sasanianTa irani

III saukunis pirveli meoTxedidan moyolebuli VII s-is Suaxanebamde iranSi

sasanianTa dinastia mefobda (226-651 ww), romelic iseve, rogorc aqemenianTa
sagvareulo, farsidan iyo.
III saukunis dasawyisisaTvis irani mxolod nominalurad iyo
gaerTianebuli parTelTa dinastiis Zalauflebis qveS. gamudmebulma
SinaaSlilobam da romTan omebma Zalze daasustes qveyana. ukmayofileba
parTelTa (arSakelTa) batonobiT sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. momwifda
pirobebi ufro Zlieri da centralizebuli saxelmwifos warmoqmnisaTvis.
iranis miwebis axali gaerTianeba daiwyo farsidan, swored am dros
winaurdebian sasanianTa sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi. ardaSir babaqis Zem
moaxerxa mTeli rigi mTavrebis damorCileba da ganamtkica Tavisi Zalaufleba
iranis samxreT provinciebSi. Tavisi dapyrobiTi politikis gatarebisas is
sargeblobda qurumebisa da gvarovnuli aristokratiis mxardaWeriT.
224 w. ardaSirma 226 w. sazeimod daidga gvirgvini. man miiRo mefeTa-mefis
(Sahin-Sahis) tituli. Semdeg man daimorCila midia, azerbaijani (irani), sakastani
(sistani), xorasani, mervis oazisi.
sasanianTa saxelmwifo Tavis warmoSobisTanave atarebda aqtiur sagareo
politikas. iranis winaaRmdegobas romTan da Semdeg mis memkvidre bizantiasTan
Rrma ekonomikuri mizezebi hqonda: orive meomar mxares surda aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis damakavSirebel umTavres savaWro-satranzito magistralebze
gabatoneba. ase aRmoCnda amierkavkasia CaTreuli zemoxsenebuli didi imperiebis
qiSpSi. armeniis, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos _ lazikis dapyroba irans Savi zRvis
sanapirebze gasvlis saSualebas miscemda. iranis brZola romTan SuamdinareTisa
da armeniisaTvis, romelic ardaSir I-ma daiwyo, gagrZelda misi Svilis Sabur I-
is (241-272 ww) drosac. romTan omi Sabur I-ma daamTavra 244 w. maT Soris
dadebuli zaviT armenia irans ergo wilad.
IV saukunis bolosaTvis sasanianTa saxelmwifos saTaveSi idga Sahin-Sahi,
romelic sasanianTa samefo gvars ekuTvnoda. taxtis memkvidreobis wesi jer
kidev ar iyo mtkiced dadgenili, amitomac Sahin-Sahi cdilobda Tavisive
sicocxleSi memkvidris daniSvnas. magram xSirad esec ar Sveloda saqmes:
ufliswulebi erTmaneTs eqiSpebodnen taxtisaTvis. Semdeg xanebSi taxtis
gadasvlis wesi mamidan Svilze sul ufro da ufro myar safuZvelze dgeboda.
sasanianTa saxelmwifo emyareboda ganviTarebul wodebriv sistemas.
wodebebad dayofa religiis mier iyo kurTxeuli. mis mtkiced dacvas Tvalyurs
adevnebda saxelmwifo Tavisi aparatis saSualebiT.
 saxelmwifosa da didebulTaTvis gadasaxadi iyo Semosavlis mTavari
wyaro. gadasaxadebis ZiriTadi nawili xazinaSi Sedioda renta-xarkis saxiT.
miwaze dadebuli gadasaxadi Seadgenda mosavlis 1/3 an naxevars. mas ewodeboda
`xarag~ (arabuli `xaraja~). misi gadaxda xdeboda rogorc naturiT, aseve
fuladi saxiT. amas garda, iyo suladobrivi gadasaxadi `geziT~ (arabuli
`jizia~), romelsac ixdidnen rogorc mamakacebi, aseve qalebi 20-dan 50 wlis
asakamde. am gadasaxadis gadaxdidan ganTavisuflebuli iyvnen didebulebi,
qurumebi, meomrebi da moxeleebi. eqsploatirebuli mosaxleoba gahyavdaT
saxelmwifos samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad, rasac ewodeboda `begara~.
sasanianTa iranSi gabatonebul religiad iqca zoroastrizmi. pirveli Sahin-
Sahebis gankargulebiT Seagroves da redaqcia gaukeTes avestis _ zoroastrelTa
wminda wignis _ teqstebs; es samuSao dasrulda Sabur II-is mmarTvelobis wlebSi.
avesta iyo Taviseburi enciklopedia; masSi Setanili iyo, garda religiurisa,
astronomiuli, iuridiuli, moraluri da sxv. teqstebi. avestis Zveli sparsuli
ena sasanianTa xanaSi mosaxleobis umetesobisaTvis gaugebari iyo, amitomac
Sedgenil iqna komentarebi.
zoroastris religia dualistur principzea agebuli. samyaroSi erTmaneTs
gamudmebiT ebrZvis ori sawyisi: keTili sawyisi warmodgenilia RmerT
ahuramazdaTi, boroti _ bneli sawyisi ki _ boroti suliT.
zoroastrelebi Tayvans scemdnen agreTve meorexarisxovan RmerTebs,
wminda stiaqias: cecxls, miwas da wyals. kultis Tayvaniscemis adgili iyo
cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZrebi.
axali religia, romelic III saukunis xanebSi gaCnda maniqeveloba iyo. manis
(daibada 215 w.) religiur-filosofiur (gnostikur) moZRvrebas aSkarad
etyoboda qristianobis gavlena. maniqeveloba warmoadgenda mazdeanuri,
qristianuli da budisturi sarwmunoebebis sinTezs. manim saqveynod ganacxada
axali religiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelsac, misi azriT, unda Seecvala
winamorbedi religiebi. amave dros, mis religiur koncefciaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili daiWira zoroastriulma dualizma.
iranel qristianTa ZiriTadi masa Sedgeboda sirielebisa da (mesopotamiis)
da amierkavkasiis qveynebis mcxovrebTagan. aRmosavleTisaken _ mervis
raionisaken, qristianobis gavrcelebasTan erTad, qristianul TemebSi Sedioda
iranulenovani xalxebis warmomadgenlebic.
sasanianTa saxelmwifoSi bevri iudeveli cxovrobda (SuamdinareTSi,
ispaanSi...). iudaizmi iranSi ar idevneboda, radgan igi romSi ganicdida devnas;
ase rom, iranis Sahin-Sahs iudevelebi potenciur mokavSireebadac esaxeboda.
sasanianTa saxelmwifos aRmosavleT raionebSi (balxis raioni) gavrcelebuli
iyo budizmi.
 xosro I anuSirvanis reformebi

xosro I anuSirvani, sasanianTa iranis 22-e SahinSahi (531-579 wlebSi iyo

kavad I-is vaJi da peroz I-is SviliSvili. veziri bozorgmihri xosro I-is
marjvena xeli, reformebis energiuli gamtarebeli da saxelmwifos
reorganizaciis monawile iyo.
mniSvnelovani iyo sagadasaxado reforma, romlis gatarebisTvisac
samzadisi daiwyo kavad I, magram ver daasrula (sikvdilma SeuSala xeli).
sagadasaxado reforma gaatara xosro I anuSirvanma. arsebuli sagadasaxado
sistema moZvelebuli iyo da veRar akmayofilebda xazinis moTxovnilebebs.
xosro anuSirvanis reformebamde miwaze dadebuli gadasaxadi (xarag) aiReboda
naturiT da moicavda mosavlis 1/8-dan 1/3-mde. gadasaxadebis raodenoba
dgindeboda xarjTamkrefebis mier, rac xels uwyobda maT borotmoqmedebas,
radgan gadasaxadebis raodenoba winaswar ar iyo dadgenili.
xosro I-is sagadasaxado reforma eyrdnoboda kadastrebs, romlebic
Sedgenil iqna dasamuSaveblad gamosadegi yvela miwis winaswari azomvis Semdeg.
amasTan dakavSirebiT uadgilo ar iqneboda movigonoT X s-is arabuli da
sparsuli wyaroebis (tabari, balami...) cnobebi imis Taobaze, rom sagadasaxado
sistemis mowesrigebaze zrunva jer kidev kavad I dauwyia. xosro I-is brZanebiT
aRweres mosaxleoba. daTvales nayofis momcemi xexilis xeebi. mtkiced iqna
dadgenili sagadasaxado nixrebi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturis, morwyvis
pirobebis da miwebis qalaqTan siaxlove-siSoris mixedviT. axal pirobebSi
gadasaxadi aiReboda ara marto naturiT, aramed fuladi saxiTac.
miwaze dadebuli gadasaxadi gansazRvruli iyo erT Rerib miwaze (heqtaris
¼-dan 1/3-mde) marcvleulze, venaxze da saqonlis gamosakveb balaxze; xolo
zeTisxilis xeebze, finikis palmebze da xexilze gadasaxadi dadebuli iyo maTi
raodenobis mixedviT.
suladobrivi gadasaxadi `geziTi~ (jizia) aiReboda fuladi saxiT. mas
ixdida gadasaxadis gadamxdeli mosaxleoba 20-dan 50 wlamde 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
dirhemis raodenobiT, yovelwliurad, qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisad.
xosro anuSirvani mxars uWerda didebulebs, amave dros maTgan moiTxovda
jarSi an xelmwifis karze samsaxurs. Sahin-Sahi maTi wridan niSnavda moxeleebs.
socialuri Zalebis gadajgufebam wina planze wamoswia saSualo fenebi
samxedro da mweralTa wodebidan. wvrili da saSualo miwismflobelebi _
dehyanebi Seadgendnen amieridan feodalTA meTeme damokidebul iqca. magram
axladCamoyalibebul adrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi kidev didxans SemorCa
monaTmflobeluri da patriarqaluri wyoba.
xosro I anuSirvanis moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebulia samxedro-administra-
ciuli reformebis gatareba. adre arsebul iregularul cxenosan laSqarTan
erTad Seiqmna regularuli jari _ saSualo da wvrili miwismflobelebisagan
dakompleqtebuli mZimed SejavSnuli mxedroba. garda amisa, iranSi gadmoasaxles
momTabare tomTa nawili, romelTac sazRvrebis dacva daekisra. regularuli
jarisTvis aucilebeli gaxda samxedro daTvalierebebi, romlebSic TviT Sashin-
Sahi monawileobda. irani dayofili iqna oTx olqad (nacvlad manmade arsebuli
18 olqisa): 1. aRmosavleTis (xorasani), 2. CrdiloeTis (armenia, azerbaijani,
iberia), 3. dasavleTis (hamadani, erayi), 4. samxreTis (qermani, xuzistani).
xosro I anuSirvanis reformebi gamowveuli iyo iranis sazogadoebrivi da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT. xosro I-is reformebis Sedegad iranma memkvidreobad
rTuli administraciuli aparati miiRo, romelic ganviTarda da srulyofil
iqna xosro II farvizis dros (591-628). taxti daikava bizantiis imperator
mavrikiosis daxmarebiT. VII saukunis dasawyisSi xosro II-m daipyro bizantiis
aRmosavleTi provinciebi (siria, palestina, egvipte). VII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi
bizantielebi iranSi SeiWrnen. dapyrobili qveynebidan gatanilma simdidrem
Seavso xazina; amave dros, misi saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda moxeleTa
uzarmazari Statis Senaxva. sxvadasxva saxis dokumentis dasamtkiceblad
sxvadasxva beWedi iyo. mefeTa-mefes hqonda saidumlo saqmeebis, werilebisa da
korespondenciebisaTvis sxvadasxva beWedi. gansakuTrebuli beWedi iyo wyalobis
dasamtkiceblad (kerZod, miwis wyalobis dasamtkiceblad). magram,
danawevrebuli biurokratiuli aparati da sasaxlis karis brwyinvale cxovreba
ar asaxavda saxelmwifos ekonomikur mdgomareobas. iran-bizantiis omSi iranis
sazianod gardatexis Semdeg Sewyda alafisa da nadavlis Semotana, rasac Tan
mohyva gadasaxadebis gazrda, xosro II-is mTavrobam brZaneba gasca 20-30 wlis
auRebeli gadasaxadebis akrefis Sesaxeb. autaneli gadasaxadebis gamo glexebi
xSirad garbodnen qveynidan. mravali aTasi dehyani da glexi gaCanagda im dros.
rodesac saomari moqmedeba iranis teritoriaze mimdinareobda, iranis Crdilo-
aRmosavleTis sazRvrebs Tavs esxmodnen Turqebi. saerTo gaWirvebas aRrmavebda
xSiri stiqiuri ubedureba.
xosros vaJma, kavad II-m da iraneli didebulebis nawilma, romelic
ukmayofilo iyo monofizitebTan Sahis daaxloebiT, xosro II taxtidan Camoagdo
da mokla. xosro II-m Tavis memkvidreebs dautova wagebuli omi da moSlili
meurneoba.