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Analysis on Blade Profile of Savonius Wind Turbine Using Computational Fluid

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DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2019.1630305

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 International Journal of Ambient Energy

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Analysis of the blade profile of the Savonius wind

turbine using computational fluid dynamics

S. P. Venkatesan, S. Venkatesh, M. Sunil Kumar, S. Senthamizh Selvan &

Yugandhar Sai

To cite this article: S. P. Venkatesan, S. Venkatesh, M. Sunil Kumar, S. Senthamizh

Selvan & Yugandhar Sai (2019): Analysis of the blade profile of the Savonius wind
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10.1080/01430750.2019.1630305

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY
https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2019.1630305

Analysis of the blade profile of the Savonius wind turbine using computational fluid
dynamics
S. P. Venkatesan a , S. Venkatesha , M. Sunil Kumara , S. Senthamizh Selvanb and Yugandhar Saia
a School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India; b Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

This study characterises the performance of the Savonius type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The per- Received 13 March 2019
formance of the Savonius type VAWT can be characterised by power and coefficient of power. The main Accepted 15 May 2019
parameter considered for analysing the Savonius-type VAWT is the tip speed ratio (TSR). The mesh inde- KEYWORDS
pendency test and time independency test are carried out, in which the medium mesh and three degree of CFD; Savonius type wind
time step for rotation are selected. The Savonius wind turbine is analysed at various TSR ranging from 0.2 turbine; tip speed ratio; mesh
to5.0, in which TSR is 4.4, the performance of the turbine is high. Considering 4.4 TSR as the optimum one, independency; time
the analysis of the Savonius type VAWT is carried out under various wind speed ranging from 1 to 10 m/s. independency
From the analysis, the validation between numerical analysis and theoretical analysis is carried out and the
efficiency of the Savonius type VAWT is increased to 50%.

1. Introduction
In recent years, fuel prices are being hiked to the most unex-
pected level worldwide. Due to this, power is the one and
only unsatisfied need for everyone, this could be satisfied
only by non-conventional renewable energy sources (Anders
Goude and Olov Ågren 2014; Bianchini, Ferrara, and Ferrari 2015;
Akimoto et al. 1991; Alidadi and Calisal 2014; Wang, Piechna,
and Müller 2012). For solving world’s energy problem and the
dreadful effect caused by conventional sources of energy on
the environment, great attention has been paid towards the
use of renewable energy sources all over the world (Almo-
hammadi et al. 2013). Wind energy has attracted extraordinary
attention because of its aggressive competitive nature (Kjellin
et al. 2011; Edwards, Angelo Danao, and Howell 2012). One of
the most important clean renewable energy resources with-
out any adverse effect is wind energy (Butbul, MacPhee, and
Beyene 2015). Power is generated from wind by the use of wind
machines (Chen et al. 2015). The wind turbines are widely classi-
fied into two types, namely horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT)
and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) (Tai et al. 2013). HAWT
are the most widespread and used at large scale power genera-
tion as they are generally more efficient than VAWT at least for
laminar winds of high speeds (Kjellin et al. 2011). However, they
operate poorly in unstable winds or uncertain directions. But the
major disadvantages are it does not operate for all directions of
wind flow (Balduzzi et al. 2016). . It will operate only for the direc-
tion which is parallel to the ground, i.e. at a horizontal direction
of flow (Trivellato and Raciti Castelli 2014). Therefore, nowa-
days, mostly vertical axis turbines are widely used for power
generation (Danao et al. 2014). The vertical axis wind turbine is
one which can operate for any direction of wind flow and it is
compact in design and easy to install (Danao, Eboibi, and How-
ell 2013). But the vertical axis wind turbine is used for only small
scale power generation (Balduzzi et al. 2016; Trivellato and Raciti
Castelli 2014; Wekesa et al. 2014). The vertical axis wind turbine
is widely classified into two types, namely Savonius and Darrius.
Savonius is a drag type turbine and Darrius is a lift type tur-
bine. Darrius has a major advantage as its efficiency is compara-
tively high but it does not have a self-starting character so it has
high torque initially and it does not operate at low wind speed
(Kim and Gharib 2013). On the other hand, the Savonius wind
turbine is classified among the VAWT and has a simple construc-
tion. It operates independently of the direction of the wind and
starts at low wind speed, it was developed and patented by S.J.
Savonius in the 1920s, according to him the best of his rotors
had a maximum efficiency of 31%, while the maximum efficiency
of the prototype was 37%. Despite its various qualities, savo-
nius turbine suffers from a major drawback of low efficiency over
the years (Zeiner-Gundersen 2014). Extensive experimental, the-
oretical or numerical studies have been conducted to identify a
new design and they have provided a good improvement at the
level of power coefficient compared to conventional Savonius
rotors, which have range values of power coefficient between
0.1 and 0.25 (Venkatesan, Soni, and Burugpalli 2015). The Savo-
nius rotor is a vertical axis wind turbine which is characterised as
a cheaper, simpler in construction and low speed turbine (Puru-
sothaman, Valarmathi, and Praneeth Reddy 2016). This makes
it suitable for generating mechanical energy in many countries,
especially in India. For low speed, Savonius type VAWT is used,
because of the drag force it will opearte at very low wind speeds
at a range of 1–2 m/s (Danao, Eboibi, and Howell 2013; Wekesa
et al. 2014; Gundersen 2014). It has a high ability to start. But the

CONTACT S. P. Venkatesan spvenkatesan.mech@sathyabama.ac.in

© 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

2 S. P. VENKATESAN ET AL.
Figure 1. Design diagram of the Savonius turbine.
Figure 2. Variation of coefficient of power with TSR.
major disadvantage of the Savonius type VAWT is less efficiency.
The VAWT is the tip speed ratio (TSR). The mesh indepen-
dency test and time independency test are carried out, and
which medium mesh and three degrees of time step for rotation
are selected. The Savonius wind turbine is analysed at various
TSR ranging from 0.2 to 5.0, in which the TSR is 4.4, and the
performance of the turbine is high. Considering 4.4 TSR as the
optimum one, the analysis of the Savonius type VAWT is car-
ried out under various wind speed ranging from 1 to 10 m/s.
From the analysis, the validation between numerical analysis
and theoretical analysis is carried out.
2. Design of the Savonius wind turbine
The design of the Savonius type VAWT is given in Figure 1 under
some test considerations to select the height and width of the
turbine.
The dimensions of the blade are selected by using Q-Blade
software, which is used to find the efficiency of the turbine with
respect to both dimension and TSR for the same swept area.
Figure 2 shows the coefficient of power for different length and
diameter and TSR of the blade.
From this analysis, the dimensions of length 650 mm and
radius 75 mm are selected, which is given in Figure 3.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. Blade dimensions.
3. Computational fluid dynamic validation
3.1. Mesh independency
The validation of CFD is done by mesh independency and time
independency. The mesh independency technique is a tech-
nique which is used to find the best mesh among the meshes
(Venkatesan et al. 2018). They are, namely, coarse mesh, medium
mesh and fine mesh. The coarse mesh is one in which the mesh
of a domain will not be fine refinement. The results for the coarse
mesh with the time step as 5 degree and the diagram of the
coarse mesh are given in Figure 4(a) and Table 1(a).
The medium mesh is one in which the mesh of a domain is
a little more refined than the coarse. The results of the medium
mesh and the picture of mesh refinement for 5 degree are given
in Figure 4(b) and Table 1(b) . The fine mesh is one which the
mesh of a domain will have more fine refinement and the results
along with graph and the picture of mesh refinement are given
in Figure 4(c) and Table 1(c).
3.2. Validation of mesh independency
The validation of mesh involves selecting a better mesh in order
to develop the analysis. From the above results, the validation
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY 3

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4. Various meshes of the domain.

Table 1. The results of the mesh.

(a) Course mesh (b) Medium mesh (c) Fine mesh
Time Steps Power in Watts Co-efficient of power Power in Watts Co-efficient of Power Power in Watts Co-efficient of Power
1 60.28 0.098 69.86 0.114 70.11 0.104
2 6.96 0.114 14.40 0.023 14.48 0.011
3 18.42 0.030 26.56 0.043 26.79 0.029
4 25.63 0.042 33.32 0.054 33.65 0.044
5 36.08 0.059 41.71 0.068 42.06 0.060
6 46.12 0.056 50.38 0.082 50.80 0.077
7 53.73 0.088 57.47 0.094 57.79 0.091
8 56.12 0.092 60.00 0.098 60.20 0.097
9 53.92 0.884 56.92 0.093 57.11 0.091
10 47.02 0.077 49.51 0.081 49.61 0.076
11 37.63 0.616 40.36 0.066 40.46 0.060
12 28.12 0.046 31.72 0.052 32.02 0.044
13 20.19 0.033 25.93 0.042 26.33 0.033
14 15.55 0.025 24.36 0.039 24.45 0.028
15 15.90 0.026 26.72 0.043 26.24 0.030
16 22.93 0.037 31.46 0.051 30.68 0.038
17 32.51 0.053 39.55 0.064 38.82 0.054
18 42.93 0.070 52.14 0.085 51.68 0.079
19 53.32 0.087 67.84 0.111 67.59 0.110
20 64.92 0.106 80.99 0.132 80.97 0.139
21 75.02 0.122 88.47 0.145 88.78 0.154
22 79.73 0.130 88.94 0.145 89.26 0.151
23 77.57 0.127 83.24 0.136 83.77 0.137
24 72.44 0.118 74.76 0.122 75.44 0.120
25 64.47 0.105 66.73 0.109 67.28 0.106
26 56.50 0.092 59.38 0.097 59.98 0.095
27 49.75 0.081 51.89 0.085 52.64 0.084
28 44.98 0.073 45.04 0.073 45.76 0.073
29 41.75 0.068 40.75 0.066 41.23 0.065
30 39.77 0.065 38.53 0.063 38.95 0.061

takes place with help of the graph given in Figure 5. By compar-
ing these three results, the best mesh is selected and it is used
for the analysis for further processing. The validation of meshes
is given in Figure 5.
The graph in Figure 5 shows that the results of the medium
mesh and a fine mesh are similar with slightly changes.
So, the results obtained from both mesh are the same. So,
we consider the medium mesh because the computational
time for the medium mesh is less compared with the fine
mesh.
The results of the medium mesh such as minimum face
size, maximum face size, maximum size, growth rate and min-
imum edge length are 0.00132264, 0.132264, 0.26452, 1.2107
and 0.20908, respectively.
4 S. P. VENKATESAN ET AL.

Figure 5. Results of mesh independency.

3.3. Time independency

Time independency is not time-dependent, not determined by
the value of a variable representing time. The time independent
test is taken for three values such as 1, 3 and 5 degree. In 1
degree, the entire 180 degree tested for each 1 degree time step
and the results are tabulated in Table 2 (a) showing the results of
one degree rotation, but the first 60 degree is not taken because
in any analysis the first some results are not in a correct manner
due the starting. So, the next 120 degree is considered and tabu-
lated in Table 2(a). In 3 degree, the entire 180 degree is tested for
3 degree of rotation and the results given in Table 2 (a) represent
the power generated for the 3 degree rotation in which it has 60
time steps, but we consider only the last 40 time steps because Figure 6. Results of time independency.
of analysis error at the initial stage. In 5 degree, the entire 180

degree is tested for each 5 degree time-steps and in which the

results in Table 2(a) show the result of 5 degree time steps. In 5
Table 2. Results of time independency.
degree the entire time step are 30, but we consider only 24 time
(a) One degree (b) Three degree (c) Five degree steps for better analysis purposes and is tabulated in Table 2 (c).
Time steps Power Time steps Power Time steps Power
1 24.45 3 24.10 5 27.30 3.4. Validation of time independency
2 23.97 6 23.25 10 26.46
3 23.54 9 24.60 15 29.30 The validation of time independency involves choosing the
4 23.33 12 27.08 20 34.37
5 23.42 15 30.17 25 42.60 best degree of rotation to generate high power in order to get
6 23.30 18 33.25 30 55.61 high efficiency. The validation is taken using the results of each
7 23.77 21 36.69 35 72.03 degree of rotation and it is shown in Figure 6.
8 24.43 24 41.22 40 86.75
9 25.13 27 47.09 45 95.25 From Figure 6 it can be seen that 1 and 3 degree have the
10 26.16 30 55.41 50 95.77 same results without any major changes when comparing with
11 26.74 33 65.76 55 88.86 5 degree of rotation. For S0, we considered 1 and 3 degree of
12 27.71 36 78.53 60 79.13
13 28.93 39 91.89 65 70.31 rotation, in between them we had chosen 3 degree of rotation
14 29.87 42 101.56 70 62.51 for the following reasons. The results obtained are similar with
15 31.07 45 104.86 75 54.68 1 degree of rotation and the computational time for 3 degree is
16 31.97 48 103.20 80 47.31
17 32.89 51 98.79 85 42.08 slightly lesser than the 1 degree rotation.
18 34.18 54 92.37 90 39.14
19 35.15 57 84.23 95 37.16
20 36.25 60 76.32 100 35.53 4. Results and discussions
21 37.13 63 69.70 105 34.17
22 37.97 66 64.78 110 33.32 From the validation process, the results of mesh independency
23 39.45 69 60.62 115 32.67 and time independency are taken into the analysis process. In
24 41.04 72 57.21 120 31.38
the analysis, TSR variation takes place in order to evaluate the
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY 5

Table 3. TSR and total time step values.

S. no. TSR Angular velocity (rad/s) Angular velocity (deg/s) Time for one time step (s) Total time (s) Power (W) Co-efficient of power
1 0.2 5.78 331.33 0.009054417 0.543265 –0.085 –0.00036
2 0.4 11.56 662.73 0.004526730 0.271603 –0.083 –0.00035
3 0.6 17.34 994.07 0.003017896 0.181073 0.15 0.000612
4 0.8 23.12 1325.41 0.002263450 0.135807 0.71 0.0029
5 1.0 28.90 1656.74 0.001810785 0.108647 1.69 0.0071
6 1.2 34.68 1988.14 0.001508948 0.090536 3.05 0.0128
7 1.4 40.46 2319.47 0.001508948 0.090536 4.88 0.0204
8 1.6 46.24 2650.87 0.001131702 0.067902 7.31 0.0306
9 1.8 52.02 2982.21 0.001005965 0.060357 10.49 0.0439
10 2.0 57.80 3313.55 0.000905373 0.054322 14.55 0.0609
11 2.2 63.58 3644.93 0.000823060 0.049383 19.57 0.0819
12 2.4 69.36 3976.28 0.000754474 0.045268 25.64 0.1073
13 2.6 75.14 4307.67 0.000696431 0.041785 32.87 0.1376
14 2.8 80.92 4639.01 0.000646689 0.038801 42.24 0.1768
15 3.0 86.70 4970.35 0.000603579 0.036214 51.16 0.2142
16 3.2 92.48 5299.04 0.000566139 .0339683 62.41 0.2612
17 3.4 98.26 5630.24 0.000532836 0.031970 75.20 0.3148
18 3.6 104.05 5961.43 0.000503234 0.030194 89.62 0.3751
19 3.8 109.82 6292.61 .000476749 0.028604 105.74 0.4426
20 4.0 115.60 6623.81 0.000452911 0.027174 123.70 0.5178
21 4.2 121.38 6955.00 0.000431344 0.025880 143.56 0.601
22 4.4 127.16 7286.19 .0004117375 0.024704 165.43 0.6925
23 4.6 132.94 7617.38 .0003938360 0.023630 –18.94 –0.079
24 4.8 138.72 7948.54 0.000377426 0.022645 –21.55 –0.090
25 5.0 144.50 8279.76 0.000362329 0.021739 –24.40 –0.102

Figure 7. Variation of power and coefficient of power for the various value of TSR.

best TSR and by using that TSR the performance of the turbine is
calculated. In order to evaluate TSR, angular velocity is calculated
for various TSR and is given in Table 3.
From Table 3, the value of each TSR is calculated and then
it is used in the analysis process. The analysis is taken for
each TSR with their respective time steps. It clearly shows
that from the TSR 0.2, the power is gradually increasing, at
a particular point TSR 4.4, it gets the maximum value of
power and then at the point of 4.6 TSR, the power suddenly
decreases. So, the performance can be obtained at a higher level
in 4.4 TSR.
Figure 7(a,b) shows that relation between TSR, power and
coefficient of power. It states that as TSR increases, power
and coefficient of power will also increase at a particular
point. The maximum power is obtained at 4.4 TSR, after that
the power suddenly decreases which will affect the the effi-
ciency of the turbine. So, 4.4 TSR is selected for the Savonius
turbine.
The counter flow and streamline pictures are given in
(Figure 8(a,b) in order to demonstrate the TSR analysis. In 0.2
TSR), the air entering into the domain will go immediately from
the domain so the power generation is very low. Whereas for
4.4 TSR (Figure 8(c,d)), the air creates turbulence which raises
the power generation. But for 5.0 TSR (Figure 8(e,f)), it creates
high swirl inside the domain, so the efficiency will suddenly
decrease.
4.1. Performance analysis
Performance analysis is taken by considering 4.4 as TSR by
varying the wind speed. So, numerical performance is gener-
ated through analysis and then theoretical power is calculated
and validation between numerical power and theoretical power
is done which is shown Table 4. From Figure 9, the numer-
ical power generated and theoretical powers calculated are
shown.
Figure 9 shows that the efficiency between numerical power
and the theoretical is 80%. As per the figure, as wind speed
increases, power numerical increases in which the efficiency is
80% but in accordance to the Boltzmann constant it is 0.579
which includes the generator efficiency. So, while including the
generator efficiency, the efficiency between the theoretical and
rated becomes nearly 50%.So, as per the results, power is gener-
ated at a higher rate in 4.4 TSR.
6 S. P. VENKATESAN ET AL.

Figure 8. Pictures of various flow and various TSR.

5. Conclusion Table 4. Table of wind speed vs power.

From the results, it is concluded that in mesh independency anal- Wind speed (m/s) Numerical power (W) Theoretical power (W)
ysis, the medium mesh is selected which shows a growth rate 1 0.11 0.24
2 1.47 1.91
of 1.207, when compared with other meshes and also from the 3 5.21 6.45
time independency analysis, 3 degree of rotation is selected con- 4 12.32 15.29
sidering the computational time. By using the results of mesh 5 24.23 29.86
6 42.14 51.59
independency and time independency analysis, the analysis of 7 67.29 81.93
various TSR is carried out. By the analysis of TSR values rang- 8 100.85 122.30
ing from 0.2–5.0, 4.4 is selected where the performance of a 9 143.95 174.14
10 197.78 238.88
Savonius turbine is high. Using TSR as 4.4, the numerical anal-
ysis of the turbine for variable wind speed is carried out and
the results are validated with theoretical results. From the val- concluded that at 4.4 TSR with medium mesh and 3 degree
idation, it seems that efficiency of a Savonius turbine is nearly of rotation, the Savonius turbine perform with an efficiency
80% at 4.4 TSR without considering generator efficiency. It is of 80%.

Figure 9. Graph between wind speed vs power.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
S. P. Venkatesan http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1454-5442
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