arnold

arnold Ciqo
Ciqoba
qobavas
bavas

saki
sakiTxa
kiTxave
Txavebi
vebi

XXIV
ivane JavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
arnold Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis
instituti

arnold
arnold Ciqo
Ciqoba
qobavas
bavas
saki
sakiTxa
kiTxave
Txavebi
vebi

XXIV
2013 wlis 23-26 aprili
masalebi

Tbilisi
2013
1
 samecniero sesia gaimarTeba arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis
enaTmec
enaTmecni
mecnie
nierebis
rebis insti
institu
tutis
stitu tis sxdoma
sxdomaTa bazSi (p. ingo-
maTa darbaz
darbazSi
roKvas quCa #8, meore sarTuli)

reglamenti

momxsenebels _ 10 wuTi
msJelobaSi monawiles _ 3 wuTi

redaqtori _ v. Senge
Sengelia
ngelia

© arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis instituti

2
 muSaobis gegma

23 apri
aprili
rili,
li, 11 saa
saaTi

v. S e n g e l i a, fragmentebi mogonebidan akademikos arnold

Ciqobavaze. LVIII-LX

m. s u x i S v i l i, auslautis u daboloebis Sesaxeb Zvel qar-

TulSi

i. C a n t l a Z e, samedicino leqsika qarTvelur anTroponimiaSi

g. g o g o l a S v i l i, piris niSanTa sistemis zogadi sakiTxebi

a. a r a b u l i, Se-
Se zmniswinis funqciuri gaaqtiurebisa da
bral- fuZis axali semantikisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~

T. v a S a k i Z e, `scems~ meSveli zmna Zvel qarTulSi

m. C u x u a, lazuri zoRa
zoRa `zRva~ fuZis megruli ekvivalentisa-
Tvis

T. b u r W u l a Z e, erTi tipis myari sintaqsuri modelis

aRrevisaTvis beWdur mediaSi

r. l o l u a, lateraluri Tanxmovnebi saerTolezgiurSi da

maTi kavkasiis albanuri Sesatyvisebi

l. k e l a u r a Z e, aqtiur da inaqtiur brunvaTa niSnebis re-

konstruqciisaTvis saerTo-qarTvelur-mediteranulSi

n. f o n i a v a, TanxmovanTkompleqsebi abazur zmnur ZirebSi

3
 24 apri
aprili
rili,
li, 11 saa
saaTi

e. g a z d e l i a n i, moqmedebiTi brunvis alomorfebi svanurSi

r. W k a d u a, moqmedebis mravalgzisobis organuli gamoxatvis

analizisaTvis svanurSi

m. r o b a q i Z e, `vefxityaosnis~ erTi taepis mniSvnelobis da-

dgenisaTvis

i. C a C a n i Z e, T. g u C u a, me-19 saukunis qarTulSi arsebu-

li rusicizmebis Sesaxeb

m. s a R l i a n i, frazeologiur SesityvebaSi Semaval ZiriTad

zmnaTa semantikuri SesaZleblobani svanuri enis dia-
leqt-kilokavTa mixedviT

n. w u l e i s k i r i, `dardi~ da `sevda~ _ semantikuri organi-

zaciis problema

c. j a n j R a v a, megruli bJa `mze~ nawarmoeb sityvebsa da idi-

omatur gamoTqmebSi

l. g i g l e m i a n i, mizezisa da miznis zmnisarTebi svanurSi

n. S a v r e S i a n i, m. s a R l i a n É, gansazRvrebiTi damokide-
buli winadadebisaTvis svanurSi

n. f a r t e n a Z e, SavSuris sintaqsur TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb

x. y a n d a S v i l i, mravalgzisobis gamoxatva Tanamedrove qar-

TulSi (k. gamsaxurdiasa da m. javaxiSvilis prozis mi-
xedviT)

4
 25 apri
aprili
rili,
li, 11 saa
saaTi

n. a r d o t e l i, xunZur-andiur-didour sakuTar saxelTa

qarTulad gadmocemisa da marTlwerisaTvis

T. m a x a r o b l i Z e, daqtiluri sistemebi

q. m a g i a n i - s u b a r i, hipotaqsuri konstruqciis erTi

tipisaTvis svanur enaSi

W. q i r i a, myofadis wre lazurSi

e. b e r i Z e, Tedo saxokia da sofeli furtio

e. S e n g e l i a, olara sityvis warmomavlobisaTvis megrulSi

n. j o r b e n a Z e, `z~ da `q~ ZirebisaTvis qarTulSi

n. o T i n a S v i l i, sityvaTSeerTebiT nawarmoebi toponimebi

frones xeobaSi

k. m i T a g v a r i a, zoonimebis Semcveli gvarebi sxvadasxva sis-

temis enebSi

n. c e c x l a Z e, Temis niSanTa unifikaciis tendencia qarTuli

enis samxrul kiloebSi

T. t e t e l o S v i l i, translaciasTan dakavSirebuli ramde-

nime sakiTxisaTvis

5
 26 apri
aprili
rili,
li, 11 saa
saaTi

g. k v a r a c x e l i a, leqsikuri semantika da Tanamedrove

paradigmebi

r. f a r e u l i Z e, SedarebiTi `brunvis~ sakiTxisaTvis CeCnurSi

n. W o x o n e l i Z e, Torn-,
Torn Tor-
Tor fuZiani omonimuri calebis
warmomavlobisaTvis qarTulSi

s. o m i a Z e, diskursuli kompetenciis deficiti politikur

ritorikasa da masmediis enaSi

T. l o m T a Z e, terminisaTvis `emfatikuri a~

m. b u k i a, qarTvelur-afxazuri lingvokulturuli urTier-

Tobis istoriidan _ VII. landSaftTan dakavSirebuli
leqsika

n. x a x i a S v i l i, ciqu
ciqu-
qu sityvis semantikisaTvis

m. k i k v a Z e, qvemoguruli metyvelebis specifika `WanWaTis sa-

dRegrZelos~ mixedviT

m. C a C a n i Z e, n. r a z m a Z e, n. m a i s u r a Z e, leqsikis mini-
mizaciis sakiTxisaTvis

Л. Т у п ц о к о в а, О некоторых глагольных частицах адыгейского

языка

6
avTandil arabuli

Se-
Se- zmnis
zmniswi
niswinis
winis funqci
funqciu
qciuri gaaq
gaaqti
aqtiure bisa da bral-
tiurebi
urebisa bral-
fuZis
fuZis axali
xali seman
semanti
mantiki
tikisaT
kisaTvis
saTvis `vefxis
vefxistya
fxistyao
tyaosan
sanSi~
Si~

`vefxistyaosnis~ erT-erTi enobrivi maxasiaTebeli Cans

Se-
Se zmniswinis warmomqmnel-semantikuri rolis Taviseburi ga-
aqtiureba, ris mizezadac SeiZleba poetis masazrdoebeli
enobrivi garemo davsaxoT, SeiZleba Sesabamisi SemoqmedebiTi
amocanis gadawyvetas davukavSiroT. erT aseT SemTxvevad SeiZleba
ganvixiloT warmodgenili zmnuri forma- da sityvawarmoeba.
nestanis ambis mosmenis Semdeg avTandili ase eubneba
fatmans:
`mis qalisa sib
sibra
ralu
ra luli
lu li amanTebs da midebs alsa,
magra qajni uxorconi ras aqneven, mikvirs, qalsa?!~
(1242, 1-2).
saxelzmnis am formis (sibralul-i) gamoyenebis es erTa-
derTi SemTxvevaa `vefxistyaosanSi~; amave dros, strofis av-
Tenturoba eWvqveS aravis dauyenebia.
si-
si-bral-
bral-ul-
ul- sawyisi (abstraqtuli saxeli) arqauli
struqturis iSviaTi warmoebaa (si-yuar-ul-, si-qad-ul-...), mag-
ram is `vefxistyaosnamde~ ar vlindeba. sulxan-sabas leqsikon-
Sic is wyaros miuTiTeblad aris Setanili: sibra
sibralu
raluli
luli _ Se-
bralebis qoneba ZAB.
sabaseul ganmartebaSi Semosuli Se-
Se- zmniswiniani masda-
ri da Sesabamisi zmnuri warmoeba aseve rusTavelis epoqaSi
Cans TavCenili (anda _ gaaqtiurebuli); mag.:

`gexvewebi, sayvarelsa Semaxvewe, Se

Semab
mabra
mabrale
ra le~ (1284, 3).
le
`mijnurisa Se
Sebra
brale
bra leba
leba xams, eseca gaigone!~ (244, 2).
rac mTavaria, rogorc Cans, es aris kidev erTi saintereso
istoriuli SemTxveva e. w. semantikuri polarizaciisa; Sdr.:

isu n. 22. 16: ra ars bra

brali
li ege, romel ibraleuleT winaSe
israÀlisa

7
vefx. 915, 4: va Seni bra
brali
li, dav, Tvara sikvdili Cemi lxinia.
li
fsevdomak. 215, 9: arcamca iyo sasabra
bralis
bra lis kaci, romeli mivido-
dis geheniasa, da arcamca saqebel, romeli mividodis
sasufevelsa.
vefx. 810, 2: Sermadinca daabrunva, sa
sabra
bralo
bra loman
loman cremlni Rvarna.
vefx. 864, 4: imRers leqsTa sa sabra
bralo
bra loTa
lo Ta, Rvarisaebr cremlni
Ta
sdian

nodar ardoteli

xunZ
xunZur-
ur-andi
andiur
diur-
ur-dido
didour
dour saku
sakuTar
kuTar saxel
saxelTa
xelTa
qarTu
qarTulad
Tulad gadmoce
gadmocemi
cemisa
misa da marTlwe
marTlweri
Tlwerisa
risaTvis
saTvis

1. xunZur-andiur-didour anTroponimiaSi gamoiyofa sa-

kuTar saxelTa ori ZiriTadi jgufi: a) adamianis sakuTriv
xunZur-andiur-didouri saxelebi, romelTa ricxvic naklebia
da metwilad ZvelisZvel warmoebas miekuTvneba; b) arabuli,
Turquli da sparsuli sakuTari saxelebi, romelTa farTod
gavrceleba dakavSirebulia daRestanSi islamuri aRmsareblo-
bis eqspansiasTan, ramac sakuTari eTnonimebis Seviwroeba da,
araiSviaTad, maTi gaqroba gamoiwvia. SedarebiT naklebad
gvxvdeba qarTuli sakuTari saxelebi. bolo dros rusuli
enis Zlieri zegavlenis pirobebSi uxvad vrceldeba rusuli
da evropuli pirTa saxelebic.
2. sakuTriv xunZuri saxelebi mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba
da upiratesad martivi agebulebiT gamoirCeva: haJiav-i (h>aJi-
aŸ)1, yebedav-i (yebedaŸ zedmiw. `mWedela~), nucal-i (I kl.),
nucalai (II kl.), adalav-i (‡adalaŸ), mesedo (zedmiw. `oqrua~),

1
frCxilebSi mocemulia saTanado saxeli xunZuri transkrifciiT, xolo
frCxilebs gareT warmodgenilia misi qarTuli ekvivalenti. Tu xunZuri da
misi qarTulad gadmocemuli forma erTnairia, xunZuri varianti aRar
mieTiTeba. martooden saxelobiTi brunvis niSnis gamoyofa xdeba.

8
xandulai (ƒandula), mamalav-i, cevexan (c´eŸeƒan zedmiw. `wi-
namZRoli~), xerRu (ƒerRu zedmiw, `qoria~), xaidayai (xada-
ya), laCenilav-i (zedmiw. `Sevardena~) da sxv.
3. andiur-didour enebSic Zireuli sakuTari saxelebi
bevri ar aris, mag.:
kara
karata
ratau
tauli:
li adilav-i, bolaC-i, aSu (‡aSu), Ralbaw-i
(zedmiw. `loma~), zaRalav-i, miko (zedmiw. `patara~), hadu
(h>adu zedmiw. `swrafi~), hetlelav-i ((h>et¾lelaŸ), mesedo
(zedmiw. `oqrua~), berquta (zedmiw. `ganZi~, `Tilisma~), berci-
nai (bercina, zedmiw. `turfa~), nucalai, tavus-i (zedmiw.
`farSavanga~)...; axva
axvaxu
vaxuri
xuri:
ri: Rabawe (zedmiw. `loma~), zaRala, ya-
maCi, xoCobare (= xuCbari), becena (zedmiw. `turfa~), qvanTo
(qŸanTo), misedo (zedmiz. `oqrua~), Wuhara (Wuh>ara zedmiw.
`TavkerZa~, `amayi~) da sxv. misT.
didour enaTa sinamdvileSi pirTa saxelebi, romlebic
istoriulad am enaTa kuTvnilebas Seadgenda, mcire raodeno-
biT Semogvenaxa, mag.: heTu (h>eTu), kuzi, aca („aca), manyo,
hentlo (hent¾o), hlohe (l‘oh>e), heTu (h>eTu), teryo, nayi...
4. zemomoyvanil da zog sxva sakuTar saxelTa qarTulad
gadmocemisas sakvlev enaTa fonologiuri sistemebis specifi-
kuri rigebis transliteracia ase gvesaxeba: a) lateralebi:
spiranti l′ _ hl,hl fSvinvieri afrikati l _ Tl, Tl, abruptiu-
li afrikati t¾ _ tl; tl; b) faringalebi: fSvinvieri afrikati
ƒ _ xx,, mJReri spiranti „ _ o,, yru spiranti h> _ h;
h g) sonan-
tebi: palataluri  _ i, i, wyvilbagismieri … _ v;v; d) larin-
galuri xSuli ‡ _ o. o.
rac Seexeba saTanado TanxmovanTa magar korelatebs da
specifikur (palatalizebul, faringalizebul, nazalize-
bul...) xmovnebs, romlebic sakuTar saxelebSi Zalian iSviaTad
iCenen Tavs, maTi transliteracia unda moxdes Sesabamisi mar-
tivi (neitraluri) Tanxmovnebis (resp. xmovnebis) saSualebiT,
mag.: xunZ. c´eŸeƒan _ qarT. cevexani, axv. ƒaC´iRa (zedmiw. `qo-
ria~) _ qarT. xaCiRa da a. S.

9
 5. orkomponentiani anTroponimebi gansakuTrebiT damaxa-
siaTebelia Turquli warmomavlobis sakuTar saxelTaTvis, ro-
melTa meore nawili xSirad wodebis an Tanamdebobis (sulTa-
ni, xani, begi...) gamomxatvelia: ahmed-xan-i, hamzaT-beg-i, xan-biqa,
zahra-biqa da mr. sxv.
Cveni SexedulebiT, amgvari kompozituri struqturis
pirTa saxelebi erT cnebas aRniSnaven da erT mTlian monoli-
Tur erTobas qmnian, amitom erTad unda iwerebodnen, mag.:
harunbegi, delimxani, xanbiqa...
iSviaTad gvxvdeba bibliuri personaJebisa da ebraul-
berZnuli warmomavlobis saxelebi, romlebic arabuli an qar-
Tuli enebis gziT aris Semosuli, mag.: axv. adame `adami~, ili-
asi, maria; sak. did. isay-i (Zv. ebr. isaak), ilias (Zv. ebr.
elia), iayuf-i (ayuf, Zv. ebr. iakob), suleiman-i (suleman <
solomon), isa (‡isa < ieso), hava (h>aŸa < eva) da misT.
6. bolo dros Tavi iCina rTuli agebulebis mravalmar-
cvlian sakuTar saxelTa gamartivebis tendenciam, romlebic
ikumSebian an ikvecebian, mag.: fazulah > fazu, abubaqar >
abaqar, uzlifaT > uzi, abulmuslim > abusi... enis amgvari
qceva misi imanenturi potenciis gamovlenad unda miviCnioT.
am enaTa fonotaqtikis mixedviT, mravalmarcvlianoba damaxasi-
aTebeli ar aris, amitom ena mis daZlevas am gziT cdilobs. es
garemoeba ki damatebiTi dasturia imisa, rom kompozituri
agebulebis sakuTari saxelebi saerTo odenobas qmnian da maTi
komponentebi erTi maxvilis qveS eqcevian. amis safuZvelze ena-
Si Cndeba arakanonikuri struqturebi, romelTa gamartivebis
tendencia amJamad TvalsaCinod aris warmodgenili.

10
eTer beriZe

Tedo
Tedo saxo
saxokia
xokia da sofe
sofeli
feli furtio
furtio

samxreT dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

kuTxis aWaris istoriis SeqmnaSi, misi eTnografiul-lingvis-
tur-toponimikuri aspeqtebis asaxvisa da sazogadoebisaTvis
gacnobis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes XIX-XX sauku-
nis gamoCenilma mkvlevrebma giorgi yazbegma, dimitri baqraZem,
zaqaria WiWinaZem da sxvebma. am gamoCenil adamianTa ricxvs mi-
ekuTvneba cnobili qarTveli mwerali da sazogado moRvawe _
Tedo saxokia.
`gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebis Semdeg, roca Tedo sa-
xokias vrcelma naSromma `mogzaurobani~ (guria, aWara, samur-
zayano, afxazeTi) dRis sinaTle ixila, ar meguleba dasavleT
saqarTvelos warsuliT dainteresebuli mkvlevari, vinc
gverds auvlis am naSroms da masSi Camoyalibebul debulebebs
Tavisi daskvnebis gasamagrebel argumentebad ar gamoiyenebs~
(r. surmaniZe).
gansakuTrebulad maxlobeli gaxda Tedo saxokia zemo-
aWarisaTvis, radgan es erTaderTi wigni iyo romelic vrclad,
sizustiT, ubralod, magram akademiurad gadmoscemda zemo
aWaris mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebas, meurneobas, anTroponimias,
toponimias da xSirad mis etimologias, legendebs, Tqmule-
bebs am mxareze, mis warsulze. Rirseulma mamuliSvilma am
wigniT Tavisi saxeli samudamod daukavSira aWaras.
moxsenebaSi, rogorc saTaurSia naCvenebi, yuradRebas mi-
vapyrobT Tedo saxokias mogzaurobas zemo aWaris erT-erT
mSvenier sofelSi, furtioSi.
furtio mdebareobs xulosa da Suaxevis sazRvarze, misi
sazRvari sxva soflebTan dadebulia aWariswylisa da sxalTis-
wylis SesarTavTan da aWariswyalze gamarTuli TaRovani, ag-
reTve Tanamedrove, rkinabetonis xidTan da mTavrdeba sxal-
Tiswyalze adre arsebuli TaRovani da dRes arsebuli sxal-

11
Tis (yinCauris) Tanamedrove rkina-betonis xidiT. sofeli
mTis ferdobzea Sefenili, (zRvis donidan 790 m) da Tavisive
sacxovrebeli ubnebiTaa SemosazRvruli: bari, elvauri, foTe-
luri mWedluri, forCxiTi momwvari...
sofels Tavs dahyurebs furtios mTa (1558 m. zRvis do-
nidan) romelic sxalTiswylisa da Ciruxiswylis wyalgamyofs
warmoadgens.
furtio saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi sofelia, rom-
lis darseba-dafuZnebis TariRi dRemde ucnobia, magram uZve-
lesi nasaxlarebi, sasaflaoebi da rac mTavaria me12 saukunis
TaRiani xidi metyvelebs, rom es sofeli erT-erT arqaul da-
saxlebas miekuTvneba.
toponim furtois etimologia jer kidev sakvlevia.
lazeTSi arsebuli mdinaris saxeli `furtuna~ saqar-
TveloSi furt fuZisagan nawarmoebi sxva saxelebis arsebobasa
da dakargvaze unda miuTiTebdes (i. beqiriSvili).
mweral nodar xvedeliZis azriT, Cvens winapar qurumebs
heliocentruli sistemis sqemaze misadagebuli hqondaT er-
Tmarcvliani astronomiuli terminebi, maT Soris `fur~ da am
fuZidan warmoiSva furtio (n. xvedeliZe).
ar aris gamoricxuli furtios saxelis warmoqmna ter-
min furTunadan, romelic qariSxals, qarbuqs, qaraSots niS-
navs (S. niJaraZe). (ori mdinarisa da xeobis Sesayarze furti-
os geografiuli mdebareoba, bunebis am movlenebis gavlenas
marTlac ganicdis) amitom soflisaTvis am saxelis darqmevac
niSandoblivia.
furtios saxelis warmoSoba SeiZleba vivaraudoT ita-
liuri sityvisagan _ fortuna, furtioSi xom (samanqane
gzebis arsebobamde) furtios mTis gadavliT xdeboda Rorjo-
misa da didaWaris xeobebisa da TviT sxalTis xeobisa dakavSi-
reba mareTis (mariTis, (yaraderes, Turqobisdroindeli saxe-
lia) xeobasTan, aqedan ki savaWro-saqaravno gza miemarTeboda
samxreT- aRmosavleTsa da samxreT-dasavleTSi.

12
 furtios Sesaxeb mamis monaTxrobs ase igonebs indira
beriZe, Tedo saxokias `CiCerones~ SvilTaSvili: Zvelad mtris
jari Tavs dasxmia saqarTvelos soflebs, maT furtioc auwio-
kebiaT, pirutyvi mTlianad gaurekavT, roca mcxovreblebs hki-
Txes soflis mdgomareoba, maT upasuxniaT, erTi fur-ic ar da
_ tie-so da es saxelic -fur da -tie Zirebisagan warmodge-
bao. Tqmuleba sakmaod mimzidvelia, aseTi Sedgenilobis topo-
nimebi saqarTveloSi mravladaa (norio, gonio, dobrio kir-
naTSi, vaio), amitom maTi etimologiis dadgena siZneles ar
unda warmoadgendes (e. beriZe).
zemo aWaris livis did davTarSi~ furtio gvxvdeba
furdi formiT (z. SaSikaZe), magram osmalur transkrifciaSi
bevri soflis saxeli aRmoCnda Secvlili formiT. davTris
aRweraSi, 1566-1574 wlebi, sofelSi 4 komlia. zemo aWaris
livis davTarSi moxseniebulia furtios mosazRvre sofeli me-
liqwminda (14 komli, dRevandeli furtios ubani _ mWedlu-
ri, sadac cxovroben meliqiSvilebi (Turqobis dros meliqoR-
lebad wodebuli), savaraudod, 1566-1574 wlebSi furtio te-
ritoriulad ufro patara iyo, vidre meliqwminda da komlTa
raodenobis aseTi monacemic amis Sedegi unda iyos. Tedo sa-
xokias aRweriT (1898 weli), furtioSi 50 komli iyo (T. sa-
xokia), dRes ki misi ricxvi 300 aRwevs.
mazraSi da soflidan sofelSi gadaadgilebis dros Te-
do saxokias axldnen adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi, Cveni azriT,
sagangebod SerCeuli adamianebi, romlebic kargad flobdnen
TavianTi mxaris istorias, wes-Cveulebebs, adgilTa saxelebsa
da calkeuli gvarebis warmomavlobas. isini stumrisaTvis in-
formatorebic iyvnen da saukeTeso mTxrobelebic, magram dRe-
mde Cveni mkiTxveli, Cveni sazogadoeba yvelaze metad icnobda
iunus-aRa beriZes, furtios mkvidrs (r. surmaniZe)
SeiZleba iTqvas is Zvirfasi masala, Tqmulebebisa da le-
gendebisa (romelSic gansakuTrebiT Cans xsovna Tamar mefisa),
toponimebisa da xSirad maTi etimologiisa, SesaZloa zepirsi-
tyvierebas dRemde ver Semoenaxa, Tedo saxokiam ki es gaakeTa
kalmiT, dauRalavi SromiT da Tavisi megzuris `uebro moam-
bis~ (T. saxokia), iunus beriZis meSveobiT.

13
 naSroms zogadad aqvs istoriuli da mecnieruli Rire-
buleba, magram es saucxood da gansakuTrebulad gamoixateba
sofel furtios fonze, magaliTze. aki Tavad avtoric ambobs:
rac sazogadod aWaris Sesaxeb iTqmis, gansakuTrebiT iTqmis am
mxaris soflis, furtios Sesaxebo (T. saxokia).
furtio istoriuli gaxda, istoriuli gaxda wignSi mo-
xseniebuli gvarebi, romelTa memkvidreebi yovelTvis cdilo-
ben akeTon sazogado-sasargeblo saqmeni sofelSi, esec `mo-
gzaurobanis~ avtoris damsaxurebaa.

manana bukia

qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur-
lur-afxazu
afxazuri
zuri lingvo
lingvokul
gvokultu
kulturu
turuli
ruli
urTi
ur Tier
TierTo
erTobis
Tobis isto
istori
torii
riidan _ VII.
VII.
landSaft
landSaftTan
dSaftTan dakav
dakavSi
kavSire
Sirebu
rebuli
buli leqsi
leqsika
sika

landSaftTan dakavSirebul saerTo qarTvelur-afxazur

leqsikaSi TiTqmis Tanabari raodenobiT fiqsirdeba urTier-
Tnasesxobani, afxazuri leqsika gavrcelebulia megrulSi,
afxazizmebi gvxvdeba lakadaSi, mTian samegreloSi.

qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luridan
ridan afxazur
afxazurSi
zurSi SeTvi
SeTvise
Tvisebu
sebuli
buli termi
termine
mine-
ne-
bad mi
migvaC
gvaCnia
gvaCnia:
a-dgil
dgil `adgili, miwa~ < adgi
adgili
gili `1. sivrcis nawili de-
damiwis zedapirze, midamo. 2. mamuli...~ qegl), adg adgili (Zv.
qarT.) `sacxovrisi, samyofi~, ardgi
ardgili >dgil / ad
dgili (megr.), adgil > gi /
adgil
ad gil (svan.). forma adg
adg˜ˆl
ˆl gvaqvs abazurSic; sityva xSirad
gvxvdeba afxazur kompozitebsa da toponimebSi.
a-mar
marda
marda `aRmarTi~ < aRmar
aRmarTi
marTi `daqanebuli adgili _ qve-
vidan mayureblis TvalsazrisiT~.
a-da
damra
damra `akldama~ < dara
darani
rani `gamoqvabuli kldeSi an miwa-
Si~ (qegl), dara
darani
rani `kldeSi, anu miwis qveS Sesasvleli~ (saba),

14
dara
darani
rani (megr.) `darani, gvirabi wylis donisa, wyalqveSa budo-
bi Tevzebisa, naprali, gamoqvabuli kldeSi, wyalSi~
a-pa
papanwy
papanwy◦H
panwy Hr `saSineli, Znelad misaRwevi adgili < papan
papan-
pan-
wyvili
wyvili / papan
papanwyvi
panwyviri
wyviri `wyliani ormo; saSiSi gube Znelad gada-
sasvleli; saxifaTo gza, adgili~
a-sanZR
sanZR◦H
sanZR H (abJ.) `sazRvari~ < sazRva
sazRvari
zRvari `xazi, romelic ri-
same farglebs aRniSnavs, romelic or teritorias, or adgils
hyofs urTierTisagan, _ mijna, zRvari~ (qegl), sanZRo sanZRo
(megr.) `sazRvari~, samZR…a> > (svan.) `sazRvari~
samZR…ar
a-sa
safa
safara
fara / a-sa
safar
safar `xergi, zvavi~, `safari~, `jebiri~ < sa-
sa
fari
fari `3. Txrili an sagangebo adgili Sesafareblad~ (qegl)
a-ty
a ty˜ap
ty ap `talaxi, lafi, tlapo~ < tlapotlapo `Txeli tala-
xi, lafi~ (qegl)

afxazu
afxazuri
zurida
ridanaa
danaa Semosu
Semosuli
suli megrul
megrulSi
grulSi Semde
Semdegi
degi si-
si-
tyvebi
tyvebi:
bi:
azma
azmaxi
maxi / azima
azimaxi
maxi / aZma
aZmaxi
maxi / aZmaxˆ
aZmaxˆ / admaxˆ
admaxˆ `gube, tbori,
gamoyenebulia saqonlis sarwyuleblad samegrelos mTianeTSi~
< a-Zmax
Zmax `Waobi, WanWyobi~
axra
axra `cicabo, Sveulkldovani mTa; Wiuxi~ (qajaia, 2001, 208)
< a-xra
xra `cicabo klde~
ahafu
ahafu-
fu-foqva
foqva `gamoqvabuli, kldiani adgili, qvabi~, ahafu
ahafu
`gamoqvabuli, kldiani adgili, qvabi~ < a-hafˆ hafˆ `gamoqvabuli,
mRvime~.
afxazuri warmomavlobis gvgonia megruli algˆdi `qva-
biviT Cavardnili adgili mTaSi~.
saerTo Zirebi Cans qarTul axo `sayaned gakafuli tye~
(qegl) da afxazur a-mxˆmxˆ `yana~ sityvebSi; gvaqvs abazurSic: mxˆ
`naTesi, mosavali~.
landSaftis aRmniSvneli qarTuli terminebia gamoyene-
buli afxazur toponimebSic: oparaxoparax˜a
rax a _ mikrotoponimi oCam-
Ciris r-nis sof. kindRSi, mg◦ˆZ
mg ˆZ'
ˆZ'ˆrx◦a
ˆrx a mguZixva _ sofeli guda-
uTis raionSi, argun
argunfay
gunfay tyiani daferdeba sof. atiSaduSi...

15
Tea burWulaZe

erTi
erTi tipis
tipis myari
myari sin
sintaq
taqsu
taq suri
suri mode
modelis
delis
aRre
aR revi
revisa
visaTvis
saTvis beWdur
beWdur medi
media
diaSi

1. rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavari winadadebis mi-

marT damokidebulis daqvemdebareba sxvadasxva sintaqsuri sa-
SualebiT xorcieldeba. daqvemdebarebis ZiriTadi saSualeba
sagangebo sityvebia: 1.maqvemdebarebeli kavSirebi(riT, Tu, ra-
Ta...); 2. mimarTebiTi sityvebi: a)mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi
(vinc, rac, romelic, rogoric...) da b)mimarTebiTi zmnizedebi
(sadac, saiTkenac, saidanac, rogorc...). xSirad mimarTebiTi si-
tyva ara mxolod daqvemdebarebis saSualebaa, aramed winadade-
bis wevric (wevr-kavSiri) aris xolme. maSasadame, parataqsul
winadadebaSi moipoveba sakvanZo sityva (misamarTi, asaxsneli
wevri), romelsac uSualod miemarTeba damokidebuli winada-
debis wevr-kavSiri. ase iqmneba wyvil-wyvili sityvebi: ise- ise-rom,
rom,
iseTi
iseTi-
Ti-rom,
rom, imitom
imitom-
tom-rom,
rom, ise-
ise-rogorc
rogorc,
gorc, iseTi
iseTi-
Ti-rogo
rogoric
goric,
ric, iq-
iq-sa-
sa-
dac,
dac, maSin
maSin-
Sin-roca
roca,
ca, imitom
imitom-
tom-rom,
rom, imisTvis
imisTvis-
Tvis-rom,
rom, is-
is-vinc,
vinc, is-
is-rome
rome-
me-
lic...
lic... eseni myari sintaqsuri modelebia, romelTa marTebu-
lad gamoyenebasac winadadebis agebisas yuradReba unda mieqces.
2. Cveni dakvirvebiT, masmediis warmomadgenlebis mxridan,
gansakuTrebiT ki beWdur mediaSi, naklebad eqceva yuradReba
is-
is-vinc _ is- is-rome
romelic
melic konstruqciaTa marTebulad gamoyene-
bas. Seusabamod iyeneben vinc da rome romelic
melic mimarTebiT si-
tyvebs: `Cven ar gvinda revanSi, magram damoukidebelma sasamar-
Tlom unda gaasamarTlos is adami adamia
mianebi
nebi,
bi, visac
visac danaSauli aqvT
Cadenili~; im xalxma
xalxma,
ma, visac
visac sxvis keTilmowyobil saxlSi SeeZ-
lo cxovreba, am qalaqis centrs miaSura da dRemde iq arian~;
`Zalin didi imedi maqvs, rom im adami adamian
mianTa
anTa ricxvi iwureba,
vinc aseT gadawyvetilebas iRebs an miiRebs~; `is is adami
adamia
mianebi
nebi,
bi,
vinc jer kidev 3 Tvis win parlamentSi mmarTveli partiis si-
iT gavidnen, sxva politikur partiaSi gadadian~.
3. mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ra wevrs miemarTeba mimar-
TebiTi sityva _ arsebiT saxels Tu nacvalsaxels. Tu wevr-

16
kavSiri miemarTeba arsebiT saxels, maSin bunebrivia romelicmelic
forma. xolo, Tu asaxsneli wevri nacvalsaxelia, maSin unda
mivusadagoT vinc mimarTebiTi sityva.
roca wevr-kavSiri miemarTeba arsebiT saxels, mas, Tavis
mxriv, axlavs nacvalsaxeliT gamoxatuli msazRvreli. aseT Se-
mTxvevaSi, marTalia, msazRvrelad nacvalsaxeli gvaqvs, magram
mimarTeba gramatikuladac da Sinaarsobrivadac sazRvrul wev-
rTanaa. raki sazRvruli sityva arsebiTi saxeliTaa gadmocemu-
li, rome
romelic
melic wevr-kavSiri unda iyos warmodgenili.
maSasadame, winadadebebi ase gaimarTeba: Cven ar gvinda
revanSi, magram damoukidebelma sasamarTlom unda gaasamar-
Tlos is adami
adamia
mianebi
nebi,
bi, romel
romelTac
melTac danaSauli aqvT Cadenili; im
xalxma
xalxma,
ma, romel
romelsac
melsac sxvis keTilmowyobil saxlSi SeZlo cxovre-
ba, am qalaqis centrs miaSura da dRemde iq arian; Zalian di-
di imedi maqvs, rom im adami
adamian
mianTa
anTa ricxvi iwureba, romle
romlebic
lebic
aseT gadawyvetilebas iReben an miiReben; is adamianebi, romle-
bic jer kidev 3 Tvis win parlamentSi mmarTveli partiis siiT
gavidnen, sxva politikur partiaSi gadadian.
wevr-kavSiris SerCevisas yuradReba unda mieqces aseve
imas, asaxsneli sityva romeli jgufis arsebiTi saxeliTaa
gadmocemuli. krebiTi saxeliT gamoxatul misamarT sityvas
mxolobiT ricxvSi warmodgenili wevr-kavSiri unda SevuwyoT :
im xalxma
xalxma _ romel
romelmac
melmac;
mac im ers
ers _ romel
romelsac
melsac...(da
sac ara: im xalx-
ma _ romlebmac; im ers _ romlebsac...).

17
elisabed gazdeliani

moqme
moqmede
qmedebi
debiTi
biTi brunvis
brunvis alomor
alomorfe
morfebi
febi
svanur
svanurSi
nurSi

svanurSi, sxva qarTveluri enebis msgavsad, brunvaTa pa-

radigmaSi moqmedebiTi brunva gamoiyofa. Tanamedrove svanur-
Si am brunvis ZiriTadi funqcia moqmedebis iaraRis gamoxatvaa
(a. oniani).
moqmedebiTi brunvis alomorfebia: -…S …S,
…S -S…
S…,
S… -uSuS,
uS iSvia-
Tad gvxvdeba -SuSu (< uS
uS) da -SS (-u
u da -…
… xmovniTi nawilebis
gareSe).
dRevandeli svanuris yvela dialeqtSi moqmedebiTis
gamosaxatavad, ZiriTadad -…S …S,
…S -S…
S… alomorfebia gavrcelebu-
li. maTi gamovlena damokidebulia saxelis fuZis rogorobaze:
Tanxmovanze dasrulebul saxelebTan ZiriTadad -S… S…,
S… xolo
xmovanze dasrulebul saxelebTan -…S …S alomorfebi dasturdeba.
samecniero literaturis mixedviT, -…S…S,
…S -S…
S… niSanTa So-
ris amosavlad miCneulia -…S …S varianti, xolo -S…
S… miRebulia
-…
…Às metaTezisis Sedegad, rac svanurSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa
(Sdr. Tek… <*T…ek < Toki; fir… < *f…ir < furi...).
Tanxmovanze daboloebuli saxelebi: q‰nƒidx fak’n-S…
fak’n
zeT (bz., qr. 120) `gamoitanes jamiT zeTi~; x…aSy…did lic-S…
lic S…
(bq., qr. 260) `vrecxavT wyliT~; tˆt-S…
tˆt S… angoSle (lSx., 87, 3)
`nacriT gaavso~; lafcxir-S…
lafcxir S… amSex (lnt., qr. 297) `fo-
cxiT muSaoben...~
xmovanze daboloebul saxelebTan moqmedebiTi brunvis
niSniseuli -… … saxelis bolo xmovnebis fonetikur cvlilebebs
iwvevs, gansakuTrebiT _ zemosvanur dialeqtebSi; qvemosvanur-
Si iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, cvlilebebi ar xdeba.
zemosvanurSi saxelis bolo -aa da -ee xmovnebi -…
…Às gavle-
niT, asimilaciiT -o oÀd iqceva da TviTon xSirad ikargeba. mag.:
qÀ‰dzˆze Zalo
Zalo-S
lo S (< Zala
Zala-…S
la …S)
…S bz., qr. 165 `gagzavna ZaliT~;
lˆjo-{…
lˆjo …}S
S (< lˆje
lˆje-…S
…S) Cadbar‰li (bz., qr. 65) `rZiT dabans~;
…S

18
xlxs uCxo-S…
uCxo S… (< uCxa-…S
uCxa …S)
…S Cvabza (bq., qr. 191) `xalxs wvimiT
gaaZRebda~; q…inlˆmgeno
q…inlˆmgeno-S
no S (< q…inlˆmge
q…inlˆmgene
gene-…S
ne …S)
…S g…eSi kal…
(bq.) `saqonliT (suldgmuliT) savse ezo (kalo)~.
zemosvanur dialeqtebSi -i iÀze dasrulebul saxelebSi,
sadac -i i SeiZleba sxvadasxva warmomavlobis iyos, bolo -i i xan
oÀd iqceva, xanac ucvlelad rCeba. bz.: miCa qa lirkli-…S
lirkli …S m
laxqemni... (bz., qr. 73) `Cemi gagdebiT (garekviT) ra moemate-
ba~; namˆrTa
namˆrTalo
lo-S
lo S (< namˆrTli
namˆrTli-…S
…S) sofal…S anx…atd (poez.,
…S
60, 2) `gulkeTilobiT (mTeli) sofel amowydiT~. bq.: lˆxor-
Tei lwsi-S…
lwsi S… gar ƒednix (bq., qr. 181) `Sekrebazec mxolod
mowveviT modian~; nagzo
nagzo-S
gzo S (< ngzi-…S
ngzi …S)
…S sg÷binCu anSni lade-
Rs (bq., qr. 181) erTi kviriT adre niSnavs dRes~.
-o
o da -u
u boloxmovniani saxelebi cotaa svanurSi, da mo-
mqedebiTi brunvis -…S …S formanti maTze gavlenas ver axdens. am
poziciaSi xSirad adgili aqvs -… …Às metaTeziss.
rac Seexeba -uS
uS alomorfs, is xSirad gvxvdeba svanur
poeziaSi, rogorc xmovanfuZian, ise TanxmovanfuZian saxeleb-
Tan. mag.: TaTul Tof-uS
Tof uS g…idaraji (poez., 168, 2) `TaTuli
TofiT gvdarajobs~. gvxvdeba -uS uS alomorfiseuli -u uÀs metaTe-
zisis SemTxvevebi. maremi zisxi
zisxi-Su
xi Su lˆRafi (poez., 168, 21)
`adamianis sisxliT SeRebili~.
dRevandeli svanuris balszemour da qvemosvanur dia-
leqtebSi, zogjer _ balsqvemourSic, aRniSnuli -uS uS forman-
ti moqmedebis viTarebas gamoxatavs da mimReobebs daerTvis.
mag.: ƒednix laWnur
laWnur-uS
nur uS (bz., qr. 9) `modian Wianuris dakvriT~;
ƒamS-uS
ƒamS uS xodisg niSans (bq., 175) `ZaliT udebs niSans~; Cvamzˆrix
amŠni laq…is-uS
laq…is uS (lSx., 212, 15) `dalocaven aminis TqmiT~; zu-
ral laWom
laWom-uS
Wom uS anRˆrda (lnt.) `qali sirbiliT mdioda~.
sakvlevia -…S
…S da -uS uS alomorfTa urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxi.

19
lela giglemiani

mize
mizezi
zezisa
zisa da miznis
miznis zmnisar
zmnisarTe
sarTebi
Tebi svanur
svanurSi
nurSi

ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÈÀ ãÂÖ×ÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÝÍÏÁÉËÉÀ, ÌÉÆÄÆÉÓÀ ÃÀ

ÌÉÆÍÉÓ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÓ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÅÀÍÉ ÀÃÂÉËÉ ÖàÉÒÀÅÈ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÓáÅÀ
ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÈÀÍ ÛÄÃÀÒÄÁÉÈ ÌÀÈÉ ÒÀÏÃÄÍÏÁÀ ÌÝÉÒÄÒÉÝáÏÅÀÍÉÀ.

ÌÏáÓÄÍÄÁÀÛÉ ßÀÒÌÏÃÂÄÍÉËÉ ÉØÍÄÁÀ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖË ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÈÀ

ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖË-ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ, ÀÓÄÅÄ ÄÔÉÌÏËÏÂÉÖÒÉ ÀÍÀËÉ-
ÆÉ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ÄÍÉÓ ÃÉÀËÄØÔ-ÊÉËÏÊÀÅÈÀ ÌÀÓÀËÉÓ ÂÀÈÅÀËÉÓßÉÍÄÁÉÈ.
1. ÌÉÆÄÆÉÓ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÉ: ÀÌÙÀ (ÆÓ., ËÛá.), ÀÌÉÙÀ (ÁØ.), ÀÌÀÙÀ
(ËÍÔ.) `ÀÌÉÔÏÌ", ÄãÙÀ ( ÆÓ., ØÓ.), ÄãÉÙÀ (ÁØ.) `ÉÌÉÔÏÌ, ÉÌÉÓÈÅÉÓ" ÃÀ À. Û.
ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÉ ÒÈÖËÉ ÛÄÃÂÄÍÉËÏÁÉÓÀÀ. ÂÀÌÏÉÚÏ×À
ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÖÒÉ ÄËÄÌÄÍÔÄÁÉ ÀÌ-, Äã- ÃÀ ÓÖ×ÉØÓÉ -ÙÀ.
ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÛÉ ÃÀÃÓÔÖÒÄÁÖËÉ À ÃÀ É áÌÏÅÍÄÁÉ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÂÀÍ-
ÅÉáÉËÏÈ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÜÀÍÀÒÈÉ ÄËÄÌÄÍÔÄÁÉ.
2. ÌÉÆÍÉÓ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÉ: ÀÌÍðÒ (ÆÓ., ËÍÔ.), ÀÌÍÀÒ (ËÛá.),
ÀÌÉÍðÒ (ÁØ.) `ÀÌÉÓÈÅÉÓ", ÄãÍðÒ (ÆÓ., ËÍÔ.), ÄãÍÀÒ (ËÛá.), ÄãÍðÒ (ÁØ.)
`ÉÌÉÓÈÅÉÓ". ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖË ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÛÉ ÈÅÀËÍÀÈËÉÅ ÂÀÌÏÉÚÏ×À ÍÀ-
ÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÖÒÉ ÄËÄÌÄÍÔÄÁÉ _ ÀÌ- ÃÀ Äã-; ÒÀÝ ÛÄÄáÄÁÀ Â. ÊÀàÀÒÀÅÀÓ
ÌÉÄÒ ÃÀÓÀáÄËÄÁÖË ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÄÁÛÉ ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×ÉË -ÍÀÒ ×ÏÒÌÀÍÔÓ, ÒÀÝ
Å×ÉØÒÏÁÈ, ÓÀÃÀÏÀ. ÜÅÄÍÉ ÀÆÒÉÈ, ÉÂÉ ÀÓÄ ÃÀÉÛËÄÁÀ: Í-ÀÒ, ÓÀÃÀÝ
-ÀÒ-Ó ÓÀÊÉÈáÉ ÂÀÓÀÒÊÅÄÅÉÀ.
ÌÉÆÄÆÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÌÉÆÍÉÓ ÆÌÍÉÓÀÒÈÉÓ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÉÈ ÂÅáÃÄÁÀ, ÀÂ-
ÒÄÈÅÄ: ÀÌÍÉóÍÉà ÁÆ, ÀÌÍðËÉà ÁØ., ÀÌÍÉêÍÉà ËÛá., ÀÌÍÉðÍÉà ËÍÔ.,
`ÀÌÉÓÈÅÉÓ" ÃÀ ÄãÍÎóÍÉà ÁØ., ÄãÍðÍÉÃ, ÄãÍÀËÉà ÁØ., ÄãÍÉêÍÉà ËÛá.,
ÄãÍÉðÍÉà ËÍÔ., `ÉÌÉÔÏÌ, ÉÌÉÓ ÂÀÌÏ" ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉ, ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝ ÒÈÖËÉ
ÀÂÄÁÖËÄÁÉÓÀÀ.

20
giorgi gogolaSvili

piris
piris niSan
niSanTa
SanTa siste
sistemis
temis zoga
zogadi
gadi saki
sakiTxe
kiTxebi
Txebi

piris niSanTa sistema Zvel qarTulSi gacilebiT rTu-

lia, vidre axal qarTulSi. gamoiTqva azri, rom pirisa da ri-
cxvis niSnebi sxva sistemidan aris gadmosuli; klasovani uR-
lebidan pirovan uRlebaze gadasvlis Semdeg klasis niSanTa
gadaazrianeba moxda piris niSnebad (arn. Ciqobava).
piris niSanTa sistemis cvlilebis Tvalis gadevneba sain-
tereso daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs:
Zveli qarTulidan moyolebuli, dRemde piris niSanTa
sistemaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda; zogi afiqsi dai-
karga: subieqturi mesame piris niSnebi -d, -n, -ed,
ed, -en (e. w.
obieqtis mravlobiTobis), x-... zogma funqciuri datvirTva Se-
icvala, moxda zogi afiqsis reinterpretacia _ piris niSani
iqca stilistur elementad (hh-, s-...)...
cvlilebaTa dinamikis gaTvaliswineba, vfiqrobT, adastu-
rebs im varauds, rom es afiqsebi sxva sistemidan gadmosuli
elementebia; piris niSanTa sistemis Camoyalibebis procesi ar
dasrulebula, grZeldeba.

Tamar vaSakiZe

`scems~
scems~ meSve
meSveli
Sveli zmna Zvel qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi

Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi (originalursa Tu

naTargmnSi) sakmaod mravlad dasturdeba scems meSvelzmniani
formebi.
scems meSveli zmna awarmoebs rogorc moqmedebiTi (`ra-
meTu ƒorcielsaca Tana simdidresa SvilierebiTaca pativ pativ-
tiv-
sca~;
sca `da viTarca Jam-sca
Jam sca Jamman, sivltolaÎ da midamomalvaÎ
iyo~...), ise vnebiTi (`moZRŸari da mosurne cxovrebisa CŸenisa

21
pativ
pativ-ice
tiv icemis
icemis yovlisa mier morwmunisa~; `da raÎTa cxoveli
igi xati mas Sina Tay…anis-ice
Tay…anis icemo
icemodis
modis maT mier~...) gvaris for-
mebs.
saxelur komponentebad dasturdeba: a) arsebiTi saxeli
(`ukŸeTu ƒmelad gza-sces
gza sces,
sces ganagos simdidre T‚si~...), b) zed-
sarTavi saxeli (`da naTel naTel-scem
Tel scemdiT
scemdiT maT saxeliTa mami-
saÎTa~...), g) saobieqto mimReoba (`vidremde gansas…ene
gansas…enebe
sas…enebeli
beli-
li-
sces ufalman~...), d) gaarsebiTebuli zmna (`da JamiTi-Jamad
mivaln mamaÎ da nuge
nugeSi
geSinis
Sinis-scemn
nis scemn sity‚T da saqmiT~...), e) masda-
ri (`brZo
brZola
brZola-sces
la sces maT da ereodes maT da mowy‚dnes igini
misT‚s~...).
scems
scems meSvel zmnas iyenebs sawarmoeblad kauzativis
formaTa erTi nawilic. maTi saxeluri komponenti viTarebiT-
brunvisformiani masdaria (`da kurTxe
kurTxevad
Txevad scemda
scemda da miscemda
TiToeulsa eklesiasa Ralasa~...).
meSvelzmniani formis saxeluri wevri warmogvidgeba
wrfelobiTi (`oxraÎ igi say‚risaÎ zar-scem
zar scemdes
scemdes yovelTa daba-
debulTa~...), saxelobiTi (`vidremde gansas…ene
gansas…enebe
sas…enebeli
beli-sces
li sces
ufalman~...) da micemiTi (`raÎTa ara iZlio saqmiTa da nuca
adgi
adgils
gils-scem
ls scem eSmaksa damk‚drebad Sen Tana~...) brunvis forme-
biT. warmoSobiT igi (saxeluri komponenti) SeiZleba iyos: a)
subieqti (`da raÎTa cxoveli igi xati mas Sina Tay…anis-ice
Tay…anis ice-
ice-
modis
modis maT mier~...), b) pirdapiri obieqti (`ukŸeTu ƒmelad
gza-sces
gza sces,
sces ganagos simdidre T‚si~...), g) ubralo damateba
(`war
warwe
warwerad
werad sca domentianoss da Teodores zemoÎ kerZoÎve
igi SeCŸenebaÎ mwvalebelTaÎ~...).
mcire nawils scems meSvelzmniani formebisa eZebneba Se-
sabamisi organuli warmoebis variantebi (`mo moRe
moRebad
Rebad sca jŸari-
sa cxovelisa zeTi da gardaiyvana igi mtilad T‚sagan~, Sdr.:
`mo
moa
moaRebi
Rebina
bina Sio nakŸercxali da daisxna~...). sinTezur formaTa
uqonloba sxvadasxva mizeziT aixsneba.
saintereso Cans organuli da analizuri variantebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi.
scems meSvelzmnian formaTa erTi nawili frazeologiu-
ri gamoTqmebia.

22
levan kelauraZe

aqti
aqtiur
tiur da inaqti
inaqtiur
tiur brunva
brunvaTa
vaTa niS
niSne
nebis
nebis
rekon
re konstruq
konstruqci
struqcii
ciisaTvis
saTvis saer
saerTo
erTo-
To-qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur-
lur-
medi
medite
tera
ranul
nulSi
diteranul Si

1. saerTo-qarTvelurisaTvis (sq) saxelobiTi brunvis

niSnad rekonstruirebuli *-e da *-i morfemebi uZveles saer-
To-qarTvelurSi, savaraudod, aqtiuri brunvis niSnebs warmo-
adgendnen. es, warmoSobiT deiqturi, morfemebi moqmed pirs,
rogorc Cans, msmenel-molaparakesTan mimarTebis, maTTan `siax-
love-siSoris~ mixedviT aRniSnavdnen.
2. sq *-e da *-i morfemebTan Sumeruli enis ergativis -e
da buruSuli enis ergativis -e niSanTa Sepirispirebis safuZ-
velze saerTo-qarTvelur-mediteranuli (sqm) enobrivi erTia-
nobisaTvis aqtiuri brunvis niSnebad (imave funqciebiT, rac
maT qarTvelur refleqsebs unda hqonodaT) *-e da *-i morfe-
mebs aRvadgenT.
3. inaqtiuri brunvis niSnad ki sqm enobrivi erTianobi-
saTvis, aRniSnul enaTa saTanado monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT,
nulovani morfema _ Ø _ unda aRdges.
qarTvelur enobriv samyaroSi aramarkirebuli brunva,
romlis funqciasac gardauvali zmnis subieqtisa da gardamava-
li zmnis pirdapiri obieqtis aRniSvna warmoadgenda, mxolod
Zvelma qarTulma Semoinaxa wrfelobiTi (//saxeldebiTi) brun-
vis saxiT.
Sumerul, buruSul da baskur enebSi aRniSnuli brunvis
niSnad amosavali Ø niSani SenarCunda.
4. gviandel sq-Si aqtiuri brunva (gansazRvrul kon-
struqciaTa mixedviT) or _ aqtiur da saxelobiT _ brunvad
gaixliCa, amasTan amosavali niSnebi saxelobiTma irguna, ro-
melmac imavdroulad (gardamaval srulaspeqtian konstruqci-
ebSi) inaqtiuri brunvis funqciebic SeiTavsa. yovelive aman

23
(gardamaval srulaspeqtian konstruqciebSi) aqtiuri brunvis
xelaxali markirebis saWiroeba warmoSva, Tumca am brunvis axa-
li niSnis Camoyalibebis procesi calkeul qarTvelur enebSi
damoukideblad ganxorcielda.
funqciaSezRuduli inaqtiuri brunva ki TandaTanobiTi
gaqrobis gzas daadga.
5. Sumerulsa da buruSulSi amosavali aqtiuri brunvi-
dan ergativi, xolo inaqtiuridan absolutivi ganviTarda.
6. baskuri enis aqtiuri brunvis niSani -k meoreuli Cans.
is SeiZleboda megrul-lazuri nacvalsaxelur-zmnizeduri
warmomavlobis -q niSanTan dagvekavSirebina.
baskuris micemiTi brunvis niSani -i (da ZiriTadi fondis leq-
semebSi daculi bolokiduri -i-c?) SesaZloa sqm aqtiuri
brunvis -i niSnidan momdinareobdes.

guCa kvaracxelia

leqsi
leqsiku
sikuri
kuri seman
semanti
mantika
tika da Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove
para
paradig
radigme
digmebi
mebi

arn. Ciqobava `propedevtikis~ samive gamocemaSi (1935,

1939, 1946 ww.) sityvis mniSvnelobis problemebisadmi miZGv-
nil Tavs ase iwyebs: `semasiologia anu semantika...~ Tumca Se-
mdgomSi am sinonimuri wyvilidan igi xmarobs mxolod `semasi-
ologias~ _ `semantika~ saxelmZGvaneloSi aGar gvxvdeba. 1952
wels gamocemul `enaTmecnierebis SesavalSi~ ki terminma `se-
mantikam~ aSkara upiratesoba moipova: TiTqmis yvelgan, Sesaba-
mis konteqstSi gamoyenebulia `semantika~, sinonimTa wyvilad
warmodgenis drosac man pirveli adgili daikava (mag., enaTmec-
nierebis dargebis CamoTvlisas: `morfologia, sintaqsi, leqsi-
kologia, semantika anu semasiologia...~).

24
 termin _ semantikis SemoGebisa da `semasiologiis~ para-
lelurad misi xmarebis Sesaxeb literaturaSi aGniSnulia,
rom semantika, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplina,
ΧΙΧ saukunis miwuruls Seiqmna. enaTmecnierebis am sferos sa-
xelmdeblad iTvleba frangi mecnieri miSel breali, romelmac
1897 wels gamosca naSromi `Essai de Sémantique, sadac termini
`semantika~ pirvelad Semovida samecniero sityvaxmarebaSi da
dResac ixmareba frang da inglisel mecnierTa mier. mis sino-
nimad ΧΙΧ saukunis bolosa da ΧΧ saukunis dasawyisidan rusi
da germaneli enaTmecnierebi iyenebdnen termin `semasiologi-
as~, romelic dGes upiratesad `leqsikuri semantikis~ sinoni-
mad gamoiyeneba.
leqsikuri semantikis, rogorc semantikuri disciplinis,
Seswavlis obieqts sityvis mniSvneloba warmoadgens. sityvasve
Seiswavlis leqsikologiac, romelic leqsikur semantikaze bev-
rad xandazmulia (termini `leqsikologia~ pirvelad Cndeba
1765 wels didrosa da d'alamberis frangul enciklopediaSi).
TandaTan yalibdeba leqsikuri semantikis sagnisa da proble-
mebis kvlevis tradicia. cxadia, rom leqsikologiisa da leq-
sikuri semantikis sferoebi gadaikveTeba. amasTanave, sakiTxTa
erTi wyeba, romelsac leqsikologia Seiswavlis, ar ganixileba
leqsikur semantikaSi da piriqiT. saerTo sakTixebis ganxilvac
TiToeul maTganSi gansxvavebuli sisruliTa da siGrmiT mi-
mdinareobs, da rac mniSvnelovania disciplinaruli diferen-
cirebis TvalsazrisiT, sityvis mniSvnelobisadmi gansxvavebuli
midgomiT.
yovelive amas Tavis droze aGniSnavda arn. Ciqobava. leq-
sikur semantikaSi sityvis mniSvnelobaTa aGwera dGes gagebu-
lia rogorc enis sruli aGweris integraluri nawili; Tavis
mxriv, enis aGwera moiazreba rogorc formaluri `mowyobi-
loba~, romlis meSveobiT xorcieldeba adamianTa enobrivi mo-
qmedebis modelireba.
leqsikuri semantikis sferoSi damuSavebuli Teoriebi
gansxvavebul mecnierul paradigmebSi erTiandebian. moxseneba-
Si ganxiluli iqneba zogierTi maTgani (izolacionisturi, an-
Tropocentruli, sociokulturuli).

25
maia kikvaZe

qvemo
qvemogu
moguru
guruli
ruli metyve
metyvele
tyvelebis
lebis spe
speci
cifi
cifika
fika
`WanWa
WanWaTis
WaTis sadReg
sadRegrZe
dRegrZelos
rZelos~
los~ mixed
mixedviT
xedviT

guruli kilo enobrivi TvalsazrisiT mravalferovania.

igi `or kilokavad iyofa: zemogurulad da qvemogurulad. ze-
moguruli moicavs Coxataurul Tqmas da ozurgeTulis na-
wils...qvemoguruli kilokavi aerTianebs lanCxuTur da ozur-
geTul Tqmebs. imavdroulad sxvaobaa TviT Tqmebis SigniT~
(jorbenaZe,1989:515).
qvemoguruli kilokavis, kerZod, lanCxuTis raionis so-
fel WanWaTis metyvelebaze dakvirveba saintereso suraTs iZ-
leva. sofeli sam raions Sorisaa moqceuli. WanWaTis mkvidrTa
metyvelebaSi erTdroulad Tavs iyris zemogurulisa da qve-
mogurulis Taviseburebani.
sofeli ubnebadaa dayofili:
oroki
oroki-ki-soflis dasawyiss hqvia. uxucesebis gadmocemiT,
Tesavdnen siminds, magram niadagis simwiris gamo moiwevdnen
or oyas.
oyas aqedan warmoiSva saxelwodeba oroki;
yuri
yuria
riaTi-xSiri,
Ti gauvali tye saSiSi yofila gamvlel-
gamomvlelisTvis. amis Sesaxeb erT-erT soflels leqsi Seu-
Txzavs:
`...ase uTxra Tavis biWebs,
rom ar SegxvdeT ram xifaTi,
enas kbili daaWireT,
gamoibiT yuri
yuri aTi~.
aTi
Rvina
Rvinala
nala-
la-gadmocemiT pur-
pur-Rvini
Rvinisa
nisagan
sagan warmoiSva. ab ubanSi
krefdnen yvelaze met adesas. RvinalaSi mcxovrebi WanWaTlebi
gansakuTrebuli stumarTmoyvareobiT gamoirCevian.
toni
tonia
niaseu
seuli-vinme
li toni
tonias
nias ukavSirdeba, romelic soflis
centrSi cxovrobda, Semdeg sxvagan gadasula sacxovreblad.
aq dResac ikribebian soflelebi da saubroben qveynis av-kargze.
jixu
jixuri
xuri _ `sayaraulo adgili WanWaTSi~ (al.Rlonti),
romelsac strategiuli daniSnuleba hqonda.

26
 guruli kilos Taviseburebani asaxulia leqsebSi, gamo-
canebSi, namdvil ambebSi, pirad werilebSi. piradi werilebi,
ZiriTadad, frontidanaa gamogzavnili. SeiZleba iTqvas, enob-
rivi TvalsazrisiT swored isinia saintereso.
1. fone
foneti
netiku
tikuri
kuri proce
procese
cesebi
sebi WanWaTelTa metyvelebaSi Seu-
zRudavad vlindeba: SeiniSneba i xmovnis refleqsi xmovanze
fuZedaboloebul saxelebTan: `mokiTxva dei deidai
daisas~;
sas `ne
nena
nenais
nais
gamomcxvari Wadi menatreba~; `no nora
noraie
raie gasaTxovari damxvdeba~.
vxvdebiT asimilaciis, disimilaciis, bgeris dakargvis, substi-
tuciis SemTxvevebs: `mokiTxva biZi biZie
Ziesas~;
sas `amas xuTme
xuTmeti
meti maneTi
unda~; `ge
geiq
geiqca
iqca,
ca ZaRli gie giekida
kida~;
da `vevera
verafe
rafeli
feli gaxda~.
2. morfo
morfolo
rfologi
logiu giuri:
ri: a)TanxmovanfuZiani sakuTari saxele-
bi wodebiTSi saxelobiTis formiTaa:
`salami deda, rezo da anzo anzori
zori~.
ri
b)Taviseburad mbrunavi arsebiTi saxeli amba ambavi
bavi sruli
fuZiTaa gamoyenebuli: `mawuxebs Tqveni amba ambavis
bavis gageba~.
g)ormagi mravlobiTis formebia: `mokiTxva yvelas: biZa biZa-
Za-
nebo
nebo,
bo, dei
deidane
danebo
nebo...
bo...~
...
d) ricxviTi saxelis araswori dawerilobaa: `2 2 naxe
naxeva
xevari
vari
Tvea frontze var~.
d) `es~ CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis nacvlad gamoiyeneba:
agi,
agi,magi
magi.
gi. piris nacvalsaxelebi naTesaobiTSi dairTaven -s ni-
Sans: `Cvens
Cvens irgvliv asea~.
e)Cans -gan/
gan/dan TandebulTa monacvleoba: `am amxa
amxana
xanage
nagebi
gebidan
bidan
daCagruli mec Sevicvale~.
d)zmnebi
zmnebi da saxel
saxelzmne
xelzmnebi
zmnebi ZiriTadad dialeqturi formi-
Taa naxmari: `xels vareb vareb~
reb~; micli
miclili
clili;
li; upiratesoba eniWeba mi-
mReobur formebs: cnobi cnobilobs
bilobs;
lobs; vtyobi
vtyobilob
bilob~
lob~; vRebu
vRebulob
bulob...
lob...
3. sintaq
sintaqsu
taqsuri
suri:
ri: atributuli msazRvreli sazRvrulTan
xSirad fuZis saxiTaa: `ba baton
baton mixeilis veZebT~;`me meo
meomar biWebis
misamarTi momwereT~; aris Sereuli paradigmac: `Sav Savma
Savma stiqi-
am WanWaTSi SemoaRwia~; iSviaTia inversiuli wyobis SemTxveve-
bi: `gaxve
gaxveul
xveulma
ulma cecxlis
cecxlis alSi alSi~
Si~ mravali daWrili gamoviyvane~;
nawilakdarTul gansazRvrebiT nacvalsaxelTan sazRvruli
mravlobiTSia:`momwereT yove yoveli
velive
live ambe
ambebi
bebi~;
bi

27
 darRvevebia qvemdebare-Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeTanxmebaSi:
`dReebi midi
midiod
diodnen
odnen~
nen~; zogjer
zogjer wina
winada
nadade
dadebaa
debaa uSemas
uSemasmen
masmenloa
menloa:
loa: aba
kargad, mxned da marjved!
wina
winada
nadade
dadeba
debaSi
baSi araa dacu
daculi
culi sityva
sityvaTa
tyvaTa ririgi:
gi: `gnaxeT kar-
gad!~
Serwymul winadadebaSi erTgvar wevrebs ara aqvT erTna-
iri ricxvis forma: `fiq fiqriT
fiqriT,
riT, sizmre
sizmrebiT
mrebiT TqvenTan var~;
WanWaTelTa metyvelebaSi xSirad ismis sxvaTa sityvis na-
wilakebidan -o:
`...roca iwyeba xvna-Tesva, ismis traqtorTa guguni,
kafe-TeTeseo
Teseo,
seo zevidan ra CamogvZaxis?...(guguli).
teqstebSi(rogorc leqsebSi, ise namdvil ambebSi) mrav-
ladaa mimar
mimarTvis
marTvis forme
formebi
mebi,
bi, danar
danarTe
narTebi
Tebi da CarTu
CarTule
rTulebi
lebi;
bi; wode-
biTSi dasmuli saxeli xan TavSia, xan SuaSi, xanac bolo-
Si:`erTad Zmebo
Zmebo,
bo, erTad debo
debo,
bo erTad Cemo Cemo sofle
soflele
lelebo
lebo!
bo!~
`xo, Wiri
Wirime
rime,
me bednieri viqnebiT!
prosodiuli -o o xmovani saleqso taepebSi gasariTmavad
gamoiyeneba.
winadadebaSi emocias aZlierebs hiperbola: `SiSi Zval-
rbilSi atans~.
4. leqsi
leqsika
sika:
ka: aRsa
aRsaniS
saniSna
niSnavia
navia mraval
mravalfe
valfero
ferova
rovani
vani dia
dialeqtiz
leqtizme
tizme-
me-
bi da dia
dialeqtu
leqturi
turi fraze
frazeo
zeologiz
logizme
gizmebi
mebi:
bi: `gaTxovdi, nena
nena!
na!~; `daa-
yola Tavisi siglaxe~; `Savad Semosa bevri WiSkari~; `Tavis mo-
fxaniza ar mcalia~; SeiniSneba barbarizmebi: `agi kariC kariCni
riCni visia?~;
`nem
nemce
nemcebi
cebi gvesvrian~; `mwereT mag adre
adresiT
resiT~;
siT `Cveni zemli
zemlia
liaki iyo.

28
roman lolua

late
latera
teralu
raluri
luri Tanxmov
Tanxmovne
xmovnebi
nebi saer
saerTo
erTolez
Tolezgi
lezgiur
giurSi
urSi
da maTi
maTi kavka
kavkasi
kasiis
siis alba
albanu
banuri
nuri Sesa
Sesat sebi2
satKvise
visebi

samecniero literaturaSi saerTolezgiuri konsonan-

tizmis rekonstruqciis ramdenime cda mogvepoveba, romelic
lateraluri Tanxmovnebis fuZe-enaSi aRdgenasa da Sesatyviso-
baTa povnierebasac iTvaliswinebs:
b. Talibovi saerTolezgiurisaTvis aRadgens mxolod or
, ).
glotalur lateralur afrikats (
, *
* , *
 da *
 lateralebs saerTolezgiurisaTvis
aRadgens e. bokarevi.
lezgiur enaTa monacemebiT xerxdeba xuTi lateraluri
, *
Tanxmovnis rekonstruqcia, esenia: * , *
, *
 da *
. Cve-
ni daskvnebi exmianeba b. gigineiSvilis mosazrebas; rogorc
, *
mkvlevari varaudobs, saerTodaRestnurSi * , *
, *
, *
,
 da *
*  lateralebi gvqonda, xolo saerTolezgiurSi, ar-
Cibulis gamoyofamde (rogorc Cans, arCibuli pirveli gamoeyo
 da *
saerTolezgiurs) *  sxva rigis bgerebSi gadavidnen
 > *qq; *
(*  > *kk).
s.-lezg. * > arC. lɂ´: lezg. q´/ R½: Tab. R½: aR.  < / x½:
ruT.  < / x½ / > …: wax. R/l l: kriw. R½: bud.  (< *R R½): ud.
l: kavk.-alb. R/? xin. k; Sdr. xunZ. tÀ´: and. tÀ´: axvax. tÀ´:
R/l
¶´ darg. g º q´ º : lak. q´/l
did. l¶´: l:
arC. …illɂ´: lezg. iri- (< *irRR½i-): Tab. urRR½u-: aR. eri-
(< *erRR½i-): ruT. i……ˆ-: wax. iR
Rˆ-: kriw. ˆR R½ˆ-: bud. ii-:
ud. vuRR»: kavk.-alb. vuRR»: xin. ikk `Svidi~; Sdr. xunZ. ant tÀ´-:
and. hot tÀ´u: axv. at
tÀ´u-: did. ol  (urax.): lak.
l¶´: darg. …er
arull...

2
naSromi Sesrulebulia SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon-
dis mxardaWeriT (sagranto proeqti: /89/2-120/12).

29
 lɂ´ > arC. lÀ/ lÀ´: lezg. R½: Tab. x½: aR. x½: ruT.
s.-lezg. *l
 < || x½: wax. x½: kriw. x½: bud. x½: ud. ƒ: kavk.-alb. ƒ (an x?): xin.
q; Sdr. xunZ. lÀ´: and. lÀ´: axvax. lÀ´: did. lÀ: darg. R½ || g || q´:
lak. x´:
arC. dill‘: lezg. ruR R½u-: Tab. irxx½u-: aR. erxx½i-:: ruT.
rixx½ˆ-: wax. ixx½ˆ-: kriw. ˆxx½ˆ-: bud. ˆxx½ˆ-: ud. uƒ»»: kavk.-alb. uƒ»»
lɂ´-: and. onl
(an ux?): xin. zeqq `eqvsi~; Sdr. xunZ. anl lɂ´i-: axv.
lɂ´i-: did. il
i¹l lÀ-: darg. uriR R½-|| uregg-|| ureqq´-: lak. raxx´...
s.-lezg. *t tÀ´ > arC. tÀ´: lezg. q/kk: Tab. q´: aR. q´: ruT. g/>
j: wax. g/qq´: kriw. q: bud. q: ud. y: kavk.-alb. y: xin. k/qq´; Sdr.
xunZ. tÀ´: and. tÀ´: axvax. tÀ´: did. l¶´:
¶´ darg. ‡ || g: lak. k:
arC. bot t´À:
´À lezg. aqq: Tab. aqq´: aR. aqq´: ruT. aqq: bud.
eqq: ud. eyy: xin. lˆqq´a `xorci~; Sdr. and. rit tÀ´i: did. rel l¶´a:
darg. di‡‡ (urax.) || dig g (wudax.): lak. dikk...
s.lezg. *llÀ > arC. lÀ: lezg. R½: Tab. x½: aR. x½: ruT.  <
|| x½: wax. x½: kriw. x½: bud. x½: ud. x: kavk.-alb. x: xin. x½; Sdr.
xunZ. lÀ: and. lÀ: axvax. lÀ: did. l: darg. x½: lak. x½/SS:
arC. ell‘as: Tab. a-Ø-xx½uz: aR. larxx½as:: ruT. x½d, li-xx½-in:
wax. ya‡a-v-xx½as: bud. araxx½ar: ud. laxx-es: kavk.-alb. Ze-xx-es: xin.
S-iri (< *C´e-xx½-iri) `dadeba~, `Camodeba~; lezg. avaxx½iz `Ca-
C´e-S
goreba~, `Camosvla~, akaxx½iz `Camoyra~: Sdr. xunZ. lÀ-eze: axv.
lÀ-ur-ulɂa: darg. [qa]-bi-xx½-es: lak. bi-S
bi-l S-in (< *bi-xx½-in) `da-
deba~, `Camodeba~...
lÀ´ > arC. lÀ´: lezg.  (< *R
s.-lezg. *l R½?): Tab. S (< *xx½):
aR. x½: ruT.  <|| x½: wax. x½: kriw. x½: bud. x½: ud. x: kavk-alb. x:
xin. x½; Sdr. xunZ. lÀ´: and. lÀ´: axvax. lÀ´: did. lÀ: darg. x½/> S:
lak. S´ (< *xx½´):
½´
arC. l‘´an/ lÀ´ene: lezg. ad (< *R
R½ad ?) || iw´i: Tab. Sid
(< *xx½id): aR. x½ed, x½iT´a || S´er, S´iri (burk.):: ruT. x½d, x½ii:
wax. x½»an, x½inen: kriw. x½d, x½ij: bud. x½a°d, x½i: ud. xe: kavk.-
alb. xe: xin. x½u `wyali~; Sdr. xunZ. lÀ´in: and. lÀ´en: axv.
lÀ´eni: did. lÀi: xvarS. lÀa¹: darg. Sin (< *xx½in): lak. S´in (<
*xx½´in)...

30
 lateraluri spirantebi saerTolezgiurSi Zalian male
_ arCibulis gancalkevebis Semdeg da udiuris gamoyofamde,
Seerwynen erTmaneTs, anu gaxdnen neitralurebi intensivobis
TvalsazrisiT, xolo Semdeg neitralurma yru lateralurma
spirantma winavelaruli yru spiranti (xx½) mogvca. amgvar gan-
viTarebas adasturebs orive lateraluri spirantis erTgvari
refleqsacia lezgiur enebSi, Tu ar CavTvliT arCibul enas,
romlis Cvenebac -sa da -s cal-calke rekonstruqciis saSu-
alebas gvaZlevs.
lateraluri afrikatebi moiSala SedarebiT gvian. fone-
tikuri procesebi ganviTarda damoukideblad arCibulSi, udi-
urSi, xinaluRursa da saerTosamurul erTobaSi. vfiqrobT,
rom lateralurma afrikatebma pirvel etapze mogvca winave-
laruli afrikatebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiis albanuri moyvanil Sesatyvi-
sobaTa formulebSi igive korespondeciebiT aris warmodgeni-
li, rac udiurSi dasturdeba. es ukuagdebs kavkasiis alba-
nurSi lateralur TanxmovanTa arsebobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul
varauds (s. muraviovi, i. giperti, r. lolua) da amyarebs al-
banuris tradiciul gaigivebas udiurTan.
b. Talibovi da e. bokarevi saerTolezgiurisaTvis *t tÀ
fonemas varaudoben. vfiqrobT, ar gvaqvs aranairi safuZveli,
rom davuSvaT am bgeris arseboba saerTolezgiur fuZe-enaSi;
CvenTvis sruliad cxadia, rom am bgeram cvlileba ganicada
jer kidev arCibulis gamoyofamde da, amdenad, misi postuli-
reba saerTolezgiuri fuZe-enisaTvis mxolod hipoTeturadaa
SesaZlebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom k korespondencia lakurSic da
darguulSic gvxvdeba. es gvaZlevs safuZvels, rom *t tÀ > *kk₁
procesis dawyeba vivaraudoT jer kidev saerTodaRestnur
qronologiur doneze (rig dialeqtebSi).
rom davuSvaT *ttÀ bgeris arseboba saerTolezgiurSi, ma-
Sin am bgeris postulireba unda moxdes aRmosavlur-samurul
da dasavlur-samuruli erTobisaTvis, rac yovlad dauSveblad
migvaCnia, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom am bgeris

31
intensiuri varianti sxva lateraluri afrikatebis msgavsad
saerTosamuruli erTobis daSlamde gadavida savaraudod in-
tensiur winavelarul afrikatSi (kk´).
b. gigineiSvili saerTolezgiurisaTvis *t tÀ > *kk process
varaudobs, rasac ver gaviziarebT. Tu es procesi marTlac
ganviTarda winarelezgiurSi, maSin ratom ar daemTxva erTma-
neTs saerTodaRestnuri *t tÀ-sa da *kk-s refleqsebi lezgiur
enebSi? vfiqrobT, rom saerTodaRestnuri *t tÀ saerTolezgi-
urSi gadavida velarul sust abruptiul afrikatSi (pirobi-
Tad _ *kk₁), romelmac Semdgom ori gansxvavebuli koresponden-
cia mogvca lezgiur enebSi (*kk da *yy). sistemis simetriulo-
tÀ > *kk₁ procesis parale-
bis TvalsazrisiT logikuria, rom *t
lurad lɂ > *qq₁ procesic vivaraudoT.
*l

Tamar lomTaZe

termi
termini
minisa
nisaTvis
saTvis `emfa
emfati
fatiku
tikuri
kuri a~
a~

qarTveli enaTmecnierebi yovelTvis didi sifrTxiliT

ekidebodnen terminTa SerCevis sakiTxebs. arsebobs uamravi ma-
galiTi imisa, Tu rogor qmnidnen da xvewdnen isini terminebs.
erT-erTi aseTi terminia `emfatikuri a~, romelsac qar-
Tul lingvistikaSi sxvadasxva saxeliT vxvdebiT, Tumca yvela-
ze xSirad mainc `emfatikur a~-s uwodeben..
terminis Seqmna n. maris saxels ukavSirdeba. swored man
uwoda micemiTSi, naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi
brunvis formebze darTul a-s `emfatikuri a~. a. SaniZe mas
xan `narTaul a~-s uwodebda, xan _ mavrcobs.
a-s funqcionirebis sakiTxi Zveli da axali qarTulis
monacemTa mixedviT Seswavlili aqvT arn. Ciqobavas, a. SaniZes,
q. ZoweniZes, T. zurabiSvils, g. focxiSvils, g. deeters, S. af-

32
ridoniZes, T. uTurgaiZes... gamoTqmulia ramdenime msgavsi Tu
gansxvavebuli mosazreba. magaliTad, mas fonetikuri bunebisa-
dac miiCneven, radgan Cndeba Tanxmovniani amosavlis Semdeg.
mis daniSnulebad msazRvrel-sazRvrulis wyvilis SemosazRvra-
sac miiCneven, aseve a-s darTvas stilistikur saWiroebas ukav-
Sireben.
aRniSnul funqciebs ganvixilavT imis saCveneblad, rom
termini `emfatikuri~ sasurvelia iyos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas
eqneboda gamomsaxvelobiTi, gaZlierebiTi, an xazgasmis fun-
qcia. magram, raki es daniSnuleba aRniSnul a-s arc Zvel qar-
TulSi hqonda da arc axalSi aqvs, termini `emfatikuris~ ga-
moyeneba gamarTlebulad ar migvaCnia.

qeTevan margiani-subari

hipo
hipotaq
potaqsu
taqsuri
suri konstruq
konstruqci
struqciis
ciis erTi
erTi tipi
tipisa
pisaTvis
saTvis
svanur
svanur enaSi
enaSi

svanur enaSi qvewyobis ukavSiro (xSirad _ ukorela-

toc) formaa ufro metad gavrcelebuli; marTalia, mis gver-
diT damkvidrebulia qarTuliseburi konstruqciac, magram es
ukanaskneli zogjer xelovnurobis STabeWdilebas tovebs da
qarTulis kalkad Cans; aRniSnuli movlena gansakuTrebiT pi-
robiT-SedegobiT konstruqcias exeba (Tumca arc sxva tipis
damokidebuliani rTuli winadadebebisTvisaa ucxo):
lðdi CæðæðdæiCxni
Cæðd iCxni,
ni, méxðr liWmes
liWmes deS liCod
liCod _ `dRes
[Tu] gawvimdeba, xval ver vTibavT (`Tibvas ver vizamT~);
si adri
adri,
ri, miÎ edni _ `Sen [Tu] waxval, mec wamoval~...
âæedni
miÎ âæed
saliteraturo Zeglebidan dasturdeba, rom uatribu-
to (ukavSiro, ukorelato) hipotaqsi saSual qarTulSi jer
kidev produqtiulia:

33
 `a q a T s a m w e l a r m o v i d e , maSin gmarTebs glova,
flasi~ (`vefxistyaosani~ 169,3);
`mm o v k v d e,e Tavsa nu moiklav~... (iqve 787,3).
dRevandeli saliteraturo qarTulisTvis ki aRniSnuli
movlena ucxoa.
gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom svanuri ukav-
Siro-ukorelato rTuli winadadebis zmna-Semasmeneli yovel-
Tvis romelime inferenciuli (sakuTriv svanuri) mwkriviT aris
gamoxatuli (inferenciuli awmyoTi, myofadis inferenciuli
saxeobiT...) da ara qarTuliseburi kategoriuli zmnuri for-
mebiT.
Cveni azriT, svanur
svanurSi
nurSi hipo
hipotaq
potaqsu
taqsuri
suri konstruq
konstruqci
struqciis
ciis Seda
Seda-
da-
rebiT
rebiT arqa
arqau
qauli tipis
tipis Senar
SenarCu
narCune
Cunebas
nebas xeli
xeli Seu
Seuwyo:
wyo: a) infe
infe-
fe-
renci
renciu
ciuli (epis
episte
epistemi
temiku
mikuro
kurobis
robis,
bis piro
pirobi
robiTo
biTobis
Tobis seman
semanti
mantikis
tikis Semcve
Semcve-
mcve-
li)
li zmnebis
zmnebis arse
arsebo
sebobam
bobam enaSi
enaSi;
Si b) axali rTuli konstruqciis
SeqmnisTvis motivaciis ararsebobam: wignis enam sxva moTxovne-
bi wamoayena, sxva sivrce moiTxova (um umTav
umTavre
Tavresi
resi mize
mizezi
zezi!)
zi da igi
saanalizo mimarTulebiTac ufro metad ganviTarda, umwerlo-
bo enam ki mxolod zmnis gansakuTrebuli moqnilobiTa da in-
formaciuli tevadobiT `isargebla~ da bevri ram organul
formebSi asaxa; Sesabamisad, rTuli qvewyobili winadadebis
tipic, specifikuri (inferenciuli) mwkrivebiT gamoxatuli
Semasmenlis xarjze, Zveli formiT SenarCunda, Tumca mis para-
lelurad saliteraturo enis analogiiT (da ara aucileblo-
biT) TandaTanobiT konstruqciis srulyofili (kavSiriani,
korelatiani) formac damkvidrda;

34
Tamar maxarobliZe

daqti
daqtilu
qtiluri
luri siste
sisteme
temebi
mebi

yruTa Temebi Jesturi eniT urTierTobisas daqtilur

anbans gamoiyeneben sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis gadmosacemad
da aseve ama Tu im sityvis dasakonkreteblad da dasazusteb-
lad. daqtiluri anbanis gamoyeneba xdeba Jesturi enis zepiri
da ara werilobiTi komunikaciisas. misi gamoyenebis forma da
adgili gansxvavebulia nebismieri sametyvelo enis anbanisagan.
daqtiluri anbani ar aris Jesturi damwerlobis forma. Jes-
turi damwerlobis sxvadasxva forma arsebobs, aq gamoiyeneba
e.w. notacia _ es aris teqstis Cawera Jesturi sistemiT.
msoflioSi sul arsebobs 40 daqtiluri anbani. yvela
maTgani SeZlebisdagvarad imeorebs Sesabamisi sametyvelo enis
anbanis grafikas. erTi da igive daqtili SesaZloa sxvadasxva
anbanSi sxvadasxva daqtilemas warmoadgendes.
daqtiluri anbani warmatebiT gamoiyeneba manoraluri
metyvelebisas. bageebis moZraobis wakiTxvisas mayurebel-komu-
nikator pirs manoralurad mosaubre exmareba sityvis sworad
gagebaSi datilur-kontaqturi metyveleba arsebiTad gansxvav-
deba dermografiisgan, rac gulisxmobs xelisgulze asoebis
weras. urTierTobis am formas (dermografias) gamoiyeneben
usinaTlo yru-munjebi, romlebic agreTve iyeneben e. w. taqti-
kur anbans, sadac xelis mtevnisa da TiTebis gansazRvrul ub-
nebze Sexeba aRniSnavs konkretul asoebs.
moxsenebaSi ganvixilavT daqtilur sistemebs, daqtilur
anbanTa saklasifikacio kriteriumebsa da daqtilirebis kano-
nebs.
sabWoTa periodSi qarTuli Jesturi ena ganicdida ru-
sulis gavlenas. rusuli Jesturi ena safuZvlad daedo sabWo-
Ta kavSiris xalxebis Jestur enebs da sabolood miviReT er-
Tiani sabWoTa Jesturi ena, romelic warmatebiT gamoiyenebo-
da yruTa sakomunikaciod am sivrceSi. yru adamianebi dResac

35
inarCuneben urTierTobas am enaze. mimdinareobs Jestur enaTa
nacionalizacia da dawyebulia reintegraciis procesi. Zveli
qarTuli daqtiluri anbani, romelic dRemde gamoiyeneba Te-
mis wevrebis mier, cxadia, imeorebs rusuls. aq mxolod qar-
TulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime gansxvavebuli asoa dama-
tebuli.
yruTa TemTan intensiuri muSaobis Sedegad maTTan er-
Tad Cven SevqmeniT axali qarTuli daqtiluri anbani. faqtob-
rivad es gaxlavT pirveli qarTuli daqtiluri anbani. upirve-
les yovlisa, ki SevimuSaveT Teoriuli baza, romelic safuZ-
vlad daedo qarTuli daqtiluri anbanis Seqmnas.

rusu
rusuli
suli daqti
daqtilu
qtiluri
luri anba
anbani
bani qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli da
daqti
qtilu
qtiluri
luri anba
anbani
bani
(Zveli
Zveli)
li)

axali
axali qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli daqti
daqtilu
qtiluri
luri anba
anbani
bani

36
koba miTagvaria

zoo
zoonime
nimebis
mebis Semcve
Semcveli
mcveli gvare
gvarebi
rebi sxvadas
sxvadasxva
dasxva
siste
sistemis
temis enebSi
enebSi

gvarebis warmoqmnis gzebi da saSualebani metad mraval-

ferovania. sxvadasxva sistemis enebSi, kerZod, rusulSi, ingli-
surSi, qarTulsa da adiReurSi mravlad gvxvdeba cxovelebis,
frinvelebis da mwerebis saxelwodebisagan wrmoqmnili gvarebi.
bevri maTgani winaT adamianis sakuTar saxelad an metsa-
xelad unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli da am gziT Sevida gvaris
SemadgenlobaSi, zogs ki uTuod sxva mizezi daedo safuZvlad,
rom gvarad qceuliyo (z. WumburiZe).
rogorc specialuri literaturidanaa cnobili (j. koko-
vi, z. WumburiZe, v. maRraZe, a. ribakini, v. nikonovi, b. uinbega-
un) adiReurSi, rusulSi, inglisursa da qarTulSi zoonime-
bis Semcveli gvarebi aTeulobiT dasturdeba. gansxvavebuli
viTarebaa megrulsa da svanurSi. megrulSi zoonimis Semcveli
ocamde gvaria, xolo svanurSi _ zogi avtoris mixedviT _

37
TiTo-orola zoonimis Semcveli gvari dasturdeba (v. maRraZe,
q. margiani).
adiReur gvarebSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba h– `ZaRli~
fuZe, romlis meSveobiTac 40-mde gvari aris nawarmoebi (n. ia-
kovlevi, d. aSxamafi, z. kumaxova, j. kokovi, b. uinbegauni). rac
gamowveuli unda iyos ZaRlis kultiT adiRebTan: hamˆƒº–,
ha hab–ºˆ;
ha
xSiria S´ˆ `cxeni~ (S
S´ˆRºan–, S´ˆRºˆn, S´ˆRˆsT–n...); baj–
baj– `mela~
(b
b–jaS´–,
ja b–jan–,
jan bJ´
bJ´– `krazana~ (bJ
bJ´
bJ´–mbaxº–, bJ´
bJ´–c, bJ´
bJ´–xº–ƒ–); bl –
`gveli~ (bl
bl½
bl½–na…, bl–
bl–RºaJ).
inglisur onomastikonSi xSiria gvarebi cock `mamali~
(Handcock, Hellcock, Geffcock), wolf `mgeli~ (Wolfin, Wolfenden,
Wolfryd); fox `mela~ (Foxall, Foxwell, Foxen).
rusulSi zoonimebis Semcveli gvarebis mravalferovne-
baa: frinvelebis saxelwodebebisgan nawarmoebi gvarebi
(Воронин, Голубев, Воробьев, Орлов da a. S.); cxovelTa saxelwo-
debebis Semcveli gvarebi (Быков, Баранов, Волков da a. S.), mwe-
rebis saxelwodebis Semcveli gvarebi (Комаров, Жуков).
qarTul gvarsaxelebSi mravladaa cxovelTa, frinvelTa,
TevzTa Tu mwerTa saxelebisagan nawarmoebi gvarebi.
cxovelTa saxelebi gvaqvs Semdeg qarTul gvarebSi ve- ve-
fxvaZe, kver
fxva kverna
naZe, me
na mela
laZe, ar
la arCva
CvaZe, ire
Cva irema
maZe, Sve
ma Sveli
liZe, cxva
li cxvari
riaaSvi-
ri
li, xa xara
raZe da a.S.
ra
frinvelTa saxelebisgan warmoqmnili gvarebia: ka kaka
kaba
ka baZe,
ba
Sevar
Se vardna
var dnaZe, kaW
dna kaWka
kaWi
kaWiSvili, si
Wi sira
raZe, Ci
ra Citi
tiSvili, Cxik
ti Cxikva
vaZe, qa
va qaTa
Tama
Ta maZe,
ma
mama
ma mala
ma laZe da a. S.
la
Tevzebisa da mwerTa saxelebi gvxvdeba gvarebSi: Tev Tevza
zaZe,
za
kalma
kal maxe
ma xeli
xe liZe, ko
li koRu
RuaaSvili, fut
Ru futka kara
ka raZe...
ra
megrulSi zoonimebis Semcveli or aTeulamde gvaria: me me--
liaava, ji
li jiqqia, fo
focxve
cxver
cxve ria, qa
qaca
cara
ca rava, kur
ra kurdRedRel
dRelia, xo
xojajava, to
ja toron
ron--
ron
jaZe, Ci
ja Cita
taia, ko
ta koRo
Ronnia... (z. WumburiZe). xolo svanurSi cin
Ro cindede--
de
liani (Sdr. megr. cindali) (v. maRraZe), uS uSxv
xvani (Sdr. Zv.
xv
qarT. us usxi
xi `xari~) (q. margiani).

38
 rogorc vxedavT, gvarebis warmoqmnis gzebi da saSuale-
bani metad mravalferovania. zoonimebis Semcveli gvarebis
umetesoba martivi SeerTebiT miiReba.
rusulsa da megrulSi sufiqsuri warmoeba gvaqvs (rus.
Бык-ов, Волк-ов, megr. jiq-ia,
jiq xoja
xoja-va),
ja kompozituri zoonimebis
Semcveli gvarebis mravalferovnebam da analizma gamoavlina is
saerTo da gansxvavebuli, rac sxvadasxva sistemis enebs aqvT
gvarebis semantikisa da struqturis TvalsazrisiT.

nikoloz oTinaSvili

sityvaT
sityvaTSe
tyvaTSeer
SeerTe
erTebiT
TebiT nawar
nawarmo
warmoe
moebi topo
toponi
ponime
nimebi
mebi
frones
fro nes xeo
xeobaSi
baSi

frones xeoba qarTulisa da imereTis sazRvarze mdebare-

obs. igi sainteresoa toponimTa warmoebisa da maTi etimolo-
giis TvalsazrisiT. geografiul saxelTa warmoeba emorCileba
iseT wess, rac damaxasiaTebelia sazogado saxelebisaTvis. to-
ponimebi sazogado saxelebs SeiZleba emyarebodes (sazogado
saxeli iqceva sakuTar saxelad).
aseTi tipis saxelebi gvxvdeba rogorc makro- ise mikro-
toponimiaSi da maTi raodenoba sakmaod didia.
Cven mier aRwerili masalebi SevadareT `1715 wlis rui-
sis saepiskoposos davTris~ toponimiasTan, meTvramete sauku-
nis cnobili swavlulebis vaxuSti da ioane bagrationebis
`aRwerebTan~, aseve mecxramete saukunis presis masalebTan.
kompozitur geografiuli saxelebi, toponim-Sesityveba
kargad Cans ama Tu im punqtis teritoriul daxasiaTeba (ro-
meli epoqis saxelia, rodisaa warmoSobili da sxva).
aseTi tipis geografiul saxelebSi ZiriTadad gvaqvs
ori wevri, iSviaTad sami msazRvrel-sazRvrulis saxiT.

39
 istoriuli: xundisubani, RarisTavi, mTavarJuli, tyisu-
bani, urmisaxeli, xtonis xevi, saqarTvelos cixe, axalSeni, qve-
natkoci...
axali: giorgiwminda, qvaTeTri, samwyali, Wmuruxevi, bze-
bis xevi...
mikrotoponimebi: siqturaanT daniTaulebi, gobejiSvile-
bis ubani, beraSvilebis miwebi, abedis Rele, xucianT tbebi,
mesxianT ubani...
gamoiyofa kompozitur saxelTa sxvadasxva tipebi, ro-
melTa Seswavla-mimdinare etapze aucilebel saqmed migvaCnia.

salome omiaZe

diskur
diskursu
kursuli
suli kompe
kompeten
petenci
tenciis
ciis defi
defici
ficiti
citi
poli
politi
litikur
tikur rito
ritori
torika
rikasa
kasa da masme
masmedi
mediis
diis enaSi
enaSi

Tanamedrove politikur diskursSi auditoriis gaoceba

erT-erT mTavar maxasiaTeblad iqca. igive unda iTqvas poli-
tikurTan gadajaWvul masobriv-sainformacio diskurszec, rom-
lis ZiriTadi funqcia informirebis saSualebiT zemoqmedebaa.
aRniSnuli informirebis xerxebi Sesaqcev-gasarTob xasiaTs im-
TaviTve gulisxmobs, magram Seqmnili viTarebis analizi cxad-
yofs, rom momxmareblis, konkretul SemTxvevaSi _ mkiTxvelis,
msmenelis, mayureblisa Tu mTlianad eleqtoratis misamxro-
bad gaCaRebuli politikuri Tu masmediuri TamaSebi, arcTu
uwyinaria enis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
saganTa da movlenaTa aRweris sizuste diskursis tipze,
komunikaciuri situaciis ragvarobazea damokidebuli. Tu pir-
veladi sametyvelo Janrebi konsituaciuria da maTi sagnobri-
vi Sinaarsi umetesad dakvirvebis Sedegia, rac, Tavis mxriv, am
Sinaarsis cvalebad xasiaTs ganapirobebs, masmediis enaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki politikuri diskursis amsaxvel ubanze, naTeli

40
da stabiluri mniSvnelobis mqone enobrivi erTeulebi unda
Warbobdes.
kvlevam gviCvena, rom Tanamedrove masobrivi kulturis
gavleniT komunikaciuri kompetenciis saerTo donem daiwia,
SeiniSneba periferiuli komunikaciuri praqtikis centraliza-
ciis tendencia _ leqsikuri fondis gaRaribeba, gramatikul
saSualebaTa gamartiveba, gamonaTqvamis emociuri Sinaarsis wi-
lis gazrda racionaluri Sinaarsis wilTan mimarTebiT, me-
tyvelebis vulgarizacia, razedac vrclad moxsenebaSi visaub-
rebT.

merab robaqiZe

`vefxi
vefxitya
fxityaos
tyaosnis
osnis~
nis~ erTi
erTi tae
taepis mniSvne
mniSvnelo
vnelobis
lobis
dadge
dadgeni
dgenisa
nisaTvis
saTvis

(`sjobs sayvarelsa moyvare razomca dauZabundes~)

1. `Zabun~ iranulidan nasesxebi sityvaa qarTul enaSi; mi-

si ZiriTadi mniSvnelibaa `da sus teba~, `damarcxeba~; `Sepyro-
ba~; `datyveveba~; `Seiwreba~. iustine abulaZis `vfx~-is leqsi-
kon Si Sesulia sityva `dazabuneba~ aseTi ganmartebiT: dalaC-
reba, monurad qedis moxra, gam xrdaleba. ix. zabuni, gina Za-
buni; krebulSi Sesulia agreTve sparsul-qarTuli sityvebis
in deqsi, maT Sorisaa `zabuni~ (sazabuno), riTic dadasture-
bulia am sityyvis sparsuli warmo mavloba. mzia andronikaSvi-
lis naSromSi `narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTier-
To bi dan~ es sityva araa Setanili, magram masSi mocemulia
msgavsi sityvebis iranulidan Se mos vlis fonetikuri kanon-
zomiereba, romlis mixedviT saS. spars. z-s qarTulSi Tavkidur
pozi ciaSi SeeZlo moeca rogorc z, ise Z. rogorc vxedavT,
qarTulSi iranulidan Semosul `za bun~ sityvas qarTulSi

41
Tavkidur poziciaSi SeeZlo moeca rogorc `zabun~, aseve `Za-
bun~, ra sac gvidas tureben `vefxistyaosnis~ xelnawerebi. z>Z
fonetikuri variantebi gvxvdeba Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikaSi
(zorva // Zorva, zraxva // Zraxva, zaxili (Zaxili), zroxa //
Zroxa, zoeba // Zo(v)eba).
2. sakiTxi exeba `daZabuneba~ sityvis mniSvnelobis dadge-
nas vfx-is erT strofSi, romelSic vkiTxulobT: «sjobs sayva-
relsa moyvare razomca dauZabundes» (833.2 _ 1957 wlis gamo-
cema) poemaSi gvxvdeba kidev am sityvis sxvadasxva forma: davZa-
bundi, daZabundes, saZabuno _ yvelgan dasustebis, sisus tis
mniSvnelobiT. miCneulia, rom moxmobil taepSi saWiroa «ar»
nawilakis aRdgena, winaaR mdeg SemTxvevaSi Sinaarsi Seusabamo
saxes iRebs im azriT, rom sayvarlisadmi moyvaris «da Zabune-
ba» moyvares Rirsebas ulaxavs da aseTi ram rusTavelis xeli-
dan ar gamovidodao (a. SaniZe). Sesabamisad, mkvlevaris azriT,
unda iyos «ar dauZabundes», rac strofs daubrunebs pirvan-
del saxeso. ismis kiTxva _ ramdenad sworia es Sexeduleba,
gamomdinareobs Tu ara is rusTavelis epoqis sulidan da poe-
midan, romelSic rainduli siyvarulia xotbaSesxmuli? vfiq-
rob, amgvari gaazreba ar unda iyos swori.
3. «visramianSi»-Si araerTxel vxvdebiT am sityvas. Zabu-
nis (daZabunebis) arsis gasagebad sinaTlis Setana SeuZliaT
aseT adgilebs am Txzulebidan, romelic Tavisi leqsikiT ax-
los dgas vfx-Tan: ramini ambobs: `ara maqvs Tmobisa Rone, aRa-
ra var gulsa zeda patroni... odiTgania Cemni Wirni, odiTgan
damiZabuna mijnurobaman! vici, romel wesia mijnurTa Zabunoba,
sneuli var da ususurad myofi, mijnurobisagan daZabunebuli
(raminis werili vi sis) me miwyiT Zabuni var. misgan kide Tuca
esre ubeduri ar viyav, me guli esre ver damimonebda; mijnu-
roba Zabunia. Senve daumdabldi mijnurobasa~. romanis moxmo-
bili adgi lebi sacnauryofs, rom `daZabuneba~ აris mijnuris
sulieri mdgomareoba, ~gulis WiriT~ ga mowveuli `sneuleba~.

42
 4. vaxtang VI-is gamocemaSi aseTi komentaria mowodebu-
li: `sjobs sayvarelsa moyvare ra zomca dauZabundes~ = «rac
ram am sofels kacs Seuyvardeba sayvareli is aris da moyvare
qriste aris; axla ambobs ragindara qristes sawyeni rom qnas
kacma da Seuyvardes codviT qriste daZadaZabu
Zabune
bunebu
nebulad
bulad hyvandes,
is uTqvams mainc qriste gijobso da sjobso». rogorc vxe davT,
vaxtangi am taepSi religiur siyvaruls xedavs da `moyvareSi~
qristes warmogvidgens; codvis Camdeni Tavis TavSi qristes
aZabunebs. Cven vfiqrobT, komentari naZaladevi da xelovnuria.
vaxtangi mTlianad am strofSi religiur gagebas aqsovs, rac
ar gamomdinare obs arc gansaxilveli strofis Sinaarsidan,
arc poemis sulidan, romelic renesansuli siyvarulis mziuri
sunTqviT, gagebiTa da cnobierebiTaa ganmsWvaluli.
5. n. naTaZe `vfx~-is Tavis saskolo gamocemaSi CvenTvis
saintereso taepis sityvas ase gan martavs: `dauZabundes _ ga-
ugulCvildes, moulbes (mniSvneloba sworadaa mignebuli)~.
yu radRebas iqcvs d. CubinaSvilis leqsikonis ganmarteba: mi-
jnurobam damiZabuna, любовь сковала меня, visr. 154; 127; SesaZ-
lebelia, WeSmariteba vipovoT da davinaxoT am ganmartebaSi,
Tu mas gaviazrebT siyvarulis grZnobiT gamowveuli ~sneule-
biT~, `gulis WiriT~, rac Seyvarebul Sia aRZruli satrfos
mimarT.
6. avTandili daZabunebulia, ara im gagebiT, rom fiziku-
rad dasustebulia anda moqceulia Seyvarebulis Zlieri nebis
qveS, aramed imiT, rom misi Zlieri sasiyvarulo gancda-grZno
bebi mimarTulia (orientirebulia) satrfosadmi, romelsac
eTayvaneba; is savsea, dasneule bulia siyvarulis seniT (vne-
biT), `gulis WiriT~. aq `daZabuneba~ mkacrad gansazRvrul Si-
na arss iZens, rac WeSmariti siyvarulisTvis moucilebelia. es
is grZnobaa, roca mijnuris `guli wasulia~ da igi `ugulo-
daa~ darCenili. aseTi siyvaruli `dabneda~-sTan miaxlebaa, sa
damdisac midis avTandili, magram mas ar epueba: (wina 832
strofSi naTqvamia: `ra mieaxlis dabnedad, ver xel-hyvis da-
Zrvad enisad~; magram avTandili Zlieri nebisyofis pirovnebaa

43
da damTrgunvel grZnobas ebrZvis: 833 - `Tqva: ~Cemo, Seni
Sors myofi krulia, vinca dadumdes, / raTgan Sen dagrCa go-
neba, guli Senkenve dabrundes, TvalTa mtiralTa Sexedva Seni-
ve swad des da undes~. rogorc vxedavT, avTandili ver egueba
imas, rom igi da bnedamdea misuli da `enis daZvrac~ aRar Za-
luZs, mas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom satrfos gan moSoreba
emuqreba `SekvriT~, rac `dadumebas~ (a. SaniZes konieqturis
saxiT Semoaqvs `daduneba~, rac agreTve ar aris swori, konteq-
sti moiTxovs swored `dadumebas~) iwvevs; Tavis Tavs Caago-
nebs, rom ~TvalTa mtiralTa Sexedva Senive swaddes da undes~
da aqve das Zens, rom `Sek vra_dabnedas~ sjobs iseT mdgomare-
obaSi yofna, rogoricaa `daZabuneba~. amgva rad, rogorc vxe-
davT, `dabnedas~ poemis avtori upirispirebs `daZabunebas~,
roca am bobs: sjobs, say va relsa moyvare razomca dauZabun-
des~. es ki is mdgomareobaa, roca gamijnurebu li adamiani
gulsa da gonebas ar kargavs; sul sxva mdgomareobaSia tarie-
li _ igi dabnedi lia, mas guli, cnoba da goneba warTmeuli
aqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveulebriv mdgomare obaSi igi
brZeni raindia. Zlieri nebis adamians, rogoricaa avTandili,
es ar emarTeba miuxedavad imisa, rom igi miaxloebulia `dabne-
dasTan~, roca enis daZvrac SeuZlebeliaa, magram igi cnobie-
rebas ar kargavs, Segnebulad ebrZvis damTrgunvel grZno bas,
radgan aseT mdgomare obas amjobinebs `daZabunebis~ mdgomareoba-
Si yofnas _ `sjobs, sayvarelsa moyvare razomca dauZabundes~.
7. `gulis Wiri~, rogorc mijnurobis sulier mdgomareo-
ba, kategoriulad gulisxmobs `da Zabunebas~, rac samijnuro
`dauZlurebaa~ (`davuZlurdi, mijnurTaTvis kvla wamali ar-
siT ari~), sneulebaa. moyvare uZabundeba sayvarels; `daZabune-
ba~, sazogadod, damaxasiaTebe lia mijnurobisTvis; rogorc
`visramianSia~ naTqvami _ «wesia mijnurTa Zabunoba».

44
medea saRliani

×ÒÀÆÄÏËÏÂÉÖÒ ÛÄÓÉÔÚÅÄÁÀÛÉ ÛÄÌÀÅÀË ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃ

ÆÌÍÀÈÀ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁËÏÁÀÍÉ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ÄÍÉÓ
ÃÉÀËÄØÔ-ÊÉËÏÊÀÅÈÀ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ

ÉÓÄÅÄ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ, ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉÝ ÂÅáÅÃÄÁÀ ÉÓÄÈÉ ÓÉÔÚÅÀÈÀ

ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÛÉÝ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÀ ÜÀÊÄÔÉËÉÀ ÌÊÀÝÒÀÃ ÂÀÍÓÀÆ-
ÙÅÒÖË ×ÒÀÆÄÏËÏÂÉÖÒ ÂÀÒÄÌÏÝÅÀÛÉ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÄÒÈÂÅÀÒÏÅÍÄÁÀ ÀÌ
ÌáÒÉÅ ØÀÒÈÖËÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÍÀÌÃÅÉËÀÃ ÀÒ ÀÒÉÓ, ÃÀ ÄÓ ÀÒÝÀÀ
ÂÀÓÀÊÅÉÒÉ, ÅÉÍÀÉÃÀÍ, ÒÏÂÏÒÝ À. ÈÀÚÀÉÛÅÉËÉ ÌÉÖÈÉÈÄÁÃÀ, ÀÒÀ
ÌáÏËÏà ÄÍÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓÀÀ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÄÁÀ ÓÉÔÚÅÀÈÀ ÛÄÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉÓ ÌáÒÉÅ,
ÀÒÀÌÄà ÄÒÈÉ ÄÍÉÓ ×ÀÒÂËÄÁÛÉ, ÌÉÓ ÓáÅÀÃÀÓáÅÀ ÄÔÀÐÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓÀÝ.
ÌÏáÓÄÍÄÁÀÛÉ ÓÀÖÁÀÒÉ ÉØÍÄÁÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÒÀÆÄÏËÏÂÉÖÒ ÛÄÓÉ-
ÔÚÅÄÁÀÛÉ ÛÄÌÀÅÀË ÉÌ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃ ÆÌÍÄÁÆÄ (ÌÀÂ.: ËÉÂÍÄ `ÃÂÏÌÀ" ÈÀÅÉÓÉ
ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÉÈ ÉáÌÀÒÄÁÀ ÚÅÄËÀ ÉÌ ÓÀÂÀÍÈÀ ÀÙÌÍÉÛÅÍÄË
ÀÒÓÄÁÉÈÈÀÍ, ÒÏÌÄËÈÀ ÃÂÏÌÀÝ ÒÄÀËÖÒÀà ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁÄËÉÀ. ÌÀÂ.: ËéÂ
`ÃÂÀÓ" _ ØÏÒ `ÓÀáËÉ", ÌÄÂÄÌ `áÄ", ËÀÚæÒÀ `ÓÀßÏËÉ", àÉØ `àÉØÀ",
ÌðÛÉÍÀ `ÌÀÍØÀÍÀ" ÃÀ À. Û., ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÉÂÉÅÄ ÆÌÍÀ ÂÅáÅÃÄÁÀ ÛÄÌÃÄ ÛÄÓÉ-
ÔÚÅÄÁÄÁÛÉ: ÁðËà ËÉÂÍÄ (ÆÓ.), ÁðËà ËÉÂÄÍÄ (ËÍÔ.) `ÃÀ×ËÄÈÀ, ÍÀ×-
ËÄÈÄÁÀà ØÝÄÅÀ, ÃÀáÄÅÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ×ËÄÈÀà ÃÂ-Ì-À)"; ÂÉÍãÉËà ËÉÂÍÄ
(ÆÓ.), ÂéÍãÉËà ËÉÂÍÄ (ËÛá.) `ÃÀ×ËÄÈÀ, ÃÀÂËÄãÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ÂËÄã-ÀÃ
ÃÂ-Ì-À)"; ÂÒðÌà ËÉÂÍÄ (ÆÓ.) `×ÄÒ×ËÀà ØÝÄÅÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ×ÄÒ×ËÀÃ
ÃÂ-Ì-À)"; ÂæðÓÐÃ ËÉÂÍÄ (ÁÆ.), ÂæðÓÐÃ ËÉÂÄÍÄ (ËÍÔ.) `ÃÀáÒÖÊÅÀ, ÃÀ-
ßÅÀ, ×ÄÒ×ËÀà ØÝÄÅÀ, ÝÄÝáËÛÉ ÛÈÀÍÈØÌÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ×ÄÒ×ËÀà ÃÂ-Ì-
À)"...; ËÉÊÄà `ÀÙÄÁÀ" ÈÀÅÉÓÉ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÉÈ ÉáÌÀÒÄÁÀ ÚÅÄËÀ
ÉÌ ÓÀÂÀÍÈÀ ÀÙÌÍÉÛÅÍÄË ÀÒÓÄÁÉÈÈÀÍ, ÒÏÌÄËÈÀ ÀÙÄÁÀÝ ÒÄÀËÖÒÀÃ
ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁÄËÉÀ. ÌÀÂ.: ÉÊÄà `ÉÙÄÁÓ" _ ËÄÆæÄÁÓ `ÓÀàÌÄËÓ", ÁðÒÂÓ
`ÀÅÄãÓ, ÍÉÅÈÄÁÓ", ÁðÜÓ `ØÅÀÓ", áÉËÓ `áÉËÓ", ×ÄØÓ `×ØÅÉËÓ" ÃÀ À. Û.,
ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÉÂÉÅÄ ÆÌÍÀ ÃÀÓÔÖÒÃÄÁÀ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ ÛÄÓÉÔÚÅÄÁÄÁÛÉ: ÀØóÍì ËÉÊÄÃ
(ÁÆ.), ÀØðÍÎðÛ ËÉÊÄà (ÁØ.), ÀØêÍÉ ËÉÊÄà (ËÛá.), ÀØÀÍÉ ËÉÊÄà (ËÍÔ.)
`ÌÉÓÀËÌÄÁÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ÓÀËÌÉÓ ÀÙÄÁÀ)"; ÁÏËÄÊà ËÉÊÄà (ÆÓ.) `ÞÉÒ×ÄÓ-
ÅÉÀÍÀà ÀÌÏÂÃÄÁÀ, ÀÌÏßÚÅÄÔÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ÁÏËÏÊ-Àà ÀÙÄÁÀ)"; ÝáÀÒðÒÈÄ-
ÑÉ ËÉÊÄà (ÁØ.) `ÀÁÖÜÀà ÀÂÃÄÁÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ×ÒÜáÉËÄÁ{ÉÓ}ÊÄÍÆÄ ÀÙÄÁÀ)";
ÁÒÉÂÉ ËÉÊÄà (ÁÆ.) `ÖÄÝÀÒÉ ÂÀÒÃÀÝÅÀËÄÁÀ, ×ÄáÄÁÉÓ ÂÀ×ÛÄÊÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _

45
ÁÒÀÂÅÀÍ-É{Ó} ÀÙÄÁÀ)"...; ËÉâÄà `ÌÏÓÅËÀ" ÈÀÅÉÓÉ ÞÉÒÉÈÀÃÉ
ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÉÈ ÉáÌÀÒÄÁÀ ÚÅÄËÀ ÉÌ ÓÖËÉÄÒÉÓ ÀÙÌÍÉÛÅÍÄË ÀÒÓÄÁÉÈÈÀÍ,
ÒÏÌÄËÈÀ ÌÏÓÅËÀÝ ÒÄÀËÖÒÀà ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁÄËÉÀ. ÌÀÂ.: âÄÃÍÉ `ÌÏÅÀ" _
ÌÀÒÄ `ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉ", ÆÖÒÀË `ØÀËÉ", âðÍ `áÀÒÉ", ÌÖÛÂæÒÉ `ÓÔÖÌÀÒÉ",
ÈáÄÒÄ `ÌÂÄËÉ" ÃÀ À. Û., ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÉÂÉÅÄ ÆÌÍÀ áÛÉÒÀà ÂÀÌÏÉÚÄÍÄÁÀ ÛÄÌÃÄÂ
ÛÄÓÉÔÚÅÄÁÄÁÛÉ: áÏËÀ ÊÖàÉ ËÉâÄÃ|×ÉÓêÒ ÊÖàÉ ËÉâÄà (ËÛá.)
`ÂÀÁÒÀÆÄÁÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ÝÖÃÉ ÊÖà-É{Ó} ÌÏÓÅËÀ|×ÉÓ-ÉÀÍ-É ÊÖà-É ÌÏ-
ÓÅËÀ)"; ÛÃéØà ËÉâÄà (ÆÓ.) `ÀÓÀÊÛÉ ÛÄÓÅËÀ, ÅÉÍÌÄÓ (ÜÅÄÖËÄÁÒÉÅ ÌÏáÖ-
ÝÉÓ) ÀÓÀÊÀÌÃÄ ÌÉÓÅËÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ÊÁÉËÀà ÌÏÓÅËÀ)"; ÛÄÒÏÁðÛ ËÉâÄÃ
(ÜÁá.) `ÌÏÙËÀ, ÌÏØÀÍÝÅÀ, ÃÀÛÅÒÏÌÀ, ÌÏÈÌÉÍÄÁÉÃÀÍ ÂÀÌÏÓÅËÀ; ÈÀÅÌÏÁÄÆ-
ÒÄÁÖËÏÁÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ÌÀÛÅÒÀË-ÏÁ-ÉÓ ÌÏÓÅËÀ)"; áÏËÀ ÂÖÌÉ ËÉâÄÃ
(ËÛá.) `ÂÀÁÒÀÆÄÁÀ (ÆÄÃÌÉß. _ ÝÖÃÉ ÂÖË-É{Ó} ÌÏÓÅËÀ)" ÃÀ À. Û.),
ÒÏÌËÄÁÉÝ ÀØÔÉÖÒÀà ÌÏÍÀßÉËÄÏÁÄÍ ×ÒÀÆÄÏËÏÂÉÆÀÝÉÉÓ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÛÉ.
ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ ÆÌÍÄÁÉ ÃÀãÂÖ×ÄÁÖËÉÀ ÌÀÈÉ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁ-
ËÏÁÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ.
Å×ÉØÒÏÁÈ, ÌÓÂÀÅÓÉ ÆÌÍÄÁÉÓ ÓÒÖËÀà ÀÙßÄÒÀ ÃÀ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ
ÛÄÓÀÞËÄÁËÏÁÉÓ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ ÃÀãÂÖ×ÄÁÀ ÌÄÔÀà ÓÀÉÍÔÄÒÄÓÏ ÉØÍÄÁÀ
ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÒÀÆÄÏËÏÂÉÆÌÄÁÉÓ ÓÒÖË×ÀÓÏÅÀÍÉ ÛÄÓßÀÅËÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ.
ÌÀÓÀËÀÆÄ ÃÀÊÅÉÒÅÄÁÀÌ ÝáÀÃÚÏ, ÒÏÌ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÂÀÒÊÅÄÖËÉ
ÓÉÔÚÅÉÓ ÉÒÂÅËÉÅ ÛÄØÌÍÉË ×ÒÀÆÄÏËÏÂÉÖÒ ÛÄÓÉÔÚÅÄÁÄÁÓ ÌÏÞÌÄ
ØÀÒÈÖË ÄÍÀÛÉ, áÛÉÒ ÛÄÌÈáÅÄÅÀÛÉ, ÀÒ ÂÀÀÜÍÉÀ ÒÉÝáÏÁÒÉÅÀà ÔÏËÉ
ÐÀÒÀËÄËÄÁÉ. ÒÏÃÄÓÀÝ ÀÒÀÌÏÍÀÈÄÓÀÅÄ ÄÍÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ áÃÄÁÀ ÛÄÃÀÒÄÁÀ,
ÄÓ ÂÀÒÊÅÄÖË ÊÉÈáÅÄÁÓ ÉÌÃÄÍÀà ÀÒ ÀÜÄÍÓ, ÌÀÂÒÀÌ ÒÏÃÄÓÀÝ
ÌÏÍÀÈÄÓÀÅÄ ÄÍÀÈÀ ÓÉÔÚÅÀÈÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓ ÀÓÄÈÉ ÛÄÓÀÌÜÍÄÅÉ ÃÀ
ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÄÁÖËÉ ÓáÅÀÏÁÀÀ, ÄÓ ÖÊÅÄ ÂÀÓÀÊÅÉÒÉÀ ÃÀ, ÜÅÄÍÉ ÀÆÒÉÈ, Ö×ÒÏ
ÓÉÙÒÌÉÓÄÖË ÊÅËÄÅÀÓ ÌÏÉÈáÏÅÓ.

46
murman suxiSvili

ausla
auslau
lautis u dabo
dabolo
boloe
loebis Sesa
Sesaxeb
saxeb Zvel qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi

u xmovanze daboloebuli saxelebi Zvel qarTulSi, ro-

gorc wesi, erTmarcvliania da am erTaderT marcvals swored
-u qmnis; r u - , d r k u - , c r u - , y r u -  da misT. (gamo-
naklisia reduplicirebuli Z u Z u -  ). or- da metmarcvlian
fuZeTa auslautSi -u ukve Zvel qarTulSi ubrjgud (…) aris
qceuli: daT…-i, Tag…-i, iday…-i... (i. imnaiSvili 1957, 119-122).
u da … fonemaTa aseTi distribucia auslautSi erT- da
metmarcvlian fuZeebs Soris Zvel qarTulSi moqmedi maxviliT
unda yofiliyo gapirobebuli (gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965,
Sdr., uTurgaiZe 1976).
fuZis bolokidur (a, e, o, u) xmovanTagan qarTulSi, ro-
gorc cnobilia, u-s garda yvela xmovani gvevlineba mawarmoe-
beli sufiqsis rolSi, auslautis u fonemis derivaciuli
funqcia ki miCqmalulia, _ is Ziriseuladac gaiazreba: `es
fuZeebi martivi Cans, bolokiduri fuZiseuli xmovani Zireu-
lad miiCneva, magram sakmarisia zogi maTgani gavaanalizoT qar-
Tveluri enebis CvenebaTa gamoyenebiT, rom xsenebul fuZeTa
simartive saeWvo gaxdes~ (Ciqobava 1942, 6).
yru- da drku- sityvebSi SedarebiTi analizis Sedegad
bolokiduri -u gamonawevrdeba, oRond erT SemTxvevaSi amo-
savlad saxelis fuZe (yur-) moiazreba: yur- > *yur-u > yr-u
(Ciqobava 1938; 1942, Tofuria 1940, klimovi 1964...), meore
SemTxvevaSi _ zmnuri fuZe: *derk-u > drk-u (Ciqobava 1942),
*drek-u > drk-u an drk-a > drk-u (uTurgaiZe 1976).
auslautis u xmovnis sufiqsuroba ufro gamokveTilia
iseT erTmarcvlian fuZeebTan, romelTac zedsarTauli (resp.
mimReoburi) mniSvneloba aqvT: ksu-, `uxeSi~, brku- `blu~,
cru- `tyuili; matyuara~ da sxv. (Sdr., sagnobrivi mniSvnelo-
bis aRmniSvneli erTmarcvliani bu- / buv-i, ru- / ruv-i, Tum-
ca am ukanasknelSi sagnobrivis garda zmnuri (moqmedebis Sede-

47
gis `Rru~, `xvreli~) mniSvnelobac gamoixateba, Sdr.: `nawlev-
ni Seiwynareben r u v T a Sina maTTa nivTsa, mas uSuersa... da
mier gansTxeven~. m. sw. 176, 24.
Zveli Tu axali qarTuli enis masalis safuZvelze -u su-
fiqsad gamoiyofa Semdeg erTmarcvlian fuZeebSi: br-u, Rrj-u
(fenrixi, sarjvelaZe 2000), dRl-u (klimovi 1976), bnd-u,
dRl-u, Rrj-u (jorbenaZe 1980) da sxv. am formantis realu-
roba upiratesad rogorc qarTul, aseve zanur da svanur
zmnur fuZeebTan SepirispirebiT mowmdeba, Sdr.: br-u _ br-
un-av-s, megr. bur-in-i, Rrj-u _ Rrej-s, svan. li-Rj-ˆn-e, dRl-u
_ dRl-ez-s, megr. dRul-af-a, Wan. o-ndRul-u, bnd-u _ bned-s
da sxv. dialeqturi (xevs.) zirw-u `wivil-kiviliT Secxadeba~
formalurad da semantikuradac aseve zmnuri Zrwun fuZis va-
rianti Cans (arabuli 2001).
qarTul-zanur doneze rekonstruirebul martiv *yur- da
warmoqmnil *yur-u saxelebis zanuri variantebis gansxvavebu-
li fonematuri Sedgeniloba (‡uj-i da ‡ur-u) gamoricxavs
megr. ‡ur-u (`regveni~ < `yru~) derivaciuli formisaTvis amo-
savlad *‡ur- Zirs: megrulsa da WanurSi saxelur fuZeTa aus-
lautSi r > j-s (palatalizacia -i i formantis zegavleniT), Sdr.:
saerTo-qarTv. *yur- qarT. yur-i : megr./Wan. ‡uj-i; saxeluri ‡ur-
Ziridan warmoebis SemTxvevaSi megrulSi ‡ur-u-s nacvlad mosa-
lodneli iyo *‡uj-u (Sdr.: megr. ‡uj-a `regveni~, Wan. ‡uja
`yru~); amasTan, sadavo Cans qarT. yru-s yur- saxeluri fuZis re-
ducirebuli (*yr-u < *yur-u) formidan momdinareobis sakiTxic,
radganac istoriulad qarTulSi mxolod or- da metmarcvliani
saxeluri fuZeebi ikumSeboda (uTurgaiZe 1976).
ase rom, sacilobeli SeiZleba gaxdes qarT. yru da megr.
‡uru derivaciul formaTa ara marto amosavali fuZis rao-
bis, aramed am formaTa genetikuri mimarTebis sakiTxic.
calkeul fuZeTa istoriul-SedarebiTi analizi saerTo-
qarTvelur doneze auslautis -u-s formantiseulobas da am-
gvar fuZeTa zmnur warmomavlobas mianiSnebs, Sdr.: qarT. RrZ-
u / RrZ-o : svan. Rij-u bq., lSx. `daRrejili~, li-Rj-ˆn-e `gaRi-
zianeba~ (Cuxua 2000-2003).

48
Tea teteloSvili

transla
translaci
slacias
ciasTan
asTan dakav
dakavSi
kavSire
Sirebu
rebuli
buli ramde
ramdeni
denime
nime
saki
sakiTxi
kiTxisa
TxisaTvis
saTvis

termin transla
translaci
slaciiT
ciiT aRiniSneba gramatikuli movlena,
romlis drosac `srulmniSvnelovani sityva erTi gramatikuli
klasidan gadadis meoreSi~. sityvis `klasi~ da funqcia imde-
nad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, rom `klasis~
cvlileba iwvevs sityvis funqciis cvlilebas da _ piriqiT.
transla
translaci
slaciis
ciis vrceli enaTmecnieruli Seswavla dakavSire-
bulia frangi mecnieris _ lusien tenieris _ saxelTan. qar-
Tul lingvistikaSi termin transla
translaci
slaciis
ciis saxeliT aRniSnuli
gramatikuli movlenis Seswavlas arcTu ise xangrZlivi isto-
ria aqvs da sul ramdenime naSroms moicavs. Tumca isic unda
iTqvas, rom is gramatikuli saSualebebi, romlebic gamoiyene-
ba transalciisTvis, araerTi qarTveli gramatikosis Seswav-
lis obieqti gamxdara.
translaciis kvlevisas ikveTeba garkveuli sakiTxebi, rom-
lebic, Cveni azriT, sainteresoa ara marto translaciis
srulyofili SeswavlisaTvis, aramed zogi gramatikuli Sexe-
dulebis gansxvavebul WrilSi warmoCenisTvisac.
sityvis translirebisTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc morfo-
logiuri elementebi (translativebi), ise sintaqsuri saSua-
lebebi. magaliTad:
• sityva `qudisgan~ maadieqtivebeli translativis _-ian
ian-
ian
qud-i → qud-
is _ darTviT viRebT adieqtivs: qud- qud-ian-
ian-i _
substantivi → adieq
substanti
stantivi adieqti
eqtivi
tivi (translaciis morfologiuri
saSualeba);
• winadadebaSi `me gaTamamebuli var lama
lamaze
mazebi
zebisa
bisagan
sagan~
gan (qegl,
t. IV) adieqtivi gvevlineba substantivis funqciiT, masasa-
dame, gasubstantivebulia (translaciis sintaqsuri saSua-
leba).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, daismis kiTxva: sad aris
translaciis adgili _ morfologiasa Tu sintaqsSi?

49
 Tu davuSvebT, rom translaciis SemTxvevaSi mocemuli si-
tyva icvlis funqcias, romel metyvelebis nawils unda miva-
kuTvnoT translirebuli varianti? magaliTad, zemomoyvanil
winadadebSi (`me gaTamamebuli var lama
lamaze
mazebi
zebisa
bisagan
sagan~)
gan dadasture-
buli sityva-forma `la lama
lamaze
mazebis
zebisgan
bisgan~
gan zedsarTav saxelad unda
ganvixiloT Tu arsebiTad?
am da translirebul formaTa Seswavlisas gamokveTil ki-
dev ramdenime sxva sakiTxs vrclad gavaanalizebT moxsenebaSi.

Лариса Тупцокова

О некоторых глагольных частицах

адыгейского языка

Глагольные частицы адыгейского языка не являлись предметом

специального монографического исследования. Этому вопросу уде-
лялось внимание, например, в некоторых научных исследованиях и
статьях З.И. Керашевой, М.А.Кумахова, Б.М. Берсирова, в «Грамматике
адыгейского языка» Г.В. Рогава и З.И. Керашевой… Однако, по сей
день остается целый ряд нерешенных вопросов по изучению глагольных
частиц.
Так, нет единого мнения ученых – языковедов и в самом их
определении. М.А. Кумахов выделяет их как глагольные суффиксы.
Глагольные суффиксы, хотя многие их них непродуктивны или
малопродуктивны, разнообразны в функциональном отношении (с. 245).
Другие авторы (Г.В Рогава и З.И, Керашева в «Грамматике адыгейского
языка») называют их глагольными частицами. Здесь дается наиболее
полная характеристика фунциональных особенностей глагольных
частиц и описываются их словоизменительные способности. Г.В. Рогава
и З. И. Керашева в своей грамматике коснулись не всех глагольных
частиц адыгейского языка, а также вопроса их продуктивности. Тамже
авторы рассматривают именные частицы -гъуай (-гъуей), -гъош1у
(-гъуаф1э), -к1ай (-к1ей) и др.
Нужно отметить семантически важную особенность глагольных
частиц – их связь с категорией модальности, то есть, выражения
эмоциональной оценки говорящего к объективной действительности.

50
 Глагольные частицы, не выделенные в литературе, можно раз-
делить на три группы.
1) Фонетические варианты рассмотренных глагольных частиц:
-х-: сыуук1ыгъа-х «ты меня уже убил» (Нэмык1
къыхэмыгъэхьажьми сыуук1ыгъах, Зура. «Если даже не добавишь еще
чего-то, ты и так меня уже убил, Зура.» (Ю.Т.). Имеет значение
завершенности. М.А Кумахов определяет –х- как суффикс глагола.
-к1ае-: иш1угъо-к1ае-у «довольно зажиточно» (Василь ятэ иунагъо
иш1угъок1аеу псэущтыгъэ. «Семья отца Василя жила довольно
зажиточно» (Т.К.). Имеет увеличительную (амплификативную) функ-
цию. Г.В. Рогава и З.И. Керашева включают –к1ай- в глагольные
частицы.
-го-: ыш1э-го-рэп «пока не знает» (Джыри ешак1э ыш1эгорэп.
«Он пока не знает, как надо удить» (Т.К.). Ограничительная функция
«пока» (ограничивает продолжительность действия финитного глагола).
-къу-: сыхэу-къу-агъ « я ошибся» (Ащ нахь ш1у1уа1ок1э
сыпщыгугъыщтыгъ, ау сыхэукъуагъ. «Я надеялся, что ты будешь
лучше, но я ошибся» (Ю.Т.). Показывает ошибочность, неудачность
характера действия.
2) Глагольные частицы с отличной семантикой:
-хэ-: уфэя-хэ-п «ты совершенно не хочешь». (... О уафэулэуныр
уик1ас, ау уиныбджэгъу горэ бгъэулэунк1э уфэяхэп. « Ты любишь для
них хлопотать,но совершенно не хочешь беспокоить кого-нибудь из
друзей (Ю.Т.).». Имеет значение категоричности, оттенок несогласия.
-к1ы-: хэлъэщы-к1ы «он прихрамывает». (Ныом ылъэгъурэр
к1элэ ищыгъ, лъэпэ-лъаг, к1опц1э нэгу, костюм ч1ыпц1э
щыгъ,1элъэныкъомк1э чемоданыр ы1ыгъ, адрэ 1эм плащ п1уак1эр
едзэк1ыгъ, къыхэмыщыпэу, ау гуфаплъэу, уеплъыпэмэ хэпш1ык1эу
хэлъэщык1ы. «Старушка видит подтянутого молодого человека,
стройного, смуглолицего, одет в темный костюм, в одной руке держит
чемодан, через другую перекинут черный плащ, едва заметно, но
присмотревшишь видно, что он заметно прихрамывает (Т.К.)».
Некоторые глагольные основы на к1ы (ик1ын, хэк1ын) потеряли свое
первоначальное значение глагола и выполняют функции частиц.
3) Нововыявленные глагольные частицы:
-ие-, -ые-, -ия-: и1эн-ие-ба «есть же», агъэш1эгъон –ые-п «не
удивились бы», щысэбгъэлъэгъун-ия «ты мне там разве показал бы»
(Гъунэ горэ и1эниеба, мазэ мэхъушъ гъогум сытет. «Есть же какой-то
предел этому, уже месяц, как я на дороге» (Ю.Т.).
-я-: плъэк1ынхэ- я «ну разве ты смог бы» (Ау мощ фэдэ унагъом
щебгъэ1эзэнхэ плъэк1ынхэя! - уцыр щытзэ къошыным игъухьажьыгъ.

51
«Ну разве ты смог бы в такой семье ее лечить! – стоя в кувшине
растение завяло» (Т.К.). Оттенок сожаления.
-а-: сытебгъэт1ысхьана «ты разве посадишь меня на коня» (- Адэ
шым сытебгъэт1ысхьана? – ы1уагъ к1алэм. «Ты разве посадишь меня на
коня? – сказал парень» (Адыгские сказки).

rostom fareuliZe

Seda
Sedare
darebi
rebiTi
biTi `brunvis
brunvis~
vis~ saki
sakiTxi
kiTxisa
TxisaTvis
saTvis CeCnur
CeCnurSi
nurSi

specialuri literaturis mixedviT CeCnurSi gamoyofilia

rva brunva: saxelobiTi, naTesaobiTi, micemiTi, ergativi, Tana-
obiTi, ganmsWvalviTi, SedarebiTi da mimarTulebiTi (p. usla-
ri, d. imnaiSvili, i. iakovlevi, i. deSerievi...).
am brunvaTagan pirveli oTxi miCneulia ZiriTad brunvad,
danarCeni oTxi ki _ Tandebulianad. ZiriTadi brunvebi gamo-
xataven sintaqsur urTierTobebs, Tandebulianebi sivrcobrivi
urTierTobebis gamomxatveli brunvebia.
Cveni azriT, e. w. SedarebiTi ar warmoadgens brunvis
formas. igi gamoxatavs sagnis sxva saganTan tolobas an me-
tnaklebobas da iwarmoeba -l formantiT. mag.:
sax. govr `cxeni~
Sed. govr-a-l `cxenisodena~, `cxenze~ (meti an naklebi)
sax. Cim `fifqi~, `ferfli~
Sed. Cim-a-l `fifqisodena~, `ferflisodena~, `fifqze~ (me-
ti an naklebi), `ferflze~ (meti an naklebi)...
saxelis am formas aqvs -(a)lla alomorfic, romelsac
tolobis aRniSvnis funqcia aqvs.
rogorc magaliTebidan Cans, -l formantis funqcia aris
Sedarebis gamoxatva, igi warmoqmnis elementia da Tandebuleb-
Tan kavSiri ara aqvs.
maSasadame, CeCnurSi SedarebiTi `brunvis~ forma brunvas
ar warmoadgens, igi amosaRebia brunvaTa paradigmidan.

52
naTela fartenaZe

SavSu
SavSuris
Suris sintaq
sintaqsur
taqsur Tavi
Tavise
visebu
sebure
bureba
rebaTa
baTa Sesa
Sesaxeb
saxeb

SavSuri metyveleba metad saintereso suraTs iZleva sin-

taqsuri TvalsazrisiT. es gansakuTrebiT exeba msazRvrel-sa-
zRvrulis urTierTobasa da qvemdebare-Semasmenlis ricxvSi
Sewyobis sakiTxebs, Tumca arc qvemdebarisa da damateba-obieq-
tebis sintaqsuri konstruqciebia umniSvnelo, am kuTxiTac sa-
kmaod saintereso suraTi ikveTeba.
1. msazRvr
msazRvrel
zRvrel-
el-sazRvru
sazRvruli
zRvruli.
li. SavSuri metyvelebisTvis Ziri-
Tadad damaxasiaTebelia msazRvrel-sazRvrulis prepoziciuri
wyoba. atributul msazRvrelad ar arse
sebi
sebiTi
bi saxe
Ti saxeli
xe li iSviaTad
gvxvdeba:
zedsar
zed sarTa
sarTavvi sa
Ta saxe
xel
xeli xSirad fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili
rogorc saxelobiT, aseve moTxrobiTsa da naTesaobiT brunveb-
Si:
`Tu koWl TemuTemuri
muri ara mosqovic osmalusa iyo~; `gogov,
gogov faciav axal kabakaba gacvia~; `elaparaka iman did vincxa
vincxama
cxama
uTxra qi gouSviTo~; `Zvel insneb
insnebma
snebma icodnen baTumi, Cevidod-
nen, mevidodnen~; `Zvel
Zvel muxtris
muxtris qalia, is alaparakeT axla,
Cemidan geyofian~...
gvaqvs pirdapiri wyobis iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca micemiT
brunvaSi fuZis saxiT warmodgenil msazRvrels sazRvruli yo-
velTvis fuZis saxiT ewyoba:
`Cve
Cvene
Cvenebur
nebur kac uTqvams, raze mieci qalio?~; `muxis rko ma-
garia, isac magaria, ixlamuli, yviTel
yviTel CiCeg
CiCeg isxams~; `erqeqali
cota diduani arian, is hazir martiv
martiv Tafl Wams~...
igive suraTi gvaqvs ricxvi
ricxviTi
cxviTi saxe
saxeliT
xeliT gadmocemul msa-
zRvrelTan:
`eskobars etyvian, or welwad
welwad eskeri viyav, jari-gia?~;
`TxuT
TxuTmet
TxuTmet dRe dadgeboda, hama isa adga axla~...
gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevac, rodesac micemiT brunvaSi mdga-
ri msazRvreli sazRvruls nawilobriv eTanxmeba:

53
 `am dro, ani, erTi
erTi litra
litra Zes am dro imdeni qi yaSuRi,
kovzi iani mawonSi Cadev, ameiRe, Sayeneb, iani~...
gvxvdeba Taviseburi Sewyobis SemTxvevac, micemiT brunvaSi,
roca msazRvreli unda iyos warmodgenili fuZis saxiT da sa-
zRvruli irTavdes brunvis niSans, SavSurSi piriqiT gvxvdeba,
gaurkveveli raodenobis aRmniSvneli msazRvreli dairTavs
brunvis niSans, sazRvruli ki fuZis saxiTaa: `ucocxlian
bevrs xalx aq~...
nacval
na cvalsa
cval saxel
saxelTa
xel Tagan
Ta gan atributul msazRvrelad xSirad
gvxvdeba kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi. SavSurSi pirveli pi-
ris kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi (rogorc mxolobiTi, aseve
mravlobiTi ricxvis) saxelobiT, moTxrobiTsa da micemiT
brunvaSi TiTqmis ar dairTavs brunvis niSans, is ZiriTadad
fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili. kerZod:
`oTuzbeS Tane CujuRlar akiTxvina Cem kacma kacma~;
ma `erTi
mogvZebna fasaforTiT, Cem siZem
siZem moZebna, or-sami welia~...
aris SemTxveva, rodesac kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli mo-
TxrobiT brunvaSi gaformebulia saxelobiTi brunvis niSniT.
`Ce
Cemi
Cemi babo
baboma
boma imiyvana, avaT viyavi~...
SeiZleba orive nawili fuZis saxiT iyos warmodgenili:
`axla xarebi marto Cem simamr
simamr yavs~; `Cem
Cem mamam
mamamTil
mamTil qali
yavda, gadmodian, gaqucven da wadian~...
inversiuli wyoba gacilebiT naklebia, isic im SemTxvevaSi,
roca msazRvreli ricxviTi saxelia:
`Svi
Svili
Svili oTxi Tane myavs~; `xevwuruli anai myavs, Zma erTi erTi
Tane~...
substan
substanti
stantiu
tiuri msazRvre
msazRvreli
zRvreli.
li SavSur metyvelebaSi substan-
tiuri msazRvreli umetesad prepoziciuria. xSiria substan-
tiuri msazRvreli brunvis niSnis Tanxmovandakarguli formiT
Sewyoba saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgar sazRvrulTan:
`ver mevgone did saxli, kldi Tavi Tavi~;
vi `lobio aris agaru-
lai, xaSri
xaSri lobio
lobio~...
bio
aseTi formebis gverdiT gvxvdeba fuZis saxiT warmodgeni-
li substantiuri msazRvrelic: `ara aq, ara simind simind koto
kotori
tori~...
ri

54
 iSviaTia piruku SemTxvevebi, roca micemiT brunvaSi msa-
zRvreli srulad dairTavs brunvis niSans, magram sazRvrulia
fuZis saxiT warmodgenili:
`yrali suli udis anwlis anwlis furcel
furcel~...
cel
inversiuli wyoba umetesad gvaqvs maSin, roca sazRvruli
Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilia:
`kaxiZeebi naTe
naTesa
Tesavia
savia Cemi
Cemi~;
mi `Cveni cixea
cixea bazgi
bazgire
gireTi
reTisa
Tisa~
sa ...
2. qvemde
qvemdeba
debari
barisa
risa da Semas
Semasmen
masmenlis
menlis ricxv
ricxvSi
cxvSi SeTan
SeTanxme
Tanxmeba
xmeba
Semasmeneli mravlobiTSia qvemdebaresTan iseT SemTxveveb-
Si, sadac unda yofiliyo mxolobiTSi da piriqiT, mxolobiT-
Sia, roca unda Sewyoboda mravlobiTis formiT:
`Cemi simam
simamri
mamri axla izmiT arian arian~...
an `qe
qeri
qeri,
ri, budRa-furnesi qi
acxoben, TeTri, wiTelic arian arian~...
an `aq arvin
arvin ar darCedarCebi
rCebian
bian~;
an
`ara
aravin
aravin ar arian arian iqa axla~... `xal xalxi
xalxi vin arianarian es kidi iqa?~;
`jibis Terefis maya mayari
ya ri fuls gadaay
gada ayri
rian
ayrianan~... `aq Teli
Teli gurji
gurji
arian
arian~;
an `eski mileTi arian, Teli Teli kai arian
arian~.
an `TurqeTSi bevri bevri
xalxi
xalxi cxovro
cxovroben
roben~;
ben `bevbevri
bevri xalxi
xalxi meiy
meiyre
iyrebi
rebian
bian~...
an `bev
bevri
bevri gadmo-
gadmo-
vden,
vden Taqsi qveSeSeTSi gadaxta, amavyvaneT~; `xuTi komli rCe-
bian, bevri
bevri wadiwadian
dian~...
an `wa
wadi
wadian
dian rZal-
rZal-Svili
Svili~;
li `dedamdedamTil
damTil-
Til-mama
mama-
ma-
Til ar yavs, memik memikden
mikden~...`TqvenSi
den hastne
hastnebi
tnebi aris?~;
aris `iqidan
gadmovdo
gadmovdoda
vdoda buRe buRebi
Rebi deiWedebodnen mierevoda, Sevdoden mo-
revSi~...
qvemde
3. qvem deba
de baris
ba brunve
ris brun vebi
ve bi.. icis
bi icis’ znasTan qvemdebare gvxvde-
ba saxelobiT brunvaSi: `xo xoja
xo ja (=xojam) icis gurjuli...~. xSiria
gardauval zmnasTan qvemdebaris ergatiuli konstruqcia:
`daTv
daTvma
daTv ma da ge geleb
lebma
leb ma meerivnen...~; `douStvineT, ukan me meiq
iqca
iqca
xoja
xo jama
ja ma~~... datiur konstruqciebSi qvemdebare umetesad fuZis
ma
saxiTaa warmodgenili: `erTi meriemaÎ yofila, daTv mu muu pa--
upa
ravs da baRvi yolia...~; `de dedab
de dabreb
dab reb uTuTqmi
qmian
qmi an, baboi gvyavda iqa,
an
momkdara iq~... pirdapiri damateba pirvel seriaSi nacvlad mi-
cemiTi brunvisa gvxvdeba saxelobiTi brunvis formiT an fu-
Zis saxiT. iribi damateba ki umetesad fuZis saxiT: `SorvebSi
kakal
ka kal ar gu guu revT...~; `marto yar
urevT yarTof
Tof vTe vTesavT
savT, si
savT simind
mind ar

55
vTesavT
vTesavT,
savT wamali ar gvaq...~; `ima araferi ar qvia, ima suji suji
etyvian
etyvi an...~; `kacebi fuli
an fuli gayri
gayrian
yrian,
an wevlen...~; `Tqven WamT Rori
xorci
xor ci?...~; `me ve
ci vela
lapa
la pari
pa rike
ri kebo
kebodi
bo di Cem dedam
dedamTil
damTil,
Til, mamam
mamamTil
mamTil.
Til...~;
`qa
qaTam
qa Tam ras etyviT, qa Tam?|~... aseve gvxvdeba ubralo damtebis
qaTam
Tam
Tandebulian formaTa monacvleoba: `kroWebSi, qilikebSi ko-
lofeb akeTeben Se SeSi
Sidan
Si dan~; `daT
dan daTvi
daT vidan
vi dan eSinia, gaqceva undoda,
da ver wasula~...

naTia foniava

Tanxmo
Tanxmovan
xmovanTkom
vanTkompleq
Tkompleqse
pleqsebi
sebi abazur
abazur zmnur Zireb
ZirebSi
rebSi

abazur zmnur ZirebSi realizebul TanxmovanTkompleqsebs

ganvixilavT sinqroniuli aspeqtiT. masala moviZieT v. tugovis
redaqtorobiT gamocemuli `abazur-rusuli leqsikonidan~.
masalis analizma gviCvena, rom erTi morfemis farglebSi
abazur zmnur ZirebSi gvxvdeba samwevra (a-la-r-CC-ra
 `daxve-
va~) da oTxwevra (a--TTT-ra `TuxTuxi~) bgeraTmimdevrobe-
bic, magram yvelaze gavrcelebulia orsegmentiani kompleqsebi.
abazur zmnur ZirebSi, distribuciuli TvalsazrisiT,
gamoiyofa anlautis, auslautisa da intervokaluri poziciis
TanxmovanTkompleqsebi.
abazurSi gvxvdeba oden Tanxmovnebisgan Semdgari zmnuri
-Äa-ra

Zirebic. maTSi Sedis rogorc identurfonemiani (a-l-
`garecxva~), ise araidunturfonemiani bgeraTmimdevrobebi (wa-
fy-ra `raRacis ZirSi moWra~), Tumca maTi nawili miRebulia
fy
W-ra
CVC struqturis ZirTa inlautis xmovnis reduqciiT (
W
W-r `id~).
`WmuWna~ (Sdr. afx. a-
identurTanxmovnian ZirebSi ar monawileoben sonorebi
da sonantebi.

56
 anlautSic, identurfonemiani jgufebis garda, warmodge-
nilia araidenturfonemiani jgufebi, romlebic qmnian harmoni-
ul (aba-r-fx
fxa-ra
fx `erTmaneTis gaTboba~) da araharmoniul Tan-
xmovanTkompleqsebs (-la-kka-ra `cema raRaciT~).
abazuric, afxazuris msgavsad, upiratesobas aniWebs Tan-
xmovanTa decesiur SeerTebas.
abazur zmnur ZirebSi bgeraTkomleqsebi yvelaze gavrcele-
bulia anlautSi, SedarebiT naklebad inlautsa da auslaut-
Si. samive poziciis TanxmovanTkompleqsebis dawvrilebiTi ana-
lizi moxsenebaSi iqneba warmodgenili.

Wabuki qiria

myofa
myofadis
fadis wre lazur
lazurSi
zurSi

1. megrulSi, qarTulis analogiurad, pirveli seriis

zmnuri formebisTvis gamoyofen or wres: awmyosa da myofa-
dis.
specialuri literaturis mixedviT lazuri myofadi kav-
SirebiTi meorisgan -re an minon
minon/
non/ginon
ginon/
non/unon elementebis darT-
viT nawarmoebi nakvTia: pWara
pWarare
rare/
re/para
parami
raminon
minon...
non... `davwer~
amave dros SeniSnulia, rom produqtiulia awmyo awmyo+
myo+zmnis-
zmnis-
wini
wini warmoeba myofadis gamosaxatavad, Tumca am garemoebas yu-
radReba ar eqceva paradigmebis warmodgenisas, rac Cveni az-
riT, ar aris logikuri: Tu gvaqvs forma forma,
ma, am formas
formas saTa
saTana
Tana-
na-
do adgi
adgili
gili unda
unda mivu
mivuCi
vuCinoT
CinoT siste
sistema
temaSi
maSi.
Si. CvenTvis myofa
myofadis
fadis na-
na-
kvTia zmniswi
zmniswini
wini+
ni+awmyo
awmyo (dopWarum `davwer~), xolo pWara pWara-
ra-
re/
re/pWara
pWarami
raminon
minon modalurelementiani kavSirebiTi meorea (amas-
Tan dakavSirebiT ix. Cveni: myofadis nakvTis statusisaTvis
lazurSi (WanurSi), saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XII, Tb. 2002).
2. lazurSi unda gamoiyos myofa myofadis
fadis xolme
xolmeo
meobiTis
biTis na-
kvTic, _ imave martivi mizezis gamo: gvaqvs saTa
saTana
Tanado
nado forme
formebi
mebi

57
(warmoebis meqanizmi aqac qarTulisa da megrulis analogiu-
ria _ zmniswi
zmniswini
wini+
ni+ uwyvete
uwyveteli
teli),
li mag.:
...ne viT manaTi gomdi
gomdinup
dinupti
nupti (Ciq., I, 950); `arc aT maneTs
davkargavdi~;
Wita enveriq biTTum koCi-na Ziatu, nena gaman gamanTxip
manTxiptu
Txiptu,
tu, To-
lefe gamug
gamugzap
mugzaptu
zaptu da owkertu (Ciq., I, 486)
`patara enveri yovelTvis kacs rom naxavda, enas gamouyof-
da, Tvalebs gadmokarklavda (`gamounTebda~) da uyurebda~;
doi
doiyura
yurati
ratiko
tikoni
koni...
ni... ÎeSqur
eSqurdu
qurdutu
dutu do melap
melaptu
laptu (Ciq., I, 444);
`rom dameyvira, SeSindeboda da Camovardeboda .
3. qarTulisa da megrulis analogiuria viTareba myofa myofa-
fa-
dis kavSi
kavSire
SirebiT
rebiTTan
biTTan dakavSirebiTac, mag.:
Cqin-Ti dixa mo mefCap
mefCaptaT
fCaptaT faraTe (yifS., 6); `Cvenc miwas
nu mivyidideT (mivcemdeT)~;
Cqin var gamafCaT-Si, Cqini dixaSa ÎeriSa Turqi var mu-
lun do Cqin-Ti dixa mo mefCaf mefCaftaT
fCaftaT faraTe! (yifS., 6); `Cven
Tu ar gavyidiT, Cvens miwaze, Cvens adgilebze Turqi ar mova,
da Cvenc miwas nu gavyidideT~ (nu mivcemdeT fuliT)~;
si mo gaSqu
gaSquri
Squrine
rinetas
netas,
tas, divis Cqimde muT var axenen (diumez.,
64); `Sen nu SegeSindebodes, devi me verafers mizams~;
mTel koCef WumaniS haq okibRan, ar-TeR oxor-muSis mo
dosqi
dosqidu
qidutaz
dutaz-ia
taz (diumez., 72); `yvela kaci xval aq Seiyaros,
erTic ki Tavis saxlSi ar darCebodeso~;
4. lazurSi dasturdeba myofa myofadis
fadis piro
pirobi
robiTis
biTis nakvTis maga-
liTebic:
em vaxTis man okiTxu do oWaru qomiCqomiCqu
miCqutu
qutuko
tukoni
koni,
ni, ne viT ma-
naTi gomdinupti do baSforTi-Ti ordo doviqifti (Ciq., I,
95); `maSin me rom wera da kiTxva mcodnoda, arc aT maneTs
davkargavdi da pasportsac male aviRebdi (`gavakeTebdi~).
uTole qoCiq Tqveren: `ar Toli qomi qomiRu
miRutu
Rutuko
tukoÎ
koÎa~-Si, Ror-
moTiq sum qomuCuSi, varTi xvamu (xalx. 252); `usinaTlo (uT-
valo) kacs uTqvams: erTi Tvali mqonodao da RmerTma sami
rom misca, arc daloca~.

58
 dunÎas muT var minon, bere-Cqimi taxti-Cqimiz na gelaxeda-
sen qomeC
qomeCqi
meCqitu
qituko
tuko-Îa
ko (diumez., 40); `amqveynad araferi minda, Ce-
mi Svili Cems taxtze rom mcodnodao~;
amgvarad, myofa
myofadis
fadis wris nakvTe
nakvTebi
kvTebi ara mxolod
mxolod qarTul
qarTulsa
Tulsa
da megrul
megrulSi
grulSi,
Si, aramed
aramed lazur
lazurSic
zurSic dastur
dasturde
turdeba
deba.
ba.
lazuri zmnis formaTa paradigmaSi warmosadgenia myofa myofa-
fa-
dis piro
pirobi
robiTis
biTis nakvTic, rac aqamde mxolod megrulis speci-
fikad miiCneoda.

xaTuna yandaSvili

mraval
mravalgzi
valgziso
gzisobis
sobis gamoxat
gamoxatva
xatva Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi
(k. gamsa
gamsaxur
msaxurdi
xurdia
diasa da m.
m. java
javaxiS
vaxiSvi
xiSvilis
vilis prozis
prozis
mixed
mixedviT
xedviT)
viT)

Zveli qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove qarTulSi

ar arsebobs mravalgzisobis morfologiuri gamoxatva, mra-
valgzisoba ZiriTad aRweriTad gamoixateba: xolme, mraval-
gzis, mudam da a. S. leqsikuri erTeulebis meSveobiT.
saanalizo masalad SevarCieT k. gamsaxurdias `didostatis
marjvena~, `xogais mindia~ da m. javaxiSvilis `TeTri sayelo~
imitom, rom am nawarmoebebSi moqmedeba xdeba im enobriv are-
alSi, sadac mravalgzisoba gamoixateba morfologiurad. Ggva-
interesebs, Tu gamoiyeneben avtorebi xolmeobiTis arqaul an
dialeqtur formebs mravalgzisobis gamosaxatavad.
k. gamsaxurdia `didostatis marjvenasa~ da `xogais mindia-
Si~ ZiriTadad aRweriT warmoebas mimarTavs. mravalgzisoba,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, `xolme~ nawilakis meSveobiT gamoixateba,
romelic ZiriTadad awmyos, uwyvetlisa da I TurmeobiTis
formebs daerTvis:
`didostatis marjvena~:

59
 awmyo
awmyo:
myo:
`cxeni gulTmisania, mxedris ganwyobilebas Seic
Seicnobs
icnobs xol-
xol-
me winaswar~.
uwyvete
uwyveteli
teli:
li:
`amas etyoda
etyoda xolme
xolme zviads: Senma mstovrebma Tu mudam
marTali Tqves, SimSilisagan amoswydebiano ucilod~.
I Turme
Turmeo
meobiTi
biTi:
Ti:
`aRmosavleTisken gadalala Rrublebi, Semodgomis ca mo-
iwminda da iseTi kaSkaSa mTvare daadga sveticxovels, rogorc
mina
minaxavs
naxavs xolme
xolme~.
me
mravalgzisoba gamoixateba leqsikuri erTeuliT _ `mra- mra-
valgzis
valgzis~
gzis~.
`zviadi sarkinozebTan nabrZoli iyo mraval
mravalgzis
valgzis~.
gzis
zogjer zemoaRniSnul TxzulebebSi mravalgzisoba gamoxa-
tulia uwyvetlis mwkrivis meSveobiT:
`damdnar erboSi davcu
davcurav
vcuravdiT
ravdiT da qeris ludiT viWyiviWyipe
Wyipe-
pe-
bodiT
bodiT~.
diT
`xogais mindiasa~ da `TeTr sayeloSi~ mwerlebs SesaZloa
gamoeyenebinaT xolmeobiTis mwkrivebi xevsuruli metyvelebis
iluziis Sesaqmnelad. k. gamsaxurdiam `xogais mindiaSi~ gamoi-
yena awmyos xolmeobiTis `arn~arn~ forma, magram aseTi formebi
ar gvxvdeba xevsurul dialeqtSi:
`qistebi raT arn usjulo, dedi, sru yvelas Tavsi rjuli aqv~.
m. javaxiSvilma `TeTr sayeloSi~ ramdenime SemTxvevaSi
gamoiyena II xolmeobiTis mwkrivis formebi:
`erTxel kidev movixede. koSkis Tavze mTvare amovi
amovidis
vidis~.
dis
am SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivi iqneboda, mwerals II Turmeobi-
Tis mwkrivi gamoeyeneina_ `amosu
amosuli
suliyo
liyo~
yo~. zmna `amovi
amovidis
vidis~
dis~ aras-
woradaa gamoyenebuli _ am SemTxvevaSi Sinaarsobrivad mra-
valgzisoba ar igulisxmeba.

60
nato S a v r e S i a n i, m e d e a saRliani

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ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÄÍÄÁÛÉ ÂÀÍÓÀáÉËÅÄËÉ ÃÀÌÏÊÉÃÄÁÖËÉ ßÉÍÀÃÀÃÄÁÀ
ÀÒÀÄÒÈÂÅÀÒÏÅÀÍ ÓÖÒÀÈÓ ÂÅÉÜÅÄÍÄÁÓ. ÓÀÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÏ ËÉÔÄÒÀÔÖÒÀÛÉ
ÂÀÌÏÈØÌÖËÉ ÌÏÓÀÆÒÄÁÉÓ ÈÀÍÀáÌÀà `àÀÍÖÒÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÖÜÅÄÖËÏÀ ÂÀÍ-
ÓÀÆÙÅÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÃÀÌÏÊÉÃÄÁÖËÉ ßÉÍÀÃÀÃÄÁÀ", ÒÀÝ ÀÒÍ. ÜÉØÏÁÀÅÀÓ ÀÆ-
ÒÉÈ ÓÀÅÓÄÁÉÈ ÂÀÓÀÂÄÁÉÀ, ÅÉÍÀÉÃÀÍ `ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ" ÓÉÔÚÅÉÈ ÃÀÊÀÅ-
ÛÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ßÉÍÀÃÀÃÄÁÀ ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉÝ ßÉÂÍÖÒÉ ßÀÒÌÏÛÏÁÉÓÀÀ ÃÀ áÀË-
áÖÒ ÌÄÔÚÅÄËÄÁÀÓ ÀÒ ÀáÀÓÉÀÈÄÁÓ. ÜÅÄÍÉ ÃÀÊÅÉÒÅÄÁÉÈ, ÍÀßÉËÏÁÒÉÅ
ÌÓÂÀÅÓÉ ÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÀÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉÝ, ÈÖÌÝÀ ÀÌ ÌáÒÉÅ ÆÄÌÏÓÅÀÍÖÒÓÀ ÃÀ
ØÅÄÌÏÓÅÀÍÖÒ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓÀÝ ÀÒÓÄÁÉÈÉ ÓáÅÀÏÁÀ ÛÄÉÍÉÛÍÄÁÀ.
ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÌÒÀÅÀË×ÄÒÏÅÀÍ ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÏËÏÂÉÖÒ ÌÀÓÀËÀÆÄ
ÃÀÊÅÉÒÅÄÁÀÌ ÀÜÅÄÍÀ, ØÅÄÌÏÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÉ, ÆÄÌÏÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ÃÉÀ-
ËÄØÔÄÁÉÓÀÂÀÍ ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÄÁÉÈ, ÂÀÍÓÀÆÙÅÒÄÁÉÈ ÃÀÌÏÊÉÃÄÁÖË ßÉÍÀ-
ÃÀÃÄÁÀÛÉ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀÝÅÀËÓÀáÄËÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÚÄÍÄÁÀÓ ÀÍÉàÄÁÄÍ ÖÐÉÒÀ-
ÔÄÓÏÁÀÓ. ÂÀÍÓáÅÀÅÄÁÀÀ ÈÅÉÈ ÆÄÌÏÓÅÀÍÖÒ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÓ ÛÏÒÉÓÀÝ. ÖÍÃÀ
ÉÈØÅÀÓ, ÒÏÌ áÄÃæðÎ `ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ" ßÄÅÒ-ÊÀÅÛÉÒÉÓ ÂÀÌÏÚÄÍÄÁÀÓ
ÃÀÌÏÊÉÃÄÁÖË ßÉÍÀÃÀÃÄÁÀÛÉ ÁÀËÓØÅÄÌÏÖÒÉ ÀÛÊÀÒÀà ÈÀÅÓ ÀÒÉÃÄÁÓ
(ÉÛÅÉÀÈÀà ÂÀÌÏÚÄÍÄÁÉÓÀÓ ÊÉ ÖÍÀßÉËÀÊÏà ÂÀÌÏáÀÔÀÅÓ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÉ-
ÈÏÁÀÓ), ÒÉÈÀÝ ÉÂÉ ÌÊÅÄÈÒÀà ÄÌÉãÍÄÁÀ ÓáÅÀ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÓ, ÌÀÈ ÛÏÒÉÓ
ÜÏËÖÒÖËÓÀÝ, ÓÀÃÀÝ ÃÀÓÀáÄËÄÁÖËÉ ßÄÅÒ-ÊÀÅÛÉÒÉ ÂÀÁÀÔÏÍÄÁÖËÉÀ.
ÌÀÂ.:
ÌÉ ÄàÊðËÉÁ àðÛ ÌÉÒÃÀ, áÄÃÉ ÓÀÌ ÆÀæ áÄÊæÄÓ ÄÒÄ Ñ'ÏáæÉÍÂËÏæÀ
(ÁØ.) `ÌÄ ÉÓÄÈÉ ÌÄÖÙËÄ ÌÚÀÅÃÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÓÀÌÉ ßÄËÉ ÖÍÃÀ ÅÉÂËÏÅÏ
(`ÌÄ ÉÓ-ÚÀËÉÁ-É ÊÀÝ-É ÌÚÀÅÃÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÓÀÌ ßÄËÓ ÖÍÃÀ ÒÏÌ ÌÏ-Å-É-
ÂË-ÏÅ-Ï")...

61
 ÁÀËÓØÅÄÌÏÖÒ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÛÉ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉ äÉÐÏÔÀØÓÖÒÉ ßÉÍÀÃÀÃÄ-
ÁÄÁÉ ÀÍ ÖÊÀÅÛÉÒÏà ÂÅÄÅËÉÍÄÁÀ, ÀÍ ÓáÅÀ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÉÈÉ ÍÀÝÅÀË-
ÓÀáÄËÄÁÉ (ÄÓæÀ, ÄÒæÀ, Ìð `ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ" ÃÀ À. Û.) ÄÍÀÝÅËÄÁÀ. ÌÀÂ.:
ÀÒÃÀá ÄÛáÖ ÌÄÜÉ Äáæ-àðÛ, áÄÃæðÎÓ ÌÉÍÄ ÁÄÃÑÉ ÌðÃÌÀ
áÄÁÀÃÀÖÍÃÀá ÄÛáÖ ØÀÈÀËÓÄÒ (ËÍÔ., ÓÅÀÍ. ØÒÄÓÔ., 328:34-35) `ÉÚÅÍÄÍ
ÄÒÈÉ ÌÏáÖÝÉ ÝÏËØÌÀÒÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÈÀÝ ÀÒÀ×ÄÒÉ ÄÁÀÃÀÈ ÄÒÈÉ ØÀÈÌÉÓ
ÌÄÔÉ (`ÉÚÅÍÄÍ ÄÒÈÉ ÝÏË-ØÌÀÒÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝ ÌÀÈ ÁÄÃ-ÆÄ ÀÒÀ×ÄÒÉ
Ä-ÁÀÃ-À-È ÄÒÈÉ ØÀÈÌ-{ÉÓ} ÌÄÔÉ")
ÛÃÒ. ÁØ. ÀÒÃÀá ÄÛáÖ ÌÄÜÉ áÄáæ-àðÛ, ÄÓæðÎÓ ÌÀÌÀÂæÄÛ áÀÁÀÃéÍÃÀá
ÄÛáÖ ØÀÈÀËéÍØÀ `ÉÚÅÍÄÍ ÄÒÈÉ ÌÏáÖÝÉ ÝÏËØÌÀÒÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÈÀÝ
ÀÒÀ×ÄÒÉ ÄÁÀÃÀÈ ÄÒÈÉ ØÀÈÌÉÓ ÂÀÒÃÀ (`ÉÚÅÍÄÍ ÄÒÈÉ ÌÏáÖÝÉ
ÝÏËØÌÀÒÉ, ÅÉÓÀÝ ÀÒÀÓÀØÌÄ Ä-ÁÀÃ-À-È ÄÒÈÉ ØÀÈÌ-{ÉÓ} ÂÀÒÃÀ")
ËÉÌÆéÒ ÜÖ áÄÃæðÛÉ Äã ÌÄÆÂÀ, áÄÃæóÎ ÌÄÆÂÀÉÓÂÀ ÆÖÒêË ÜÖ
ÉÙæÑêË (ÁÆ., ÓÅÀÍ. ØÒÄÓÔ., 1978, 38:24-25) `ËÏÝÅÀ ÜÀÄÛËÄÁÀ áÏËÌÄ
ÉÌ ÏãÀáÓ, ÒÏÌÄË ÏãÀáÛÉÝ ØÀËÉ ÉÌÛÏÁÉÀÒÄÁÓ (`ËÏÝÅÀ ÃÀ-Ö-ÛÀÅ-Ã-ÄÁ-
À ÉÌ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÓ, ÒÏÌÄË ÌÏÓÀáËÄÛÉ{Ý} ØÀËÉ ÉÌÛÏÁÉÀÒÄÁÓ")
ÛÃÒ. ÁØ. ËÉÌÆéÒ ÜÖ áÄÃæðÛÉ Äã ÌÄÆÂÀ, Ìð ÌÄÆÂÀÉÓÂÀ ÆÖÒÀË ÜÖ
ÉÙæÑêË (ÁØ.) `ËÏÝÅÀ ÜÀÄÛËÄÁÀ áÏËÌÄ ÉÌ ÏãÀáÓ, ÒÏÌÄË ÏãÀáÛÉÝ
ØÀËÉ ÉÌÛÏÁÉÀÒÄÁÓ (`ËÏÝÅÀ ÃÀ-Ö-ÛÀÅ-Ã-ÄÁ-À ÉÌ ÌÏÓÀáËÄÓ, ÒÀ
ÌÏÓÀáËÄÛÉ{Ý} ØÀËÉ ÉÌÛÏÁÉÀÒÄÁÓ") ÃÀ ÓáÅ.
ÌÏáÓÄÍÄÁÀÛÉ ÓÒÖËÀà ÉØÍÄÁÀ ÂÀÍáÉËÖËÉ ÂÀÍÓÀÆÙÅÒÄÁÉÈÉ ÃÀÌÏ-
ÊÉÃÄÁÖËÉ ßÉÍÀÃÀÃÄÁÉÓ ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉ ÈÖ ßÄÅÒ-ÊÀÅÛÉÒÄÁÉ, ÀÂÒÄÈÅÄ,
ÌÈÀÅÀÒÉ ÃÀ ÃÀÌÏÊÉÃÄÁÖËÉ ßÉÍÀÃÀÃÄÁÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÍËÀÂÄÁÉÓ (ÊÏÌÁÉ-
ÍÉÒÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÜÀÒÈÅÉÓ) ÓÀáÄÄÁÉ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉÓ ÚÅÄËÀ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÉÓ (ÌÀÈ ÛÏ-
ÒÉÓ ÜÏËÖÒÖËÉ ÌÄÔÚÅÄËÄÁÉÓÀ ÃÀ ËÀáÀÌÖËÖÒÉ ÊÉËÏÊÀÅÉÓ) ÌÏÍÀ-
ÝÄÌÈÀ ÂÀÈÅÀËÉÓßÉÍÄÁÉÈ.

62
eTer Sengelia

olara
olara sityvis
sityvis warmomav
warmomavlo
mavlobi
lobisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
megrul
megrulSi
grulSi

megrulSi dasturdeba leqsikuri erTeuli olara

olara `sa-
ntimetri, sazomi~ (p. Waraia). mocemuli sityva nawarmoebia
lar-
lar fuZisagan, romelic qarTulis msgavsad, megrulSic ga-
vrcelebulia: megr. lar-i
lar `lari, simi abreSumisa; naqsovi sa-
rtyeli, xvanjari~ (a. qobalia).
lar-i
lar ixmareba gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac ― `swori~:
lari
larijgura
ri koCie `lariviT kacia~ (lariviT tani aqvs).
olara
olara daniSnulebis saxeli Cans, SeiZleba aRvadginoT
o- -ar
ar mawarmoebeli, sadac -ar ar sufiqsiseuli r dakarguli
unda iyos: *o o-lar
lar-ar
lar ar-.
ar
saanalizo fuZis Semcveli leqsikuri erTeulebi gvxvdeba
idiomatur gamoTqmaSic: olara
olaraia
raia || olara
olara nina
nina `grZeli ena~.
lar-
lar fuZe monawileobs zmnur formebSic: megr. lar-ua lar
`gasworeba, galarva, ficris gawyoba, blandva~ (a. qobalia);
lar-af-a
lar (giTo-lar
lar-af-a
lar _ saxeli giTaalaru(n) zmnisa - hki-
dia) (o. qajaia). lara
larafa
rafa forma gvaqvs gadataniTi mniSvnelo-
biT: lara
larafa
rafa nina
ninaSi
naSi `bevri, zedmeti laparaki~.
lar-
lar fuZisgan nawarmoebi Cans lar-a lar a `swori, vake adgi-
li, gaSlili saTibi, kanafis Sveula kalatozisa~ (a. qobalia).
lar-
lar rTuli sityvis Semadgeneli nawilia: larakvakva ―
larakvak
rakvakva
`lariviT swori da koxta~ (a. qobalia) ← lar-a
lar a `swori~ da
kvakva
kvakva `koxta~ formebisagan.

63
vaJa Sengelia

fragmen
fragmente
mentebi
tebi mogo
mogone
gonebi
nebidan
bidan akade
akademi
demikos
mikos
arnold
arnold Ciqo
Ciqoba
qobava
bavaze
vaze.
ze. XLVIII--XL

LVIII. arn. Ciqobavam sadoqtoro disertacia daicva 1929

wels. dacvaze mravali mecnieri gamosula sityviT, maT Soris _
prof. S. nucubiZe. mas maRali Sefaseba miucia naSromisaTvis
(gansakuTrebiT _ mis Teoriul nawilisaTvis, romelSic kar-
gad Cans disertantis ganswavluloba filosofiasa da fsiqo-
logiaSi) da, sxvaTa Soris, uTqvams: problema, romelSic
Tqven cxeniT SemojiriTdiT... (b-ni arnoldis mier moxmobil
sailustracio masalaSi cxeni
cxeni da iremi
iremi iyo warmodgenili).
arn. Ciqobavam Txroba ase daamTavra: Salva nucubiZe Za-
lian niWieri adamiani iyo, TviTonac ar icoda, ramodena niWis
patroni iyovo...

LIX. 1935 wels gamovida arn. Ciqobavas `zogadi enaTmec-

niereba. I. propedevtikuli nawili~, romelsac avtoris winasi-
tyvaobas win uZRvis `gamomcemlobis winasityvaoba~ (uprece-
dento SemTxveva wignis gamocemis istoriaSi), misi avtorebi,
bunebrivia, iyvnen ara gamomcemlobis muSakebi, aramed _ e. w.
`wiTeli profesuris~ konkretuli warmomadgenlebi...
Semdeg moewyo wignis ganxilva, romelsac warmarTavdnen
kompartiisa da komkavSiris aqtiuri warmomadgenlebi. arn. Ci-
qobavas brali dasdes, rom is iyo `burJuaziuli~ indoevrope-
istikis warmomadgeneli da n. maris `marqsistuli moZRvrebis~
mowinaaRmdege. b-n arnolds ganxilvisas uTqvams, rom oTxelen-
tovani analizi ar aris arc mecnieruli da arc marqsistuli.
`wiTeli profesuris~ erT-erT warmomadgenels ukiTxavs: maS
tyuis gazeTi `pravda~, rodesac n. mars gamoCenil sabWoTa
marqsist mecniers uwodebso? arn. Ciqobavas upasuxebia: gazeTi

64
`pravda~ ki ar tyuis, aramed is, vinc gazeTis am gamonaTqvams
araswor interpretacias aZlevso...
am ganxilvis Semdeg b-n arnolds quCaSi Sexvedria erTi
axalgazrda mkvlevari (n. maris momxre) da misTvis uTqvams: ra
usamarTlod mogeqcnen, batono arnold, Zalian vwuxvaro... b-
ni arnoldi: Cemi saTqmeli me iq ukve vTqvi da axals verafers
mogaxsenebo (etyoba aRniSnul pirs undoda b-ni arnoldisa-
Tvis raime daecdevinebina).
am ganxilvas Sedegad is mohyva, rom arn. Ciqobava gaaTa-
visufles universitetis profesoris Tanamdebobidan, magram
daaxloebiT erTi Tvis Semdeg aRadgines, raki Seityves stalinis
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb n. maris pirovnebis mimarT...

LX. 1950 wlis saenaTmecniero diskusiis Semdeg, romel-

Sic arn. Ciqobavas Tvalsazrisma gaimarjva, mas daevala exelm-
ZRvanela diskusiisaTvis fsiqologiaSi. rogorc cnobili
fsiqologi v. norakiZe igonebs, arn. Ciqobavam fsiqologiis
institutis TanamSromlebs sTxova, werilobiT warmoedginaT
TavianTi Tvalsazrisebi d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis Sesaxeb,
rom Semdgom (diskusiis msvlelobisas _ koniunqturis gavle-
niT) azri ar SeecvalaT... diskusiaSi arn. Ciqobavas wyalobiT
gaimarjva saRma azrma da ganwyobis Teoria gadarCa (mas `bur-
Juaziulis~ iarliyi moexsna).
am diskusiaSi xelis SeSla didi iyo, b-ni arnoldi dau-
faravad amxelda im adamianebs, maT Soris Tanamdebobis _
pirebsac, romlebic diskusiis swori mimarTulebiT warmar-
Tvas xels uSlidnen. amas Sedegad is mohyva, rom 1952 wels
arn. Ciqobava enaTmecnierebis institutis direqtoris Tanam-
debobidan gaaTavisufles...

65
iza CantlaZe

same
samedi
medici
dicino
cino leqsi
leqsika
sika qarTve
qarTvelur
Tvelur anTro
anTropo
Troponi
ponimi
nimia
miaSi

calkeul saganTa, movlenaTa, cxovelTa, frinvelTa, mcena-

reTa, nivTierebaTa, xelo
xeloba
loba-sa
ba saqmi
saqmia
qmianoba
nobaTa
baTa an socialuri yofis
amsaxveli leqsika, Cveulebriv, istoriuli dasabamia onomasti-
konisa. mTel msoflioSi, TiTqmis yvela ersa Tu enaSi, sazoga-
do saxeli gacilebiT adre Seiqmna, vidre sakuTari, es ukanas-
kneli ki safuZvlad daedo oficialuri gvaris warmoSobas.
`gvar
gvarsa
gvarsaxe
saxeli
xeli adami
adamia
mianis saku
sakuTa
kuTari
Tari saxe
saxelis
xelis isto
istori
toriu
riuli
katego
kategori
egoriaa
riaa.
aa misi gramatikul-semantikuri modelebi sazogado-
ebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurebs Seesabameba. gvarsaxeli
Tavad iZens socialuri maxasiaTeblis funqcias~ (m. surgula-
Ze, j. odiSeli). mosaxleobis zrda, tomebs Soris urTierTo-
bis gacxoveleba da xalxis mravalricxovan koleqtivad Camoya-
libeba aucilebels xdida ara marto imis codnas, Tu ra hqvia
ama Tu im pirs, aramed _ ra xelo xelobis
lobis kacia
kacia igi, visi STamomava-
lia, sadauria a. S. amrigad, saxelis gverdiT gaCnda kidev meo-
re, dama
damate
matebi
tebiTi
biTi saxe
saxeli
xeli,
li romelic azustebda pirovnebis vinao-
bas, met cnobebs iZleoda masze da Tanac aavdvilebda erTi sa-
xelis mqone pirebis _ sexniebis garCevas. swored am damatebiTi
saxelisgan warmoiSva gvari, rogorc pirovnuli saxelis Tan-
mxlebi, ganuyreli nawili (z. WumburiZe).
`qarTveluri anTroponimika imdenad sustadaa Seswavli-
li, rom jer kidev naadrevia mis genezissa da specifikur niS-
nebze msjeloba. Cveni Zveli, qristianobamdeli anTroponimebi
fragmentuladaa Semonaxuli da aravis ucdia maTi cotad Tu
bevrad sruli nomenklaturis aRdgena. sruli sruliad
liad gauT
gauTva
uTvalis
valis-
lis-
wine
winebe
nebelia
belia saku
sakuTar
kuTar saxel
saxelTa
xelTa xalxu
xalxuri
xuri tradi
tradicia
dicia da TviT is
masalac ki, rac SedarebiT mdidruladaa asaxuli Zvel saisto-
rio Txzulebebsa da sigel-gujrebSi. ase rom, qarTve qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri an-
an-
Tropo
Troponi
ponimi
nimika
mika ar sargeb
sargeblo
rgeblobis
lobis im yura
yuradRe
radRebiT
dRebiT,
biT risi
risi ueWve
ueWveli
veli
Rirsic
Rirsic aris~
aris _ werda al. Rlonti 1965 wels. mas Semdeg ga-
vida TiTqmis naxevari saukune da, raRa Tqma unda, ramdenadme

66
Seicvala saqmis viTareba: gamoqveynda calkeuli leqsikonebi
da gamokvlevebi qarTuli, svanuri Tu megruli masalebis ga-
TvaliswinebiT. rac Seexeba lazurs da qarTuli enis istori-
ul an Tanamedrove samxrul dialeqtebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
am mxriv Zalze cotaa gakeTebuli; xalxuri samedicino termi-
nologiis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT ki bolo arealSi mxolod
sqematurad gvaqvs Seswavlili samecniero problemebi. amitom
amjerad Cven davinteresdiT im samedicino leqsikiT, romelic
qarTveluri anTroponimikis erT-erTi komponenti aRmoCnda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelologTa umravlesoba
mxars uWers oficialur qarTul gvarTa Suasaukuneobriv is-
torias, jer erTi, `matiane qarTlisa~ VI-X saukuneebSic
warmogvidgens maT (romelTagan zogi dResac ixmareba!), da me-
orec, rogor SevuxamoT gavrclebul Teorias iseTi struqtu-
rebi, romelTa fuZeebi uTuod aRdgeba saerToqarTvelur do-
neze, radganac dRemde zusti fonologiuri kanonzomierebiT
gamoirCevian da qarTvelur enaTa klasikur bgeraTSesatyviso-
bebs amJRavneben?
qarTuli m-Wed
Wed-l
Wed l-ii-Ze
Ze / m-Wed
Wed-l
Wed l-i
i-Sv
Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i / m-Wed
Wed-l
Wed l-ur
ur-i
ur i
megruli Wkad-u
Wkad u-aa
svanuri mu-Skud
mu Skud-i
Skud i-an
an-i
an i ← mˆ-Skd
mˆ Skd
an kidev:

qarTuli kac-a
kac a-Ze
Ze / kac-i
kac i{aa}-Sv
Sv-i
Sv i-li
li / kac-el
kac el-a
el a-SvSv-i
Sv i-li
li /
kac-o
kac o-Sv
Sv-i
Sv i-li
li / kac-ob
kac ob-a
ob a-Sv
Sv-i
Sv i-li
li / kac-it
kac it-a
it a-Ze
Ze /
kac-ita
kac ita-{s
ita s}-Sv Sv-i
Sv i-li
li
megruli koC-ia
koC ia / koS-ia
koS ia;
ia koC-al
koC al-a
al a-Ze
Ze / koC-al
koC al-i
al i-ZeZe (aWara,
mesxeT-javaxeTi), koC-ua
koC ua-Sv
ua Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i / koC-i
koC i{aa}-Sv
Sv-i
Sv i-li
li /
ko{n
ko n}-C
C-aa-Ze
Ze / koCn-i
koCn i-Ze
Ze (tao-klarjeTi)
svanuri WuS-il
WuS il-ian
il ian-i
ian i (XIII s.) ← WS-il
WS il-ian
il ian-i
ian i (?)
rasakvirvelia, uTuod migviTiTeben: pirvelad sazogado
saxelSi (kac
kac-i
kac i, Wed-v
Wed v-aa,...) gaCnda kanonzomieri fonematSesa-
tyvisoba, romelic Semdeg aqedan meqanikurad gadavida jer sa-
kuTar saxelSi (kac
kac-a
kac a / kac-ia
kac ia,
ia {mm}-Wed
Wed-el
Wed el-a
el a,...), mere ki gvarSio,

67
magram mxolod qarTulZiriani struqturebic rom gvaqvs megru-
li, lazuri an svanuri gramatikuli inventariT (Sdr. megru-
li Wed
Wed-ia
ia, svanuri m-Wed
ia Wed-l
Wed l-ian ian-i
ian i ← Wed-el
Wed el-ian
el ian-i
ian i, megruli
kac-ia
kac ia,
ia svanuri kac-an
kac an-i
an i,...) da Tanac uZveles gvarebSi?! yvelaze
metad ki sainteresoa koc-iakoc ia-Sv
ia Sv-il
Sv il-i
il i (qarTul-megruli konta-
minirebuli forma?), romelic aSkarad adasturebs qarTvelo-
logiis erT-erT debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom konsonanturi bge-
radgadawevebi ufro Zveli epoqisaa, vidre vokaluri, e. w. koci koci-
ci-
aSvil
aSvilØze
vil uadresia koCia
ko Cia{Svi
Svili
Cia Svili li}.
maSasadame, aucilebelia fuZis fonologiuri struqtu-
ris gaTvaliswineba anTroponimTa istoriis kvlevisas ara mxo-
lod qarTvelur enebSi, rasac Sesabamis gamokvlevebSi (lin-
gvistTa Tu aralingvistTa) ver vamCnevT! Zveli masalebis am
TvalsazrisiT gadaxedvac ki, viqrobT, uTuod Segvacvlevinebs
azrs oficialur gvarTa gviandeli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.
rac Seexeba samedicino terminologiis Semcvel qarTul
gvarebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi raodenoba sakmaod mokrZa-
lebulad gamoiyureba danarCen profesiaTa aRmniSvneli fuZee-
bidan momdinare gvarsaxelebTan SedarebiT, aqac daaxloebiT
igive situaciaa: gamoi
gamoiyofa
yofa samisami Ziri
ZiriTa
riTadi
Tadi fena
fena _ Zveli
Zveli
(mkurnaliZe, wamalaiZe / wamalaSvili, maxlauri), mogvi mogvia
gviano
epoqi
epoqisa
qisa (aqimiSvili / aqimaZe) da axali axali (eqimiSvili, doxtu-
riSvili, ferSanaSvili).
sxvadasxva dros samxreT saqarTvelos maRal aristokra-
tias warmoadgendnen: mxargrZelebi, orbelebi, Torelebi, jaye-
lebi da manka
mankaber
kaberde
berdele
delebi
lebi.
bi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia bolo gvar-
ma Tu zedwodebam, romelic SesaZloa (Zalze frTxili varau-
dis safuZvelze!) karabadinis, anu samkurnalo wignis mcodne
sagvareuloze miuTiTebdes (Tumca arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom
manka
mankaber
kaberdi
berdi toponimic iyos). garkveul fonetikur gardaqmnaTa
uwinaresoba-Semdgomadobis procesi ase warmogvidgena:
ma-ka
ma kara
*ma karaba
rabadin
badin-e
din e → *ma ma-ka
ma kara
karabadn
rabadn-e
badn e → *ma ma-ka
ma kara
karabad
rabad-e
bad e → *ma ma-
ma
karabd
karabd-e
rabd e → *kakarebd
karebd-e
rebd e → *ma ma-ka
ma kaberd
kaberd-e
berd e → *mama-n
ma n-ka
kaberd
kaberd-e
berd e → *mama-n
ma n-k
ka -
berd-e
berd e+elel-i
el i → manka
mankaber
kaberde
berdeli
deli

68
 mosalodnelia, rom Jami Jami{ar
mi ar}aS
ar aSvi
aSvili
vili / JamiJamie
mieraSvi
raSvili
vili da
yvavi
yvavila
vilaZe
laZe / yvavi
yvavilaS
vilaSvi
laSvili
vili samedicino leqsikis amsaxveli gva-
rebi iyos (Sdr. Jam-ob-a
Jam `momsvreli seni~, n. CubinaSvili; yu-yu-
av-il-i
av `senia~, saba).
vfiqrobT, rom max maxla
lau
la uri ← *mama-xal
ma xal-aa-ur
xal ur-i
ur i, romlis Ziri
dRemde daculi megrul la-xalla xal-a
xal a / la-xar
la xar-a
xar a leqsemaSi, avadmyo-
fobas rom aRniSnavs (Sdr. qarTuli enTroponimi la-xur la xur-a
xur a) da
svanuri struqturis sityvaa.
albaT, qarTuli wama wamala
malai
laiZis Sesatyvisi unda iyos svane-
Tis saeklesio krebis `sulTa matianes~ palimfsestur (XI s.)
mosaxsenebelSi dadasturebuli gvari Wam-ar Wam ar-ian
ar ian (v. silogava).
Tu es asea, maSin specialur literaturaSi (g. rogava) dRe-
mde arsebuli varaudi qarTuli wam-al wam al-
al da svanuri Wem-Wem (`Ti-
va~) fuZeTa fonologiuri kavSiris Sesaxeb unda gadaisinjos,
gaixazos wam-
wam / Wam-
Wam ZirTa mimarTebis sakiTxi da saerToqarve-
luri enis doneze unda aRdges ara w1em- em an w1am-
am / w1em-
em
(g. klimovi) arqiformebi, aramed mxolod w1am. am
Cven kvlavac gavagrZelebT kvlevas am mimarTulebiT da
SevecdebiT davadasturoT `aqimobis~ Sesabamisi leqsika ara
mxolod qarTuli, armed svanuri, megruli da lazuri masale-
bis ixedviTac, rogorc anamedrove, ise istoriul WrilSi.
rac erTob rTuli (ara marto lingvisturi) problemebis wi-
naSe gvayenebs; samagierod, muSaobis procesSi Zalas Segvmatebs
didebuli sulxan-sabas ganmarteba: `aqi aqimi
aqimi sxua
sxuaTa enaa,
enaa qarTu
qarTu-
Tu-
lad mkurna
mkurnali
nali hqvian
hqvian,
an rome
romelic
melic sneulT
sneulT mlxene
mlxenelia
nelia~.
lia

69
irine C a C a n i Z e, T a m a r guCua

me-19
me 19 sau
saukunis
kunis qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi arse
arsebu
sebuli
buli
rusi
rusiciz
sicizme
cizmebis
mebis Sesa
Sesaxeb
saxeb
(m. javaxiSvilis werilebis mixedviT)

me-17-18 saukuneebidan saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul isto-

riul-politikur movlenebTan dakavSirebiT iwyeba rusul-qar-
Tuli kontaqtebis gaaqtiureba, ramac me-19 saukunidan, saqar-
Tvelos ruseTis imperiaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, bunebrivia, inten-
siuri xasiaTi miiRo. saqarTveloSi rusuli enis codnis auci-
leblobam dRis wesrigSi daayena mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba,
orenovani leqsikonebisa da gramatikebis Sedgenis aucileblo-
ba. rusuli enis gavlena sagrZnobi gaxda qarTuli enis leqsi-
kaze. nasesxobebma (rusicizmebma) saliteraturo enaSic Semo-
aRwia, gansakuTrebiT gaizarda rusulis gavlena sabWoTa peri-
odSi, rodesac enobrivma kontaqtebma bilingvuri xasiaTi mii-
Ro. rusuli leqsika cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi SemoiW-
ra, magram, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, mdidari samwerlobo
tradiciebis mqone qarTul enaSi es gavlena sesxebisa da kal-
kirebis zRvars ar gascilebia.
zemoaRniSnul faqts Tavis droze bevri qarTveli mwera-
li Tu sazogado moRavwe exmaureboda. maT Soris erT-erTi
iyo mixeil javaxiSvilic. mwerali Tavis publicistur weri-
lebSi qarTul enasTan dakavSirebul araerT mniSvnelovan sa-
kiTxTan erTad me-19 saukunis saliteraturo qarTulSi da-
mkvidrebul rusicizmebis Temasac exeba, ganixilavs ra maT Se-
cdomaTa konteqstSi. magaliTad, mwerlis SeniSvniT, amgvari
Secdomebia:
• `is mudam vinmeze iyo Seyvarebuli~ _ unda iyos: vinme
uyvarda (`droa Tavidan amovigdoT ucxo влюбиться в...~ _ m.
javaxiSvili);

• `sityvas ver bedaven daacdinon~ (rus. слово не смеют

70
приронить) _ unda iyos: xma ver amouRiaT, krinti ver dauZravT;

• `erTi meores gamoekidebodnen~ (rus. гонялись друг за

другом) _ unda iyos: erTmaneTs dasdevdnen;

• `axalgazrda aficeri, viwro melas pirisaxisa~ (rus: с

острым лисым лицом) _ unda iyos: meluri saxiT;

• `miaxloebuli Cinovnikia~ (rus: приближенный) _ unda

iyos: daaxlovebuli, maxlobeli;

• `eZneleboda grigolis aseT manerebis Serigeba` (rus.

не мог привыкнуть) _ unda iyos: ver Seegua, ver SeeCvia;

• `gamoxibluliyo~ (rus. разочеровался) _ unda iyos: gu-

li aicrua, gautyda;

• `ijda kaci maRal qudSi~ (rus. в шапке) _ unda iyos:

qudiani, qudovani;

• `misi warmodgenis gmiri~ (rus. герой его воображения) _

unda iyos: saocnebo gmiri.

• `im dros simciris gamo~ (rus. по краткости времени ) _

unda iyos: mcire drois gamo;

• `Cven gavizardeT~ (rus. отрастили) _ unda iyos: gavi-

zardeniT. (`mag.: отрастили _ wveri gavizardeT da мы выросли _
Cven gavizardeniT.. esec sagulisxmoa: qarTuls mec rusuliT
vxsni, radgan zogisTvis es ufro gasagebia~ _ m. javaxiSvili);

• `gadamyidveli~ (rus. перекупщик) _ unda iyos: CarCi,

qorvaWari;

sainteresoa, rom xSirad ucxo enidan pirdapiri Targmnis

gziT Semosuli da qarTuli enisaTvis normis TvalsazrisiT
arabunebrivi da araswori formebi frazeologizmebad iqceva
xolme. am tipis SemTxvevebze saubrobs mixeil javaxiSvilic, ro-
ca me-19 saukunis qarTulSi arsebul Semdeg formebs SeniSnavs:

71
 • `erT fasSi iyideba~ _ unda iyos: erT fasad iyideba;

• `saqme qudSia~ _ rus. дело в шляпе;

• `sityva eWira~ _ rus. держал речь;

• `kbilebiT safants kvnetda~ _ rus. зубами отбивал дробь;

• `wavideT qveyanaze~ _ rus. пойдем на миравую.

aseve qarTulSi xSirad gvxvdeba Semdegi saxis sityvaTfor-

mebic: arasasiamovno, aramdidari, araswori da a.S. m. javaxiSvilis
SeniSvniT, enas aviwydeba, rom arsebobs `aras~ antipodebic da
Sesabamisad unda gvqondes: usiamovno, Raribi, mrude da a. S. `не
прямая улица, нехороший, небольшой, небогатый, _ ai sad aqvs sa-
Tave aseT simaxinjes _ brma wabaZvaSi, dasasruli ki enis srul
dagonjebasa da gaRatakebisaken midis~.
Tumca mwerali erTgan imasac SeniSnavs, rom absolutu-
rad erovnuli arc kultura arsebobs da arc ena. miTumetes,
Cvens saukuneSi, roca gavlenis siswrafe yvela sferoSi ase ma-
tulobs.
magram, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, es garemoeba xels ar
uSlis m. javaxiSvils, rom werilis dasasrulisken dasvas ase-
Ti ritorikuli SekiTxva:
`Cven 50000 sityva gvaqvs _ evropielebze meti _ da ise-
Ti jadosnuri formebi zmnisa, romelTa msgavsi arc erT enas
ar moepoveba. da aseTi ganZis patroni waramarad unda sesxu-
lobdes ufro Raribebisgan sityvebsac da formebsac?!~

72
m a n a n a C a C a n i Z e, n a t o r a z m a Z e,
naTia maisuraZe

leqsi
leqsikis
sikis mini
minimi
nimiza
mizaci
zaciis
ciis saki
sakiTxi
kiTxisa
TxisaTvis
saTvis

leqsikur tendenciaTa sakiTxebi mudmivad aqtualur sa-

kiTxTa rigs ganekuTvneba (ena xom Cveni yofierebis saxlia!) da
dGeniadag saÚiroebs mkvlevarTa fxizel Tvals. Tanamedrove
qarTulis leqsikuri tendenciebi, rogorc yvelaze problemu-
ri da axal-axal problemaTa erTgvari sabado, nairgvari aspeq-
tiT (semantikur-gramatikuli, stilistikuri, sociolingvis-
turi, eTnokulturologiuri da sxv.) mkvlevarTa mZafri yu-
radGebis sagania. aGniSnuli problematika metad sainteresoa
leqsikologiuri da leqsikografiuli TvalsazrisiTac, vinai-
dan uSualod ukavSirdeba leqsikis minimizaciis sakiTxebs.
Cven mier qeglisaTvis warmoebuli praqtikuli leqsikog-
rafiuli samuSaoebi erT-erT yvelaze sando wyarod SeiZleba
miviCnioT Tanamedrove qarTulis leqsikur tendenciaTa ana-
lizisa da leqsikis minimizaciis sakiTxTa kvlevis gzaze. vrce-
li faqtobrivi masala, romelsac gvTavazobs qeglis arsebuli
sadokumentacio fondi, aseve mimdinare leqsikografiuli sa-
muSaoebi _ dawyebuli sadokumentacio fondis axali sailus-
tracio masalebiT Sevseba _ mowesrigebiTa da damTavrebuli
sityva-statiis ramdenime safexuriani redaqtirebiT _ leqsi-
kologia-leqsikografiis aspeqtiT araerT problemur sakiTxs
upasuxebs kidevac da, iqve, axal kiTxvebsac badebs.
sakiTxTa umetesi nawili gavaerTianeT centralur parag-
rafSi saTauriT leqsikografiis leqsikologia. kvlevisas
aGniSnuli samuSaos winmswrebi gaxldaT Tanamedrove qarTu-
lis ZiriTadi leqsikuri tendenciebis analizi, xolo amave sa-
muSaos Semajamebeli nawili _ leqsikologia-leqsikografiis
aspeqtiT leqsikis minimizaciis sakiTxi.
SevniSnavT, rom Tanamedrove qarTulis ZiriTadi leqsi-

73
kuri tendenciebis ganviTarebis magistralur xazs pirobiTad
warmovadgenT saxelwodebiT `konsesusidan dakoreqtirebamde~
(yvelaze aqtualuria modeli: saxeli [sakuTriv saxeli; resp.
termini] arcTu lirikuli gadaxveviT, aqvea `kohabitaciac~ da
`datreningebac~).
leqsikis minimaziciisaTvis ganmsazGvrelad miviCnevT si-
tyva-statiis struqturas leqsikonis tipis mixedviT. Sesabami-
sad, leqsikografiuli aspeqtiT leqsikis minimizaciis oTxi Zi-
riTadi formati gveqneba:
I. ganmartebiTi,
II. terminologiuri,
III. enciklopediuri,
IV. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonebisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma aris
leqsikis minimizaciis problemis mxolod erTi konkretuli
sferos, kerZod, leqsikografiis farglebSi mowesrigebis cda,
igi araerTi sagulisxmo daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva
rogorc zogadad leqsikologiaSi, ise enobrivi ierarqiis
leqsikur doneze.

merab Cuxua

lazu
lazuri
zuri zoRa
zoRa `zRva~
zRva~ fuZis
fuZis
megru
megruli
gruli ekvi
ekviva
vivalen
valenti
lentisa
tisaTvis
saTvis

rogorc cnobilia, zRua-

zRua saxeli gvxvdeba Zveli qarTu-
lis uZveles samwerlo xanmet ZeglebSi: `xolo zRva-?
zRva qarisgan
aRxrRueoda~; `miimarTa koltman man Rorebisaman kbodesa mas
zRuad~...
qarTul zRva sityvas lazuri ekvivalenti jer jidev ma-
ri mrosem dauZebna, Sdr. laz. zoRa
zoRa // mzoRa
mzoRa // zuRa
zuRa `zRva~,
xolo misi svanuri Sesatyvisi pirvelad o. uordropma moixmo.

74
1950 wels k. boudam pirvelma scada saerToqarTveluri arqe-
tipis rekonstruqcia, misi varaudiT, winareforma *zu zuRua
zuRua sa-
xeobisa unda yofiliyo. am rekonstruqciaSi, Ziris gaxmovane-
bisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba svanur monacems mieniWa, Sdr.
svan. ZuRua
ZuRua `zRva
zRva~.
zRva
g. klimovisTvis amosavali gaxda qarTulis viTareba da
mis mier aRdgenilia *zRua
zRua prototipi, Tumca amgvari midgo-
miT auxsneli rCeba o/u xmovnebis povniereba lazur-svanurSi.
gaugebaria, ras unda gamoewvia interkonsonatur poziciaSi
xmovnis gaCena, Tu is fuZe-enaSi ar mogvepoveboda.
megrulSi fiqsirebuli zRva saliteraturo qarTuls
emTxveva, rac samarTlianad aris axsnili arn. Ciqobavas mier,
rogorc nasesxoba saliteraturo qarTulidan.sakiTxavia, ro-
gori iyo sakuTriv megruli Sesatyvisi?
am kuTxiT
kuTxiT yura
yuradRe
radRebas
dRebas mii
miipyrobs saxe
saxeli
xeli zorRaT
zorRaT-i
RaT i me-
me-
grulSi
grulSi.Si hidronomis saxiT zorRaT
zorRaT-i
RaT i dasturdeba zugdidis
raionis sofel ganmuxurSi (ganarjiaS muxuri). zorRaT
zorRaT-i
RaT i mdi-
nare enguris marjvena Senakadia. zRvas erTvis erT kilometr-
Si. mdinare gamodis sof. meore otobaiidan, magram zorRaT-i
mas ewodeba nakarRalisa da Tayis (Releebia) SeerTebis Semdeg
xuT kilometrze (p. cxadaia).
zorRaT
zorRaT-i
RaT i forma aseve figurirebs rTuli Sedgenilobis
toponimSi zorRaT-iS no’un-i `zorRaTis nayanevi~, romelic
saxnavi farTobia ukve Sav zRvasa da Tavad zorRaT
zorRaT-s
RaT Soris.
Cveni varaudiT, adgilisa da mdinaris swored es saxeli
zorRa
zorRa-T
Ra T-ii unda Seicavdes qarTuli zRva (laz. zoRa
zoRa)
Ra formis
sakuTxiv megrul Sesatyviss. Cveni dakvirveva imas amtkicebs,
rom zRva megrulSi marTlac saliteraturo enis zegavleniT
damkvidrda, cxadia, man istoriulad megrulSi arsebuli saxe-
obis adgili daikava. es ukanasknelis naSTis saxiT SemogvrCa
zorRaT-si, romelic iTargmneba rogorc zRveT-i
zRveT i, Sdr. msgavsi
derivaciisTvis top. kaxa-T-i.
xolo saxeldebis motivaciisaTvis mniSvnelovani xdeba
Warbi wylianobis momenti, romelic megrulSi dResac zRva si-

75
tyvis CarTviT miiRweva. amgvarive xedvaa asaxuli zRvaia topo-
nimSi, romelic dasturdeba walenjixa-zugdidis sazRvarze da
saidanac saTaves iRebs md. jumi. zRvaia gvxvdeba xobis raion-
Sic, Sdr. zRvaia `tbori pirvel xorgaSi~.
amdenad, zor
zorRa
Ra-T-i aRniSnavda zRvasTan axlos mdebare
Ra
wyaluxv adgils, romelic xSirad itboreboda da asocirdebo-
da zRvasTan. am SemTxvevaSi interessmoklebuli arc is faqti
Cans, rom zemoaRniSnul mdinares zorzorRaT
RaT-i mxolod ori mdge-
RaT
nelis nakarRal-isa da Tay-is SeerTebis Semdgom ewodeba.
zRvis aRmniSvneli zo
zoRa
Ra fuZis gamoyeneba toponimikaSi
SevniSneT lazuri dialeqtSic, kerZod, gasuli saukunis 20-ia-
ni wlebis damoukidebeli saqarTvelos rukaze fiqsirebulia
toponimi zo
zoRa
Ra-xe
Ra xevi
xevi, ras zRvisxevs unda niSnavdes.
vi

nana cecxlaZe

Temis
Temis niSan
niSanTa
SanTa uni
unifi
fika
fikaci
kaciis
ciis tenden
tendencia
dencia qarTu
qarTuli
Tuli
enis samxrul
samxrul kilo
kiloeb
loebSi
ebSi

qarTuli enis samxrul metyvelebaSi gamokveTilia Temis

niSanTa mravalferovani monacvleoba, kerZod, ki unifikaciis
tendencia.
gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemia -av av Temis niSnis gabatone-
ba. igi enacvleba:
eb (idu
-eb iduRavs
idu Ravs, miyu
Ravs miyu
yurav
rav, gaa
rav gaayirmi
yirmimizav
zav, agnavs
zav agnavs
navs, Seva
Seva
vaye
yenav
ye nav,
nav
vari
va rigav
ri gav, dev
gav devZi
Zinav
Zi nav, ma
nav mawu
wuxav
wu xav, ga
xav gava
vake
va keTe
keTebi
Te biav
bi av); -ob
av ob (Cxu
Cxubavs
bavs);
bavs
-ii (yid
yidven
yid ven,, de
ven deis
iswav
is wavlavs
wav lavs,, Ca
lavs Cavya
vyarav
vya rav,, Ca
rav Cayravs
yravs); -am
yravs am (mi
mivar
mi var--
var
varTvav
Tvav, var vasxav
Tvav, vas muas
xav, mu asxav
as xav) Temis niSnebs.
xav
av daerTvis erTTemian da fuZedrekad zmnebsac: wmin
-av wmindavs
davs,
wmendavs
wmen davs, WaWamavs iwerav
mavs, iwe vkrifav
rav, vkri fav, dedei banav
iba nav...
nav ...

76
 aRsaniSnavia aseve -ob Temis niSnis gamoyeneba sxva su-
fiqsTa nacvlad:
-eb (brZa
brZanobs
brZanobs, iwyobs
nobs iwyobs, an
anTobs
Tobs), -i (mRe
Tobs mRerobs
mRe robs), -av (cek
robs cekvobs
cekvobs)..
vobs
qobuleTursa da klarjul metyvelebaSi SeiniSneba -i
Temis niSnis unifikaciis tendencia: is cvlis ramdenime Temis
niSans:
-av klis (klavs), akakri
rida
ri da (akravda).
isve
eb is venis
venis (isvenebs).
dasturdeba smismian
an formac (Sdr. svamen).
aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom zog zmnaSi samxrul metyveleba-
Si SenarCunebulia arqauli viTareba, gvxvdeba uTemisniSno
fuZeebi: Tib
Tibda nayda
da, nays, na galax
yda, ga laxda
lax akri
da, ak rida
ri da...
da ... Zveli qarTu-
lisTvis, rogorc cnobilia, damaxasiaTebeli iyo zmnuri for-
mebi: Semoss
Semoss, aR
aRƒƒocs da a. S. maT Semdgom dairTes -av av Temis
niSani. es faqti samxrul metyvelebaSi Temis niSanTa gamoyeneba-
Si arsebuli unifikaciis tendenciis sapirispiro movlena ki ar
gaxlavT, aramed arqauli viTarebis analogiiT aris gaCenili.

nato wuleiskiri

`dardi
dardi~
di~ da `sevda
sevda~
da~ _ seman
semanti
mantiku
tikuri
kuri
orga
organi
ganiza
nizaci
zaciis
ciis proble
problema
lema

semantikuri organizeba umTavresi enobrivi movlenaa,

romelic leqsikuri erTeulebis sicocxlisunarianobas gansa-
zRvravs. iseTi sityvebi, romlebic adamianuri aqtivobis ma-
Ral sferoebs gamoxataven, araaqtualuri situaciebis cnobie-
rad agebis funqciis mqonenic arian. leqsikis Taviseburi niSaa
isic, rom zogjer Tavs iCens sinonimiis principis ukmaroba.
ukmarisobis es gancda kargad Cans sityvebis `dardisa~ da
`sevdis~ analizis dros.

77
 sityvebi `dardi~ da `sevda~ qarTuli enis ganmartebiT
leqsikonsa sulxan-sabasTan Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:
dardi
dardi-usiamovno,
di Semawuxebeli grZnoba, gamowveuli mZi-
me mdgomareobiT, ubedurebiT da misT., sevda, naRveli...risame
fiqri, javri, sazrunavi. (qegli)
sevda
sevda-dardi,
da naRveli, kaeSani.(qegli)
sevda
sevda,(sa
da savda
savda)-sxvaTa
vda enaa, qarTulad Savi navReli hqvi-
an.[javriT Sewuxeba].(leqsikoni qarTuli). sulxan-sabasTan `sev-
da~ da `naRveli~ sinonimebadaa CaTvlili, rac Seexeba sityvas
`dardi~, igi mis ganmartebas ar iZleva.
rogorc Cans, sityva `dardi~ udavod intravertul
grZnobaTa vels ganekuTvneba, oRond gasaTvaliswinebelia is,
rom iqac mas Tavisi kuTvnili adgili gaaCnia. misi ZiriTadi ma-
xasiaTeblebis gamo igi `mwuxarebis~ semantikur klasSi Sedis.
samecniero literaturaSi saubaria imaze, rom `dardi~,
rogorc wminda grZnobis aRmniSvneli sityva, SeiZleba daxasi-
aTdes Semdegnairad:
1. mizezis mqone(aman gauCina dardi),
2. konkretuli(Svilis dardma gadaiyola),
3. intensiuri(dardi ar masvenebs).
abstraqtuli `sevda~ xasiaTdeba Semdegi parametrebiT:
maluli, uxmo, ganfenili, umotivo, xangrZlivi.
leqsikografiuli masalidan Cans, rom `sevdis~ `naRve-
liT~ Canacvleba SeiZleba(Tumca sruliad ara). arsebobs enaSi
iseTi frazeologiuri gamoTqmebi, sadac `naRvelis~ Secvla
sxva semantikuri erTeuliT Znelad xerxdeba da SeiZleba iT-
qvas, SeuZlebelicaa. magaliTad, rogoricaa: mware naRveli, Sa-
vi naRveli, gulSi xarSavs naRvels, da a. S.
sityva `dardi~, rogorc ufro konkretuli grZnobis
gamoxatuleba, `gul~ sityvasTan xSirad gvxvdeba, xolo `sev-
da~, rogorc ufro abstraqtuli, `sul~ sityvasTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom motanil leqsikografiul amonari-
debSi `dardi~ da `sevda~, erTi SexedviT, sinonimur cnebeba-
daa miCneuli, maTi am TvalazrisiT gatoleba lingvistur ara-

78
koreqtulobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. am tipis SemTxvevebSi, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom `semantikur akrZalvis~ kanonTan gvaqvs saqme.
moxsenebaSi ganxiluli iqneba sxva leqsikografiuli masa-
la da yvela is SesaZlo SemTxveva, romelic akrZalvis am wess
eqvemdebareba.

roena Wkadua

moqme
moqmede
qmedebis
debis mra
mraval
valgzi
valgziso
gzisobis
sobis orga
organu
ganuli
nuli
gamoxat
gamoxatvi
xatvis
vis anali
analizi
lizisa
saTvis
zisaTvis svanur
svanurSi
nurSi

moqmedebis mravalgzisoba (ganmeorebadi moqmedeba) sxva-

dasxvagvarad aris gadmocemuli qarTvelur enebSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Zvel qarTulSi mravalgzisoba organulad gamoixa-
teboda, anu mravalgzisobisaTvis `...Zvelad sagangebo mwkrivi
iyo, ...cocxal kiloTa umetesobam da saliteraturo qarTul-
ma es formebi dakarga, samagierod maTi gamoxatva uwyvetelsa
da misgan nawarmoeb xolmeobiTis mwkrivs daakisra (a. SaniZe).
megrulSi, rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, xolmeo-
biTs mravalgzisobis gageba dakarguli aqvs da igi pirobiTis
fuZesTan aris gaigivebuli.
svanurSi mravalgzisoba zmnur leqsemebSi, masdarsa da
mimReobaSi morfologiurad aris materializebuli: erTgzisi
da mravalgzisi moqmedebis funqciuri dapirispireba forman-
tebiT aris gamoxatuli. xolmeobiTi, rogorc mwkrivi, svanur-
Si ara gvaqvs da arc `xolme~-s gramatikuli eqvivalenti, Tum-
ca sxvadasxva leqsikuri erTeulebis daxmarebiTac SesaZlebe-
lia am funqciis gadmocema.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas rom saWiroebs,
kargad Cans `svanuri leqsikonis~ winasityvaobidan, sadac
avtori calsaxad aRniSnavs, rom mravalgzisobis kategoriisa
da obieqtis simravlis gamomxatveli (-’l
’l,
’l -’l
’l || -iŠli
iŠli/-iel’li
iŠli iel’li),
iel’li

79
-ˆr
ˆr,
ˆr -ˆr’l
ˆr’l)
ˆr’l morfemebi `...v. Tofurias mixedviT Cveulebrivobasac
gadmogvcems, amitomac gagviWirda zRvris gavleba da Sesabamisi
SemoklebisaTvis (xlm.) zusti funqciis miniWeba~ (i. CantlaZe).
amave leqsikonSi es formatebi ganmartebulia rogorc,
erTi mxriv, xolmeobiTis, mravalgzisobis, gameorebuli moqmede-
bisa da, meore mxriv, obieqtis simravlis gadmomcemi infiqsebi.
aRniSnuli formantebi daerTvis rogorc gardamaval,
ise gardauval zmnebs. gardamavlebTan, rogorc wesi, mosdevs
-i
i, iSviaTad -e e bolosarTi. gardauvalebTan ki nulovani dabo-
loeba da ramdenadme gansxvavebuli funqcia aqvT.
-’l
’l...
’l sufiqsebs, maTi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, mrav-
lobiTi ricxvis niSnebs ukavSireben (T. SaraZeniZe, al. onia-
ni...) zmnebSi maTi erT-erTi funqcia pirdapiri obieqtis mrav-
lobiTobis Cvenebaa da isini uRlebisas samsave seriaSi das-
turdeba. mag.:
tablŠlrs any’l’li
’l (bz.) `tablebs acxobs~
tablŠlar annayaale (lSx.) `tablebi gamoacxo~
lemzirr oxnay’’la (bq.) `salocavi purebi gamoucxvia~
meTx…rs x…a naTxuare aToZienaala (int.) `monadires
bevri nadiri dauxocavs.
obieqtis simravlis aRmniSvnel sufiqsebs zmnaSi SeiZle-
ba nuli
nuli Caenacvlos: narbi‰lunRo lemzirrs any’lix || anyex
(bz.) `cxobis Semdeg salocav purebs acxoben~. dina lerq…’rs
acburl li
l || acubre (bq.) `qaliSvili tansacmels {ga}moWris~.
moqmedebis gameoreba xSirad gadadis CveulebiT moqmede-
baSi da zogadi awmyos mniSvnelobas iZens. mag.
m‰dxvs Cu xvidiar’ld, eCqas wˆdr kaTx’rs ahvd’lix,
Ji xvmzˆr’lid i Cu xuTred (sv. qr. bz.) `cotas rom Sevnay-
rdebiT (davpurdebiT), maSin mwdeebi kaTxebs {da}arigeben, da-
vilocebiT da davlevT~.
dinŒl iTqs mead acŠr…‰l ‰li
‰l (lSx.) `gogona marcvals xSi-
rad xalavs~.
mravalgzisoba da obieqtis simravle, marTlac, Zneli ga-
samijnia erTmaneTisgan, Tanac erTi meores ar gamoricxavs.
samecniero literaturaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

80
svanurSi iterativis aRniSvnaze ara mxolod droSi, aramed
sivrceSic. gansakuTrebiT fuZedrekadebTan, sadac formantebi
-ˆr
ˆr,
ˆr -ur
ur obieqtis nawilebad qcvaze miuTiTeben (q…ice `Wris~ _
a-q…c-ur-e `{da}Wris~).
mravalgzisobis formantebis Semcveli gardamavali zmnebi
gadmoscemen Semdeg mniSvnelobebs:
1. obieqtis simravles (ƒici krp‹lrs xvany’lid (bz.)
`comis burTulebs vacxobT~).
2. moqmedebis gameorebas rogorc erTis, ise erTze metis
mimarT (dabars aWad‰lix (lSx.) `yanebs farcxaven~. qors
adawyli (bq.) `saxls alagebs~).
3. obieqtis nawilebad qcevas (Rolaq adgˆlˆ ˆre (bq.)
`cxvari daglija~).
4. moqmedebis Cveulebriobas (niRaStrs Zinrs x…aC-
gun’l
’lid
’l (lnt.) `Tiknebs dilas (dilaobiT) {mo}vawovebT~.
5. zogadi awmyos (sofellisga xensras SiSd abJinlix (bq.)
`sofelSi moulodnel ambavs xelad acnobeben~.
rac Seexeba gardauval zmnebs, marTalia, zogi maTgani
gamoxatavs moqmedebis mravalgzisobas (ifS…d
ifS…d-iel
ifS…d iel `traba-
xobs~, ik…Cx-iel
ik…Cx iel `dakuntruSobs~), magram, garda amisa, isini
moqmedebis dawyebiTobas, statikurobas da sxva enobriv mniS-
vnelobasac gadmoscemen.

nineli WoxoneliZe

Torn-
Torn-, Tor-
Tor- fuZi
fuZia
Ziani omo
omoni
nimu
nimuri
muri cale
calebis
lebis
warmomav
warmomavlo
mavlobi
lobisa
bisaTvis
saTvis qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi

1. Zvel qarTulSi sacxobis mniSvnelobiT `artokopis~,

`saxmilis~, `sacxobelis~ \\ `sacxobiles~, `Ruemelis~ sityvebTan
erTad dasturdeba Torne
Torne,
ne, Turnec
Turnec.
nec. gamocxobili Torni
TorniTa
niTa (O,
levit. 2, 4). acxobden... pursa Tquensa Turne
Turnesa
nesa Sina (Tor
Torne
Tornesa
nesa
Sina pb.)~ (G, levit. 26, 26).

81
 axal qarTulSi qeglis mixedviT dasturdeba Torne Torne \\
Tone
Tone leqsemebi. ZiriTad saleqsikono erTeulad Tonea
Tonea miCneuli.
gvxvdeba Torn-
Torn \\ Ton-fuZeTagan
Ton rogorc nawarmoebi si-
tyvebi, ise sintagmebi. mag., Tone
Toneu
neuli || Torne
Torneu
neuli ToneSi
gamomcxvari puri (an mWadi); Toni
Toni(s
ni s) lava
lavaSi
vaSi TorneSi gamo-
mcxvari lavaSi; Tonis
Tonis amonTe
amonTeba
nTe ba naxurebi Tornis xelaxla amo-
nTeba; Tones
Tones Tvals uzams (Tvals
Tvals aurTavs
aurTavs,
Tavs, aurTmevs
aurTmevs)
Tmevs ToneSi
nakverCxals guls gauCxreks gasaRviveblad da sxv.
Sdr. ebr., arab., aqad. tinûru (k. wereT.).
2. Zvel qarTulSi – Torne
Torne `fari~: moiRo Tornჱ
Tornჱ− uZle-
veli siwmidჱ O, – − moiRos fari−– uZleveli Rirsebisa (pb.,
sibrZ. sol. 5, 20). Segkribo... yovelni... Torni
TorniTa
niTa da Cafxute-
biTa (O, ezek. 38, 5).
qeglSi aRniSnuli sityva dasturdeba rogorc Torni Torni,
ni
ise Toris
Toris saxiT da Zvelis klasifikaciiT. Torni: [mefes]
Torni
Tor ni moarTves da sabarkuli (g. leon.). TorTorni
ni gadaicva [ma-
mamzem] (k. gamsax.). loms daexura Tavs muzaradi, tanT saomari
Caecva To
Toriri (g. abaS.).
samecniero literaturis mixedviT 1. sityva berZnuli-
dan unda iyos nasesxebi ό ώραρ,-āko (l. geleniZe).
2. igi s.-qarTveluri sityva unda iyos dakavSirebuli
Tor `moxveva, Cacma, Casacmeli = mosaxvevi~, qarT. Tori || Tor-
ni (pluralia tantum) : zan. [Tor- : svan. Sdär- || Stor- ||
Sdor- *STor-) sityvebTan (m. Cuxua).
3. Tori
Tori (T. tor) sartyeli, badurad naqsovi sartyeli
(aWaruli, Cveneburebis qarTuli, ingilouri). TevzsaWeri ba-
de: `ReleebSi dejWirav, saCmaiT, ToriT (SavSuri).
4. xevsurulSi dasturdeba Tori
Tori knin. Tor
Torani mniSvne-
lobiT moduRebuli Sratis (`tkbisvlis~) xaWo Sratnarevi.
ziscvrisas akeTeben erbos, satans, kaltsaØ, xarSos, tkbisvlis
Tors (Sinamrewv.). ga
gaTor
Torde
Tor deba
de ba siTxeSi gaiSleba, gaiTqvifeba
(yveli da misT.).

82
 vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi Tori
Tori igive unda iyos rac sva-
nuris T…ir bz., T…ir bq., lnt. T…r lSx. 1. orTqli, oxSiva-
ri. cx…ads T…‹r oxŒzi (bz.) − saaraye qvabs orTqli asdis. 2.
naTavedi. eSxu lˆgres, eSxu boTlik T…irs i alis Ci kuidol-
Tesga disgx (bq. 71) –− erT kvercxs, erT boTl naTaveds da
amaT yvelas kalaTaSi awyoben.

nino xaxiaSvili

ciqu
ciqu-
qu- sityvis
sityvis seman
semanti
mantiki
tikisa
kisaTvis
saTvis

Zvel qarTul teqstebSi dasturdeba ciqu ciqu-s

qu zmna: `rom-
lisaTvis ese vciqu
vciqu jaW‚TurT~ (efes. 6,20); `c ciqus wmidaTa
maT winaSe~ (and.-anat. 224,1). romelsac ilia abulaZe Zveli
qarTuli enis leqsikonSi ase ganmartavs: ciquciqu-
qu mociquloba,
msaxureba (abulaZe 1973); z. sarjvelaZis ganmartebiT: `ci ciqua
ciqua
Suamavloba~ (sarjvelaZe 1995).
oxa, gi
ciqua aris `oxa
sulxan-sabas `sityvis konaSi~ ciqua gina mo--
na mo
ciqu
ci qulo
qu loba
lo ba Β. n. vmociqulob, vsciqu, vciqu, imociqula, moci-
quli, (manaØsTanac), samociqulo, saciqueli~; xolo oxa _
`Svela, gina moxmareba ZABC...~ moci
mociqu
ciqulo
quloba
loba leqsikonSi ganmar-
tebuli ar aris, aris mocimociqu li `ese ars RmrTisa mier mo
ciquli
quli: mo--
vline
vli nebu
nebuli
bu li Sjulis maswavlelad; despani ars mefisgan mefes-
Tan mi
migza
gzani
gza nili
ni li mociqulad saqmesa rasame zeda (romelsa spars-
ni elCad uwoden B); omira ars despani xangrZlad myofi; mo mo--
mTxrobe
mTxro beli
beli da mi mivli
vline
vlinebu
nebuli
bu li ars kacman vinme amxanags(a) anu
uaRressa mimiug
ugzav
ugzavnos
zav nos saqmesa rasame zeda ... ZA~. vmoci
vmociqu
ciqulob
qulob
mociqulad val ZAB. vsciqu vsciqu Sdr. vciqu
vciqu (2 korinT. 5,22;
efes. 6,20) viox, gina vmociqulob B. imoci
imociqu
ciqula
qula mociquloba
qna (sulxan-saba I :1991). samo
samoci
mociqu
ciqulo
qulo mociqulT sityva ZA...
saci
sa ciqu
ci que
qu eli samociqulo ZAB. mosaxmarebeli C. saTxovneli sa-
ƒmarTa D. saTxovari E~. (sulxan-saba II :1993).

83
 qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi ciqvis
ciqvis ganmarte-
bisas ilustraciad damowmebulia erTaderTi ilustracia da-
ciqvi Zv. despani, mociquli. [vax-
viT guramiSvilis poemidan: `ciq
ciqvi
tang mefem] ubrZana Tavis moymeTa: ... `aw xeli hkideT ciq
ciqveb
veb--
veb
sa, mag matyuara flidebsa!~ (d. guram.) (qegl VIII, 1964); Sdr.:
sa
moci
mociqu
ciquli
quli 1. vinmes
vinmesTan
mesTan rai
raime dava
davale
valebiT
lebiT gagzav
gagzavni
gzavnili
nili (mi
migzav
migzav-
gzav-
nili
nili)
li piri
piri,
ri _ Sua Suamava
mavali
vali...
li // gadat. mauwyebeli, momtani, Se-
mtyobinebeli (raime ambisa); winamorbedi. ◊ bnele bneleTis
leTis moci
mociqu
ciqu-
qu-
li...
li eSma
... ◊ eS makis
ma moci
kis mo ciqu
ci li gadat. macduri; matyuara... pirSi
quli
qu
maqebeli eSmakis mociquliao (andaza). 2. ist. elCi (mniSv. 2),
despani (mniSv. 2)... 3. ekl. saxarebis mixedviT _ ieso qristes
TiToeuli mowafeTagani, romlebic mis moZRvrebas avrceleb-
dnen... (qegl V, 1958).
Tanamedrove qarTulSi ciqva ciqva zmna aRar arsebobs (is iS-
viaTia ZvelSic), ciqu ciqu-
qu Ziri ki SemorCa sityvebSi: moci mociqul
ciquli
qul
da samo
samoci
mociqu
ciqulo
qulo (eklesia); agreTve, saci saciqu
ciquel
quel,
el romelic, Ziri-
Tadad, dialeqtebSi gvxvdeba. qeglis ganmartebiT saciq saciqve
ciqveli
veli
aris `1. sao
saojaxo
jaxo nivTe
nivTebi
Tebi (Wur
WurWe
WurWeli
Weli,
li aveji
aveji,
ji da sxva iara
iaraRi
raRi...),
Ri
romle
romlebic
lebic SeiZ
SeiZle
iZleba
leba mezob
mezobleb
zoblebma
lebma erTma
erTmaneTs
TmaneTs aTxovon
aTxovon.
von av mezo-
bels cecxli da wyali saciqveli egonao (andaza). mosaciqvles
daxede da saciqvelze uari ise uTxario (andaza). [efemiamac]
rac mezoblebSi an saciqveli hqonda, an sesxi _ moitana (T.
razik.). 2. Zv.
Zv igivea
igivea,
vea rac samo
samoci
mociqu
ciqulo
qulo (qegl VI, 1960).
saciqvelis es mniSvnelobebi dadasturebulia daviT Cu-
binaSvilis leqsikonSic: saciq veli samociqulo (naxe ciqua) //
saciqve
ciqveli
mdabiurad: samezoblo saTxovebeli, saxlSi saxmarni nivTni,
avejeuloba, WurWeli da misTanani~... ciqua
ciqua (vsciqu) oxa, meo-
xeba, Suamdgomloba, Suamavloba anu mociquloba... moci mociqu
ciquli
quli
(e. i. mciqveli, naxe ciqua) saRmrTosa Sina werilsa ewodebis
mowafeTa qe½sTa, viTa movlenilad mqadageblad saxarebisa kacTa
Soris (mat. 10,2;...). // msofliurad: movlenili Suamavlad, meo-
xad, gina SeTulilis sityvis saTqmelad... (d. CubinaSvili 1984).
yvela CvenganisaTvis moci
mociqu
ciquli
qulis
lis saxeli wmida maxareb-
lebTan asocirdeba: moci
mociqu
ciqule
qulebi
lebi swored ieso qristes 12 mo-

84
wafe, misi moZRvrebis gamavrceleblebi arian. amas sulxan-sabas
ganmartebac mowmobs: `mo moci
mociqu
ciquli
quli ese ars RmrTisa mier movli-
nebuli Sjulis maswavlelad...~ (sulxan-saba 1991). moci mociqu
ciqu-
qu-
lebri
lebrivi
rivi Rvawli
Rvawli _ mociqulTa msgavsi saqmianoba _ uangaro,
Tavganwiruli, erTguli, Sdr.: `Sromoben mociqulebriv, Tavi
ar moaqvT didada~ (akaki).
arnold Ciqobavas naSromSi `saxelis fuZis uZvelesi age-
buleba qarTvelur enebSi~, vkiTxulobT: `mo mo-ciq
mo ciq-ul
ciq ul-
ul (awmyo:
ciqu
ciqu-s)...
qu vciqu `vmociqulob~, e.i. `vigzavnebi~ (berZn. appos-
vciqu
tolos `gagzavnili~), Sdr. megr. fuZe: -Cqv Cqv-:
Cqv mi-da-Cq Cq-u,
Cq Wan. me-
ndo-Cq
Cq-u
Cq `gagzavna~... (Ciqobava 1942: 66).
xolo Wanur-megrul-qarTul leqsikonSi arnold Ciqobava
werda:
`Wan. Cqv- || Sqv-: mendo-Cq-u `gzavna, посылать~
megr. Cqv-: midê-Cq-u ` _ ~
qarT. cqv-: [mo-ciq-ul-i] [посланный]
svan. ciqæ-
...bolokiduri -v (Cqv-) ikargeba megrulSic da WanurSic
u-s win: Cqu- < Cqvu-. Cqv-
Cqv Zirs qarTulSi Seesatyviseba: cqv- cqv ||
ciqv-
ciqv || Zv.Zv qarT.
qarT ciq…-.
ciq… es Ziri warmodgenilia qarT. mo-ciq-
ul-Si, rac `gagzavnils~ niSnavs.
svanurSi ciq…-
ciq… amJamadac ixmareba zmnis fuZed (Ciqobava
1938: 379).
aq moyvanili svanuri -ciq… ciq…-
ciq… Ziris mniSvneloba avtors
ar miuTiTebia. sainteresoa, am mxriv, svanuris monacemebi:
zmna, romelSic ciqu ciqu-
qu Ziri dasturdeba, `TvalTvals~ aRniS-
navs: svan. x-o-ciq…
ciq…-r-i
ciq… `uTvalTvalebs~, mé-ciqciq…
ciq…-r-i `moTval-
Tvale~, svanurSi leqsikuri erTeuli li-ciq li ciq…
ciq…-r-ii `ma
malu
malulad
lulad
cqeras
cqeras~,
ras `TvalTvalTva
TvalTvals
Tvals~
ls niSnavs. agreTve, svanuri folkloruli
gmiri, personaJi ciq…l-id
ciq…l id-iid _ `jaSuSi, flidi, matyuara, enis
mimtani adamiani~.
zemomoyvanil masalaSi gamoikveTa ciqu ciqu-
qu- Ziris da misgan
nawarmoebi saxelebis ramdenime mniSvneloba: gzavna _ mivline-
ba (raime misiiT), Suamavloba, msaxureba, daxmareba (aqedan

85
gamomdinare: saxmari nivTebi, romelic SeiZleba sxvas aTxo-
vo...); da, uaryofiTi : TvalTvali, enis mitana, jaSuSo-
ba_mstovroba. mizezi semantikuri gadasvlebisa naTelia: moci-
quli igzavneba, is Tavisi saqmiT exmareba, emsaxureba sxvas, is
Suamavalia or mxares Soris, Tumca, mas, rogorc Suamavals,
uwevs ambis mitan-motana, dakvirveba (TvalTvali); Sesabamisad,
is an sikeTes emsaxureba, an _ borotebas: mas sikeTis motanac
SeuZlia da borotebisac.

cira janjRava

megru
megruli
gruli bJa `mze~
mze~ nawar
nawarmo
warmoeb
moeb sityveb
sityvebsa
tyvebsa
da idio
idiomatur
matur gamoTqmeb
gamoTqmebSi
TqmebSi

bJa `mze~ megrul-lazuri enis megruli dialeqtis Ziri-

Tadi leqsikuri fondis kuTvnilebaa da Sesatyvisebi moepoveba
rogorc lazur dialeqtSi, ise sxva qarTvelur enebSi, amitom,
bunebrivia, is saerToqarTvelur sityvad miiCneva.
megrulSi bJa gvxvdeba mravali kompozitis Semadgenloba-
Si (metwilad _ pirvel komponentad):
bJae
bJaeiolu `aRmosavleTi~ (zedmiw. `mzis amosasvleli~)
bJada
bJadalu
dalu `dasavleTi~ (zedmiw. `mzis Casasvleli~)
bJaSu
bJaSuZi
SuZira
Zirafu
rafu `mzeTunaxavi~
JaSxa
JaSxa (<*bJaSxa <*bJaSdRa) `kvira~ (zedmiw. `mzis dRe~)
bJaRo
bJaRoron
RoronTi
ronTi `mzeRmerTi~
bJamo
bJamori
morine
rineli
neli `gamTenia~ (zedmiw. `mze momdgari~)
bJadu
bJaduli
duliri
liri `Camavali mze~ (zedmiw. `mze Camavali~)
bJaWve
aWvelia
velia `mzewvia~ (zedmiw. `mze damwvari~)
bJaxu
bJaxuna
xuna `mzis Casvla~ (zedmiw. `mzejdoma~)
da sxv.

megrulSi bJa-sagan
bJa afiqsebiT nawarmoebi saxelebic gvaqvs.

86
 a) s u f i q s u r i w a r m o e b a
bJeli
bJeli || bJeri
bJeri || bJeSi
bJeSi `mziani, mziuri~
bJala
bJala || bJala
bJalara
lara `mzianoba, mziani adgili~...

b) p r e f i q s u l i - s u f i q s u r i w a r m o e b a
nabJe
nabJeri
bJeri || nabJal
bJalu
nabJal u `namzeuri~
obJa
obJale
Jale || obJa
obJale
JaleSi
leSi `samzeo adgili~...

sakmaod xSiria idiomatur gamoTqmebSi bJa sityvis gamo-

yeneba.
bJa elmurs
elmurs `mze amodis~
bJa dilmurs
dilmurs `mze Cadis~
bJaS serua
serua `mzis dabneleba~ (zedmiw. `mzis daRameba~)
bJaS maji
majine
jine `cocxali arseba~ (zedmiw. `mzis Semxedvare~)
bJaS gofa
gofaCua
faCua `gaTeneba~ (zedmiw. `mzis gaSla~)
bJaS ekina
ekina `mzis aweva~
bJa pis ibons `mze pirs ibans~
bJaS qarTa
qarTa `mzis gvirgvini~
da sxv.
moxsenebaSi warmodgenili iqneba bJa-sTan
bJa dakavSirebuli
nawarmoebi sityvebisa da idiomebis struqturuli analizi.

nino jorbenaZe

`z~ da `q~ Zire

Zirebi
rebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi

qarTul sityvawarmoebaSi Zalian xSiria `z ze~ da `qveqve~

qve
prefiqs-morfemoidTa gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. calke aRebuli
es fuZeebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi ukve aRar gvxvdeba, Tumca
adreul etapze isini savaraudod martivi saxiTac gamoiyenebo-
da, Sesabamisad `zeviT~/ `zemoT~... da `qveviT~/ `qvemoT~... Sina-
arsis gadmosacemad. ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze enaSi momxda-
ri globaluri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT saWiro gaxda am

87
Zirebis garTuleba, xolo martivi fuZeebi prefiqs-morfemoi-
debad iqcnen.
savaraudod, `ze ze~/`qve
ze qve~qve Zirebic iSleba: z-e e; q-u
u-ee...
aRniSnuli Zirebis gamoyenebis sayovelTaod cnobili Se-
mTxvevebis garda (ze/qvemo, ze/qve-viT, ze/qve-na...) SesaZlebelia,
igive Zirebi monawileobdnen sxva fuZeebis agebaSic. savaraudod:
ze>mm-z
ze z-e
e (SesaZlebelia ze ze>*mm-zz-ev
ev-i
ev i>mm-z
z-ee cvlilebis
varaudic), semantikuri gadasvliT: `zemo adgili~, `zeviT~>
`zemoT mdebare ciuri sxeuli~>ciuri sxeulis sakuTari saxeli;
Tavis mxriv m-z z-e
e>*mm-z
z-aa>*zz-aa, semantikuri gadasvliT `mze~>
`mzis triali~>`mzis trialis dro, garkveuli periodi~>`weli~,
`weliwadi~ (svanuris analogiuri fuZe sxva warmoSobis Cans).
aRniSnuli Ziri dasturdeba `za za-fxul
za fxul~,
fxul `za za-mTar
za mTar~
mTar fuZeebSi,
romlebic, savaraudod, ase unda davSaloT:
za-m
za m-T T-ar
ar-i
ar i, sadac `mm~ ganviTarebulia, `T T~ _ `T-ov-s~
fuZeSi dadasturebuli Ziri, rogorc amas marTebulad varau-
doben. amave varaudiT, `T T-ar
ar~
ar mimReobaa da mTlianad kompozi-
ti aRniSnavs `Tovlian dros, sezons~.
savaraudod, amave ZirTanaa kavSirSi `Ja mi (=dro, xani)
Jami
Jami~
fuZe. ganviTarebis safexurebi ase warmogvidgeba:
za>*za
za
*za za i (semantikuri gadasvla: `wel-n-i~>`dro~, `xani~)>
za-nn-i
za-mm-i
za
*za Ja-mm-i
i>Ja
Ja i;
xolo, `qve~ ZirTan dakavSirebiT ikveTeba:
q-vv-e
e>qva
qva (SesaZlebelia q-v v-e
e>*qq-v
v-av
av(/al
av al-)-i
al i>qq-v v-aa cvlile-
bis daSvebac), semantikuri gadasvliT: `qvemoT mdebare masa,
miwa, miwis nawili~ >`qva~.
enis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze aRniSnuli Zirebi
axal-axali formebis warmoebas udeben safuZvels, romelTa
Soris kavSiric ufro TvalsaCinoa da eWvs ar iwvevs.

88