi, romlebic marTaven organizmsa da garemos
Soris urTierTzemoqmedebas. am sakiTxis gasarkvevad,
skineri mimarTavs qcevis eqsperimentul analizs. qcevis
eqsperimentuli analizi aris skineris sistema, sadac
aqcenti keTdeba qcevasTan dakavSirebuli cvladebis

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 biheviorizmi

analizze: - ras akeTebs organizmi; pirobebi, sadac

moqmedeba xorcieldeba da qcevis Sedegi.
skineri gamoyofs cvladebis or saxes: damoukidebeli
(es aris faqtorebi, romelTa marTvac SeiZleba, magaliTad,
ganmtkiceba) da damokidebuli (damoukidebeli cvladebis
manipulaciis Sedegi, magaliTad, reaqciis sixSire)
cvladebi. skineris sistemaSi damoukidebeli cvladebia
- ganmtkicebis saxe da ganrigi, xolo damokidebuli
cvladebia - reaqciis gamovlenis sixSire, daswavlisTvis
saWiro dro da ganmtkicebis Sewyvetis Sem­ deg, qcevis
Senaxvis dro (qcevis Caqrobis siCqare). ix. cxrili #2.

skineris qcevis eqsperimentuli analizis cvladebi.

cxrili #2.

damoukidebeli cvladebi damokidebuli cvladebi

ganmtkicebis saxe daswavlis siCqare

ganmtkicebis ganrigi reaqciis sixSire

qcevis Caqrobis dro

ganvixiloT TiToeuli cvladi.

ganmtkiceba

skineri asxvavebs or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul cnebas:

ganmamtkicebeli stimuli da ganmtkiceba. ganmamtkicebeli
stimuli - es aris - stimuli, xolo ganmtkiceba ki -
am stimulis Sedegad miRebuli efeqti. magaliTad,

21
manana meliqiSvili

Sokoladi SeiZleba iyos ganmamtkicebeli stimuli, xolo

misi zemoqmedeba bavSvze - ganmtkiceba.

ganmamtkicebeli stimuli, Cveulebriv, ganisazRvreba,

rogorc stimuli, romelic zrdis reaqciis gamovlenis
albaTobas. zogi stimuli SeiZleba iyos Zlieri
ganmamtkicebeli zogierTi adamianisTvis da sruliad
ar iwvevdes ganmtkicebas sxva adamianTan. magaliTad,
pirvelklaselisTvis varskvlavis dawera (maT mier
Sesrulebul samuSaoSi) SeiZleba gaxdes maTi interesisa
da mondomebis reaqciis zrdis safuZveli, xolo Tu
universitetis profesori varskvlavebs dauwers
studentebs, aman SeiZleba, sul mcire, studentebis
gakvirveba gamoiwvios.

ganmamtkicebeli stimuli SeiZleba iyos pirveladi

(upirobo) da meoradi (pirobiTi). pirveladi (upirobo)
stimulebi Tavisi bunebiT ganmamtkicebelia. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, maTi ganmamtkicebeli efeqtis swavla
saWiro ar aris. isini dakavSirebulni arian organizmis
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan, magaliTad, sakvebi,
wyali da a.S.

meoradi (pirobiTi) ganmamtkicebeli stimuli aris

neitraluri stimuli, romelic upirobo stimulTan
dakavSirebis Sedegad xdeba ganmamtkicebeli stimuli
- fuli, prestiJi, warmateba, Seqeba. magaliTad, fuli
patara bavSvisTvis aranair Rirebulebas ar warmoadgens,
sanam is ar gaigebs, rom fulis saSualebiT SeiZleba iyidos
misTvis sasurveli nivTi; niSani aranair Rirebulebas ar
warmoadgens moswavlisTvis, Tu misi mSoblebi ar aqceven
yuradRebas da ar afaseben karg niSnebs.

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 biheviorizmi

meoradi ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi SeiZleba 3

kategoriad davyoT:

1. socialuri ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi - Seqeba,

Rimili, yuradReba.

2. qceviTi ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi - saTamaSoebi da

saxaliso aqtivobebi.

3. simboluri ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi - niSani, fuli.

ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri

da negatiuri. pozitiuri ganmamtkicebeli stimuli zrdis
qcevis gameorebis albaTobas (rogorc wesi, es sasiamovno
stimulebia). negatiur ganmamtkicebel stimuls aqvs
igive Sedegi, mxolod misi moxsnis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc
wesi, negatiuri ganmamtkicebeli stimulebia aversiuli
(usiamovno an mtkivneuli) stimulebi. magaliTad, eleqtro
Soki an bavSvis gakveTilebis Semdeg skolaSi datoveba.

Sesabamisad, arsebobs ori saxis ganmtkiceba -

pozitiuri da negatiuri. pozitiuri ganmtkiceba
gulisxmobs pozitiuri stimulis miwodebas. magaliTad,
Tu bavSvi kargad iswavlis gakveTils, maswavlebeli mas
Seaqebs. negatiuri ganmtkiceba ki gulisxmobs negatiuri
stimulis mocilebas. magaliTad, manqanis usafrTxoebis
Rvedis sasignalo zari Sewydeba, roca Tqven Rveds
gaikeTebT, an moswavle `avad“ xdeba sakontrolos win. es
moqmedeba moswavles saSualebas aZlevs, aicilos usiamovno
situacia - sakontrolo. Tumca aq SeiZleba garkveuli
roli iTamaSos klasikurma pirobiTma refleqsmac.

23
manana meliqiSvili

SeiZleba moswavleebs gamoumuSavdeT pirobiTi refleqsi

da sakontrolos win usiamovno fiziologiur reaqciebs
ganicdidnen.

amis msgavsad, arsebobs ori saxis dasja: pozitiuri,

roca miewodeba aversiuli stimuli da negatiuri, roca
ixsneba sasiamovno, pozitiuri stimuli. magaliTad,
bavSvi cudad moiqca da deda mas gaubrazda (pozitiuri
dasja); bavSvi cudad moiqca, amitom mas ar misces ufleba,
kompiuteriT eTamaSa (negatiuri dasja).

roca maswavlebeli eubneba moswavles raime

sasiamovnos, uRimis, uwers maRal Sefasebas, aqebs - esaa
pozitiuri ganmtkicebis magaliTebi. muqara, dacinva,
gabrazeba, damcireba da a. S. - aris aversiuli stimulebi,
romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc negatiuri
ganmamtkicebeli, an dasjis erT-erTi saxe.

ganmtkicdeba Tu ara raime movlenis Sedegebi,

damokidebulia adamianis mier movlenaTa aRqmis unarze
da misTvis am movlenis mniSvnelobaze. magaliTad, erTi
moswavlisaTvis skolidan gagdeba SeiZleba sasjeli iyos,
maSin roca sxvisTvis amas araviTari mniSvneloba ar eqneba.
sxvaTa Soris, skiners araferi uTqvams imaze, Tu ratom
aZlierebs ganmamtkicebeli qcevas. misi TqmiT, usargebloa
iseT `warmosaxviT konstruqciebze“ saubari, rogoricaa
- molodini, mniSvneloba, saWiroeba, daZabuloba. skineri
ubralod aRwerda qcevis zrdis tendencias garkveuli
ganmtkicebis Semdeg.*

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 biheviorizmi

* sakiTxavi masala.

skineris meTodiT zemoqmedeba pedagogze

erT-erT amerikul kolejSi fsiqologma studentebma

Caatares eqsperimenti. maT pedagogs Cvevad hqonda
leqciis kiTxvisas erTi kuTxidan meorisken siaruli.
roca is fanjrisken midioda, studentebi axdendnen
interesis demonstrirebas - iwyebdnen Canawerebis
gakeTebas, uyurebdnen TvalebSi, iRebdnen interesis
gamomxatvel pozas. roca pedagogi midioda karisken,
auditoria eSveboda, ar axdenda interesis da yuradRebis
demonstrirebas, iwyebdnen laparaks. ramdenime leqciis
Semdeg pedagogma Sewyvita auditoriaSi siaruli da
mTeli leqciis ganmavlobaSi myarad idga fanjarasTan.

rogorc pozitiuri, aseve aversiuli stimulebi

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc ganmtkicebisTvis,
aseve dasjisTvis. ix. cxrili #3

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manana meliqiSvili

operantuli ganpirobeba. cxrili #3

cneba ganmarteba magaliTi SesaZlo Sedegi

pozitiuri qcevis giorgim izrdeba
ganmtki- ganxorcie- kargad albaToba
ceba lebis alba- iswavla imisa, rom
Toba izrde gakveTili. giorgi
ba dadebiTi mas SemdegSic
ganmtkicebis amisTvis kargad
miRebis aqeben. iswavlis
SemxvevaSi. gakveTils.
negatiuri qcevis giorgis izrdeba
ganmtki- ganxorcie- eSinia, rom albaToba,
ceba lebis ver SeZlebs rom giorgi
albaToba kargi momavalSic Tavs
izrdeba prezentaciis aaridebs
usiamovno gakeTebas. stresul
stimu amitom is situacias.
lis moxsnis ar midis
Sedegad. skolaSi. misi
SiSi qreba.
pozitiuri qcevis mama izrdeba
dasja ganxorcie- gaubrazda albaToba
lebis giorgis, imisa, rom
albaToba radgan giorgi
mcirdeba man skola skolaSi wava,
usiamovno gaacdina. miuxedavad
stimulis imisa, rom eSinia
miwodebis prezentaciis
Sedegad. gakeTebis.
negatiuri qcevis giorgi izrdeba
dasja ganxorcie- cudad moiqca albaToba,
lebis gakveTilze, rom giorgi
albaToba amitom is ar SemdegSi
mcirdeba gauSves gakveTilze
sasiamovno dasvenebaze. kargad
stimulis moiqceva.
moxsnis
Sedegad.

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 biheviorizmi

aversiuli kontroli

unda aRiniSnos, rom negatiuri ganmtkiceba da dasja

ori sxvadasxva situaciaa, Tumca maT xSirad ureven
erTmaneTSi, vinaidan orive situaciaSi gamoiyeneba
aversiuli stimulebi. isini gansxvavdebian TavianTi
zemoqmedebiT qcevaze. kerZod, dasjis Sedegia qcevis
Semcireba, xolo negatiuri ganmtkiceba (aseve pozitiuri)
zrdis qcevis ganmeorebis albaTobas. negatiur
ganmtkicebaSi sityva `negatiuri“ sulac ar gulisxmobs
imas, rom ganmtkicebuli qceva aucileblad negatiuri
an cudi unda iyos. am konteqstSi es sityva ufro -
minusis, gamoklebis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. magaliTad,
roca bavSvi ambobs sityvas `madloba“, maswavlebeli
mas uRimis (pozitiuri ganmtkiceba). Tu bavSvs daaviwyda
`jadosnuri“ sityvis Tqma da maswavlebeli mas gaubrazda,
esaa pozitiuri dasja, xolo Tu amis gamo mas saTamaSod
ar gauSveben, maSin es iqneba negatiuri dasja. roca bavSvs
esmis, rom sityva `madlobis“ TqmiT is Tavidan aicilebs
maswavleblis sayvedurs, esaa negatiuri ganmtkiceba. ix.
cxrili #4.

cxrili #4

stimulis stimulis
miwodeba mocileba

sasiamovno pozitiuri
negatiuri dasja
stimuli ganmtkiceba

usiamovno pozitiuri negatiuri

stimuli dasja ganmtkiceba

27
manana meliqiSvili

samwuxarod, negatiuri ganmtkiceba da dasja sakmaod

xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc skolaSi, aseve ojaxSi. esaa
aversiuli kontrolis meTodebi, magaliTad, dabali
Sefaseba, sayveduri, muqara da a.S.

*sakiTxavi masala.

aversiul kontrols aqvs kidev erTi arasasiamovno

efeqti. ulrixma da ezrinma moaTavses ori virTxa
situaciaSi, sadac maT unda etrialebinaT borbali,
raTa Tavi daecvaT eleqtroSokisgan. virTxebi, borblis
trialTan erTad, urtyamdnen, kbendnen, porWynidnen
erTmaneTs. Tumca maT esmodaT (ra Tqma unda, primitiulad),
rom maTi tkivilis wyaro iyo borbali, da ara meore
virTxa.

skineri rekomendacias gvaZlevs, gamoviyenoT pozi­

tiuri, da ara aversiuli kontroli

argumentebi dasjis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg:

• dasja ar axdens sasurveli qcevis demonstrirebas.

• dasjas xSirad Tan axlavs negatiuri emociuri
gamovlinebebi, romelic SeiZleba asociaciurad
daukavSirdes im adamians, vinc iyenebs dasjas da ara
imas, Tu risTvis sjian.
• dasja xSirad iwvevs arasasurveli qcevis daTrgunvas
(droebiT) da ara mis aRmofxvras.
• dasja xSirad araefeqturia. magaliTad, mSoblebs,
romlebic xSirad sjian Svilebs agresiuli qcevis gamo,
hyavT, sxva bavSvebTan SedarebiT, ufro agresiuli
Svilebi.
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 biheviorizmi

ganmtkicebis ganrigi

ganmtkicebis ganrigi miuTiTebs imaze, Tu rogor xdeba

ganmtkicebis miwodeba.
skineri Tvlis, rom Zalian mcire ganmtkicebac ki
SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos efeqturi swavlisTvis da didi
xniT qcevis SenarCunebisTvis. aseve gadaWarbebulma
ganmtkicebam (moyirWebam) SeiZleba gamoiwvios qcevis
Seferxeba.
skineri gamoyofs: uwyvet (xdeba yvela swori reaqciis
ganmtkiceba), periodul (xdeba mxolod zogierTi swori
reaqciis ganmtkiceba) da Sereuli ganmtkicebis ganrigs.
asxvaveben perioduli ganmtkicebis ganrigis or formas:
intervaluri, romelic emyareba ganmtkicebaTa Soris
droiT intervals da proporciuli, romelic emyareba
sapasuxo reaqciaTa ricxvs. intervaluri da proporciuli
ganrigi SeiZleba iyos myari (ganmtkiceba xdeba drois da
sapasuxo reaqciaTa garkveuli, myari raodenobis Semdeg)
da cvladi (ganmtkiceba xdeba cvladi drois da cvladi
sapasuxo reaqciebis Semdeg).
skineris bevri kvleva mimarTuli iyo ganmtkicebis
ganrigis da qcevis damokidebuli cvladebis (swavlis
siswrafe, reaqciis sixSire, qcevis Caqroba) kavSiris
dadgenaze.

rogor moqmedebs sxvadasxva ganrigi?

ganmtkicebis ganrigis gavlena qcevis swavlis

siswrafeze

qcevis swavlis sawyiss etapze uwyveti ganmtkicebis

ganrigi ufro efeqturia. skolis praqtikaSi es niSnavs,
29
manana meliqiSvili

rom magaliTad, patara bavSvebis swavlebisas (maT xom

bevri axali qceva unda aiTvison) saWiroa uwyveti
ganmtkicebis ganrigis gamoyeneba.

Tu ganmtkiceba damokidebulia sapasuxo reaqciaTa

ricxvze (proporciuli ganmtkicebis ganrigi), maSin Tqven
metad akontrolebT ganmtkicebas - rac ufro swrafad
daagrovebT swor sapasuxo reaqciaTa raodenobas,
miT ufro swrafad moxdeba ganmtkiceba. magaliTad,
maswavlebeli, romelic ambobs: - rogorc ki 10 davalebas
sworad SeasrulebT, Segi­ ZliaT daisvenoT, - Sesrulebis
ufro maRal dones unda moelodes, vidre maswavlebeli,
romelic ambobs: - imuSaveT 20 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg
me Sevamowmeb Tqvens namuSevrebs da visac 10 swori pasuxi
eqneba, SeiZleba dasasveneblad wavides.

uwyveti ganmtkicebis da orive saxis myari, perioduli

ganmtkicebis (proporciuli da intervaluri) ganWvreta
advilad SeiZleba. Cven ganmtkicebas veliT garkveul
momentSi da male vnebdebiT, Tu ganmtkicebas ar miviRebT.

qcevis formirebisTvis cvladi ganrigi yvelaze

Sesaferisia. mis safuZvelze adamianma SeiZleba iswavlos
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi muSaoba, yovelgvari
ganmtkicebis gareSe. magaliTad, azartuli TamaSebis
moyvarul adamianebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, raoden
efeqturia perioduli, cvladi ganmtkiceba.

ganrigis gavlena qcevis Caqrobaze

klasikur pirobiT refleqsSi sapasuxo reaqcia qreba,

roca aris pirobiTi stimuli da mas ar mohyveba upirobo
stimuli (ZaRli xedavs mecniers, magram is ar aZlevs
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 biheviorizmi

mas sakvebs). operantul ganpirobebaSi ki adamiani ar

ganaxorcielebs qcevas, Tu mas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
ar mivawodebT ganmamtkicebels. ganmtkicebis Sewyveta
iwvevs qcevis Caqrobas. magaliTad, Tu Tqven mudmivad
ugzavniT moswavlis mSobels werilebs internetiT, magram
is arasdros ar gpasuxobT. Tqven SeiZleba daaneboT Tavi
werilebis gagzavnas.

uwyveti ganmtkiceba iZleva swraf daswavlas,

Tumca xSirad ar iwvevs qcevis didi xniT SenarCunebas,
ganmamtkicebeli stimulis moxsnis Semdeg. qcevis didi
xniT SenarCunebas xels uwyobs perioduli, cvladi
ganmtkiceba. magaliTad, Tqven cdilobT bavSvis
sibrazis an sijiutis Semcirebas ignorirebis gziT, Tu
bavSvi xandaxan `imarjvebs“ da Tqven Tavs anebebT mis
ignorirebas, am dros adgili aqvs periodul, cvlad
ganmtkicebas. aman ki SeiZleba momavalSi ufro xangrZliv
Wirveulobas Seuwyos xeli.

zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare, swavlis dasawyisSi

sjobs gamoviyenoT ganmtkicebis uwyveti ganrigi, xolo
Semdeg ki - perioduli.

ganrigis gavlena reaqciis gamovlenis sixSireze

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, swavlis adreul stadiaze

miRebuli uwyveti ganmtkicebis ganrigi ukeTes Sedegs
gvaZlevs, magram Cven mier daswavlili qceva ufro
xSirad ganmeordeba, Tu SemdegSi miviRebT periodul
ganmtkicebas. magaliTad, moswavlem, romelic swavlobda
patara qalaqis skolaSi, 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo skolis
saukeTeso moswavle da marcxi ganicada universitetSi
gamocdis Cabarebisas, SeiZleba Tavi daanebos swavlas.
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manana meliqiSvili

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, uwyveti ganmtkicebis ganrigma

(aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi) gamoiwvia qcevis swrafi Caqroba.

klasis marTvis bihevioristuli modeli

klasis marTvis bihevioristuli modeli gulisxmobs

maswavleblis mxridan klasis mkacr marTvas.
bihevioristuli modelis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sayrdens
skineris operantuli ganpirobeba warmoadgens.

qcevis modifikacia

bihevioristuli modelis mizania moswavlis qcevis

modifikacia (Secvla). mas xSirad uwodeben qcevis
menejments an bihevioristul intervencias. koreqciuli
disciplinis yvelaze gavrcelebuli elementebia -
ganmtkiceba da dasja.

ganvixiloT konkretuli bavSvis qcevis intervenciis

prislendis programa:

problemis gansazRvra. Cveulebriv, es aris CamonaTvali

im qcevebis, romlebic yvelaze xSirad (magaliTad,
laparakobs gakveTilze) an iSviaTad gvxvdeba (magaliTad,
xeli awia gakveTilis sapasuxod). problemis gansazRvraSi
SeiZleba CavrToT moswavleebic.

problemis seriozulobis dadgena. maswavlebelma

unda gaarkvios, ramdenad seriozulia arasasurveli
qceva (xSirad gvxvdeba Tu iSviaTad).
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 biheviorizmi

qcevis wina pirobebisa da Sedegebis gansazRvra. ra

pirobebi uZRoda win qcevas? ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves
qcevas? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ra axdens qcevis
provocirebas da ganmtkicebas.

gadawyvetilebis miReba. maswavlebelma unda miiRos

gadawyvetileba, Tu rogor Secvalos qceva. es exeba
rogorc qcevis maprovocirebel situacias, aseve, qcevis
Sedegs. ra iwvevs xSirad ganxorcielebuli qcevis
ganmtkicebas? SeiZleba, Tu ara iSviaTad ganxorcielebuli
qcevis ganmtkiceba? magaliTad, klasSi disciplinis
darRvevis erT-erTi mizezia maswavleblis yuradRebis
mipyroba. amitom Tu maswavlebeli disciplinis damrRvevs
yuradRebas miaqcevs, is amiT ganamtkicebs qcevas. am
SemTxvevaSi sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma mas yuradReba
ar miaqcios. amave dros, maswavleblis yuradRebis
mipyroba iSviaTi da sasurveli qcevisadmi iwvevs misi
gameorebis sixSiris gazrdas.

prevenciis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba. mas Semdeg,

rac gairkveva, romeli qceva saWiroebs Secvlas,
gansazRvraven ra mis gamomwvev faqtorebs (stimuli) da
masTan dakavSirebul Sedegebs (potenciuri ganmtkiceba),
SemuSavdeba programa, romlis mizania qcevis Secvla.
sasurvelia, programa ganixiloT moswavleebTan.

Sefaseba. programis ganxorcielebis Semdeg maswavlebeli

da moswavle afaseben mis efeqturobas. arkveven, saWiroa
Tu ara damatebiTi an sxva saxis intervenciis ganxorci­
eleba.

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manana meliqiSvili

ganmtkicebis gamoyenebis principebi

maikli aRwers 7 princips, romelic unda hqondes

mxedvelobaSi maswavlebels, roca is cdilobs, Secvalos
bavSvis qceva.

1.
qcevis ganmtkicebis an dasjis efeqturoba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra gavlenas axdens is
konkretul bavSvze. magaliTad, Tanatolebis
yuradReba, zogadad, Zlieri ganmamtkicebelia. magram
moridebulma bavSvma is SeiZleba aRiqvas, rogorc
dasja. ganmtkiceba yovelTvis unda iTvaliswinebdes
konkretuli bavSvis maxasiaTeblebs.

bavSvs SeiZleba mivawodoT ganmamtkicebeli

stimulebis sia, sadac is TviTon SearCevs misTvis
sasurvel ganmamtkicebels (es emyareba premakis
princips). magaliTad, wignis wakiTxva, ezoSi TamaSi,
televizoris yureba da a.S.

2. ganmtkiceba gavlenas axdens moswavleze (usityvod,

axsnis gareSe). ar aris aucilebeli, maswavlebelma
auxsnas bavSvebs, rom Tu isini kargad iswavlian,
miiReben ganmtkicebas. Tu moswavleebi kargad
iswavlian da Semdeg amisTvis miiReben ganmtkicebas,
isini TviTonac mixvdebian, rom kargad unda iswavlon.

3. ganmtkiceba an dasja uSualod unda iyos dakavSirebuli

sasurvel (an arasasurvel) qcevasTan. moswavleebma
zustad unda icodnen, ratom iReben jildos (an
isjebian).

4. ganmtkiceba unda iyos Tanmimdevruli. es ar niSnavs imas,

34
 biheviorizmi

rom unda moxdes yoveli swori pasuxis ganmtkiceba.

es niSnavs, rom konkretuli qceva ar SeiZleba erT
SemTxvevaSi ganmtkicdes, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi -
daisajos.

5. ganmtkiceba myisierad unda mosdevdes qcevas. jildos

an dasjis gadadeba naklebad efeqturia.

6.
gamoiyeneT ganmtkicebis sakmao raodenoba.
maswavleblebi xSirad sakmaod ar afaseben ganmtkicebis
Zalas da raodenobas. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
swavlis dasawyis etapze.

7. dayaviT davaleba safexurebad da ganamtkiceT

TiToeuli maTgani.

qcevis ganmtkicebis meTodebi

pozitiuri ganmtkiceba gamoyeneba, rogorc koreqciuli

strategiis meTodi, romelic guli­ sxmobs sasurveli
qcevis dajildoebas, da ara Seuferebeli qcevis aRkveTas.

maswavleblis arsenalSia socialuri ganmamtkicebeli

stimulebis didi raodenoba, rogoricaa - Seqeba,
yuradReba, gaRimeba, Sefaseba.

Seqeba

fsiqologebi urCeven maswavleblebs, Seaqon moswavleebi

kargi saqcielisTvis da yuradReba ar miaqcion
Seuferebel qcevas. magaliTad, nino arRvevs disciplinas
saklaso oTaxSi. ufro efeqturi iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli

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manana meliqiSvili

mas yuradRebas miaqcevs maSin, roca is kargad iqceva da

ar miaqcevs yuradRebas mis celqobas. Tu problemuri
qceva TanatolTa yuradRebas iqcevs, maSin maswavleblis
mxridan misi ignorireba warmatebuli ver iqneba. qeba-
ignorirebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, magram,
ra Tqma unda, amiT ar gadaiWreba klasis marTvis yvela
problema.

Seqebis sworad gamoyeneba, rekomendaciebi:

1. Seqeba unda exebodes konkretul qcevas.

• moswavle unda xvdebodes, ra qmedebisTvis aqeben.

magaliTad, Sen kargad dawere saSinao davaleba, da
ara - pasuxismgeblobis maRali grZnoba gaqvs.

2. aRiareT namdvili miRwevebi.

• daajildoveT miznis miRweva, da ara monawileoba.

• ar daajildooT moswavleebi, romlebic procesSi

monawileobas ar iRebdnen, mxolod imitom, rom
Cumad isxdnen da klass xels ar uSlidnen.

• SeaqeT moswavle, Tu xedavT progress warsulTan

SedarebiT.

• ecadeT, moswavlem yuradReba sakuTar miRwevebsa

da progresze gaamaxvilos, da ara sxvisaze.

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 biheviorizmi

3. daakavSireT moswavlis warmateba - mondomebasTan,

SromismoyvareobasTan.

• aRniSneT, rom warmateba damokidebulia Sromaze da

mondomebaze, da ara iRbalze, an sxvis daxmarebaze.

• sTxoveT moswavleebs, giambon, ra problemebs

waawydnen muSaobisas da rogor gadaWres es
problemebi.

Jetonebis sistema

Tu socialuri ganmamtkiceblebi ar iZleva Sedegs,

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes Jetonebis sistema. roca
moswavleebi kargi qcevisTvis iReben Jetons (simbolur
niSans), xolo arasasurveli qcevisTvis kargaven mas.
Jetonebi efeqturia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
maswavlebeli ajildoebs miznisken mimaval patara,
Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. Jetonebad SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
- stikerebi, varskvlavebi, daxatuli gacinebuli da
mowyenili saxeebi. winaswar dadgenili raodenobis
Jetonebis Segrovebis Semdeg moswavleebi mas sasurvel
jildoSi cvlian. moswavlis asakis gaTvaliswinebiT,
jildo SeiZleba iyos: tkbileuli, sakvebi, saTamaSoebi,
sakancelario nivTebi an sxva privilegia. amasTan,
mniSvnelovania, rom jildo moswavlisTvis sasurveli
iyos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi - is ar gamoiwvevs qcevis
ganmtkicebas.
sxva variantis mixedviT, SeiZleba moswavlem klasSi
damsaxurebuli simboluri niSani saxlSi jildoze
gacvalos. es gegma kargia, roca masSi monawileobis

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manana meliqiSvili

miReba mSobelsac surs. yuradReba! - ar gamoiyenoT

es procedura, Tu eWvi gaqvT, rom moswavles cudi
SedegebisTvis dasjian.

simboluri ganmtkicebis sistema Zalian rTuli da

xangrZlivi procesia, rogorc wesi, is 3 SemTxvevaSi
gamoiyeneba:

1.
SevuqmnaT motivacia im moswavleebs, romlebsac
swavla ar ainteresebT.

2. im moswavleebis wasaxaliseblad, romlebsac dabali

akademiuri moswreba aqvT.

3. iseT klasTan gasamklaveblad, romelic kontrols

Znelad eqvemdebareba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom simboluri ganmtkicebis sistemas

naklebi sargebeli moaqvs moswavleTa garkveuli
kategoriisTvis - mentaluri problemis mqone bavSvebi,
mcire akademiuri unarebis mqone bavSvebi da problemuri
qcevis mqone bavSvebi. isini dadebiTad reagireben maSin,
roca ganmtkiceba myisieria da konkretuli.
simboluri ganmtkicebis sistemis gamoyenebis mizania,
moswavlis unarebis im doneze ganviTareba, rom man SeZlos,
es unarebi gamoiyenos Jetonebis miRebis gareSec. aseTi
Sedegis misaRwevad, nebismieri Jetonebis sistema unda
daigegmos ise, rom bavSvma rac SeiZleba male SeZlos
maT gareSe qcevis ganxorcieleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
bavSvebi Jetonebze ise xdebian damokidebulni, rom qcevis
modifikaciis programis efeqti nulamde dadis.
Jetoni warmoadgens garegan ganmamtkicebels. yvela
is stimuli, romelic modis garemodan, garegani

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 biheviorizmi

ganmamtkiceblebia: yuradReba, Seqeba, Jetoni, varskvlavi,

niSani da a.S.

Sinagani ganmtkiceba gulisxmobs im wyaros

ganmtkicebas, romelic TviTon pirovnebas gaaCnia. esaa -
kmayofileba, miRwevisa da warmatebis sasiamovno gancda.
maswavleblis amocanaa, ise moaxdinos saswavlo situaciis
organizeba, rom bavSvma rac SeiZleba xSirad miiRos
Sinagani kmayofileba. magaliTad, Tu moswavles mivcemT
Zalian rTul, an Zalian advil davalebas, maSin isini ver
miiReben kmayofilebas.

premakis principi

maswavlebels SeuZlia, waaxalisos moswavlisaTvis

arasasurveli qceva, Tu mas daukavSirebs misTvis ufro
sasurvel qcevas. maswavlebeli mxolod maSin xdis
sasurvel qcevas xelmisawvdoms, roca moswavle naklebad
sasurvel moqmedebas Seasrulebs. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, jer Sen gaakeTe is, rac me minda da Semdeg is
gaakeTe, rac Sen ginda.
magaliTad, maswavlebeli ambobs: - rogorc ki morCebiT
davalebis daweras, SegiZliaT ezoSi gaxvideT. es teqnika
cnobilia d. premakis principis saxelwodebiT.

TandaTanobiT miaxloebis strategia

ra xdeba maSin, roca moswavle mudmivad ganmamtkiceblis

gareSe rCeba, radgan ar SeuZlia davalebis kargad
Sesruleba. magaliTad, yovelTvis dabal Sefasebas
Rebulobs maTe­ matikaSi. amisTvis unda gamoviyenoT
TandaTanobiT miaxloebis strategia, romelic
gulisxmobs progresis ganmtkicebas. qceva, romlis
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manana meliqiSvili

dauflebac surs moswavles, maswavlebelma unda dayos

mcire, Tanmimdevrul, logikur nabijebad. amasTanave,
es teqnika aZlevs maswavlebels saSualebas, daadginos
is problemuri adgilebi, sadac moswavleebi siZneleebs
awydebian.

jgufuri Sedegebi
maswavlebelma SeiZleba ganamtkicos klasis yvela
wevris qceva erToblivad. rogorc wesi, es gulisxmobs
TiToeuli moswavlis niSnis mimatebas, klasis erToblivi
niSnisTvis. Tavdapirvelad, maswavleblebi da moswavleebi
msjeloben, Tu rogor SeiZleba saswavlo procesi
ukeTesi gaxdes. Semdeg isini gansazRvraven im qcevebsa
da moqmedebebs, romelic xels uSlis swavlas. klasi
or jgufad iyofa. yovelTvis, roca moswavle arRvevs
romelime wess, mis jgufs ewereba niSani (simbolo). Tvis
bolos (SeiZleba drois sxva Sualedis bolos) im jgufs,
romelsac aseTi niSani yvelaze cota eqneba, eZleva jildo
an privilegia. Tu orive jgufs aseTi niSani (simbolo)
cota eqneba, orive maTgani miiRebs jildos.
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT jgufuri ganmtkiceba, klasis
gundebad dayofis gareSec. ganmtkiceba SeiZleba
daefuZnos mTeli klasis qcevas.
jgufuri midgomis gamoyenebisas sifrTxilea saWiro.
mTeli klasi ar unda daisajos konkretuli bavSvis
Secdomisa an cudi saqcielis gamo. amave dros, bavSvi,
romlis gamoc jgufi xSirad iRebs negatiur Sefasebas,
SeiZleba klasSi yvelasgan moZulebuli da gariyuli
gaxdes.
jgufuri Sedegebis meTodi iseT situaciaSia
rekomendebuli, sadac moswavleebisTvis mniSvnelovania

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 biheviorizmi

TanatolTa aRiareba. Tu moswavlis cud saqciels

aZlierebs TanatolTa yuradReba da sicili, am SemTxvevaSi
jgufuri Sedegebis meTodi SeiZleba kargi damxmare
saSualeba aRmoCndes.

kontraqti (SeTanxmeba)

maswavlebeli TiToeul moswavlesTan debs SeTanxmebas,

romelSic aRwerilia, Tu ra unda gaakeTos moswavlem
privilegiebisa da jildos misaRebad. bavSvebTan erTad
privilegiebis gansazRvras, TavisTavad SeiZleba hqondes
saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba, radgan moswavleebi
swavloben miznebis dasaxvas da SeTanxmebis pirobebis
Sesrulebas. davalebis Sesrulebis kontraqti, mizanSe­
wonilia, gamoviyenoT saSualo da maRal klasebSi.

pozitiuri qcevis ganmtkiceba

rekomendaciebi:

1. gaacaniT klass qcevis wesebi. maTi SesrulebisTvis

ra pozitiur ganmtkicebas (jildos) miiReben, darR­
vevisTvis ki ra sasjels.
• miiReT Secdomis gulwrfeli aRiareba. magaliTad,
radgan aRiareb, rom sakontrolo sxvisgan gadawere,
me mogcem uflebas, xelaxla dawero is.
• SeaqeT moswavle damsaxurebisTvis.
2.
roca moswavleebi axal masalas swavloben, mieciT
bevri ganmamtkicebeli.
• ipoveT da SeaqeT raime kargi, yoveli moswavlis
pirvel namuSevarSi.

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manana meliqiSvili

• ubiZgeT moswavleebs erTmaneTis daxmarebisken.

3. mas Semdeg, rac klasSi axali qcevebi dainergeba,

ganaxorcieleT perioduli ganmtkiceba, raTa
uzrunvelhyoT qcevis simtkice.
• gaukeTeT Tqvens moswavleebs siurprizebi.
• mianiWeT bonus qulebi aqtivobisTvis.

4. daadgineT, romelia Tqveni moswavleebisTvis efeqturi

ganmamtkicebeli da gamoiyeneT premakis principi.
• daakvirdiT, rogor atareben moswavleebi Tavisufal
dros.
• daakvirdiT, romel moswavleebs uyvarT erTad
muSaoba. megobarTan erTad muSaoba xSirad kargi
ganmamtkicebelia.

5. gamoiyeneT axali qcevis wesebis maniSneblebi.

• dakideT klasSi sasacilo/mxiaruli niSnebi, raTa
moswavleebs qcevis wesebi SeaxsenoT.

6. ecadeT, rom yvela moswavlem (maTac ki, vinc problemas

giqmniT) miiRos Tqvengan Seqeba, privilegiebi an sxva
saxis jildo.
• drodadro gadaxedeT moswavleTa sias, raTa
darwmundeT, rom yvela bavSvi iRebs Tqvengan
Seqebas.

7. SeqmeniT ganmamtkiceblebis sia.

• mieciT moswavleebs ufleba, Tavad SemogTavazon

ganmamtkiceblebi an airCion isini Tqveni `meniudan“.

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 biheviorizmi

dasja

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dasja xSirad ar iwvevs

arasasurveli qcevis Semcirebas. esaa erT-erTi Zlieri
argumenti misi gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. maswavlebeli,
romelic iyenebs mkacr meTodebs arasasurveli qcevis
aRmofxvris mizniT, aCvenebs bavSvs agresiuli qcevis
models (ix. a. banduras Teoria), romelsac bavSvi ukeTebs
Semdeg interpretacias - garkveul pirobebSi agresia
misaRebia.
fsiqologebi kategoriulad gamodian fizikuri dasjis
gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg, Tumca naklebi pretenzia aqvT
iseTi saxis dasjis mimarT, roca bavSvs uxsnian pozitiur
ganmamtkicebels (negatiuri dasja).

gamoyofen dasjis 3 saxes: SeniSvna, taim-auti da

jarima.

SeniSvna

SeniSvna SeiZleba iyos rbili da uxeSi, verbaluri da

araverbaluri.

SeniSvnis efeqturoba damokidebulia:

1. SeniSvna yovelTvis unda miuTiTebdes konkretul

qcevas. magaliTad, sasurvelia, vTqvaT: - giorgi, nu
elaparakebi nikos, da ara - giorgi, nu akeTeb amas.

2. SeniSvnis micemisas unda viyoT Tanmimdevrulni. Tu

erTsa da imave saqcielze xan mivcemT SeniSvnas da xan
- ara, maSin es Sedegs ar gamoiRebs.

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manana meliqiSvili

3. SeniSvnis micemisas sasurvelia davdgeT bavSvTan

axlos. gansakuTrebiT efeqturia 1 metris manZilidan
naTqvami SeniSvna, vidre xmamaRali, sajaro SeniSvna.

4. SeniSvna unda mivceT zrdilobiani formiT.

5. gamoiyeneT martivi da `SeumCneveli“ SeniSvnebi.

magaliTad, sityva - `ara“, gamoxedva, Jesti, CCCCC.....

moswavleebi, romlebic avlenen agresias, vandalizms,

qurdobas da sxva destruqciul qcevebs, didi albaTobiT,
ar miiReben zrdilobiani formiT naTqvam SeniSvnas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, maTi qcevis koreqciaSi unda Caerios skolis
administracia da fsiqologi. sabednierod, ufro xSirad
maswavlebels uwevs iseTi problemebis gadaWra, rogoricaa
- gakveTilis gacdena, uyuradReboba, dagvianeba, laparaki
gakveTilze, davalebis an wignis datoveba saxlSi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, SeniSvnis micema SeiZleba sakmarisi aRmoCndes.

taim-auti (time-out)

bihevioristuli meTodebidan erT-erTi yvelaze

sakamaToa socialuri izolaciis strategia. mas xSirad
taim-auts uwodeben. am meTodis gamoyenebis dros
moswavleebs uxsnian ganmtkicebas. magaliTad, ar waiyvanen
eqskursiaze (Tu, ra Tqma unda, es mas undoda).

SeiZleba moxdes bavSvis izolacia situaciidan

(magaliTad, klasidan, saTamaSo moednidan, biblioTekidan)
da misi gadayvana sxva adgilas (magaliTad, samaswavlebloSi,
direqtoris kabinetSi, cariel oTaxSi, kuTxeSi dayeneba
an gadasvamen sxva merxze). marTalia, am meTods xSirad
iyeneben skolaSi, magram humanistebi misi winaaRmdegi

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 biheviorizmi

arian (ix. humanisturi Teoria), vinaidan is arRvevs

bavSvis uflebebsa da adamianur Rirebulebebs.

jarima
jarimis teqnikis gamoyenebis dros bavSvebi kargaven
pozitiur ganmamtkicebels - dro, fuli, privilegia.
magaliTad, roca moswavle pirvelad daarRvevs wess, is
iRebs gafrTxilebas, meored darRvevis SemTxvevaSi ki
kargavs dasvenebis 2 wuTs.
jarimis erT-erTi formaa zemoT aRwerili Jetonebis
sistema, roca bavSvs aZleven jildos sasurveli qcevisTvis
da arTmeven arasasurveli qcevisTvis. magaliTad, yoveli
xelis awevisTvis (kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad) vaZlevT
Jetons, xolo adgilidan pasuxis wamoZaxebis SemTxvevaSi
ki varTmevT.

sasjelis gamoyeneba.

rekomendaciebi:

1. iyaviT Tanmimdevruli sasjelis gamoyenebisas.

• nu SexvalT moswavlesTan konfrontaciaSi, raTa

isini ar gaxdnen e. w. gmirebi klasis TvalSi,
maswavlebelTan dapirispirebis gamo.

• moswavleebma swavlis dasawyisSi unda icodnen, Tu

ra Sedegi mohyveba saklaso wesebis darRvevas.

• uTxariT moswavleebs, rom sasjelis miRebamde

isini mxolod erT gafrTxilebas miiReben. mSvidad
gaafrTxileT da ganagrZeT gakveTili.

• sasjeli myisieri unda iyos.

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manana meliqiSvili

2. yuradReba gaamaxvileT moswavlis qcevaze, da ara mis

pirovnul Tvisebebze.
• SeniSvna mieciT mSvidi, magram mkacri xmiT.
• xazi gausviT problemuri qcevis gamosworebis
aucileblobas.
• ar ganasxvaoT moswavleebi maTi erovnebis mixedviT.
3. SeusabameT sasjeli darRvevas.
• nu gaamaxvilebT yuradRebas umniSvnelo darRvevaze.
SeaCereT es saqcieli mzeriT, an miuaxlovdiT
moswavles.
• nu gamoiyenebT sasjelis saxiT saSinao davalebas
iseTi saqcielisTvis, rogoricaa saubari klasSi.
• Tu moswavle cudad iqceva TanaklaselebSi
avtoritetis mosapoveblad, efeqturi sasjeli
iqneba misi megobrebisgan Camocileba.
• darwmundiT, rom sasjeli danaSauls Seesabameba.
• Tu problemuri saqcieli didxans grZeldeba,
gaaanalizeT situacia da gamoiyeneT axali midgoma.
SesaZloa, Tqveni sasjeli ar iyo moswavlisTvis
Rirebuli, an arasasurvel moqmedebas aZlierebda.
4. SeecadeT, sasjelis nacvlad, uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
gamoiyenoT.

biheviorizmis ZiriTadi ideebi:

1. bihevioristebi xazs usvamen garemos (stimuli) rols

swavlaSi da yuradRebas amaxvileben qcevaze - iseT
sapasuxo reaqciaze, romelzec dakvirveba SeiZleba.
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 biheviorizmi

2. bihevioristuli gagebiT, swavla moicavs - ideaTa

asociaciiT swavlas, klasi­
kur ganpirobebas,
operantul ganpirobebas da dakvirvebaze dafuZnebul
swavlas (ix. banduras Teoria).
3. klasikuri pirobiTi refleqsis dros, neitraluri
stimuli ukavSirdeba stimuls, romelic emociur
an fsiqologiur reaqciebs iwvevs. SemdegSi - adre
neitraluri stimuli gamoiwvevs sapasuxo reaqcias.
4. skineris operantuli ganpirobebis koncefciis Tanaxmad,
adamianebi swavloben sakuTari, mizanmimarTuli
sapasuxo reaqciis efeqtianobis safuZvelze.
5. adamianisTvis misi qcevis Tanmdev SedegTa efeqtebi
SeiZleba asrulebdes ganmamtkiceblis an sasjelis
rols. Sedegi miiCneva ganmamtkiceblad, Tu is aZlierebs
an inarCunebs im sapasuxo reaqcias, romelmac adre es
Sedegi gamoiwvia. Sedegi iTvleba sasjelad, Tu is
amcirebs an Trgunavs gamomwvev sapasuxo reaqcias.
6. ganmtkicebis procesi yovelTvis gulisxmobs
(negatiuri Tu pozitiuri) qcevis gaZlierebas.
pozitiuri ganmtkicebis dros vawodebT sasiamovno
ganmamtkicebels (stimuls), roca vaSorebT
(`gamovaklebT“) arasasiamovno stimuls, ganmtkiceba
negatiuria.
7. dasja (pozitiuri Tu negatiuri) gulisxmobs qcevis
Semcirebas an daTrgunvas. pozitiuri dasjis dros
vawodebT aversiul (usiamovno) stimuls, xolo
negatiuri dasjis dros ki vaSorebT (`gamovaklebT“)
sasiamovno stimuls.
8. qcevis ganmtkicebis uwyveti ganrigi (xdeba yvela reaqciis
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manana meliqiSvili

ganmtkiceba) iwvevs swraf daswavlas. ganmtkicebis

cvalebadi ganrigi (damyarebuli cvalebadi raodenobis
sapasuxo reaqciebisa da drois cvlad intervalebze)
gaaZlierebs sapasuxo reaqciaTa simtkices.
unda aRiniSnos, rom bevri mecnieri akritikebs swavlis
bihevioristul Teorias. kritika ZiriTadad exeba Semdeg
sakiTxebs:
• biheviorizmi ganixilavs adamianis qcevas, rogorc
sapasuxo reaqcias gamRizianebelze, aqedan gamomdinare,
adamiani dayvanilia robotis, marionetis doneze.
• biheviorizmi ar iTvaliswinebs adamianis Tandayolil
unarebs, midreki­lebebs da individualur Tavise­
burebebs.
• biheviorizmi ar aqcevs yuradRebas adamianis motivebs,
ganzraxvas, ganw­yobas.
ramdenadac unda gagikvirdeT, yvela es SeniSvna
aRniSnuli aqvs TviTon skiners Tavis SromebSi, sadac
scems maT pasuxs bihevioristuli poziciebidan.
miuxedavad kritikisa, dRes biheviorizmi kvlav
seriozul midgomas warmoadgens.
daskvnis saxiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bihevioristul
TeoriebSi mTavari yuradReba eqceva garemo faqtorebs,
romlebic gansazRvraven swavlas. am procesSi centra­luri
figuraa maswavlebeli. biheviorizmi Zalian efeqturad
gamoiyeneba moswavleebSi arasasurveli qcevis Sesacvlelad
da sasurveli qcevis dasaswavlad. bevri mecnieri Tvlis, rom
biheviorizmi swavlebis yvelaze warmatebuli strategiaa da,
maswavlebelTa saTanado momzadebis SemTxvevaSi, swavleba
mimdinareobs iolad da efeqturad.
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 biheviorizmi

gamoyenebuli terminebi:
upirobo stimuli - stimuli, romelic avtomaturad
iwvevs emociur an fiziologiur reaqcias.
upirobo reaqcia - bunebrivad aRZruli emociuri an
fiziologiuri reaqcia.
neitraluri stimuli - stimuli, romelic ar aris
dakavSirebuli reaqciasTan.
pirobiTi stimuli - neitraluri stimuli, romelic
ganmtkicebis Semdeg aRZravs emociur an fiziologiur
reaqcias.
pirobiTi reaqcia - daswavlili reaqcia manamde
neitralur stimulze.
klasikuri ganpirobeba - avtomaturi reaqciebis
dakavSireba neitralur stimulTan, romelic, gameorebis
SemTxvevaSi, xdeba pirobiTi stimuli - iwvevs refleqss
an emociur reaqcias.
operantuli ganpirobeba - daswavlis forma, romelic
gulisxmobs qcevis gaZlierebas ganmtkicebis Sedegad.
respondenti (skineris termini) - raime stimulze reaqcia.
operanti (skineris termini) - reaqcia, romelic ar
aris gamowveuli raime stimuliT.
ganpirobeba - daswavlis saxe, rodesac kavSiri myardeba
stimulsa da reaqcias Soris.
pozitiuri ganmtkiceba - gulisxmobs pozitiuri
stimulis miwodebas.
negatiuri ganmtkiceba - gulisxmobs negatiuri
(aversiuli) stimulis mocilebas.
pozitiuri dasja - miewodeba aversiuli stimuli.
negatiuri dasja - ixsneba sasiamovno, pozitiuri stimuli.
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manana meliqiSvili

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

1. riTi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan respondentuli da

oprantuli qceva?

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 biheviorizmi

2. moiyvaneT pozitiuri da negatiuri ganmtkicebis

magaliTebi.

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3. moiyvaneT pozitiuri da negatiuri dasjis magaliTebi

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 biheviorizmi

4. ratom gvirCevs skineri, ar gamoviyenoT swavlebisas

dasja?

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manana meliqiSvili

5. SegiZliaT daasaxeloT situacia, roca pozitiuri

dasja SeiZleba efeqturi iyos?

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 biheviorizmi

6. raSi mdgomareobs saswavlo procesis bihevioristuli

modeli?

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manana meliqiSvili

7. ganmtkicebis romeli ganrigis gamoyenebaa sasurveli

codnis simtkicisTvis?

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 biheviorizmi

8. rogor fiqrobT, moswavle yuradRebis misapyrobad

ratom irCevs gasakicx saqciels?

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ganxiluli masalidan yvelaze metad damainteresa

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 biheviorizmi

ra kiTxvebi gamiCnda mocemul masalasTan dakavSirebiT

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manana meliqiSvili

SeniSvnebisaTvis

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biheviorizmi

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manana meliqiSvili

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biheviorizmi

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 biheviorizmi

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. n. janaSia, n. imedaZe, s. gorgoZe (2008 w.). ganviTare­­

bi­sa da swavlis Teori­ebi. saqarTvelos macne.
2. a. vulfolki (2012 w.). ganaTlebis fsiqologia. ilias
saxelobis univer­sitetis gamomcemloba.

3. Г. Лефрансуа (2003г.). Психология для учителя. Питер.

4. Баттерворт Дж. Харрис М. (2000г). Принципы психологии

развития. М. Когито- Центр.

5. Хьелл Л. Зиглер Д. (1997г.). Теории личности. СПБ. Питер.

6. Д. Фейдимен Р. & Фрейджер (2004г.) Теории личности и

личностный рост. М. ОЛМА ПРЕСС.

7. Хон Р. (2005г.) Педагогическая психология: Принципы

обучения. М. Академический проект

8. Джон Б. Уотсон (1998). Психология как наука о поведении.

Бихевиоризм. Москва. АСТ.

9. Skinner B. F. (1974). About behaviorizm. New York: Knopt.

10. Skinner B. F. (1971). The technology of teaching. New York:

Appleton-Century- Crofts.

11. Catania C. & Harnad S. (1988). The selection of behavior. The

operant behaviorizm of B. F. Skinner. New York: Cambridge
University Press.

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