A SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE MULTI-DIMENSION SCATTERING

PROPERTIES DIAGNOSIS OF SCALE AIRCRAFT MODEL IN AN

ANECHOIC CHAMBER

C. F. Hu, Z. Zhou, N. J. Li and L. X. Zhang

National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on UAV

Northwestern Polytechnical University
Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi China

Abstract—Aimed at the concept of “diagnosis”, a simple and effective broadband

RCS measurement system is constructed, and some multi-dimensional scattering
properties diagnosis techniques are presented based on the system. Firstly, a kind of
stepped-frequency signal is employed to achieve high range resolution, combining
with a variety of signal processing techniques. Next, cross-range resolution is gained
with a rotating table, and the high-resolution two-dimensional (2-D) imaging of scale
model is obtained by microwave imaging theory. Finally, two receiving antennas with
a small distance in altitude are used, and the three-dimensional (3-D) height
distribution of scattering points on scale model is extracted from the phase of images.
A scale aircraft model is diagnosed in an anechoic chamber. The experimental results
show: After scaling with a metal sphere, the accurate one-dimensional (1-D) RCS
pattern of the model is obtained, and it has a large dynamic range. When the
bandwidth of transmitting signal is 4GHz, the resolution of 2-D image can be reached
to 0.0375m. The 3-D height distribution of scattering points is given by
interferometric measurement. The paper provides a feasible way to obtain
high-precision scattering properties parameters of scale aircraft model in a
conventional rectangular anechoic chamber

1. INTRODUCTION

Scale model diagnosis [1,2,3] is a well known technique that has shown the ability to
investigate the scattering properties of radar target, especially in the design stage of
stealth aircraft [4]. The scattering properties of target will be obtained accurately by
the diagnosis of scale model, which provides basic data for selecting the reasonable
configuration of aircraft. The scale models are often measured in an anechoic chamber
as the following considerations: 1) Contrary to outdoor measurement, neither satellite
nor scout can detect the content of experiments; 2) As a result of microwave
absorbing materials inside the chamber, the impact of clutters is greatly eliminated,
and the results of scattering properties of target are more accurate; 3) The hours cost
on operating system and testing are reduced a lot; 4) people can work in a comfortable
place and avoid excessive exposure to sun.
At present, compact antenna test range (CATR) is mainly used for indoor
diagnosis of scale model [5,6]. However, a reflection surface of CATR system is very
expensive and difficult to manufacture [7]. There are a lot of rectangular anechoic
chambers in the world, but most of them are applied to measure antennas. When the
scattering measurement is mentioned, people often worry about the high cost and the
precision of test. In this paper, a Simple and Effective multi-dimension scattering
properties diagnosis of scale aircraft model is presented for a normal anechoic
chamber. An accurate stepped-frequency RCS measurement system is constructed. On
the basis of the system, 1-D、2-D、3-D scattering properties diagnosis techniques are
illustrated in detail, and also verified by experiments with a scale aircraft model. The
system and the techniques make it possible to achieve high-precision scattering
properties diagnosis of the scale model in a conventional rectangular anechoic
chamber, and provide a simple and effective platform for stealth aircraft design.
The first section describes the advantages and methods of scale model
measurements. Section II details a broadband RCS measurement system; it is possible
to accurately obtain RCS pattern of target with some signal processing techniques. In
Section III, on the basis of frequency domain data, 2-D microwave imaging is
obtained by means of a rotating table, and then the two-dimensional position and
amplitude information of scattering points are extracted in 2-D image. In section IV,
3-D height distribution diagnosis technique is presented. The vertical position of
scattering points are given by comparing their phase difference of two coherent 2-D
images, which are obtained by using two antennas with a little change in pitch angle.
Section V gives the results of multi-dimensional diagnosis of a stealth scale aircraft
model, and the important scattering properties are analyzed for stealth configuration
design.

2. HIGH-RESOLUTION 1-D RCS DIAGNOSIS

A kind of high-resolution 1-D RCS diagnosis system is shown in fig.1.

Stepped-frequency signal [8,9] is created by vector network analyzer. After passing a
power amplifier, the signal is transmitted by a wideband antenna, and another antenna
closed to the transmitting antenna receives returns, which implement a
quasi-monostation measurement. The velocity of rotation and the interval of sample
are controlled through net lines by a computer. As the rotating table arrives at an angle,
a trigger signal is sent to network analyzer, and then the vector network analyzer
begins to measure.
20m

Target

Network
Rotating 6m
analyzer Wideband
table
antenna

Anechoic chamber

Figure 1. Stepped-frequency RCS measurement system

 For RCS pattern test at all angles, the echoes include many clutters that affect the
precision of measurement system, such as residual reflections from the walls and floor as well
as ceiling of the anechoic chamber, and the mutual coupling between two antennas. So DSP
techniques [10,11] for removing clutters from the returns are in great importance.
The frequency-domain cancellation must be used firstly, so the echo of chamber at
each frequency point is recorded over the whole rotation angles of the revolving stage
and the frequency-domain data of target are measured with no change of background
at the same angle, and then the vector subtraction is applied to the data of chamber
and target at corresponding angles. After frequency-domain cancellation, the
frequency-domain response at all frequencies are obtained as following
y ( i ) = exp ⎡⎣ − j 2π ( f 0 + iΔf ) t ⎤⎦ , i = 0,1, ⋅⋅⋅, N − 1 (1)

If the target is a point one, the distance between target and radar is R. The
equation (1) can be expressed
y ( i ) = exp ⎡⎣ − j 2π ( f 0 + iΔf ) × 2 R / c ⎤⎦ , i = 0,1, ⋅⋅⋅, N − 1 (2)

Where, c is the velocity of light, f0 is the start frequency,Δf is the step of

frequency. The phase of y(i) is a linear sequence, so time-domain response [12,13]can
be got by inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) [14]
1 N −1
⎛ 2π ⎞
Hl =
N
∑ exp ⎡⎣− j 2π ( f
i =0
0 + iΔf ) × 2 R / c ⎤⎦ × exp ⎜ j li ⎟
⎝ N ⎠
(3)

Then, the amplitude of response is gained by a modular arithmetic, and the location of
target can be seen in the high-resolution time-domain response. The other interferer
resources, especially the mutual coupling between two antennas also can be observed.
sin π ( l − N Δf ⋅ 2 R / c )
Hl = , l = 0,1, ⋅⋅⋅, N − 1 (4)
N sin π ( l / N − Δf ⋅ 2 R / c )

Next, the area of target can be chosen by an appropriate time-domain gating [15]
as equation (5), therefore, the clutters of background is eliminated effectively.
⎧H l ∈ area of target
Hl ′ = ⎨ l (5)
⎩ 0 other area
The time-domain gating removes most of unwanted signals, meanwhile, the
spectrum information of original echoes are lost [16]. Moreover, the narrower gated,
the less accurate data gained. If a suitable window function is added to the spectrum
of returning echoes, the impact caused by cutting off time-domain data will be
reduced. The Hamming window [17] is taken here as the following expression
s ( n ) =0.5-0.5cos(2π n/N), n=0,1, ⋅⋅⋅, N − 1 (6)

The RCS of target is calculated by the following formula

σ dBsm = S 21 − S 21′ + σ dBsm
′ (7)
Where, σdBsm is the RCS of target, σ’dBsm is the RCS of scaling, S21、S’21are the
measured value of target and scaling.
The scattering properties in all angles are estimated by the high-resolution 1-D
diagnosis technique, which can be applied in the primary stage of configuration
design. However, it is only an integrated RCS equivalent area value, and the position
and amplification information of scattering points are difficult to obtain, thus a 2-D
microwave imaging diagnosis is presented in the next section.

3. 2-D MICROWAVE IMAGING DIAGNOSIS BASED ON ROTATING

TABLE

On the basis of high range resolution profile in section II, 2-D microwave imaging
diagnostic techniques is presented to obtain cross-range resolution with a rotating
table, so the scattering points can be distinguished in the two-dimensional plane.

v y
Rotating
Transmitting table
antenna θ
o u
Receiving
Anechoic chamber
antenna x

Figure 2. The model of 2-D microwave imaging diagnosis based on rotating table

The model of 2-D microwave imaging diagnosis is shown in fig.2. The

transmitting and receiving antennas are fixed on adjacent position, θ is rotary angle
around the center of rotating table from anticlockwise direction. The distance between
radar and rotary center is constant R0. The coordinate u-v is immobile to the antennas,
and the coordinate x-y is fixed on target circumrotated around the target. The relation
of two coordinates is given as following
x = u cos θ − v sin θ (8)
y = u sin θ + v cos θ (9)

If the stepped-frequency signals are transmitted to target and the received echoes
at each angles are shown in the equation (10)
∞ ∞
Et ( f ,θ ) = ∫ ∫ g(u, v) exp(− j 4π fR / c) d u d v
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
(10)
= ∫ ∫ g( x, y) exp[− j (4π f / c)( R
−∞ −∞
0 + y cos θ − x sin θ )]d x d y

Where, g(x, y) is two-dimension distribution of scattering points, also can be regarded

as the image of target, so it’s not only the function of coordinate(x,y), but also the
function of frequency f and azimuth angle θ. Let k=2f/c and G(k, θ)=Et(f, θ), the
equation (10) can be expressed as
θ max kmax
ĝ( x, y ) = ∫ ∫
θ min kmin
k G(k , θ ) exp[ j 2π k ( y cos θ − x sin θ )]d k d θ (11)

It is the general expression of 2-D imaging diagnosis based on rotating table [18].
Note that integral restrict in equation (11) cannot be satisfied the condition of
IFFT [19], so kmin must be moved to zero, let B= kmax - kmin, B is the bandwidth of
spatial frequency k, then
B
Pθ (l ) = ∫ (k + kmin )G (k + kmin ,θ ) exp( j 2π kl ) d k (12)
0

θ max
gˆ ( x, y ) = ∫
θ min
Pθ (l ) exp( j 2π kmin l ) d θ (13)

l = y cos θ − x sin θ (14)

As the frequency of signal is discrete, therefore k=n·B/N, n=0,1,2,…,N-1, where N

is the points of frequency. Then equation (12) can be described as following
( N −1) B / N B
B j 2π ⋅n⋅l
Pθ (l ) = ∑ k =0
(
N
⋅ n + kmin )G (n, θ ) e N (15)

The projection line l is separated equally according to the range resolution, namely
lm=m/B, m=0,1,2,…,N-1, let Gθ(n)=( n·B/N+ kmin) G (n,θ), equation (15) is expressed
N −1 m
j 2π n
Pθ (lm ) = ∑ Gθ ( n ) e N
= IFFT ⎡⎣Gθ ( n ) ⎤⎦ (16)
n =0

Pθ(lm) are the value at different lm points. However, the projection line l is
changed with angles for the integration, and Pθ(l) are the value at different l points, so
the Pθ(lm) must be interpolated to obtain Pθ(l), the interpolation formulas are
Pθ ( l ) = Pθ ( lm −1 ) + ( l − lm −1 ) tgα (17)

tgα = ⎡⎣ Pθ ( lm ) − Pθ ( lm −1 ) ⎤⎦ / ( lm − lm −1 ) (18)

After the interpolation, the integration can be done for azimuth angles as
following
θ max

gˆ ( x, y ) = ∫ Pθ (l ) exp( j 2π kmin l ) d θ = ∑ Pθ (l ) e j 2π kmin l (19)

θmin
θ

The 2-D image of target can be reconstructed and the distribution of scattering
points is found in the image, which guides the RCS reduction [20] at the local parts of
aircraft visually.
4. INTERFEROMETRIC 3-D IMAGING DIAGNOSIS

The planar position of scattering points can be found intuitively by 2-D microwave
imaging, but the height of them is still unknown. So an interferometric 3-D imaging
diagnosis is presented by employing two receiving antennas with a short distance in
vertical position and the height of scattering points can be obtained from the phase of
two 2-D images.

z
ω z0

A ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
Antenna 1

d 1

x
α1 R Transmitting
β
r0 O α2 antenna
d2

y Antenna 2

Figure 3. The model of interferometric 3-D imaging diagnosis

The model of interferometric 3-D imaging diagnosis is shown in fig.3. Assuming

that the x-axis is the incident direction of transmitting antenna, and the target is
rotating around z-axis, then the coordinate system is established according to the
right-handed principle. If the rectangular coordinate of one arbitrary scattering point
on target is A(x0, y0, z0), the corresponding cylindrical coordinate is A (r0cosβ, r0sinβ,
z0), and the coordinate of two receiving antennas are (-R, 0, -d1) and (-R, 0, -d2)
respectively, both of them are point to the origin of coordinates and have the target
angles α1 and α2 with x-axis, so
d1 = R tan α1 (20)

d 2 = R tan α 2 (21)

and α1∈[0°, 90°), α2∈(-90°, 0°].

If the target is rotating around z-axis with an angular velocity ω and θ is the
instantaneous angle of the point A, then
⎧ x0 = r0 cos θ
⎪
⎨ y0 = r0 sin θ (22)
⎪ z =z
⎩ 0 0

Where, θ=ωt+β.
The distance from the receiving antenna 1 to the point A is
 ( r0 cos θ + R ) + r02 sin 2 θ + ( z0 − d1 )
2 2
r1 =

R ⎛ 2r0 cos θ cos 2 α1 2 z0 tan α1 cos 2 α1 ( r0 + z0 ) cos α1 ⎞

1/ 2
2 2 2 (23)
= ⎜ 1+ − + ⎟
cos α1 ⎜ R R R2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
For R>> x0, y0, z0, namely the far-field condition is existed, and the equation (23)
is approximately equal to
R
r1 ≈ + x0 cos α1 − z0 sin α1 (24)
cos α1

Similarly, the distance from the receiving antenna 2 to the point A is

( r0 cos θ + R ) + r02 sin 2 θ + ( z0 + d 2 )

2 2
r2 =

R ⎛ 2r0 cos θ cos 2 α 2 2 z0 tan α 2 cos 2 α 2 ( r0 + z0 ) cos α 2 ⎞

1/ 2
2 2 2 (25)
= ⎜1 + + + ⎟
cos α 2 ⎜ R R R2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
It is also approximately equal to
R
r2 ≈ + x0 cos α 2 + z0 sin α 2 (26)
cos α 2

Finally, the two-way phase difference of two receiving antennas is

4π
φ= ( r2 − r1 )
λ
(27)
4π ⎡⎛ R R ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢⎜ − ⎟ + x0 ( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) + z0 ( sin α 2 + sin α1 ) ⎥
λ ⎣⎝ cos α 2 cos α1 ⎠ ⎦
If α1 = α2, then ф=8πz0sinα1/λ, the height of point A is given as following
φλ
z0 = (28)
8π sin α1

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF A SCALE AIRCRAFT MODEL

The system was constructed in the anechoic chamber of National Key Laboratory of
Science and Technology on UAV as shown in fig.4. The structure of chamber is a
typical rectangular design. A sort of cone absorbers [21] are placed in the chamber,
which make the reflection of space is lower than -40dB above 1GHz. Low scattering
foam is specially designed for supporting target. The anechoic chamber provides a
good condition to achieve accurate backscattering measurement. An aircraft model
with the scale factor 10 is diagnosed as shown in fig.5, and the multi-dimension
diagnosis techniques are employed to analyze the scattering properties of the model.
Figure 4. The anechoic chamber
Figure 5. A scale aircraft model

Firstly, a high-resolution 1-D RCS diagnosis is applied to the scale model. The
span of frequency is 8GHz to 12GHz, the number of points is 801. A metal sphere
with radius 0.2m is employed to determine the RCS of model. Both of the antennas
are horizontal polarization, and the power is 20dBm after using an amplifier.

-10

-20
RCS (dBsm)

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70 scale model

metal sphere
-80
0 100 200 300
angle (degree)
Figure 6. The 1-D diagnosis results of the scale model and a metal sphere with radius
0.2 m

The 1-D RCS patterns of the scale model and the scaling metal sphere at 10GHz
are given in fig.6, expressed with dashed line and real line respectively. From the
result of metal sphere on X band, it likes a straight line, which explains that the test
precision at all angles is high. The average RCS value of the scale aircraft model is
about -16dBsm, and the scattering regions are distributed at several narrow angles,
whereas the RCS of most directions are low. It also can be known that the model is a
stealth configuration. Due to the stepped-frequency signals transmitted in the
measurement, the results of lots of frequencies on X band are obtained in a lump,
which saves the test time greatly. The difference between the maximum value and the
minimum value is about 100dB, which also shows the diagnosis result of scale aircraft
model has a large dynamic range. The high-resolution 1-D diagnosis techniques can
quickly and accurately obtain the stealth performance parameters of a scale model.
In order to reduce the RCS of aircraft, the reflection distribution of scattering
points is diagnosed by 2-D microwave imaging described in section 3, and the image
of aircraft nose is given in fig.7. Due to the span of transmit signals is 4GHz，so the
range resolution is 0.0375m. In order to make the 2-D image of aircraft with no
distortion, the cross-range resolution must be equal to the range resolution, so the
angle of rotating table is about 23 degrees. The outline of aircraft and some typical
scattering points can be seen from the image. Weak spire diffraction is existed at the
direction of the nose. Next to this weak scattering point, two scattering points are
diagnosed caused by two inlets. Some scattering points are distributed after them,
which may be caused by the edge diffraction of leading wing. The 2-D image of other
directions can be obtained by continuing to rotate with the same angles, or processing
step by step after rotating around a circle. The 2-D microwave imaging diagnosis not
only gives the amplitude information of scattering points, but also the position
information in the two-dimensional plane, which provide an intuitive image for
further RCS reduction of scale model.

RCS (dBsm)
-30

0
-50 -35
-100
1.5 -40

1 -45

0.5 -50
y(m)

0 -55

-0.5 -60
2
-1 1 -65
0
-1.5 -2 -1
x (m)

Figure 7. The 2-D diagnosis result of the scale model

2-D image of the scale model not only includes the amplitude information of
scattering points, but also the phase information.3-D image will be reconstructed by
using the phase information of two receiving antennas. According to the fig.3, the
receiving antennas are placed symmetrically to the transmitting antenna, which
ensures the same propagation path of transmitting signals (normally the phase
difference is less than 20 degree). Therefore, the amplitude and phase information of
two receiving antennas will be calibrated by a metal sphere, and the distance of them
has a limitation for phase ambiguity, which may cause many values. The system must
be built very carefully. The test parameters are similar to 2-D microwave imaging, and
the distance of two receiving antennas is 0.05m. The height distribution of scattering
points is given in fig.8. Due to some scattering points are not in the same resolution
cell, so height information of some points may not be accurate, and this issue will be
solved in the future.

z(m)

0.5

1
0.5
0 0.4
1
0.3
0.5

0.2
y(m)

0
0.5
0.1
-0.5
0
-0.5 x(m)
-1 0

Figure 8. The 3-D diagnosis result of the scale model

6. CONCLUSION

No matter stealth or anti-stealth techniques, the scattering properties of radar target

are investigated in detail, and the scattering points must be diagnosed by using
high-resolution microwave imaging system. In this paper, a simple and effective
scattering properties of multi-dimensional diagnosis techniques is presented based on
indoor stepped-frequency broadband RCS measurement system, and the 1-D、2-D、
3-D spatial distribution of scattering properties are obtained by means of the
microwave imaging theory and a variety of signal processing methods. All of the
works provide the scientific data to improve aircraft stealth performance.
There are still some problems in the techniques. For example, due to the distance
limitation of anechoic chamber, the far-field condition is difficult to satisfy when the
maximum size of scale model is large or the transmitting frequency is high, which
may cause some distortions of RCS data. We have done a lot of preliminary
researches [22], and some extrapolation results are obtained to eliminate the impact of
spherical wave. Moreover, some issues will be existed with a large rotation angle in
2-D microwave imaging, such as the isotropic assumptions are not satisfied for some
parts of the aircraft [23]. In addition, the height distribution obtained by
interferometry measurement of two antennas is not the real three-dimensional imaging
in a sense, and we are considering developing a kind of planar scanning system to
achieve three-dimensional high-resolution imaging with multi-baseline interferometry
[24]. More related works will be implemented to provide a good platform for a more
accurate scattering properties diagnosis of scale model.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work is supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young
Scholars of China (Grant No. 61201320). Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation
(Grant No. 2011M501474) and Basic Research Foundation of Northwestern
Polytechnical University (Grant No. JC201213).

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