Environment

Environment is defined as the sum total of water, air and land and the
inter-relationships that exist among them and with the human beings, other living
organisms and materials.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a self-regulating group of biotic communities of species
interacting with one another and with their non-living environment exchanging
energy and matter. Now ecology is often defined as “the study of ecosystem.
Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the
control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and
disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accordance with the best principles
of public health, economics, engineering, conservations , and that is also
responsive to public attitudes.
Scope Of Solid Waste Management
In its scope, solid waste management includes all administrative, financial,
legal, planning, and engineering functions involved in solution to all problems of
solid wastes. The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary “interworking”
relationships among such fields as political science, city and regional planning,
geography, economics, public health sociology, demography, communications,
and conservation “protection”, as well as engineering and material science.
Sea Level

A rise in global sea levels has been observed in recent decades, and with
continued global warming temperatures, the IPCC predicts this trend to continue
throughout the century. There are two primary factors affecting sea level rise
relating to global warming. First is thermal expansion. It is estimated that
approximately 60 percent of the global heat energy increases are stored in the
upper ocean and 30 percent in ocean waters at greater depths, resulting in total
oceanic absorption of 90 percent of heat energy increases. As ocean waters
absorb heat energy, they naturally expand, contributing to rising ocean levels.
The second primary factor is melting ice sheets and glaciers. As the Antarctic
and Greenland ice sheets melt, as has been observed through satellite data, and
runoff from melting glaciers empties into the world’s oceans, there is a resultant
sea level rise. Indeed, the IPCC AR5 reports with high confidence, “since the
early 1970s, glacier mass loss and ocean thermal expansion from warming
together explain about 75 percent of the observed global mean sea level rise.”
The latest IPCC report also provides an assessment that it is very likely that mean
sea levels rose worldwide by approximately 1.7 mm per year since 1901 (through
2010). Furthermore, the rate of rise has increased in recent decades, with an
average of 2.0 mm per year since 1971 and 3.2 mm per year since 1993. In all
climate scenarios projected by the IPCC, sea levels will continue to rise
throughout the twenty-first century. It is very likely, as reported, that the
accelerated rate will continue as the new normal. The Panel expects not only a
continued sea level rise, but that the rate will “very likely exceed that observed
during 1971 to 2010 [2.0 mm per year] due to increased ocean warming and
increased loss of mass from glaciers and ice sheets.” It becomes clear, and stands
to reason, that as global warming melts large ice formations and induces thermal
expansion, temperature increases and sea level rise will continue in parallel for
the foreseeable future.

Rising sea levels are likely to affect Myanmar disproportionately

because of its vast connection to the sea and its lower levels of economic
development. Though rates of sea level rise may not be uniform, the IPCC
expects most regions to be within about 20 percent of the global average.

Sustainable Development Goals

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere. Achieving SDG 1would end
extreme poverty globally by 2030.
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture.
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all.
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all.
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all.
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization, and foster innovation.
10. Reduce income inequality within and among countries.
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable.
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating
emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy.
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development.
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels.
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development.