SegrZnebebi

4
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
• fsiqofizika
• fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri
movlenebisaken

mxedvelobis sistema
• adamianis Tvali
• guga da broli
• badura
• Tavis tvinisken mimavali
nervuli gzebi
• ferTa SegrZneba
•vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:

SeuZlia Tu ara
teqnologias dazianebuli
mxedvelobis aRdgena

smena
• bgeris fizika
• bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
• smenis fiziologia

sxva SegrZnebebi
• ynosva
• gemos SegrZneba
• Sexebisa da kanis
SegrZnebebi
• wonasworobisa da
kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebi
• tkivili
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs
cxare saWmeli tkivils

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
99
 j onaTan i. mxatvari iyo. man
Tavisi warmatebuli Semoq-
medebiTi karieris ganmavlob-
aSi mravali abstraqtuli tilo Seqmna, romelic
kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs war-
moadgenda. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi man sru-
liad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis
tvinis dazianebis gamo. roca is Tavis namuSev-
rebs uyurebda, yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da
TeTr ferebSi xedavda; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda
ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli aso-
ciaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla igi mxolod
„uswormasworo~ da „WuWyian~ laqebs xedavda.
es ar exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvli-
lebebi mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic moxda.
magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu
mxolod Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTis-
xili da TeTri brinji misTvis gacilebiT ufro
jansaR, normalur sakvebad gamoiyureboda, vidre
feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla usiamovno
rux ferebSi aRiqvamda da ugemuri eCveneboda.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i-is
istoria arc ise tragikuli aRmoCnda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi igi Seegua am mdgomareobas; scada
gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da Savi da
TeTri saRebavebiT daiwyo xatva. jonaTan i-is
Tayvanismcemlebma es aRiqves, rogorc misi Semoq-
medebiTi karieris axali da saintereso etapi.
maT ar icodnen, rom mxatvruli mimarTulebis
Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazia-
nebiT. jonaTan i. mixvda, rom misma ucabedma
ferTa sibrmavem vizualuri samyaros axali
aspeqtebi gadauSala win: „Tumca, jonaTan i. ar
uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram dakarga da gar-
kveulwilad swuxda amis gamo, magram man igrZno,
rom misi mxedveloba „uaRresad daxvewili~ da
privilegirebuli gaxda, rom is uyurebs wminda
formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels
feri~ (Sacks, 1995, p.38). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa,
rom jonaTan i-ma ferTa SegrZnebis unari dakar-
ga, misma sensorulma sistemam igi uzrunvelyo
samyaros axali versiiT, romelic mas SeeZlo
aReqva da xelovnebad gadaeqcia.

dagafiqraT jonaTan i-is istoriam Tqvens

sakuTar sensorul SesaZleblobebze? daintere-
sebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni
Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis
qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi, gangacdevinoT van
gogis naxatebis ferTa sisavse, rok-n-rolis
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

swrafi melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros maco-

cxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis kocnis
rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli
gazafxulze? am TavSi Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT,
Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini gaer-
kves stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad
aris Cven garSemo _ danaxuli obieqtebSi, mosme-
nili bgerebsa da sxva mravalSi. Tqven dainaxavT,
100 Tu rogor aRgWurvaT evoluciam unariT, gamoav-
linoT gancdis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi; Tqven
aRmoaCenT, rom SegrZnebebs, romliTac dagajil-
dovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli meqanizmi aqvs.
es Tavi Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur
elementebs exeba: SegrZneba aris procesi,
rodesac sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba
dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac sxeulis
SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis gancdas,
maT gacnobierebas iwvevs. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba
perceptul procesebs, romelic dakavSirebulia
centraluri nervuli sistemis ufro maRali
donis aqtivobasTan. is SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc sensoruli gancdis identifikacia,
interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia.
Semdegi Tavis bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor
axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva infor-
maciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros
erTi mTliani suraTis gancda.
SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebam-
de, neba mogveciT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT
SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa TviTgadarCena
da grZnobadoba (Sensuality). Tqveni SegrZnebebi,
rogorc gamafrTxilebeli signali, ise gexma-
rebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad imoqmedoT safrTxis
winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs Tqvens moqmedebas, raTa
ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi.
garda amisa, Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs
Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia adamiani,
romelic gatacebulia SegrZnebebisagan miRebu-
li siamovnebis gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs
swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT mravalferovani
SegrZnebebiT _ mxedvelobis, smeniTi, Sexebis,
gemosa Tu ynosvis. roca am Tavs waikiTxavT,
Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze, Tu rogor
gexmarebaT SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa
aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli survili
da iswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba bgerebis, fe-
rebis, sunebis, gemosa da Sexebis samyaroSi
siamovnebis miReba.
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
gare samyaros gancda zusti da Secdomebi-
sagan Tavisufali unda iyos. sxvagvarad Tqven
ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT:
ikveboT, raTa SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari,
romelic dagicavT; sxva adamianebTan urTier-
Toba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri moTxovni-
lebani da safrTxis gacnobiereba, raTa daic-
vaT Tavi. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebi-
saTvis Tqven sando informacia unda miiRoT
samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela saxeobam
ganaviTara informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli
saxis specialuri meqanizmebi. adamiani ar aris
specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul
sensorul sferoze: Tqven ar gaqvT iseTive
srulyofili mxedveloba, rogorc, magaliTad,
Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ra-
muras da iseTive ynosva, rogorc mRrRnelebs,
magram aRWurvilia sensoruli meqanizmiT, ro-
melic mas Semomavali rTuli sensoruli sig-
nalebis farTo speqtris gadamuSavebis SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs.
sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli
procesebis Seswavla yovelTvis inarCunebda
gansakuTrebul adgils fsiqologiuri mecnie-
rebis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. rodesac
vundti (Wundt, 1907) eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza
idea, romlis mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi
elementaruli procesebia, romelTagan igeba
ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898)
es idea amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Seitana
da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili daikava mis
introspeqciul kvlevebSi cnobierebis Sinaar-
sebis Sesaxeb. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT,
SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiur kvlevebSi,
ZiriTadad Seiswavleboda garemoSi mimdinare
movlenebsa da adamianTa mier am movlenebis
gancdas Soris kavSirebi.
fsiqofizika
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis
xma qarxanaSi, raTa muSebma gaigonon is momuSave
manqanebis xmaurSi? ramdenad kaSkaSa unda iyos
sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis
sakontrolo panelze, raTa misi sikaSkaSe or-
jer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli obieqtebis
sikaSkaSes? ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa
yavaSi, raTa is TqvenTvis tkbili gaxdes? am
SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli
receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
101
 kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Cven sensoruli
gancdis intensivobis gazomva unda SegveZlos.
es aris fsiqofizikis ZiriTadi amocana _
Seiswavlos kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa
da qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris,
romelsac es stimuli aRZravs. fsiqofizika fsi-
qologiuri mecnierebis uZvelesi sferoa (Levine
& Shefner, 1981).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis
istoriaSi germaneli fizikosi gustav fexneri
(Gustav Fechner, 1801-1887) iyo. man Semoitana ter-
mini fsiqofizika da Seqmna meTodika, romelic
akavSirebda fizikuri gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi sensoru-
li gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologi-
ur erTeulebSi (Fechner, 1860/1966). fexneris teq-
nika erTnairia nebismieri modalobis stimuli-
saTvis _ sinaTlis, bgeriTi, ynosviTi, gemos Tu
SexebiTi gamRizianeblisaTvis. mkvlevrebi gan-
sazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs da qmnian fsi-
qofizikur skalebs, romelic SegrZnebis inten-
sivobas gamRizianeblis intensivobasTan akavSi-
rebs. gazomvisas yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs
sTxoven, Seasrulon SemCnevis amocana, magali-
Tad, SeamCnion mkrTali Suqi bnel oTaxSi an
absoluturi zRurblebi da
Seecadon gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul
sensoruli adaptacia
siCumeSi. cdaTa mravali seriis ganmavlobaSi
rogoria gamRizianeblis is umciresi, ususte- xdeba sxvadasxva intensivobis stimulebis gamo-
si energia, romlis SemCnevac SeuZlia orga- yeneba da TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aR-
nizms? magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos niSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is (Tuki Tqven rodesme
toni, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos misi gagoneba? es SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame,
kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis absolutur zRurbls Tqven monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRur-
_ fizikuri energiis im minimalur raodenobas, blis gansazRvris testSi).
romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmo- absoluturi zRurblis Seswavlis Sedegebi
saqmnelad. mkvlevrebi absoluturi zRurblis SeiZleba fsiqometruli funqciis saxiT Seva-
jamoT. horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia
fsiqofizika (psychophysics) – mecniereba fizikuri gamRizianeblis intensivobebi, xolo vertika-
stimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis lur RerZze _ aRebuli intensivobis mqone
Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
gamRizianeblebis SemCnevaTa procenti. tipuri
absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) – fizikuri fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.1.
energiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

sinaTlis Zalian susti gamRizianeblis piro-

saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc
gamRizianeblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli
signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function) –
grafiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis Sem-
CnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizia-
neblis TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizon-
talur RerZze).
102
bebSi SemCneva 0%-ia, xolo kaSkaSa gamRizia-
neblis pirobebSi _ 100%. erTaderTi, WeSmariti
absoluturi zRurblis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis
0-dan 100-mde Zalian mkveTrad gadaxra da gra-
fikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda
zRurbls. magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori
mizezis gamo: damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv, yo-
 4.1
velTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben cxrili
gamRizianeblis SemCnevas (yuradRebis cvli-
lebis, daRlilobis da sxva mizezebis gamo) da miaxloebiTi zRurblis nacnobi
zogjer isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRi- movlenebisaTvis
zianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSic (mcdari gan-
gaSis saxe, romelsac signalis SemCnevis Teoriis sensoruli
SemCnevis zRurbli
aRwerisas mokled SevexebiT). amrigad, fsiqo- modaloba

sinaTle sanTlis ali 48km manZilze srul

sibneleSi
bgera saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6m
manZilze
gemo erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9l
wyalze

ynosva sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli

samoTaxiani binis mTel sivrceSi
1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze
Sexeba
daSvebuli futkris frTa
suraTi
4.1
absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla
radganac gamRizianebli ar xdeba myseulad SesamCnevi garemo signalebisadmi SeCvevas adaptaciis
garkveul wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisaz-
procesis saSualebiT. sensoruli adaptacia aris
Rvreba, rogorc intensovoba, rodesac gamRizianebeli
sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis daqvei-
SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
Teba xangrZliv gaRizianebaze.1 magaliTad,
albaT, SeginiSnavT, rom mzis kaSkaSa sinaTle
metruli mrudi yovelTvis gluvi, S-formis
naklebad damabrmaveblad Cans, roca garkveuli
mrudia, romelSic aris monakveTi, sadac xdeba
periodis ganmavlobaSi gareT imyofebiT. adap-
gadasvla sruli SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizia-
taciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba adamia-
neblis drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom
nebs ynosvis sferoSi aqvT: Tu SedixarT oTaxSi,
sruli SemCnevadobisaken.
sadac mZafri suni dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg
radganac garkveuli intensivobis gamRi-
Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da sunis
zianebeli ar xdeba aSkarad SesamCnevi nebismier
SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven
dros, absoluturi zRurblis operacionaluri
cxovrobT, yovelTvis savsea mravalferovani
gansazRvreba aseTi iqneba: es aris gamRizia-
sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis meqa-
neblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli sig-
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
nizmi gaZlevT saSualebas, SeamCnioT da imoqme-
nalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
doT ufro swrafad, informaciis axali wyaros
cxrilSi 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis
moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.
done ramdenime nacnobi bunebrivi gamRizianeb-
lisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis
zRurblebi SeiZleba analogiuri proceduriT
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da
gaizomos, ubralod unda Seicvalos gamRizia-
signalis SemCnevis Teoria
neblis ganzomileba.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia SemCnevis absoluturi Cven mier zemoT ganxilul TavebSi vgulis-
zRurblis gansazRvra. mniSvnelovania aRiniS- xmobdiT, rom yvela damkvirvebeli erTnairia,
nos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro mgrZno- 1
adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqve-
biarea sensoruli garemos cvlilebebisadmi,
iTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis gamRi-
vidre myari mdgomareobebisadmi. sistemebi zianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi (redaqtoris Se-
iseTnairad viTardebian, rom xels uwyoben axali niSvna). 103
 magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze SeiZ-
leba gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sis-
tematurma Secdomam _ sistematurma tendenciam,
romlis drosac damkvirvebeli gansakuTrebuli
gziT reagirebs iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni
stimulis sensorul TvisebebTan. vTqvaT,
monawileobT eqsperimentSi, romelSic susti
sinaTlis SemCneva gevalebaT. eqsperimentis
pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars,
Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT: „diax, aris
sinaTle~. meore seriaSi, mkvlevari gaZlevT 5
dolars, Tuki sworad upasuxebT: „ara, ar aris
sinaTle~. TiToeul seriaSi Tqven jarimdebiT
2 dolariT nebismieri araswori pasuxisaTvis.
SegiZliaT warmoidginoT dajildovebis es
struqtura rogor Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis
sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi
gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT „diax~-s ufro xSi-
rad pirvel seriaSi, vidre meoreSi maSinac ki,
Tu warmodgenili stimulebi erTnairi donis
SemCnevadobiT xasiaTdebian?
sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation) – movlena,
roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT
Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRiazinebelze; is iZleva
ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas informaciis
axal wyaroze.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (response bias) –
sistematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia ara-
sensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa
damkvirvebelze da garkveuli gziT reagirebas
ganapirobebs.
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
suraTi
4.2
signalis SemCnvis Teoria
matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian, aris Tu ara miznobrivi
stimuli mocemul cdaSi; matricebi B da C _ tipur pasuxebs, roca subieqti midrekilia `diax~
104 da `ara~ pasuxebisaken.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri
midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis prob-
lemisadmi (Green & Swets, 1966). signalis SemCnevis
Teoria sensorul procesebze mkacrad fokusi-
rebis nacvlad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavad
msjelobis procesze gamRizianeblis arsebobisa
Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri
fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvras, signalis SemCnevis Teo-
ria gansazRvravs or gansxvavebul process sen-
sorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi sensoruli pro-
cesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZno-
biarobas gamRizianeblis siZlieris mimarT da
(2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis miRebis damouki-
debeli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis
pasuxis sistematur Secdomas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria gvTavazobs orive
_ sensoruli da gadawyvetilebis _ procesis
erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi
modeli mocemulia suraTze 4.2 susti stimuli
warmodgenilia cdaTa naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi
stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. Ti-
Toeul SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi pasuxoben
„diax~, roca isini fiqroben, rom stimuli war-
modgenilia da „ara~, roca isini fiqroben, rom
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory -
SDT) _ statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri
Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan.
stimuli ar aris. rogorc naCvenebia suraTis,
A matricaze, TiToeuli pasuxi daTvlilia
rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamo-
toveba, mcdari gangaSi, an swori reaqcia, imisda
Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara stimuli
da pasuxobda Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.
damkvirvebeli, romelic qronikulad ambobda
„diax~-s, iZleoda warmatebuli damTxvevebis did
raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis did
ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia B matricaze. is,
vinc qronikulad ambobda „ara~-s, iZleoda
rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, ise, mcdari
gangaSis mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia
C matricaze.
warmatebuli damTxvevebisa da mcdari ganga-
Sis procentebze muSaobis procesSi mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa gamoe-
TvalaT cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobia-
robisa da pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis maC-
veneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva
davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara or damkvirvebels er-
Tnairi mgrZnobiaroba, miuxedavad didi gansxva-
vebisa pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis gamo-
yofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan, signalis
SemCnevis Teoriam saSualeba misca eqsperimen-
tators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina senso-
ruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan saboloo pasuxis Camo-
yalibebisas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTa-
vazobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis models, ro-
melic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gansxvavebul
konteqstSic. Zalian xSirad gadawyvetilebebi
Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moicavs gansxva-
vebul jildoebs yoveli warmatebuli damTxve-
visa da swori pasuxebisaTvis da dasjas yoveli
gamotovebuli signalisa da mcdari gangaSi-
saTvis. magaliTad, Tuki Tqven uaryaviT kinoSi
mipatiJeba, amiT Tavidan mosawyeni saRamo (swori
uaryofa) aicileT, Tu siyvarulis gaxangr-
Zlivebis Sansi gauSviT xelidan (signalis gamo-
toveba), Tqveni gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpiro-
bebuli iqneba prognozirebuli mogebisa da
wagebis SefardebiT. magaliTad, Tuki „aras~ Tqma
stimulis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (signalis
gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad gvijdeba, vidre „diax~
pasuxi stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcda-
ri gangaSi), „diax~ pasuxebi CvenTvis normad
iqceva. qirurgebi xSirad arian msgavs situa-
ciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv, amjobineben gaakeTon
operacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca ar arian
darwmunebulni, rom simsivne avTvisebiania da,
amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom maTi pasuxi mcdari
gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _
avTvisebianoba, SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi
gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi,
TiToeuli tipis Secdomis SefardebiTi Rire-
buleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis
SefardebiTi mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan instruments gada-
wyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.
sxvaobis zRurbli
warmoidgineT, rom dagiqiravaT sasmelebis
kompaniam, romelsac arsebulze SesamCnevad
ufro tkbili kolas produqtis warmoeba surs,
Tumca, rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqris damatebiT
(fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven gTxoven
gazomoT sxvaobis zRurbli, anu umciresi
fizikuri sxvaoba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnes, rogorc
gansxvavebulebi. sxvaobis zRurblis gasazomad
Tqven unda gamoiyenoT gamRizianebelTa wyvili
da SeekiTxoT damkvirveblebs, aris ori
gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu ara.
sasmelis problemis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mia-
wodebT damkvirveblebs or kolas TiToeul
cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli
receptis, meore ki _ odnav ufro tkbili. TiTo-
euli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas: „igivea~
an „gansxvavebulia~. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg
Tqven daxazavT fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks,
sadac abscisaTa RerZze gadazomavT realur
gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
funqcias _ „gansxvavebulia“ pasuxebis procentebs.
sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisaz-
Rvreba, rogorc wertili, romelzec gamRizi-
aneblebi cnobierdebian, rogorc gansxvavebulni
SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide cnobilia, rogorc odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaoba. odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris nebismi-
eri ori SegrZnebis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis
sididis sazomi raodenobrivi erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobis
zRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma, aRmoaCina mniS-
vnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic mocemu-
lia suraTze 4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxva- 105

obis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,
romelSic gamoyenebulia 10mm sigrZis swori
xazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am eqsperimentis
Casatareblad cdis monawileebs warudgenT
or xazs, romelTagan erTi aris 10mm standar-
tuli sigrZisa, meoris sigrZe ki mcired gan-
sxvavdeba standartulisagan. monawileTa amo-
canaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara am ori xazis
sigrZe toli. Tqven naxavT, rom sxvaobis
zRurbli daaxloebiT 1 milimetria. 10 mili-
metris sigrZis xazs ganasxvaveben 11 milimetris
sigrZis xazisagan SemTxvevaTa 50%-Si, magram
20 milimetris sigrZis standartuli xazisaT-
vis 1 milimetris namati ukve arasakmarisia.
Tqven dagWirdebaT 2 milimetris damateba, raTa
sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresi
fizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes,
rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli
operacionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc
wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni Sem-
TxvevaTa naxevarSi.
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _
JND) _ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnan gansxvavebu-
lebad.
veberis kanoni (Weber’s law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobis proporciulia.
106
suraTi
4.3
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis
kanoni
rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT
ufro didia is odenoba, romelic unda
daamatoT (DL), raTa dainaxoT odnav sesamCnevi
sxvaoba. sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati,
romlic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50% SemTxvevaSi. Tuki
Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis
sigrZesTan, proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10
standartuli sigrZisa. es namati gadazomilia
vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis
sigrZe _ horizontalurze. miRebuli damoki-
debuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori xaziT
grafikze. Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT,
rom DL iqneba 0.5, roca standartuli xazis
sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.
miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri
sigrZis standartuli xazis gamoyenebisas ki 4
milimetris damateba dagWirdebaT. suraTi 4.3
gviCvenebs, rom odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba izrdeba
Tanabrad standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan
erTad.
rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle
xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis odenobis Sefar-
deba xazis sigrZesTan, romelic qmnis odnav
SesamCnev sxvaobas. magaliTad, 1 mm/10 mm=0.1; 2
mm/20 mm=0.1. es damokidebuleba Sejamebulia
veberis kanonSi: or stimuls Soris odnav Sesam-
Cnevi sxvaobis Sefardeba standartuli sti-
mulis intensivobasTan mudmivi sididea. amrigad,
rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria stan-
dartuli stimuli, miT ufro didi namatia
saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis misaRebad.
es kanoni marTebulia nebismieri sensoruli
sistemisaTvis. formula veberis kanonisaTvis
Semdegi saxis iqneba: ΔI/I=k, sadac I standartuli
intensivobaa, ΔI ki namatia _ im sxvaobis
odenobaa, romelic qmnis odnav SesamCnev sxva-
obas. veberma aRmoaCina, rom TiToeuli stimulis
parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli proporcia. am formulaSi k aris
proporcia, anu veberis konstanta stimulis
TiToeuli parametrisaTvis (yuradRebiT gani-
xileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT, kargad
gaigeT Tu, ara, ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba,
 cxrili
4.2
veberis konstantis mniSvnelobebi
stimulTa arCeuli ganzomilebisaTvis
stimulis veberis konstanta
ganzomileba (k)
bgeris sixSire 0.003
sinaTlis intensivoba 0.01
0.07
sunis koncentracia
dawolis intensivoba 0.14
bgeris intensivoba 0.15
gemos koncentracia 0.20
veberis kanoni da is, Tu rogor arian isini
dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis kanoni
sakmaod zustia, magram is mainc ar aris
universaluri, magaliTad, maSin, roca stimulis
intensivoba Zalian maRali xdeba.
cxrilSi 4.2 xedavT, rom veberis konstantas
aqvs gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi stimulis
gansxvavebuli ganzomilebisaTvis. umciresi
mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia
SeamCnios umciresi gansxvaveba. ase magaliTad,
es cxrili giCvenebT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxva-
voT erTmaneTisagan, vidre sinaTlis intensivo-
bebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia,
vidre sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani.
sasmelebis kompanias dasWirdeboda SedarebiT
ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba ufro
tkbili kolis warmoebisaTvis!
sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) _ Seis-
wavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movlenebad
gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
transformacia (transduction) _Seiswavlis erTi
formis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore
formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas
nervul impulsebad.
sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _
specializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven
fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, rom-
lebic Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis
mier.
fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken
fsiqofizikis ganxilvam gagvacnobierebina
SegrZnebis umniSvnelovanesi saidumlo: rogor
xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams aZlevs
specifikur fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad,
rogor aRmocendeba sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva
sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam speci-
fikur sensorul sferoebs ganvixilavT, zeda-
pirulad mimovixiloT informaciis gadasvla
fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris
talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri nivTierebebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris,
gemosa da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.
sensoruli fiziologia Seiswavlis fizikuri
movlenebis nervul movlenebad gardaqmnis
biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania,
aRmoaCinos, Tu ra xdeba nervul doneze im
movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia
fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi
formis fizikuri energiis, magaliTad, sinaTlis
gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad,
transformacia ewodeba.
vinaidan yvela tipis sensoruli informacia
transformirdeba nervuli impulsebis identur
tipSi, Tqveni Tavis tvini imis saSualebiT
ganasxvavebs sensorul informacias, rom Tavis
tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs miusadagebs Ti-
Toeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevrebi cdiloben
TiToeuli am sensoruli sferosaTvis daadginon,
Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri energiis transfor-
macia nervuli sistemis eleqtroqimiur aqti-
vobaSi, romelic warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (ma-
galiTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad
(xmamaRali _ Cumi) ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas
biZgs aZlevs garemo movlenis an gamRizianeblis
SemCneva. garemo gamRizianeblebis SemCneva xdeba
specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis
saSualebiT (magaliTisaTvis, ix. cxrili 4.3).
sensoruli receptorebi sensoruli gamRi-
zianeblis fizikur energias ujredis signa-
lebad gardaqmnian, romelic SeiZleba gadamu-
Savebul iqnes nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis
signalebi informacias ufro maRali donis
neironebs awvdian, romlebic informaciis in-
tegrirebas axdenen sxvadasxva deteqtoruli
107
 cxrili
4.3
adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi Tvisebebi
SegrZneba stimulebi sensoruli receptori SegrZneba
organo
mxedveloba sinaTlis talRebi Tvali Cxirebi da kolbebi ferebi, obieqtebi,
teqstura, moZraoba,
siRrme

smena bgeriTitalRebi yuri ZiriTadi membranis xmauri, toni

bewviani ujredebi

Sexebis eqsternaluri kani nervuli daboloebani Sexeba, tkivili,

SegrZnebebi kontaqti kanSi (merkelis siTbo, sicive
diskebi, rufinis
sxeulebi)

ynosva aqroladi cxviri ynosvis organoebis suni (muskusi,

nivTierebebi bewviani epiTeliumi yvavilovani, damwvris,
pitnis)

gemo xsnadi nivTierebebi ena gemos bolqvebi gemo (tbili, mJave,

mlaSe, mware)

wonasworobis meqanikuri da gra- Sinagani naxevarrkalovani moZraoba sivrceSi,

SegrZneba vitaciuli Zalebi yuri arxebis bususebi da gravitaciuli
derefani miziduloba

kinesTeTikuri sxeulis moZraoba kunTebi, nervuli boWkoebi sxeulis nawilebis

SegrZnebebi myesebi, kunTebSi, myesebSi moZraoba da pozicia
saxsrebi

blokebidan. am etapze neironebi agroveben Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa

informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi zoma, intensivoba, forma
da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis siRrmeSi in-
formacia kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi
da is gadaecema Tavis tvinis qerqis specifikur
ubnebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian Segr-
Znebisa da asociaciis procesebze.
cxrilSi 4.3 mocemulia stimulebi da recep-
torebi TiToeuli SegrZnebisaTvis.
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
damkvirveblis sensoruli adaptaciis done _
absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi
moqmedebis cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis
Teoria SemuSavda sensoruli procesebis
gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan
damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi. fsiqofizikis mkvlev-
rebi, agreTve, dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu
ramdenad unda gaizardos an Semcirdes gamRizi-
aneblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma SeZlos
gansxvavebis aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizi-

kuri stimulaciisa da damkvirveblis aRqmis

Sejameba cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.
sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos,
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebi swavloben damoki-
Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri movlenebis gadaqceva
debulebas fizikur movlenebsa da damkvir-
tvinSi mimdinare procesebad. mkvlevrebi,
veblebis mier am movlenebis fsiqologiur
agreTve, aRweren informaciis gadasvlas
gancdas Soris. damkvirveblis SegrZnebis
sensoruli receptorebidan Tavis tvinis
absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia stimulis
qerqisaken.
108

mxedvelobis sistema
mxedveloba yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTa-
rebuli da mniSvnelovani SegrZnebaa adamianisa
da sxva moZrav arsebaTa umravlesobisTvis. im
cxovelebs, romlebic bunebam kargi mxedvelobiT
daajildova, uzarmazari evoluciuri upirate-
sobebi aqvT. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,
SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan.
mxedveloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos cvalebadi
Tvisebebi da Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva.
mxedveloba aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili
sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.
adamianis Tvali
Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis,
romelic asaxavs samyaros suraTs (ix. suraTi
4.4). fotoaparati samyaros linzebis saSua-
lebiT uyurebs, romelic axdens sinaTlis Sek-
rebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs sinaT-
les da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle
Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis win mdebare gamWvir-
vale amoburcul nawilSi; Semdeg is gaivlis
wina sakans, romelic savsea siTxiT _ namiT.
fotoaparatis fokusirebisas Tqven amoZravebT
mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT
mas. imisaTvis, rom Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba
moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis formis kristali
_ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvril-
deba, roca fokusireba moSorebul obieqtebze
xdeba da msxvildeba axlomdebare obieqtebze
fokusirebisas. fotoaparatSi Semomavali sinaT-
lis raodenobis gasakontroleblad Tqven
cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki iri-
sis kunTuri diski cvlis gugis anu im xvre-
lis sidides, romlis saSualebiTac sinaTle
Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi
fotomgrZnobiare firia, romelic afiqsirebs
linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis variaciebs. ana-
logiurad, TvalSi sinaTle mogzaurobs mini-
sebr sxeulSi, bolos ecema baduras _ Txel
firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis
ukana kedels.
rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis
Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba erTmaneTs. axla
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT mxedvelobiTi
procesis komponentebi.
guga da broli
Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis
sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs gugas, gafarTovdes
an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kak-
lisaken mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaT-
le, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier badu-
mxedvelobis sistema
raze fokusirdeba; broli atrialebs aRqmul
obieqtebs. is gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radganac icvlis fokuss axlo da Sorsmdebare
sagnebisTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT
Secvalon brolis sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare,
misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am process akomo-
dacia ewodeba.
normaluri akomodaciis unaris mqone adamia-
nebs Tvalis fokusireba sakamod did diapazon-
Si SeuZliaT _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan 109
 suraTi
4.4
adamianis Tvalis
struqtura
rqovana, guga da broli axor-
cieleben sinaTlis fokusirebas
baduraze. baduradan nervuli
signalebi gadaecema tvins
optikuri nervis meSveobiT.
ise Sors, sanamdec SeuZliaT obieqtebis danaxva.
Tumca, uamrav adamians awuxebs akomodaciasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. magaliTad, axlo-
mxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili
aqvT ufro axlos maTken da amis Sedegad maT
ar SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba Sorsmdebare
sagnebze; Sorsmxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni
gadaxrili aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar
SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba axlomdebare
obieqtebze. asakTan erTad, agreTve, izrdeba
akomodaciis problemebic. broli aRar aris
iseTive sufTa, gamWvirvale da amozneqili,
rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli
xdeba ufro mkvrivi, gaumWvirvale, muqi da
brtyeli, is kargavs elastiurobas. am cvlile-
bebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad
SekumSva, raTa dainaxos axlomdebare sagnebi.
ormocdaxuT wels gadacilebul adamiane-
bisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac
SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba, progresulad
Sordeba maT.
akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
saSualebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvli-
anEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZ-
levs, Secvalos fokusi axlo da Sori obieq-
tebisaTvis.
badura (retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, ro-
melic Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis
sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze
mdebare sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli
110
ujredebi.
badura
Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis
tvinis saSualebiT. Tvali krebs sinaTles, ax-
dens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis
tvinisaken mimaval nervul signals. amrigad,
Tvalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa gare
samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis tal-
Ridan nervul impulsad gardaqmna. es xdeba
baduraze, Tvalis ukana mxareze. mikroskopis
qveS SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom baduras sxvada-
sxva tipis neironebisagan Semdgari ramdenime
maRalorganizebuli Sre aqvs.
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna ner-
vul impulsad baduraze Cxirebisa da kolbebis
_ sinaTlis mimarT mgrZnobiare receptorebis
saSualebiT xdeba. es fotoreceptorebi unika-
lurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur sistemaSi,
kargad naTdebian gare samyarodan da emijnebian
nervuli procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan
zogjer giwevT TiTqmis sibneleSi muSaoba da
zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam
uzrunvelgyoT sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT,
CxirebiTa da kolbebiT (ix. sur. 4.5). 120 milioni
wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti
ganaTebis pirobebSi, 7 milioni msxvili kolba
ki naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaodaa speciali-
zebuli.
Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxi-
rebisa da kolbebis muSaobaSi yovelTvis, roca
daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. albaT
 suraTi
4.5

retinaluri gzebi
es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli
da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT. is gviC-
venebs gzebs, romelic akavSirebs ner-
vuli ujredebis sam Sres retinaSi.
Semomavali sinaTle gaivlis samive
Sres, sanam miaRwevs receptorebs, rom-
lebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kak-
lis ukana mxareze da mimarTulni arian
sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bipolaruli ujredebi
kreben impulsebs erTze meti recep-
toruli ujredidan da agzavnian Sede-
gebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken. am
ujredebidan ki nervuli impulsebi
toveben Tvals optikui nervis saSua-
lebiT da miemarTebian Semdegi gadam-
rTveli punqtisaken.

bevrjer SeginiSnavT, rom Tavidan bevrs vera- ufro meti bipolaruli ujredidan erT gan-
fers xedavT darCenili mkrTali ganaTebis pi- muxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzav-
robebSi, magram cota xnis Semdeg Tqveni mxedve- nian TavianT impulsebs gangliozuri ujrede-
lobis mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven
ganicdiT sibnelisadmi adaptaciis process _ akomod
Tvalis mgrZnobiarobis gradualur gaumjobe-
i.
sebas ganaTebis cvlilebis Sedegad sinaTlidan
TiTqmis sibnelisaken. sibnelisadmi adaptaciis
mizezi Cxirebis amoqmedebaa. isini ufro mgrZno-
biareni xdebian, vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis
Semdeg Cxirebi reagireben ufro nakleb sinaT-
leze, vidre kolbebi.
badurs centrTan axlos aris patara ubani,
romelsac foveas uwodeben. is mxolod mWidrod
ganlagebul kolbebs Seicavs. iq ar aris Cxirebi.
es adgili gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis
mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad uzrun-
mxedvelobis sistema

velyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduras

sxva ujredebi arian pasuxismgebelni im infor-
maciis integraciaze, romlesac Cxirebidan da
kolbebidan iReben. bipolaruli ujredebi nervu-
li ujredebia, romlebic axdenen nervuli
impulsebis kombinirebas mravali recepto-
ridan da Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi
agzavnian. Semdeg TiToeuli gangliozuri uj-
redi axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an
111
 suraTi
4.6
ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili
imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni
marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris
niSani iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni
mxedvelobis velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT
Tvalis fiqsacias plus niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs cariel adgils TeTri foniT,

bisaken maSin, roca baduras periferiaze mdebare
Cxirebi da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da
gangliozur ujredebs. gangliozuri ujredebis
aqsonebi qmnian optikuri nervs, romelic vi-
zualur informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken
atarebs.
horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli uj-
redebi informaciis integrirebas baduras gas-
wvriv axdenen. am ujredebis funqcia ufro metad
gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis
tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs Soris kavSiris dam-
yarebaSi. horizontaluri ujredebi recepto-
rebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben, amakrinuli uj-
redebi ki aerTeben bipolarul ujredebs sxva
bipolarul ujredebTan da gangliozur ujre-
debs sxva gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduras anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi
saintereso ucnauri adgili, sadac optikuri
nervi gamodis. am adgils optikuri diski anu
brma wertili ewodeba. is srulebiT ar Seicavs
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
robebs ar SevqmniT amisaTvis. es xdeba ori
mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma
wertilebi iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom
TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi imis registra-
cias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals; meore
mizezi isaa, rom Tavis tvini „avsebs~ am adgils
Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT garSemo
myofi areebidan.
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili,
Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs 4.6 Semdegi pirobis
dacviT: es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze daiWireT, daxuWeT marjvena Tvali,
moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze marcxena
TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken
Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba
Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven
ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel
adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars akravs am
adgils. ase rom, Tqven mxolod siTeTres

receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa, Cven „dainaxavT~, romelic realurad ar aris iq da

ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pi-
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis
nawili, romelSic xdeba vizualuri informa-
ciis gadamuSaveba.
optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri uj-
redebis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informa-
cias Tvalidan tvinisaken.
112
ver dainaxavT fuls, romelic moaTavseT bankSi,
sanam dakargavdiT mas!
brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive procedura da
moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic moce-
mulia 4.6 suraTze. Tuki wigns TvalebTan axlos
miitanT, dainaxavT rom wyvetili xazi gam-
Tlianda.
 (qiazmaSi), romelic formiT berZnul aso χ-is
(gamoiTqmis, rogorc „xi~) mogvagonebs. aqsonebi
TiToeul optikur nervSi mxedvelobis jvare-
dinTan or konad iyofian. boWkoebis naxevari
TiToeuli baduridan sxeulis im mxareze rCeba,
romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tva-
lis Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadak-
veTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben gzas Tavis tvinis
ukana nawilisaken (ix. sur. 4.7).
boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs
aqsonebs orive Tvalidan, am adgilidan ukve
optikuri traqtebi ewodeba. optikuri traqtebi
tvinSi agzavnis informacias ujredebis ori
blokisaken. mkvlevrebi mxars uWeren Teorias,
romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi orad
iyofa: pirvelis funqcia xatebis amocnobaa, Tu
rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi, xolo meoris
_ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, Tu sad arian
obieqtebi (Rao et al., 1997; Wilson et al., 1993). vizua-
luri funqciebis dayofa ufro dramatulad
gamoiyureba, roca individebi kargaven mxed-
velobiTi qerqis nawils travmis an qirurgiuli
Carevis Sedegad. ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva:
suraTi
4.7
saidan
adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi
viciT
diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semo-
suli sinaTle airekleba orive baduraze da gviC- mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa
venebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba ba-
duridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave,
vizualur centrSi. xangrZlivi Tavis tkivilebi da marcxena
vizualur velSi sensoruli xasiaTis
sirTuleebi hqonda. roca is 34 wlis iyo,
gadawyvita gaekeTebina operacia, romlis
Tavis tvinisken mimavali drosac neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen mar-
nervuli gzebi jvena kefis wilis patara nawils. qirur-
gebi mudmivad mkurnalobdnen donis Tavis
vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnule- tkivilebs, magram man mTlianad dakarga
bis adgili Tavis tvinis kefis wilis is ad- mxedveloba vizualuri velis marcxena
gilia, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi
mxedvelobis sistema

nawilSi, radgan amokveTili nawili Sei-

mxedvelobis qerqi. miuxedavad amisa, informa-
ciis umetesi nawili, romelic tovebs baduras,
gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaR-
wevs mxedvelobis qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas,
romelsac vizualuri informacia gaivlis (Van
Essen et al., 1992).
gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni,
romelic axdens TiToeuli optikuri nervis
formirebas, miemarTeba mxedvelobis jvaredinSi
cavda pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs. maga-
liTad, roca ganaTebul laqas uCveneben
fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis
wertili _ esaa centraluri wertili,
romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs Tvalebis
fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobi-
erebs mis arsebobas.
fsiqologebma sTxoves dons mainc sava-
raudod amoecno, Tu sad mdebareobs gana- 113
 Tebuli wertili marcxena xelis saCvene-
beli TiTis saSualebiT. Sedegebi SesaniS-
navi iyo. donma TiTqmis iseve zustad gan-
sazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis
„brma~ marcxena mxedvelobis velSi, ro-
gorc axerxebda amas „saR~ marjvena vi-
zualur velSi. Semdgomma eqsperimentebma,
agreTve, aCvenes, rom mas SeeZlo gamoecno
brma velSi naCvenebi xazi vertikaluri
iyo Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi fi-
gura X iyo Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi
doni sruliad ver acnobierebda laqebis,
xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is amtki-
cebda, rom ubralod, varaudiT ambobda.
roca dons testirebis videoCanaweri
uCvenes, is gaocebuli iyo imiT, rom uTi-
Tebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac ver
xedavda (Weiskrantz et al., 1974).
donis „mxedvelobas~, Sesabamisad, brma mxed-
veloba uwodes. misi qceva vizualurad miRebuli
informaciis Sedegad xorcieldeboda, Tumca,
is ver acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi
Sedegebi iyo miRebuli testebSi sxva pacien-
tebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri dar-
RvevebiT. es movlena adasturebs im faqts, rom
is qerqqveSa struqturebi, romlebic xeluxle-
beli rCeba dazianebuli Tavis tvinis qerqis
pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs vizualuri analizis
iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs,
magram gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna
sakamaTo rCeba, radgan Tavis tvinis mier vi-
zualuri informaciis kodirebisaTvis gamoyene-
buli uamravi gza arsebobs (Gazzaniga et al., 1994;
Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli
meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedve-
lobis zusti funqcionireba SeiZleba cnobi-
erebis gareSec ganxorcieldes.
Tqven ukve naxeT, Tu rogor nawildeba is
informacia, romelic Tvalebidan Tavis tvini-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
saken miemarTeba. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram
unda Seiswavlon. arsebobs vizualuri qerqis
daaxloebiT 30 anatomiuri qveganyofileba da
sxvadasxva Teoriebi am qveganyofilebebs Soris
komunikaciis saxeebis Sesaxeb (Hilgetag et al., 1996).
axla vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs
davubrundeT. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erT-
erTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba isaa, rom
114 Cven mier formis, feris, mdebareobis da siRrmis
gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli
informaciis sxvadasxva gziT gadamuSavebaze.
rogor xdeba es transformaciebi, romlebic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri
samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?
ferTa SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _
isini SeiZleba sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT
davxatoT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STa-
beWdilebebi kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan
_ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji
kvercxebisagan, magram ferebis naTel gancdas
safuZvlad udevs am obieqtebisagan Tqvens
sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asax-
va. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc es sakiTxi jer kidev
1671 wels ganixila, isaak niutoni iyo:
sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT,
ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia, garda
energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis
aRmocenebis unarisa. aseve, bgera, iqneba es
zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri
sxeulis, araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa
da haerSi araferia, garda obieqtidan gavr-
celebuli moZraobisa, ...ase rom, obieqtis
ferebi araferia, garda unarisa, aireklos
ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod, vidre
danarCeni...
ferebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca Tavis tvini
amuSavebs informacias, romelic kodirebulia
sinaTlis wyaroSi.
talRis sigrZe da feri
sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, mxolod
patara nawilia fizikuri ganzomilebisa, ro-
melsac eleqtromagnituri speqtri ewodeba (ix.
sur. 4.8). Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris
aRWurvili saTanadod imisaTvis, rom dainaxos
sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, X-sxivebi, mikrotalRebi da radio-
talRebi. fizikuri Tviseba, romelic ganas-
xvavebs eleqromagnituri energiis tipebs, maT
Soris sinaTlisasac, aris talRis sigrZe anu
manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris.
xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe nanometrebSi
(metris memiliarde nawilSi) izomeba. is, rasac
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena
1999 wlis dekemberSi ram-
denime sainformacio saagento
iuwyeboda, rom stiv uanderi,
romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan
brma iyo, imedovnebda, rom
Caitarebda eqsperimentul qi-
rurgiul proceduras, rome-
lic mis mxedvelobas aRad-
genda. proceduras ventai lui,
mark humaiuni (Wentai Lui, Mark
Humayun) da maTi jgufis sxva
wevrebi atarebdnen (Lui et al.,
2001). am proceduraSi patara
mikroprocesori pirdapir
ukavSirdeboda baduras da
kolbebisa da Cxirebis fun-
qcias cvlida, romelic ar fun-
qcionirebda daavadebis gamo.
samwuxarod, uanderi Zalian
xangrZlivi drois ganmav-
lobaSi iyo brma da amitom ar
iyo kargi kandidati am pro-
cedurisaTvis. Tumca, es teqnika
imeds aZlevda maT, visac vi-
zualuri sistemis jaWvis didi
nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli
hqondaT.
brma adamianTa umravlesobis
dabrmavebis mizezi maT ba-
duraze mdebare receptoruli
ujredebis _ kolbebisa da
Cxirebis kvdoma _ degenera-
ciuli daavadeba gaxda (uan-
deris sibrmave gamowveuli iyo
imiT, rom inkubatorSi, romel-
Sic is ganaTavses dabadebis Sem-
deg, miwodebuli iqna zedmeti
raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki,
roca sensoruli receptorebi
wyveten TavianT arsebobas,
vizualuri gzebis sxva ujre-
debi, rogoricaa bipolaruli da
gangliozuri, ganagrZoben
arsebobas. baduras struqturis
mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5),
es ujredebi xelmisawvdomia
pirdapiri eleqtruli sti-
mulaciisaTvis. luis, humaiunisa
da maTi kolegebis mier kon-
struirebuli mikroprocesori
zustad amas akeTebda: is axdenda
eleqtrul stimulacias, ro-
melic Semomaval signals ara-
funqcionirebadi kolbebisa da
Cxirebis nacvlad agzavnida.
mTlian sistemas, romelic
cnobilia, rogorc mraval-
elementiani xelovnuri retina-
luri mikroprocesori (multiple-
unit artificial retinal chipset MARC),
ramdenime komponenti aqvs, rome-
lic funqcionirebs rogorc
Tvalis kaklis gareT, ise _
SigniT. magaliTad, miniaturuli
videokamera gamosaxulebas
garemodan iWers. es gamosaxu-
leba muSavdeba da igzavneba
mikroprocesorisaken, romelic
qirurgiulad aris implanti-
rebuli baduraze Tvalis ukana
mxares. es mikroprocesori
stimulirebas ukeTebs gangli-
ozur ujredebs badeSi da
televizoris Tu kompiuteris
ekranis msgavsad funqci-
onirebs: am simravlis TiTo-
euli elements _ TiToeul
piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos
nacrisferi feris sxvadasxva
elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos
mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis
farTo diapazoni.
rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT
Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli
mikroprocesori ar aRadgens
mxedvelobas srulyofilad,
iseTnairad, rogorc es nagu-
lisxmebi iyo statiaSi stiv
uanderis Sesaxeb.
informaciis is raodenoba,
romelsac uzrunvelyofs es
xelsawyo, sakmaod SezRudu-
lia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac
Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT Tqveni
uamravi kolbebidan da Cxire-
bidan. miuxedavad amisa, am
eqsperimentis monawileebs
SeeZloT martivi gamosaxule-
bebisa da formebis identi-
ficireba. arsebobs imedi, rom
es mikroprocesori aRadgens
mxedvelobas iseT doneze, rom
adamianebi SeZleben imoZraon
sakuTar garemoSi da gaarCion
didi zomis SriftiT dabeW-
dili teqsti. uamravi adamia-
nisaTvis mTel msoflioSi,
romelsac daavadebis gamo
mxedvelobis sistema
dazianebuli aqvs Cxirebi da
kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqno-
logiebis ganviTarebam SeiZ-
leba SeunarCunos mxedveloba.
vebgverdi: www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/
erl_eye.html
115

Tqven xedavT, rogorc sinaTles, aris talRis
sigrZis diapazoni 400-dan 700 nanometramde.
garkveuli fizikuri talRebis sinaTlis sxive-
bidan aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda,
magaliTad, iisferi-lurji ufro mokle sigr-
Ziani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da
wiTeli-narinjisferi _ ufro grZelis sigrZis
talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi. amrigad,
sinaTle fizikurad talRis sigrZis terminebiT
aRiwereba da ara _ ferebiT; ferebi mxolod
Tqvens sensorul sistemaSi arsebobs, rogorc
talRis sigrZeTa interpretacia.
feris gancda sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaT-
deba: feris toni, simaZRre da sikaSkaSe. feris
toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaT-
lis feris Tvisobriv gancdas. martiv sinaT-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
116
leSi, romelic mxolod erTi talRis sigrZes
(magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba) Seicavs, feris
tonis fsiqologiuri gancda Seesabameba pir-
dapir sinaTlis talRis sigrZis fizikur gan-
zomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris
ferTa tonebi ganlagebuli ferTa wreSi. is
ferebi, romlebic aRiqmebian, rogorc erTmaneTis
msgavsni, mosazRvre ferebia. es Tanamimdevroba
asaxavs speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. si-
maZRre feris SegrZnebis Tvisebaa, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
Seurevel ferebs aqvs yvelaze meti simaZRre;
Sereul, arasufTa, pastelur ferebs aqvT
simaZRris saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs
nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe feris Tvisebaa,
romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
TeTr fers aqvs yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _
yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa Seg-
rZnebis am Tvisebebs, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba:
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualurad ganasxvavon
feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.
simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
sikaSkaSe (brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
suraTi
4.8
eleqtromagnituri
speqtri
vizualur sistemas SeuZlia
SeigrZnos talris sigrZis
mxolod mcire diapazoni
eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi.
Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis
sigrZis im diapazons, ro-
melic naxatze gadidebulad
aris mocemuli, rogorc
ferebs iisferidan wiTli-
saken.
suraTi
4.9

ferTa wre
ferebi ganlagebula maTi msgavsebis
mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi ganla-
gebula erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxares.
Semavsebeli ferebis Sereva warmoqmnis
neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles
centrSi. ricxvebi TiToeuli feris
tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri
ferebis talRis sigrZis mniSvnelo-
baze, im ferebisa, romlebic moTavse-
bulia mxedvelobiTi mgrZnobelobis
diapazonSi. araspeqtraluri feris
toni miiReba mokle da grZeli sigrZis
speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.

erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva talRis sigrZeebs, romlebic ferTa wris

feri! miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas
ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul kategorias mi-
akuTvnos maTi didi nawili.
modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa
gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan.
Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb, rom mzis sinaTle krebs yvela sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas: Tqven SegiZliaT gaimeoroT
niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da mzis sxivi
ferTa srul cisartyelad daSaloT. prizmis
saSualebiT gaigebT, rom sxvadasxva sigrZis
talRaTa swori kombinacia TeTr fers war-
moqmnis. sxvadasxva sigrZis talRaTa Serwymas
damatebiT ferTa Sereva ewodeba. kidev erTxel
SexedeT suraTs 4.9.
mopirdapire mxareebzea ganlagebuli, Semav-
sebeli ferebi ewodeba. isini Serevisas TeTri
feris SegrZnebas iwveven. gindaT Tavad dar-
wmundeT Semavsebeli ferebis arsebobaSi? gani-
xileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa
negatiuri Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas mog-
cemT (Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri,
radgan is sawyisi feris sapirispiroa). am mov-
lenas feradi mxedvelobis Teoriebis ganxil-
Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi,
romlebic mdebareoben ferTa wreze da er-
TmaneTis mopirdapire mxares auditurad Sere-
visas TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas iwvevdnen.

suraTi
4.10
mxedvelobis sistema

negatiuri optikuri kvali

mzera daafiqsireTmwvane-Sav-yvi-
Teli droSis centrSi sul cota
30 wamis ganmavlobaSi; Semdeg
mzera gadaitaneT TeTr qaRaldze
da daafiqsireT is furclis
centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es
cda megobrebze.

117
 visas avxsniT, roca daJinebiT daacqerdebiT
raime fers sakmaod didxans, Tqveni recepto-
rebis arasrul gadaRlamde da Semdeg mzeras
TeTr zedapirze gadaitanT, Tqven sawyisi feris
Semavsebel fers dainaxavT.
albaT, SeginiSnavT Tanmimdevari kvali Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ferTa gancdisas. Tumca,
gancdebis didi nawili ar warmoiqmneba Semav-
sebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, droda-dro
erTobiT naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da sa-
Rebavebis kombinirebiT. feri, romelsac xedavT,
roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime
obieqts an sxva ferad zedapirs, sinaTlis tal-
Ris sigrZea, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli zeda-
piris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRe-
bavi gamoiyureba umetes SemTxvevaSi yviTlad,
zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar airekleba, rac qmnis
mwvane feris SegrZnebas. analogiurad, lurji
saRebavi saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli sigrZis
talRebs ar aireklon, rac iwvevs lurjisa da
cotaodeni mwvanis SegrZnebas. roca yviTeli da
lurji ferebi kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs
lurjs da lurji STanTqavs yviTels. da erTad-
erTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli _
gamoiyureba mwvaned! am movlenas substraqciuli
(substractive) ferTa Sereva1 ewodeba. darCenili
talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli talRis sigrZe
aris arekvlili da swored is aZlevs ferebis
narevs im fers, romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.
zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im ada-
mianebze, romlebic dabadebuli arian feris
SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sib-
rmave aris ferebis garCevisYnawilobrivi an
sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris
droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar
gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri kvali, Tuki
ferTa sibrmave gaqvT. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv,
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSi-
rebulia X qromosomis genTan. radgan mamakacebs
mxolod erTi X qromosoma aqvT, maT am rece-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
siuli Taviseburebis gamovlenis ufro meti
Sansi aqvT, vidre qalebs. qalebs defeqturi
geni orive X qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom
gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel
mamakacTa 8%-s da qalTa 0.5%-ze naklebs
axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al., 1999).
1 2
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia,
118 rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red. SeniSvna).
yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis
is saxe, roca adamians uWirs mwvane da wiTeli
ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti
simaZRris arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi,
romelic erTmaneTSi yviTel da lurj ferebs
urevs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki sruli ferTa sibrmavis
SemTxvevebia, roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs
ferebs da mxolod sinaTlis xarisxis sxvada-
sxva variacias xedavs (mister i-is SemTxveva,
romelic naxsenebi iyo am Tavis dasawyisSi,
sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi ferTa sruli
sibrmave Tavis tvinis dazianebiT iyo gamowveuli
65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad, gaqvT Tu ara
raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT
suraTs 4.11. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-s
da 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni
feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki
dainaxavT kidev raimes, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul
cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave (CautareT
es testi sxvebsac, kerZod, imaT, visac FferTa
sibrmave axasiaTebs da gaigebT, ras xedaven isini
am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor xsnian mecni-
erebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa
Semavsebeli ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria
SemoTavazebuli iyo ser tomas iungis (Sir Tho-
mas Young) mier 1800 wels. is amtkicebda, rom
arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi sami tipis receptori
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone adamianis TvalSi,
romelic warmoqmnis fsiqologiurad pirvelad
SegrZnebebs: wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela
danarCeni feri, misi azriT, am sami pirveladi
ferisagan miiReboda, rogorc Semavsebeli fe-
rebis an ori mosazRvre feris kombinaciis
Sedegi. iungis Teoria Semdgom gaaumjobesa da
gaafarTova herman von helmholcma (Hermann von
Helmholtz) da cnobili gaxda, rogorc iung-hel-
mholcis triqromatuli Teoria.2
triqromatuli Teoria sakmaod damajereblad
xsnida adamianis ferTa SegrZnebebs da ferTa
sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa sibr-
mavis SemTxvevaSi adamianebs mxolod erTi an
ori tipis receptorebi aqvT). Tumca, sxva mov-
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia,
rogorc `sami komponentis Teoria~ (red. SeniSvna).

lenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis
mier. ratom warmoqmnis erTi feris mimarT adap-
tacia negatiur Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT
nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone adamianebs
sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa wyvilebis garCe-
visas: wiTlisa da mwvanis, lurjisa da yviT-
lis?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuT-
xedi ferTa SegrZnebis meore TeoriisaTvis,
romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis
(Ewald Hering) mier 1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi
sawinaaRmdego procesis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
nebismieri feris SegrZneba sami ZiriTadi sis-
temisgan miiReba, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs
or sawinaaRmdego elements: wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi (arc erTi feri) TeTris (yvela feri)
sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi
warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli feris mqone
Tanamimdevar kvals, roca am sistemis erTi
elementi gadaiRleba (xangrZlivi stimulaciis
pirobebSi) da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi opo-
nenturi elementis SefardebiTi wvlili.
triqromatuli Teoriis (trichromatic theory) Tanax-
mad, arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis
sami tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi
ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurjis Segr-
Znebas.
suraTi
4.11
ferTa sibrmavis testi
pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia
wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba,
ver SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli
cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT?
Tu k i T q v e n x e d a v T r i c x v 1 7 - s
wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa
SegrZneba albaT normaluria.
heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi qmnian
wyvilebs, radgan ferTa SegrZnebis sistema
realurad aris Seqmnili sapirispiro wyvi-
lebisagan da ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.
mravali wlis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnie-
rebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis Sesaxeb. sabolood
maT aRiares, rom es Teoriebi realurad ar
ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. isini ubralod
procesis or sxvadasxva etaps aRweren, romelic
Seesabameba suqcesiur fiziologiur struq-
turebs mxedvelobiT sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson,
1974). axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami
tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli
garkveuli sigrZis talRebis diapazonze rea-
girebs da mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe,
romlis mimarTac TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze
metad aris mgrZnobiare.
mxedvelobis sistema
saidan
viciT
kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben
garkveuli talRis sigrZes
mxedvelobiTi procesebis mkvlevrebma
ganaviTares teqnika, romlis saSuale-
biTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis eleq-
truli aqtivobis analizi. maimuni makakas
kolbis ujredebi „gamowovil~ iqna 119
 specialuri minis miliT, romlis dia-
metric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diamet-
ris 1/25-ze naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas anaTebdnen milSi,
eleqtruli signalis Zalas, romelsac
gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi, jer
zrdidnen da Semdeg zomavdnen. am teq-
nikis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom zogierTi ujredi yvelaze kargad
reagirebs 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis
talRis diapazonSi („lurji~ ujredebi),
zogi _ 535 nanometris („mwvane~ ujredebi)
da zogi ki 570 nanometris („wiTeli~
ujredebi) sigrZis talRis diapazonSi
(Baylor, 1987).
am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa
da helmholcis hipoTezas, rom ferTa SegrZneba
sami tipis mxedvelobiT receptorebs efuZneba.
adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibr-
mave, aqvT erTi an meti am tipis receptoruli
kolbebis defeqti.
Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gan-
gliozuri ujredebi axdens am sami tipis kol-
bebidan gamomavali signalis kombinirebas he-
ringis sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis Ta-
naxmad (De Valois & Jacobs, 1968). sawinaaRmdego
procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT,
romelsac mxars uWeren leo harviCi da doroti
jamesoni (Leo Hurvich & Dorothea Jameson, 1974), ferTa
TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri erTmaneTis
sapirispirod (arian oponentebi), moqmedebs ner-
vuli Sekavebis procesis saSualebiT. zogierTi
gangliozuri ujredi aRmgzneb signals sinaT-
lidan iRebs, romelic wiTlad Cans da Sekavebis
signals im sinaTlidan, romelic mwvaned Cans.
sistemis sxva ujredebs aRgznebisa da Sekavebis
procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi aqvT. gangli-
ozuri ujredebis es ori tipi erTad qmnis
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoria (opponent-pro-
cess theory) _ nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiReba
sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Sei-
cavs or „oponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili
mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gan-
120
gliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.
wiTel-mwvane oponenturi sistemis fiziologiur
baziss. sxva gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian
lurj-yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema
TeTri-Savi Tqven mier ferebis simaZRrisa da
sinaTlis xarisxis aRqmaSi monawileobs.
vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi
samyaros ferebis aRqma mxolod mcire
nawilia im kompleqsuri amocanisa, romelic
Tqveni vizualuri sistemis winaSe dgas. Tuki
fexburTis burTis daWera an krazanebis
budisTvis Tavis arideba gindaT, Tqven unda
SeamCnioT am obieqtebis iersaxe an forma, maTi
siRrme an daSoreba da maTi moZraoba sivrceSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema moicavs ramdenime
gancalkevebul da damoukidebel qvesistemas,
romelic erTi da igive retinaluri xatis
sxvadasxva aspeqts aanalizebs. neironebis
calkeul jgufebs aqvT unikaluri Tvisebebi,
dasabami misces feris, formis, kontrastis,
moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone &
Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000). Tumca, Tqveni aRqma,
saboloo jamSi, erTian vizualur suraTs
warmoadgens. Tqven mier misi danaxva ganpiro-
bebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens vizua-
lur sistemaSi, romelic normalur pirobebSi
uaRresad faqizadaa koordinirebuli (Merigan
& Maunsell, 1993).
Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT, Tu rogor mimdina-
reobs rTuli vizualuri analizi erTi faqtis
magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul
doneze ujredebi reagireben seleqtiurad vi-
zualuri velis mxolod specifiur nawilebze.
magaliTad, adre aRvniSneT, rom TiToeuli re-
tinaluri gangliozuri ujredi mravali recep-
toruli ujredidan miRebul informacias aer-
Tianebs. ujredis receptoruli veli es aris
adgili vizualur velSi, saidanac is iRebs
stimulacias.
retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis recep-
toruli veli ori tipisaa (ix. sur. 4.12, A da B
nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia
velis centrSi aRagznebs ujreds, romlis
stimulacia garSemo mdebare nawilebSi masSi
Sekavebis process iwvevs; (2) ujredebi sapiris-
piro organizaciiT _ Sekavebis procesiT cen-
suraTi
4.12
gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi
ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is iRebs stimulacias.
baduras gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi aris wriuli formis (A, B); mxedvelobiTi
qerqis umartivesi ujredebi garkveuli mimarTulebiTaa wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi,
is adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac iwvevs Sekavebis
process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanave, stimuli, romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs
ujreds, aris is, romelSic areebi, sadac sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia `+~ niSniT), aris

trSi da aRgznebis procesiT periferiaze. gan- am qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi,

gliozuri ujredebi mis centrsa da peri-
ferias Soris stimulaciis sxvaobaze reagi-
reben. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian sti-
mulebis kontrastiT; on-centris mqone uj-
redebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel
laqaze, romelsac bneli sazRvrebi aqvs, xolo
off-centris mqone ujredebi energiulad gani-
muxtebian bnel laqaze, romelsac naTeli sa-
zRvrebi aqvs. erTnairi ganaTeba ki centrisa da
periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas iwvevs da
ujredi ar aris imdenad aRgznebuli, rogorc
es naTeli laqis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
axla Tqven gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis
gadamuSavebis Taviseburebebs receptoruli da
gangliozuri ujredebis doneze, magram ra xdeba
vizualuri sistemis ufro maRal doneebze?
pirveli naSromi am sferoSi devid hiubelsa
maT aRmoaCines ujredebis organizacia, romelic
ufro zustad reagirebda garkveul vizualur
stimulaciaze (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979).
erTi tipis qerquli ujredebi, martivi
ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad reagirebdnen gan-
sazRvruli, maTTvis „gamorCeuli~ orientaciis
mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. sur. 4.12). kom-
pleqsur ujredebs, agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli
erTi, maTTvis „gamorCeuli~ orientacia, magram
isini moZraobis garkveul mimarTulebasac irCev-
dnen. hiperkompleqsuri ujredebi ki specia-
lizebulni iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa
da sigrZis mqone moZrav zolebze an moZrav
kuTxeebze. ujredebi gansxvavebuli saxis in-
formacias agzavnian Tavis tvinis ufro maRali
donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi, rac maqsi-
mxedvelobis sistema

malurad exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.

da torsten vizels (David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel) _
sensoruli procesebis fiziologebs _ ekuT-
vniT. 1981 wels maT nobelis premia moipoves
receptoruli velebis ujredebis Seswavli-
saTvis mxedvelobiT qerqSi. vizelma da hiubelma
moaxerxes katis mxedvelobiTi qerqis calkeuli
ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic
vizualur velSi moZrav laqebsa da zolebze
reagirebdnen. roca hiubelma da vizelma agegmes
am nawilSi yuradReba gavamaxvileTG vizua-
luri sistemis reaqciaze garemodan miRebuli
gaRizianebisas. mexuTe TavSi davinaxavT, rom
adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens
garemodan miRebuli informaciis _ sinaTlis
talRebis, romelic aRwevs Tvals _ da infor-
maciis Sida wyaros kombinacias _ codnas,
romelic ukve Senaxulia tvinSi.
axla bgeraTa samyaro ganvixiloT. 121

Sejameba
adamianis Tvali fotoaparatis msgavsad
funqcionirebs: sinaTle fokusirdeba Tvalis
brolis mier baduraze. swored baduraze xdeba
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul
aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare receptorebi –
Cxirebi _ susti ganaTebis pirobebSi funqcio-
nireben, kolbebi ki naTel, ferad garemoSi
samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis garCevaSi
specializdebian. baduradan miRebuli infor-
macia Tavis tvinisaken agrZelebs gzas gada-
muSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, ro-
melTa saSualebiT xdeba informaciis seleqcia
obieqtebis identifikaciisa da maTi mdebareobis
gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxedvelobis fenomenma
vizualuri analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis
arseboba daadastura.
feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis tal-
Ris sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas sami ZiriTadi
Tviseba axasiaTebs: feris toni, simaZRre da
sikaSkaSe. ferTa Serevis niutonis kanonebis
Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia
gansxvavebuli feris SegrZnebas qmnis. ferTa
sibrmave sxvadasxva xarisxisaa. iSviaTia ferTa
sruli sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis mkvlevrebi
mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias,
ise, oponent-procesualur Teorias. vizualur
sistemas sami tipis kolbebi aqvs, romlebic
upiratesobas aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis
sigrZeebs. es sami tipis kolbebi erTiandebian
informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze
da dasabams aZleven oponent-procesualur
fenomens.
vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe gangli-
ozuri ujredebis receptorul velebs efuZneba,
zogi ki ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier
arCeul specializacias _ obieqtTa mdebareobis,
orientaciis da moZraobis mimarTulebis mixed-
viT.
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
smena
Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da
mxedveloba erTmaneTis Semavsebel funqciebs
asrulebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam
dainaxavT maT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini
122 Tqven ukan mdebareoben an gaumWvirvale obieq-
tebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma arian moTav-
sebulni.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxedveloba ufro
srulyofili saSualebaa im obieqtis identifi-
cirebisaTvis, romelic erTxel mainc moxvda
mxedvelobis velSi, vidre smena, Cven xSirad
mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom Cvenma
yurebma Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba miuTiTes.
smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas im fizikuri ener-
giis saxeebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romelic
Cvens yurebamde aRwevs.
bgeris fizika
SemohkariT taSi; daustvineT; daakakuneT
fanqriT magidaze. ratom warmoqmnis es moqme-
debebi bgerebs? amis mizezi isaa, rom isini
obieqtebis rxevas iwveven. rxevis energia gada-
ecema garemos, Cveulebriv, haers, rogorc ki
rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos mole-
kulebs. amiT gamowveuli wnevis mcire cvli-
lebebi vrceldeba rxevadi obieqtidan garemoSi
sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT,
romelic 335 metri wamSi siCqariT moZraobs
(ix. sur. 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba gaCndes srul
vakuumSi (magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan
iq ar aris haeris molekulebi, romelTac aamoZ-
ravebda rxevadi obieqti.
sinusoidur talRas ori ZiriTadi fizikuri
Tviseba aqvs, romelic gansazRvravs mis JRera-
dobas, esenia: ixSire da amplituda. sixSire
izomeba rxevaTa im raodenobiT, romelsac
asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi.
rxeva, rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris
manZili marcxnidan marjvniv erTi talRis
pikidan momdevno talRis pikamde. bgeris sixSire,
Cveulebriv, gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic
zomavs rxevaTa raodenobas erT wamSi. amplituda
zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur
Tvisebas _ simaRles pikidan dadablebamde.
amplituda ganisazRvreba bgeris wnevis an ener-
giis erTeulebiT.
bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi
dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam ZiriTad ganzo-

suraTi
4.13
sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena
sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris
sixSire _ rxevaTa raodenoba drois fiqsirebul
erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis vertikaluri
diapazoni.
milebas1 _ bgeris tonis simaRles, siZlieresa
da tembrs. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es
movlenebi.
bgeris tonis simaRle
bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi
talRis rxevis sixSiriT. maRali sixSireebi
warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi
ki _ dabal tonebs. sufTa2 tonebis mimarT
adamianis mgrZnobiaroba 20 hercis sixSiridan
20 000 h e r c i s s i x S i r e m d e d i a p a z o n S i
cvalebadobs. 20 hercze dabali sixSireebi
adamianma SeiZleba vibraciis saxiT SeigrZnos
ufro Sexebis, vidre bgeris saSualebiT. Tqven
advilad warmoidgenT, Tu ramdenad didia es
diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT, rom
fortepianos 88 klaviSi mxolod 30 hercidan
4000 hercamde sixSiris diapazons faravs.
rogorc fsiqofizikidan gaxsovT, kavSiri
sixSiresa (fizikur realobas) da bgeriT tons
(fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi.
1
Tvisebas (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
2
sufTa tonebs, agreTve, martiv tonebs, an wminda
tonebs uwodeben (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
sixSiris skalis dabali maCveneblebisas six-
Siris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT iwvevs
bgeriTi tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo
sixSiris skalis maRali maCveneblebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT
sixSire, raTa SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi.
magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze dabali
noti erTmaneTisagan mxolod 1.6 herciT gan-
sxvavdeba maSin, roca ori yvelaze maRali noti
gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.
bgeris siZliere
bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba
misi amplitudiT ganisazRvreba. didi ampli-
tudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc
xmamaRali, mcire amplitudisa ki _ rogorc
xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZno-
biarea fizikuri intensivobebis uzarmazari
diapazonis mimarT.
majis saaTis wikwikis xma, romelic daaxlo-
ebiT 6 metris manZilidan gvesmis, intensivobis
qveda zRvarze mdebareobs. es aris sistemis
absoluturi zRurbli. Tuki is ufro mgrZno-
biarea, SeiZleba gaigonoT sisxlis moZraobis
xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze
mdebared ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli
TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic daaxloebiT 90
metris simaRleze mifrinavs. es xma imdenad
Zlieri iqneba, rom tkivilsac ki gamoiwvevs
yurebSi. bgeris wnevis fizikuri erTeulebis
terminebiT, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis
bgeriT talRas, romelic miliardjer ufro
Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.
radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bge-
ris fizikuri intensivobis diapazoni, Cveu-
lebriv, ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi
odenobis erTeulebiT gamoixateba. bgeris wneva
bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic,
ZiriTadad, bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT
ganisazRvreba.
bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceptuli
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis
smena
amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo
mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa _ rogorc
xmadabali.
123
 _ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli, rac iwvevs
xmamaRlobis gancdas _ izomeba erTeuliT,
romelsac decibali (db) ewodeba. suraTze 4.14
naCvenebia zogierTi tipuri bunebrivi bgeris
intensivobis sidide decibalebiT da bgeris
wnevis Sesatyvisi erTeulebiT (dini/sm2) Seda-
rebisaTvis.
rogorc xedavT, or bgeras, romelic 20 de-
cibaliT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, aqvT
bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma
SeiZleba smenis dakargva gamoiwvios. es maTi
eqspoziciis xangrZlivobazea damokidebuli.

tembri
bgeris tembri rTuli bgeris talRis kom-
ponentebs asaxavs. tembri aris is, rac gana-
sxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis
xmisagan. fizikuri stimulebis mcire raodenoba,
magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,
romelic erTi sinusoiduri talRisgan Sedgeba.
sufTa tons mxolod erTi sixSire da erTi
amplituda aqvs. bgeraTa umetesoba realur
cxovrebaSi ar aris sufTa toni. isini kompleq- 4.15 naCvenebia rTuli talRebis formebi,
suri talRebia, romlebic sixSirisa da ampli- romelic ramdenime nacnob bgeras Seesatyviseba.
tudis garkveul kombinacias Seicaven. suraTze 4.15 suraTze mocemuli grafiki gviCvenebs
bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos noti „mi~-sTvis

suraTi
4.14

nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibalebSi

naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decba-
lebSi, romelzedac reagirebs adamianis
smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan
raketis gafrenis xmamde. decibalebi
gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT,
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

romelic aris bgeriTi talRis amplitudis

donis maCvenebeli da zogadad Seesatyviseba
imas, rasac adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris
xmamaRlobas.

124
suraTi
4.15
nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebi
es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs pianinos noti `mi~-saTvis.
ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi ZiriTadi sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi 256 herci, magram pianinos
simebi, agreTve, vibrirebs ufro maRal sixSireebzec (romelic cnobilia, rogorc obertonebi anu harmonikebi).
isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis nimuSze. es damatebiTi sixsireebi identificirebulia bgeriT speqtrSi.

(pirveli oqtava); yvela sixSires, romelic
realurad warmodgenilia am notSi da maT
amplitudebs.
kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad,
noti „mi~, yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT
256 hc) pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven
gesmiT. mas ZiriTad tons uwodeben, ufro maRali
sixSiris tonebs ki _ harmonikebs, an obertonebs;
romelic JRers ise, rogorc noti „mi~ forte-
pianoze.
bgerebs, romelTac Tqven xmaurs uwodebT,
ar aqvT ZiriTadi sixSireebisa da harmonikebis
naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs
mraval sixSires, romelic ar aris sistematurad
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, stacio-
naruli xmauri, romelic Tqven radiosadgurebs
smenasakvanZo sakiTxebi

maTi sixSire ramdenjerme aRemateba ZiriTadi
rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven
gesmiT, ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba,
rogorc naCvenebia speqtrSi. Tuki am sixSiris
sufTa tonebi da intensivobebi erTmaneTs
daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT bgeras,
tembri (timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba,
romelic asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.
Soris gesmiT, Seicavs yvela smenadi sixSiris
energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar
hqondes simaRle, radgan mas ar aqvs ZiriTadi
sixSire.
smenis fiziologia
axla Tqven ukve gaqvT garkveuli informacia
bgeraTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis fizikuri
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT, Tu
125
 rogor aRmocendeba es gancdebi smeniTi sistemis
fiziologiuri aqtivobisagan. pirvel rigSi,
vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg ganvi-
xilavT zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bge-
riTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da bgerebis
lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.
smenis sistema
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi
axdens eqsternaluri energiis formebis gar-
daqmnas nervul impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom
gaigonoT, unda moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi
transformacia (ix. sur. 4.16): (1) haerSi gavrce-
lebuli talRebi unda gardaiqmnas siTxis tal-
Rebad, romelic moTavsebulia yuris lo-
kokinaSi; (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikur rxevas; (3) es
rxevebi gardaiqmneba eleqtrul impulsebad da
(4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi. TiTo-
euli es transformacia ufro detalurad ganvi-
xiloT.
pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi
molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix. suraTi 4.16).
zogierTi bgera Sedis pirdapir yuris gareTa
sasmen milSi da zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu
niJaridan arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa
mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswvriv gareTa yuris
gavliT, sanam ar miaRwevs milis bolos. aq is
ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac dafis apks
uwodeben. bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs
dafis apki moZraobaSi mohyavs. dafis apki
gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi, RruSi,
romelic Seicavs sam umciresi zomis Zvals

suraTi
4.16
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

adamianis yuris agebuleba

bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareTa yuris, anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa
sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas, am rxevas moqmedebaSi
mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi. meqanikuri
rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT lokokinas. maT
moZraobaSi mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe.patara bewviani ujredebi
ganlagebuli arian ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv lokokinaSi da irxevian
siTxis moZraobaze, riTac axdenen maTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli
nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg meqanikuri energia
126 gardaiqmneba nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins smeniTi nervis
saSualebiT.

adamianis sxeulSi: CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs.
es Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs, romelic
gadascems rxevas da axdens mis koncentrirebas
dafis apkidan smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _
lokokinisaken, romelic moTavsebulia Sida
yurSi.
meore transformaciisas, romelic loko-
kinaSi xdeba, haerSi gavrcelebuli talRebi
gadaiqceva „zRvis talRebad~. lokokina siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli milia. mas aqvs
membrana, romelic cnobilia ZiriTadi membranis
saxeliT. is ganTavsebulia mis Sua nawilSi
mTeli sigrZis gaswvriv. roca irxeva uzangi,
lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo;
siTxiT gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili,
romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) _ mdebareobs
lokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs
bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs
maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRiziane-
bis nervul efeqtebs.
smenis nervi (auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss
lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis bir-
TvebSi.
smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis
are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT infor-
macias.
romelic mdebareobs ovalur sarkmelTan, lo-
kokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare
siTxe iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis talRisebr
moZraobas (rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi, „zRvis
talRebs~).
energiis mesame gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membra-
nis talRisebri moZraoba arxevs masTan dakav-
Sirebul patara bewvian ujredebs. bewviani
ujredebi smeniTi sistemis receptoruli uj-
redebia. bewviani ujredebis rxeva nervuli
daboloebebis stimulirebas iwvevs da axdens
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri rxevebis gardaq-
mnas nervul aqtivobaSi.
sabolood, energiis meoTxe gardaqmnisas,
boWkoebis konaSi gamavali nervuli impulsebi
toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen
smenis nervs. isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi
mdebare lokokinas birTvebs. vizualur sis-
temaSi nervebis gadakveTis msgavsad, erTi
yuridan momavali gaRizianeba gadaecema Tavis
tvinis orive nawils. smeniTi signalebi gaiv-
lian sxva birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven
smeniT qerqs, romelic Tavis tvinis naxevar-
sferoebis safeTqlis wilSi mdebareobs. am
signalebis maRali donis gadamuSaveba smeniT
qerqSi iwyeba (rogorc Semdeg naxavT, yuris sxva
nawilebi, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze 4.16,
sxva SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi monawileoben).
es oTxi gardaqmna srulyofilad momuSave
smeniT sistemaSi xdeba. milionobiT adamians
aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs
smeniTi darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi, TiToeuli
gamowveulia smeniTi sistemis erTi an meti
komponentis defeqtiT. naklebad seriozuli
dazianebaa siyrue, romelic dakavSirebulia
lokokinisaken haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan.
am tipis dazianebis dros xSirad Sua yuris
Zvlebi ar funqcionirebs Sesabamisad. am de-
feqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia mikroqirur-
giuli gziT xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis
CasmiT. ufro seriozuli tipis dazianebaa ner-
vuli siyrue, anu defeqti im nervul meqaniz-
smena
mebSi, romelic warmoqmnis nervul impulsebs
yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT qerqSi. smeniTi
qerqis dazianeba, agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul
siyrues. 127
 bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi
arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic
xsnis, Tu rogor xdeba smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi
talRis gardaqmna bgeriTi tonis SegrZnebad:
adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.
adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo
fon herman helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz)
mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis
(Georg von Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli,
gadamuSavebuli da Semowmebuli. man am
kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels nobelis premia aiRo.
adgilis Teoria efuZneba im faqts, rom ZiriTadi
membrana moZraobs, roca bgeriTi talRa Semodis
Sida yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire ZiriTadi mem-
branis gaswvriv garkveuli adgilis amoZravebas
iwvevs. maRali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze did
talRur moZraobas iwveven lokokinis fuZesTan,
sadac ovaluri da mrgvali sarkmlebi arian
ganlagebulni. dabali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze
did talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi
membranis mopirdapire boloSi. amrigad, adgi-
lis Teoria amtikicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis simaR-
lis aRqma damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis
im garkveul adgilze, romelic yvelaze metad
Riziandeba.
meore, sixSiris Teoria, bgeriTi tonis simaR-
les ZiriTadi membranis rxevis siswrafiT xsnis.
es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris
bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas
100-jer wamSi. sixSiris Teoria, agreTve, am-
tkicebs, rom ZiriTadi membranis rxevebi iwveven
neironebis ganmuxtvas imave siCqariT, ase rom,
ganmuxtvis siCqare bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
nervuli kodia. erTi problema, romelic am dros
Cndeba, isaa, rom individualur neironebs ar
SeuZliaT im siswrafiT ganmuxtva, rom maRali
bgerebi warmoadginon, radgan arc erT maTgans
adgilis Teoria (place theory) _ sxvadasxva
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums Ziri-
Tadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, ris Se-
degad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodire-
buli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqti-
vaciac moxda.
sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) _ toni war-
moqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi,
romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, ris
Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba
128 kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis sixSiriT.
suraTi
4.17
zalpis principi
smeniTi nervuli ujredebis jamur koleqtiur
aqtivobas aqvs igive struqtura, rac Semosul bgeriT
talRas, maSinac ki, roca TiToeul calkeul boWkos
SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva,
rom Tan axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.
ar SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre
1000-jer wamSi. amis gamo, erT neirons ar SeuZlia
ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris bgerebi,
rasac Cveni smeniTi sistema sakmaod kargad
axerxebs. es SezRudva SeiZleba daiZlios e.w.
zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu ra
xdeba maRal sixSireebze. rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze 4.17, ramdenime neirons kombinirebuli
moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im
sixSireze, romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000 hc
da a.S. sixSiris tonebs (Wever, 1949).
rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriebi, ise, adgi-
lisa da sixSiris Teoriebi sargeblobs warma-
tebiT mxolod bgeraTa tonis simaRlis gancdis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom
sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebis kodirebas. ufro maRali
sixSireebisaTvis neironebs ar SeuZliaT ise
swrafad da zustad ganmuxtva, rom adekvaturad
moaxerxon signalis kodireba, zalpSic ki.
zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris
Teoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,
roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im six-
Sires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia
ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,
rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaR-
lis Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.
adgilis Teoria ufro warmatebulad xsnis
bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000 hercze ufro
maRali sixSireebisaTvis. 1000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebisaTvis ZiriTadi membrana
imdenad farTod irxeva, rom mas ar SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos signalis gansxvaveba nervuli
receptorebisaTvis, romelTaTvis ZiriTadi
membranis rxeva bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
gansxvavebis saSualebaa. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi
muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli amocana or sistemas
Soris iyofa; isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro
maRal sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo
uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas. Cven Semdeg
davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or
SeTanxmebul nervul sistemas, romelic mas
garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis
gadawyvetaSi exmareba.
bgeraTa lokalizacia
delfinebi da Ramurebi ar iyeneben mxed-
velobas obieqtTa adgilmdebareobis gan-
sazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi.
amis nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT
_ agzavnian maRali sixSiris bgerebs, romlebic
aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian
ukukavSirs da iZlevian informacias obieq-
tebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis,
zomebis, teqsturis da moZraobis Sesaxeb. erT-
suraTi
4.18
droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris
lokalizacia
bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris
mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs gansxvavebas droSi,
erTi saxeobis Ramuras SeuZlia eqolokaciis
saSualebiT ganasxvavos obieqtebi, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT arian
daSorebulni (Simmons et al., 1998). miuxedavad imisa,
rom adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari,
is mainc iyenebs bgerebs obieqtebis adgilmde-
bareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi, gansakuT-
rebiT maSin, roca maTi danaxva gaZnelebulia.
es ori meqanizmis gamoyenebiT xerxdeba: im drois
SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romelic saWiroa bgeris
misaRwevad TiToeul yurTan da im bgerebis
intensivobis SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romlebic
aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green, 1991;
Phillips, 1993).
pirveli meqanizmi Seicavs neironebs, rom-
lebic adareben im droebs erTmaneTs, rac
sWirdeba Semomaval bgeriT signals TiToeul
yurTan misaRwevad. magaliTad, bgera, romelic
lokalizdeba marjvena mxares, marjvena yurs
ufro adre miaRwevs, vidre _ marcxenas (ix. wer-
tili B suraTze 4.18). smeniTi sistemis neironebi
specializebulni arian am gansxvavebis Sem-
Cnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi,
raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi bgeris SesaZlo
lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.
meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom
bgeras aqvs odnav ufro didi intensivoba im
yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan
adamianis Tavi TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils,
romelic asustebs signals. intensivobis es
gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis
talRis sigrZis SedarebiT zomaze, romelic
aRwevs adamianis Tavamde. grZeli talRebi, anu
dabali sixSiris tonebi, faqtobrivad, inten-
sivobis araviTar gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben
maSin, roca mokle talRebis, maRali sixSiris
tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba savsebiT
gazomvadia. adamianis tvinSi aris ujredebi,
romlebic specializdebian im signalebis inten-
sivobebis gansxvavebis SemCnevaze, romelic or
yurSi aRmocendeba.
magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro
Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive yuridan, maSin
xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes arc droSi da arc
intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situa-
smena
ciaa gamosaxuli suraTze 4.18. bgera, romelic
A wertilidan vrceldeba, Tanabrad aris daSo-
rebuli orive yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT
SeuZlebeli iqneba misi lokalizaciis zusti 129

gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT
Tavi da yurebis mdebareoba SecvaloT ise, rom
daarRvioT simetria, es SesaZlebels gaxdis
miiRoT bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis
aucilebeli informacia.
Sejameba
bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis
kombinacia dasabams aZlevs bgeriTi tonis
simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi
informacia ramdenime transformacias ganicdis
yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval gzaze _
bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad,
romlebic warmoqmnian nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi
tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori meqanizmis
kombinaciiT. adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom
sxvadasxva simaRlis mqone bgera warmoSobs
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli adgilebis
moZraobas; sixSiris Teoria amtkicebs, rom bge-
riTi tonis sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi siCqariT rxevas.
bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs, sul mcire, or
gansxvavebul process: Tavis tvinSi aris uj-
redebi, romlebic amCneven gansxvavebas droSi,
rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad
130
da gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams
TiToeuli yuri.
sxva SegrZnebebi
Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxed-
velobisa da smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas, rad-
gan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili
mecnierTa mier, magram sxva SegrZnebebic
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben adamianis TviT-
gadarCenis da, aseve, garemos dauflebis unarSi.
Cven mokled ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.
ynosva
Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT si-
tuacia, roca bednieri iqnebodiT ynosvis Segr-
Znebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli,
romelsac waugia skunsTan brZola? magram Tavi-
dan rom aviciloT skunsis sunis gancda, Cven,
agreTve, unda davkargoT vardis surnelis,
cxeli popkornis, zRvidan momavali sunis
SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi Tu cudi _
pirvelad Tavis arsebobas receptoris cilebTan
urTierTqmedebisas gvatyobinebs, romelic
ynosvis bususebis membranaze mdebareobs (ix.
sur. 4.19). mas SeuZlia miiRos nivTierebis
mxolod rva molekula, raTa dasabami misces
erT-erTs am nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul
mcire, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos
stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT nivTierebis
suni. es nervuli impulsebi sunis Sesaxeb
informacias ynosvis bolqvSi agzavnian, romelic
ganlagebulia receptorebis zemoT da Sublis
wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba qimiuri
nivTierebis SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur
arxebSi, es ki, rogorc naxsenebi iyo mesame TavSi,
ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac
ynosvis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signa-
lebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis
tvinis qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.
feromenebi (pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi,
romelsac gamoyofen organizmebi mocemuli sa-
xeobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareb-
lad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distan-
turi seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.
suraTi
4.19
ynosvis receptorebi
iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas (Restrepo
et al., 1990).
ynosvis SegrZneba erT-erTi im mcire funqcia-
Tagania nervul sistemaSi, romelic aris TviT-
ganaxlebadi: roca Tqveni ynosvis receptorebi
daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT axali ujredebi
cvlis, romelic axal kavSirebs ayalibebs
ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).
ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc
sistema, romelic emsaxureboda sakvebis aRmo-
Cenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras (Mon-
crieff, 1951). Zalian bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva,
agreTve, gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri
wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias kargad
asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar unda Sesu-
liyvnen pirdapir kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan,
raTa daeynosaT isini. garda amisa, ynosva SeiZ-
leba aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma iyos.
zogierTi saxeobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan
qimiuri signalebis gamoyofiTa da aRmoCeniT
Sedian kontaqtSi. am qimiur signalebs fero-
menebs uwodeben. feromenebi qimiuri nivTiere-
bebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi saxeobis far-
glebSi, rogorc seqsualuri mgrZnobelobis,
safrTxis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da sakvebi
wyaros signalebi. magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxe-
obis mwerebis mamri gamoyofs feromenebs, riTac
atyobinebs mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa Sewyvile-
bisaTvis (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvneloba icvleba
saxeobaTa Soris. ZaRlebs, virTxebs, mwerebsa
da sxva bevr cocxal arsebas, visTvisac ynosva
umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, gaci-
lebiT maxvili ynosva aqvs, vidre adamians. maTi
Tavis tvinis SedarebiT didi nawili emsaxureba
ynosvis SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc
Cans, ZiriTadad, gemosTan kavSirSi iyeneben, raTa
ipovon da airCion sakvebi, magram arsebobs iseTi
faqtebic, rom adamianebic gamoyofen da
SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs
sxva SegrZnebebi
(Jacob & McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs,
magaliTad, is faqti, rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi
axlo megobrebis menstrualuri cikli qalTa
saerTo sacxovrebelSi sinqronizacias iwyebs
(McClintock, 1971; Stern & McClintock, 1998). es
sinqronizacia qimiuri signalebiT aixsneba,
romlis SegrZnebac xdeba ynosvis saSualebiT
(Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al., 1986). mecnierebi, agreTve, 131
 amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul rols
TamaSobdes seqsualuri aqtivobisadmi adamianis
mzaobaSi.

saidan
viciT
asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols
adamianis seqsualur aqtivobaSi
kvlevaSi 289 qali monawileobda. maT
unda SeefasebinaT androstenonis, mama-
kacis oflis ZiriTadi komponentis suni.
qalebis umetesoba suns afasebda, rogorc
„arasasiamovnos~ an „aramimzidvels~. am
zogadi kanonzomierebidan gamonaklisi
iyvnen is qalebi, romelTac ovulacia
hqondaT. sunis maTeuli Sefasebebi ufro
neitralur iyo. ra daskvna SeiZleba
gavakeToT? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros saWmels ukar-
qalebi, romelTac ovulacia da, Sesa- gavs gemos, ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi
bamisad, dafexmZimebis ufro didi Sansi gemo aqvs, rac bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maTi
hqondaT, naklebad savaraudoa, rom winaaR- sakuTari gemo!
mdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvri-
iniciativas mxolod maTi arasasiamovno lebiT, romelic mas uswormasworo iers aZlevs.
bunebrivi sunis gamo (Grammer, 1993). am dvrilebis didi nawili gemos receptoruli
ujredebis jgufebs Seicavs, romelsac gemos
bolqvebs uwodeben (ix. sur. 4.20). gemos recep-
albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvne-
toris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom
lobam adamianis seqsualur cxovrebaSi.
individualuri receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan erT-
erTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa an mlaSeze
gemos SegrZneba (Frank & Nowlis, 1989). gasul wlebSi mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi Tvisebis
sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad
receptorebi _ umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000).
ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion odnavi gan-
umami natriumis glutamatia (MGS), romelsac
sxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca, maTi umetesoba amisaTvis
xSirad umateben aziur saWmelebs da bunebrivad
realurad ynosvas iyenebs da ara _ gemos Segr-
gvxvdeba cilebiT mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa
Znebas. roca Tqven WamT, ynosvisa da gemos Segr-
xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca,
Znebebi mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan.
am xuTi Tvisebis receptoruli ujredebi mci-
roca gaciebuli xarT, sakvebi ugemuri geCvenebaT,
rediT sxva gemozec reagireben, „saukeTeso~ reaq-
radgan Tqveni cxviris Sesasvlelebi bloki-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

cia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc

rebulia da dakarguli gaqvT ynosva. Tavad
Cans, gemos am ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis
SegiZliaT darwmundeT amaSi: cxvirze xelwa-
sistemebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arse-
Werilma SeecadeT ipovoT gansxvaveba erTnairi
bobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).
teqsturis, magram gansxvavebuli sunis mqone
gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba da-
sakvebs Soris, magaliTad, vaSlisa da karto-
ziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis bolis, mJavis
filis um naWrebs Soris. im saerTo sacxovrebel-
Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis recep-
Si mcxovrebi zogierTi studentis azriT, rome-
torebi ramdenime dReSi erTxel icvleba _ ufro
lic saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi sakvebiT,
132 xSirad, vidre ynosvis receptorebi. marTlac,
suraTi
4.20
gemos receptorebi
nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.
nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze gadidebulia, raTa gamoCndes calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.
nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erT-erT gemos bolqvs.
gemos SegrZnebis sistema dazianebis mimarT
yvelaze didi winaaRmdegobis unarianobiT
gamoirCeva, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. Zalian
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rom vinmem srulebiT, samu-
damod dakargos gemos SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).
Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi
kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa.
garda imisa, rom is gicavT zedapiris
dazianebisagan, gamoSrobisagan, gexmarebaT
temperaturis regulaciaSi. is Seicavs nervul
daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben wnevis,
siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs
kanis SegrZnebebi ewodebaT.
radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul
informacias iRebT kanis saSualebiT, sxeulis
zedapirTan axlos gansxvavebuli tipis mravali
receptoruli ujredi funqcionirebs (ix. sur.
4.21). naxatze gamosaxuli TiToeuli tipis recep-
tori kanTan sxvadasxva tipis kontaqtze rea-
girebs (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi
yvelaze kargad reagireben maSin, roca raime
exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze
metad maSin arian aqtiurebi, roca raime patara
obieqti awveba kans. Tqven, albaT, gagikvirdebaT,
roca gaigebT, rom siTbosa da sicivis SegrZne-
bebisaTvis gansxvavebuli receptorebi arsebobs.
Tqven ar gaqvT erTi receptori, romelic
moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad. Tqveni Tavis
tvini siTbosa da sicivis calkeuli signalebis
integrirebas axdens, raTa akontrolos garemos
temperaturuli cvlilebebi.
kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo
diapazonSi icvleba sxeulis sxvadasxva ubanze.
magaliTad, Tqven 10-jer ufro zustad gan-
sazRvravT stimulis lokalizacias TiTebis
wverebze, vidre _ zurgze. sxeulis sxvadasxva
nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba gan-
pirobebulia nervuli daboloebebis simWid-
sxva SegrZnebebi
roviT garkveul ubnebSi da, agreTve, sensoruli
qerqis didi farTobiT, romelic maT See-
satyviseba. mesame TavSi naxeT, rom mgrZno-
biaroba udidesia iq, sadac es yvelaze metad
gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa da xelebze. zusti
sensoruli ukukavSiri sxeulis am nawilebidan
uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da aRqmis
procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas.
133

kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi aspeqti centralur
rols adamianur urTierTobebSi asrulebs: esaa
Sexeba. Sexebis saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT
sxvebs Tqvens survils, miiRoT an gasceT sim-
Svide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba. Sexebis
adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an
seqsualuri SegrZnebis aRmocenebaSi. am Tval-
sazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare adgilebs
erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis potenciali
interindividualuri gansxvavebulobiT xasiaT-
kanis SegrZnebebi (cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siT-
bosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ kanis zeda-
piris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-
biareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben
erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
134
suraTi
4.21
kanis SegrZnebaTa
receptorebi
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis
receptori aris pasuxismgebeli
kanis SegrZnebaTa gancdaze,
rogorica Sexebis, siTbosa da
sicivis SegrZnebebi. magaliTad,
meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben raime
obieqtis gaxaxunebaze kanis
m i m a r T, m e r k e l i s d i s k e b i
yvelaze aqtiurni arian patara
obieqtebis kanze dawolis
mimarT.
deba. is damokidebulia daswavlil asociaciebsa
da sensoruli receptorebis koncentraciaze
mocemul adgilze.
Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes
TviTgadarCenis procesSi. magaliTad, naadrevad
dabadebuli bavSvebi, romelTac saavadmyofoSi
45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri masaJi
utardebodaT, fizikurad da gonebrivad gaci-
lebiT ufro swrafad izrdebodnen da viTarde-
bodnen im TanatolebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
ar utardebodaT masaJi (Field & Schanberg, 1990).
virTxebze Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom
energiuli stimulacia aTavisuflebs zrdis
hormonebs da aaqtiurebs zrdis ferments _
dekarboqsilazas (ODC - onithine decarboxylase) Tavis
tvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo organoebSi. is naSi-
erebi, romlebic sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi
xSirad ayavdaT xelSi, ufro janmrTelebi arian
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. sakontrolo jgufis
cxovelebTan SedarebiT, stimulirebuli naSi-
erebi gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, ufro nela ber-
debodnen, maTi Tavis tvinis ujredebi ki ufro
didxans inarCunebdnen sicocxlisunarianobas
da ukeTesi mexsiereba hqondaT (Meany et al., 1998).
aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli rekomendacia
aseTia: SeexeT xSirad imaT, viszedac zrunavT
da sxvebic waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon
xSirad – es ara marto siamovnebas moggvriT,
aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens, agreTve,
maT janmrTelobasac (Montague, 1986).
wonasworobisa da kinesteTikuri
SegrZnebebi
wonasworobis da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi
TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic ki iyos, radganc
maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva
SeiZleba, rogorc magaliTad, Tvalebis, yurebis
an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba sivrceSi
Cveni sxeulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tavis orientaciis
SegrZnebas gvaZlevs. am informacias gvawvdian
receptorebi, patara bususebi, romelnic Sida
yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi
mdebareoben. es bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe
moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin xdeba, roca
Tavs swrafad amoZravebT. parkuWi da tiki
gatyobinebT informacias sworxazovani moZra-
obis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb (ix. sur.
4.16). sami arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan
arxebs uwodeben, erTmaneTis mimarT marTi
kuTxiTaa ganlagebulni, rac saSualebas
gvaZlevs miviRoT informacia nebismieri
mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor
moZraobs Tavi, roca vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT
mas, an gverdze gadavxriT.
adamianebi, romlebmac ubeduri SemTxvevebisa
Tu avadmyofobis gamo dakarges wonasworobis
SegrZneba, sakmod dezorientirebulni arian,
wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) _ in-
formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis
Sesaxeb sivrceSi.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (kinesthetic sense) _ in-
formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulisa da misi na-
wilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
xSirad ecemian, axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxeda-
vad amisa, aseTi adamianebis umravlesoba, bolos
da bolos, mainc axerxebs am naklis kompensi-
rebas imiT, rom ufro metad eyrdnoba vizualur
informacias. gulisreva moZraobisas maSin aRmo-
cendeba, rodesac vizualuri sistemidan moma-
vali signalebi konfliqtSi Sedis vestibula-
ruli aparatidan wamosul signalebTan. moZrav
transportSi kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCn-
debaT gulisrevis SegrZneba. amis mizezi isaa,
rom vizualuri signalebi uZravi obieqtidan
modis, xolo vestibularuli SegrZnebebi _
moZravi obieqtidan. mZRolebs iSviaTad emar-
TebaT es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da
grZnoben kidec moZraobas.
rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT verti-
kalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT, Tqvens tvins
sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis
poziciisa Tu misi nawilebis sivrciTi mimar-
Tebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb. kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul uku-
kavSirs sxeulis motoruli aqtivobis Sesaxeb.
amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri moZ-
sxva SegrZnebebi
raobebis didi nawilis koordinirebas.
Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori
wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben
saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdeba-
reoben kunTebsa da myesebSi. saxsrebSi mdebare
receptorebi reagireben im daWimulobaze,
romelic Tan axlavs kidurebis sxvadasxva po-
zicias da daWimulobis cvlilebebze, rasac 135

iwvevs saxsrebis moZraobebi. kunTebsa da myesebSi
mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis
cvlilebebze, romelic Tan axlavs kunTebis
SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.
Tavis tvini xSirad axdens kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebidan miRebuli informaciis integ-
rirebas Sexebis SegrZnebidan miRebul infor-
maciasTan. Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,
im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba, romelic
TiToeuli TiTidan modis, Tuki mas zustad ar
ecodineba TiTebis mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT.
warmoidgineT, rom, raRac sagnebs daxuWuli
TvalebiT agrovebT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT
saSualebas, mixvdeT, aris Tu ara aRebuli
obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
giqmniT warmodgenas mis sidideze.
tkivili
zemoT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi
ganvixileT. Tqven iciT, rom fizikuri kontaqtis
garkveuli formebi tkivils iwveven. tkivili
aris organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
136
gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze, romelic
sakmaod intensiuria, raTa qsovilis dazianeba
gamoiwvios an mas safrTxe Seuqmnas. xarT Tu
ara srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad gan-
viTarebuli tkivilis SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, orive iqneba _ „ki~-c da „ara~-c. „ki~-s
SemTxvevaSi tkivilis SegrZneba mniSvnelovania
Tqveni gadarCenisTvis. adamianebi, romelTac
dabadebidan dakarguli aqvT tkivilis Segr-
Znebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva
dazianebebs, romelTa Tavidan acileba SesaZ-
lebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini SeZlebda
maT gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis
Sesaxeb (Larner et al., 1994). maTi magaliTi gasagebs
xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis
signalis mniSvnelobas _ is gafrTxilebT
potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb. „aras~ upasuxebT,
radgan zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven
bednieri iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT tkivilis
SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze meti adamiani
aSS-Si itanjeba mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT.
samedicino xarjebi tkivilis gasayuCeblad
da dakarguli samuSao dReebi weliwadSi 70
miliard dolaradaa Sefasebuli (Turk, 1994).
rogorc Cans, uwyveti, qronikuli tkivili
xSirad iwvevs mwvave depresias da mizezia imisa,
rom aseTi tkivilebis mqone adamianebi uar-
yofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks &
Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom mecnierebs ainteresebT
tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis
Seswavla, raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis
teqnikas.
tkivilis meqanizmebi
TiTqmis yvela cxoveli ibadeba ama Tu im
tipis tkivilis dacviTi sistemiT, romelic
iwvevs avtomaturad garkveuli stimulebisagan
gaqcevis refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba
zeda zRurbls miaRwevs, organizmi gaqceviT
pasuxobs, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia es. garda
amisa, is swrafad swavlobs tkivilis gamomwvevi
tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoq-
medebis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiw-
vios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safr-
Txe.
stimulebis identificirebas da SeZlebisada-
gvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.
arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba:
nocicepturi da nevropaTiuri. nocicepturi
tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac
mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli iwvevs.
magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba, romelic gagiC-
ndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebisas. kanSi mdebare
specialuri nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tki-
vilis Setyobinebas Tqveni xelidan zeviT,
zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis
ukan gamoweviT SegiZliaT am tipis tkivilis
Sewyveta. nevropaTiuri tkivili gamowveulia
nervebis aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcio-
nirebiT. is aRmocendeba dazianebuli an daava-
debuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa, magaliTad,
ubeduri SemTxveva an kibo. medikamentebs da
mkurnalobis sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awyna-
reben nervebs, aseTi tipis tkivilebis Semsubu-
qeba SeuZliaT.
mecnierebma im specifikuri receptorebis
gansazRvra daiwyes, romlebic reagireben safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli
tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines, impulsebi gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg _ Tavis
rom z o g i e r Ti receptori mxolod tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis lokali-
temperaturaze reagirebs, zogierTi _ qimiur zaciisa da intensivobis gansazRvra, dazianebis
nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze. mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis
arsebobs receptorebi, romlebic tkivilis dasaxva.
gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze reagireben.
tkivilis boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades,
tkivilis fsiqologia
romelic mTel sxeuls faravs. periferiuli
nervuli boWkoebi tkivilis signalebs centra- emociuri reaqciebi, konteqstualuri faqto-
lur nervul sistemaSi ori gziT agzavnian: rebi da situaciis interpretacia SeiZleba
swrafi gamtarunarianobis nervuli boWkoebiT, iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tki-
romlebic dafarulni arian mieliniT da neli, vilis gancdaSi, rogorc realuri fizikuri
ufro patara nervuli boWkoebiT, mielinis stimuli (Price, 2000; Turk, 1994). fsiqologiuri
procesebis mniSvnelobas tkivilis gancdaSi
naTlad gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi Sem-
nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) _ gamowve- Txveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram ar ar-
ulia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri sebobs misi gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli da
stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli meore, roca ar aris tkivili, miuxedavad didi
nervuli daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis
intensivobis tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulis
Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis tvinis
sxva SegrZnebebi

gavliT Tavis tvinSi. arsebobisa. magaliTad, im adamianTa 10%-ze meti,

nevropaTiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) _gamowve-
ulia nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad
aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis
an daavadebis mizezia.
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenom-
enon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba
amputirebul kidurSi.
romelTac amputirebuli aqvT kidurebi, uCivian
mwvave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi,
romelic maT aRar aqvT. amas fantomuri kiduris
fenomeni ewodeba (Melzack, 1992). amis sapiris-
pirod, zogierT individs, romelic monawi-
leobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia tkivi-
lis SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamom-
137
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamoc-
dileba? Tqven miirTmevT ro-
melime Zalian cxare kerZs Ci-
nur an tailandur restoranSi
da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze
cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is
siamovneba, romelsac sakvebi-
sgan iRebT, Zlier tkivilad
gadaiqceva. Tuki aseT ram
odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven
iciT, rom gemos sferoSi ar-
sebobs kavSiri maT Soris, rac
ganiWebT siamovnebas da tki-
vils. ganvixiloT es damoki-
debuleba.
fiziologiurad advilia
imis axsna, Tu ratom iwvevs cxa-
re wiwaka tkivils. Tqvens enaze
arsebuli gemos bolqvebi
dakavSirebulia nocicepturi
tkivilis boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk,
1993). amrigad, erTi da igive
qimiurma nivTierebam SeiZleba
gaaRizianos rogorc gemos
bolqvebSi mdebare recep-
torebi, ise, masTan Zalian
axlos mdebare tkivilis boW-
koebi (Caterina et al., 2000). cxare
wiwakis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTie-
rebaa kafsacini. Tuki Tqven
gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakve-
biT, unda SeecadoT sakvebSi
SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis
saWiro koncentracia ise, rom
man ufro metad gaaRizianos
Tqveni gemos receptorebi,
vidre tkivilis receptorebi.
albaT gainteresebT, ratom
gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTma-
neTisagan cxare sakvebis mimarT
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
damokidebulebis mixedviT? maT
ukvirT xolme, ro ca maT
megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar
SeuZliaT cxare sakvebis Wama.
am gansxvavebis asaxsnelad
kvlav fiziologias mivmarToT.
rac ufro metia gemos bol-
qvebi, miT ufro metia tkivilis
receptorebic. amitom ufro
138 didia imis albaToba, rom is
ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?
adamianebi, romelTac bevri
gemos bolqvebi aqvT, ufro
Zlier tkivils ganicdian kafsa-
cinisagan. im individebs, romel-
Tac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvT,
superdegustatorebi daarqves
(Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT, visac
ufro mcire raodenebiT aqvT es
receptorebi _ nondegustato-
rebi. individTa es ori jgufi
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
mravali gemos SegrZnebebis
mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc
icodeT superdegustatori
xarT, nondegustatori Tu raRac
Sualeduri. gansxvaveba mxolod
garkveuli qimiuri nivTiere-
bebis, magaliTad, kafsacinis
mimarT mgrZnobiarobaSi vlin-
deba.
gemos bolqvebis simWidrovis
mixedviT interindividualuri
sxvaoba genetikuri aRmoCnda
(Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro
xSirad arian superdegusta-
torebi, vidre kacebi. super-
degustatorebi, saerTod, ufro
mgrZnobiareni arian mware qimi-
uri nivTierebebis mimarT (sim-
ware damaxasiaTebelia sawam-
lavTa didi umravlesobisaTvis).
radganac qals yovelTvis ufro
meti pasuxismgebloba ekisre-
boda STamomavlobis gazrdasa
da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze,
im qalebis bavSvebs, romlebsac
meti gemos mgrZnobiaroba axa-
(a)
siaTebdaT, gadarCenis ufro
meti Sansi hqondaT. radganac
degustatoris statusi gene-
tikuria, am aspeqtSi gansxva-
veba ukve patara bavSvebSic
SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991).
xuTidan Svid wlamde super-
degustatori bavSvebi upira-
tesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan
SedarebiT da piriqiT _
nondegustatorebi _ yvels
rZesTan SedarebiT. ratom?
superdegustatorebi rZes
aRiq vamen, rogorc ufro
Tbils da yvels _ rogorc
ufro mwares, vidre nonde-
gustatorebi. amrigad, gene-
tikuri gansxvavebebi gvexma-
reba avxsnaT, Tu ratom aqvs
zogierT bavSvs ase gamo-
xatuli gemos Taviseburebani.
magram, modiT davubrundeT
restornis kerZs, romelmac
tkivilis SegrZneba gamoiwvia.
albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom
tkivilis SegrZneba TandaTan
qreba. am mxriv, pirSi ganla-
gebuli tkivilis receptorebi
moqmedebs sxva sensoruli
receptorebis msgavsad: droTa
ganmavlobaSi Tqven adap-
tirdebiT mudmivi stimu-
laciis mimarT. albaT Zalian
kargia, rom sensorul proce-
sebs tkivilis Semsubuqebis
funqciac aqvT da mas saWiro
momentSi gvTavazoben xolme.
(b)
wvevi intensiuri stimulaciis pirobebSic,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze
siaruli an nemsiT sxeulis gaxvreta.
saerTod, tkivilis SegrZnebaze did gavlenas
axdens konteqsti da reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi.
vinaidan tkivili fsiqologiuri reaqciebis erT-
erTi saxea, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi
mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic fsiqikur pro-
cesebze iseTi zemoqmedebas iyenebs, rogoricaa
hipnozi, Rrma relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana.
magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe mSobiarobis mo-
samzadebeli lamazes (Lamaze) meTodiT samSobiaro
tkivilebis Semcirebas ramdenime aseTi meTodis
kombinaciiT cdiloben. lamazes sunTqviTi
varjiSebi mSobiares relaqsaciaSi exmareba da
yuradReba gadaaqvs tkivilis adgilidan.
yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno warmodgenebis,
Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba qmnis rbil, sasargeblo
Semxvedr stimulacias da meuRlisa Tu megobris
socialuri mxardaWera _ yvelaferi erTad momaval
dedas am mtkivneul situaciaze kontrolis Zlier
gancdas aZlevs.
ra gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze
fsiqologiuri konteqstSi? erT-erTi Teoria,
romelic tkivilis Semcirebis gzebs exeba, cno-
bilia karibWis kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT
(Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis mixedviT,
zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nev-
rologiuri kari, romelic xels uSlis
tkivilis zogierTi signalis Tavis tvinSi
SeRwevas da mis blokirebas axdens, zogierTs
ki _ atarebs. Tavis tvini da kanis receptorebi
signals zurgis tvinisken agzavnian, raTa man
gaaRos an daketos es kari. Tavis tvinidan
swored es daRmavali signali uzrunvelyofs
fsiqologiur konteqsts, romelic axlavs Tan
tkivils. gasul wlebSi melzakma (Melzack, 1999)
warmoadgina ganaxlebuli Teoria _ tkivilis
neiromatriculi Teoria, romelic xsnis im faq-
karibWis kontrolis Teoria (gate-control theory)
_ exeba tkivilis Semcirebas, romelic xdeba
maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi
moqmedebs rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis
gavrcelebas da misi zogierTi signalis blok-
irebas axdens, zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvin-
Si.
tebs, rom adamianebi xSirad ganicdian tkivils
Zalian mcire intensivobis an ararsebuli fi-
zikuri gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am SemTxv-
evaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSia aRmo-
cenebuli.
is, Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, ras eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb sxvebs da rogor reagirebT tkivil-
gamayuCeblebze, Tqven fsiqologiur mdgo-
mareobas ufro asaxavs, vidre tkivilis
gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas. is,
rasac Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba iyos sakmaod
gansxvavebuli da zogjer srulebiTac
damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb mexuTe TavSi visaubrebT,
romelic aRqmis fsiqologias eZRvneba.
Sejameba
ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmo-
cendeba maSin, roca haerSi arsebuli qimiuri
nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis bususebTan.
ynosva did rols asrulebs seqsualuri qcevis
regulaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebis
ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos sistemebi
SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis
umravlesobis SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens
Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis nazavs
sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa da simlaSeze.
Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa
da sicivis SegrZnebebi kanSi moTavsebuli
receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs komunikaciasa da
gadarCenis procesSi. wonasworobis SegrZneba
uzrunvelyofs Tqveni Tavisa da sxeulis orien-
tacias sivrceSi. kinesTetikuri SegrZneba pa-
suxismgebelia sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis
poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis
koordinirebaSi.
Tqven ganicdiT nociceptur tkivils mavne
stimulis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi da nevro-
sxva SegrZnebebi
paTiur tkivils _ nervebis aranormaluri fun-
qcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti,
nawilobriv, gansazRvravs tkivilis gancdis in-
tensivobas.
139
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
imis gamo, rom sensoruli
procesebi mniSvnelovan
rols asruleben Cven mier
samyaros SemecnebaSi, mec-
nierebi fsiqologiis gan-
viTarebis adreul etapebzec
swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.
fsiqofizika swavlobs fi-
zikur gamRizianebelze fsi-
qologiur reaqcias. mec-
nierebi zomaven absolu-
tursa da sxvaobis zRur-
blebs.
signalis aRmoCena saSuale-
bas aZlevs mkvlevrebs gamo-
yon erTmaneTisagan SegrZne-
bis simaxvile da pasuxis
sistematuri Secdoma.
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres kavSiri gamRi-
zianeblis fizikur inten-
sivobasa da fsiqologiur
efeqts Soris maTematikuri
funqciis saSualebiT.
SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fi-
zikur energias nervul ko-
dad gardaqmnis.
mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswav-
lon informaciis dinebis
procesi sensoruli recepto-
r e b i d a n Ta v i s t v i n i s
qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
baduraze mdebare fotore-
ceptorebi, romelTac kol-
bebsa da Cxirebs uwodeben,
sinaTlis energias nervul
impulsad gardaqmnian.
baduras gangliozuri uj-
redebi axdenen recepto-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
rebidan da bipolaruli uj-
redebidan momavali signalis
integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi
warmoqmnian optikur nervebs,
romlebic mxedvelobis
j v a r e d i n Ta n xvdebian
erTmaneTs.
vizualuri informacia gana-
wilebulia tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebSi, sadac muSavdeba
140 vizualuri garemos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogo-
ricaa sagnebis garegnuli
saxe da maTi mdebareoba.
sinaTlis talRis sigrZe war-
moadgens gamRizianebels
ferTa SegrZnebisaTvis.
feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdeba
t o n i T, s i m a Z R r i Ta d a
sikaSkaSiT.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
aerTianebs sami feris Sem-
grZnebi receptoris triqro-
matul Teorias da sawinaaR-
mdego procesebis Teorias,
romelic sawinaaRmdego ele-
mentebis kompoziciis ideas
eyrdnoba.
gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aR-
moCena baduris ujredebisa
da ufro maRali donis vi-
zualuri centrebis moqmede-
biT xdeba.
smena
smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmneba
bgeriTi talRiT, romelsac
gaaCna sixSire, amplituda da
sirTule.
lokokinaSi bgeriTi talRebi
transformirdebian siTxis
moZraobad, romelic amoZ-
ravebs ZiriTad membranas. Zi-
riTadi membranis bewvebi ner-
vul impulsebs gadascemen
smeniT qerqs.
adgilis Teoria saukeTesod
xsnis maRali sixSireebis ko-
direbas, sixSiris Teoria ki
_ dabali sixSireebis kodi-
rebas.
bgeris warmoSobis mimarTu-
lebis gansazRvrisaTvis moq-
medebs ori tipis nervuli
meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensi-
vobisa da im drois Sedareba,
romelic bgeriT signals Ti-
Toeul yurTan misaRwevad
sWirdeba.
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi
nivTierebaTa qimiur Tvisebeb-
ze reagireben da erTad
moqmedeben, roca adamiani
eZebs da irCevs sakvebs.
ynosva cxviris RruSi ganla-
gebuli, sunisadmi mgrZno-
biare ujredebiT xorciel-
deba.
gemos receptorebi gemos
bolqvebia, romlebic mo-
Tavsebulni arian gemos
dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad, ena-
ze.
Sexebis SegrZneba gulis-
xmobs dawolisa da tem-
peraturul SegrZnebebs.
wonasworobis SegrZneba gaZ-
levT informacias sxeulis
moZraobis mimarTulebisa da
siswrafis Sesaxeb.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba gaZ-
levT informacias sxeulis
nawilebis mdebareobis Se-
saxeb da gexmarebaT moZ-
raobis koordinirebaSi.
tkivili aris organizmis
dacviTi reaqcia poten-
ciurad mavne zemoqmedebis
mqone gamRizianebelze.
tkivilis fiziologiuri
reaqcia moicavs sensorul
reaqcias tkivilis gamom-
wvevi gamRizianeblis mxares
da nervul impulsebs,
romlebic moZraoben Tavis
tvinsa da zurgis tvins
Soris.
tkivili aris nawilobriv
fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is
SeiZleba Seicvalos mkur-
nalobiT, romelic aqcents
akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze
da gadaaqvs yuradReba.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
absoluturi zRurbli
akomodacia
amakrinuli ujredebi
adgilis Teoria
badura
bgeris siZliere
bgeris tonis simaRle
bipolaruli ujredebi
gangliozuri ujredebi
erogenuli zonebi
absoluturi zRurbli
veberis kanoni
zalpis principi
kanis SegrZnebebi
karibWis kontrolis Teoria
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba sensoruli fiziologia fantomuri kiduris fenomeni
kolbebi sibnelisadmi adaptacia feris simaZRre
lokokina signalis SemCnevis Teoria feromonebi
mxedvelobis qerqi sikaSkaSe fovea
nevropaTiuri tkivili feris toni fotoreceptorebi
nocicefTuri tkivili sixSiris Teoria fsiqometruli funqcia
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba smeniTi nervi fsiqofizika
optikuri nervi smeniTi qerqi ynosvis bolqvi
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma sxvaobis zRurbli SegrZneba
receptoruli veli tembri Semavsebeli ferebi
sawinaaRmdego procesebis tkivili Cxirebi
Teoria transformacia ZiriTadi membrana
sensoruli adaptacia triqromatuli Teoria wonasworobis SegrZneba
sensoruli receptorebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

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