Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNDER SUPERVISION OF
I
SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY
HANDORI BARABANKI-225003
2020-2021
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Govinda Kumar Yadav, Anshu Rai ,Bulat Kumar Gond & Raiyan Ansari
have carried out their project work entitled “Design The Energy Efficient Of Building (Zero
Energy Building ) B3 SRMU Campus” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Diploma in Civil Engineering of Shri Ram Swaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, under
our supervision and guidance during the academic session 2020-2021.
Signature: Signature:
Ms. Rupali Gupta Mr. Abhishek Kumar
(Project coordinator) (Project Guide)
Signature:
Mr. Alok Nigam
HOD, Civil engineering Department
Place: Barabanki
Date:
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Date:
Place: Barabanki
IV
ABSTRACT
A zero-energy house is defined as a house where no fossil fuels are consumed, and
annual electricity consumption equals annual electricity production. In this paper,
simulations of heat demand and supply are used to investigate the feasibility of the zero
energy concept in Dutch low-rise row houses. Essential elements are a high energy end-
use efficiency, photovoltaic electricity production, and heat supply by an electrical heat
pump or by solar collectors. Using present techniques, the concept entails high costs and
an extra- large south facing roof area. More advanced techniques however may help to
overcome these problems.
A zero-energy building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly
reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs
can be supplied with renewable technologies. Despite the excitement over the phrase
―zero energy,‖ we lack a common definition, or even a common understanding, of what
it means. In this paper,
We use a sample of current generation low-energy buildings to explore the concept of
zero energy: what it means, why a clear and measurable definition is needed, and how we
have progressed toward the ZEB goal. The way the zero energy goal is defined affects the
choices designers make to achieve this goal and whether they can claim success. The
ZEB definition can emphasize demand-side or supply strategies and whether fuel
switching and conversion accounting are appropriate to meet a ZEB goal. Four well-
documented definitions net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, net-zero energy
costs, and net-zero energy emissions are studied; pluses and minuses of each are
discussed. These definitions are applied to a set of low-energy buildings for which
extensive energy data are available. This study shows the design impacts of the definition
used for ZEB and the large difference between definitions. It also looks at sample utility
rate structures and their impact on the zero energy scenarios.
iv
CONTENTS PAGE
NO
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF GRAPHS vi
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Historical Background 2
1.3 Need and Objective Background 3
1.3.1 Need 3
1.3.2Objective 4
1.3.3 Scope of present study 4-5
1.4Methodology 5-6
1.5 Advantages of zero energy building 6
1.6 Disadvantages of zero energy building 6
1.7 Uses of zero energy building 7
CHAPTER 2 8
LITERATURE REVIEW 8-9
2.1 General 9
2.2 Energy focus 10-11
2.3 Renewable energy options 11-13
2.4 Type of renewable source 13
2.4.1 Solar 14
2.4.2 Wind 14-15
2.4.3 Hydroelectric 15-16
2.4.4 Biomass 16-17
2.4.5 Bio Fuels 17-18
2.4.6 Tidal Energy 18-19
2.4.7 Wave Power 19-20
2.4.8 Radiant Energy 20-21
2.4.9 Hydrogen 21-22
2.5 Building type 22
2.5.1 Education 23
2.5.2 Food Sales 23
2.5.3 Food Service 23
2.5.4 Health Care (Outpatient) 23
2.5.5 Office 23
2.5.6 Lodging 23
2.5.7 Public Order and Safety 23
2.5.8 Vacant 24
2.5.9 Religious Worship 24
2.6 Single or Community 24
v
CHAPTER 3 25
NOMENCLATURE 25
3.1 General 25
3.2 Annual 25
3.3 Building 26
3.4 Building site 26
3.4 Building Energy 27
3.5 Campus 28
3.6 Delivered Energy 28-29
3.7 Energy 29
3.8 Exported Energy 29
3.9 Geothermal Energy 30
3.10 On-site Renewable Energy 30
3.11 Portfolio 31
3.12 Renewable Energy 32
3.13 Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) 32
3.14 Site Boundary 32
3.15 SiteEnergy 33
3.16 Source Energy 33
CHAPTER 4 34
Floor are Kept Warm for Zero Energy Buildings 34
Rain Water Harvesting System 35
Ventilation System in Zero Energy Buildings 36
Solar Panels on the Rooting 37
HAVC System in Zero Energy Buildings 38
Alternate Building Material for Zero Energy Buildings 39
Results and Discussion 40-41
Future Scope 42
(i) Market Synopsis 42
(ii) Impact on Workplace Productivity and Health 42
(iii)Sustainability, Emerging Economies & the Developing World 42
Conclusion 43
References 43-45
vi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Currently, there is almost no doubt about the processes of global warming on Earth in
the scientific community partly, this is confirmed, including changes in regulatory
documentation. So in an updated version of the standard building climatology (SP
131.13330) compared with the previous edition of this standard (SNIP 23-01-99) for a
large number of settlements, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, the calculated
parameters of the climate were revised upwards the design temperature of outer air
and decrease the duration of the heating season.
In the history of our planet periodically climate change has happened before but for the
first time these changes associated with human activities . Carbon dioxide (CO2) that is
emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels changes the composition of our atmosphere.
The uncontrolled use of fossil energy leads to the depletion of world reserves of non-
renewable energy sources.
The area, where it is possible to reduce the consumption of fuel and, consequently,
energy consumption and emissions into the atmosphere, is the housing stock, which
according to various estimates consumes 30 to 40 % of all energy It is enough to
increase regulatory requirements for insulation levels, to improve the degree of building
automation when adjusting the parameters of the coolant that enter the building, to install
systems heat recovery of exhaust air and a more efficient heating system.
In the future, to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the planet and
protecting the environment, mankind will be forced to do a lot less energy for heating
than it uses it still. If we add to this that the stocks of non-renewable energy resources
are finite, it should be recognized that the main characteristic of the future buildings is
ultra-low energy consumption and even energy consumption close to zero. While the
existing old buildings spent from 200 to 400 kWh/m (year) thermal energy for heating,
The need for heating energy for buildings of the future generation will be from 20
to 50 kWh/m. And many countries establish similar standards of energy consumption
2
1.3 Need and Objective Background
A broadly accepted definition of ZEB boundaries and metrics is foundational to efforts
by governments, utilities and private entities to recognize or incentivize ZEBs. A
commonly accepted definition and corresponding methods of measurement for ZEBs
would also have a significant impact on the development of design strategies for
buildings and help spur greater market uptake of such projects.
The definition of ZEBs needs to include clear and concise language to be effective and
accepted. Metrics and measurement guidelines are required to allow verification of the
achievement of the key elements of the definition. The definition, nomenclature and
measurement guidelines should address how energy consumption is measured and
what energy uses and types to include in its determination.
In practice, actual projects seeking to verify zero energy should work to ensure no harm
is done in the process of achieving zero energy performance across other, non-energy-
related considerations, such as water protection, optimized comfort for low-load
buildings, and comprehensive indoor air quality. While these considerations don‘t affect
the definition of zero energy, it is important that in practice a design team ensures that
other important building considerations and values are not sacrificed in pursuit of zero
energy
1.3.1 Need
As technology continues to evolve every day, the emphasis placed on energy
efficiency has transformed from a possibility into a necessity. The vital need to reduce
emissions and regulate the environment has led to drastic changes in the building
sector, from management to integration. The concept of Zero Energy Buildings or Net
Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) is quickly gaining momentum for environmentally
conscious consumers and companies such as Schneider Electric. Discover what it
means to call a building ―Zero Energy‖ and how the game is changing for the better.
3
1.3.2 Objective
The objective of the Task is to study current net-zero, near net-zero and very low energy
buildings and to develop a common understanding, a harmonized international definitions
framework, tools, innovative solutions and industry guidelines. A primary means of
achieving this objective is to document and propose practical NZEB demonstration projects,
with convincing architectural quality. These exemplars and the supporting sourcebook,
guidelines and tools are viewed as keys to industry adoption. These projects will aim to
equalize their small annual energy needs, cost-effectively, through building integrated
heating/cooling systems, power generation and interactions with utilities.
The planned outcome of the Task is to support the conversion of the NZEB concept
from an idea into practical reality in the marketplace. The Task source book and the
datasets will provide realistic case studies of how NZEBs can be achieved.
Demonstrating and documenting real projects will also lower industry resistance to
adoption of these concepts.
The Task will build upon recent industry experiences with net-zero and low energy solar
buildings and the most recent developments in whole building integrated design and
operation. The joint international research and demonstration activity will address
concerns of comparability of performance calculations between building types and
communities for different climates in participating countries. The goal is solution sets
that are attractive for broad industry adoption.
4
1.4 Methodology
This work developed a methodology and an associated calculation platform in order to
identify the economic efficient design solutions for residential Zero Energy Building
(ZEB) design considering the influence of the local climate, the endogenous energy
resources and the local economic conditions. One case study of a detached house for 3
climates was analyzed with the tool developed in order to gain insights on the economic
space of ZEB solutions and the influence of the climatic context. A methodology for
assisting the choice of economically efficient ZEB solutions from the early design stage
is now available. Its use in practice may be of great relevance as the results showed that
the differences between an economically efficient and economically inefficient ZEB can
be over three times both in terms of initial and life cycle cost.
5
Al, aluminum; AFUE, Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency; BP, price of electricity bought
from the grid; CDD, Cooling Degree Days; COP, Coefficient of Performance; CS, central
scenario; DHW, domestic hot water ; EF, energy factor; HDDH, editing Degree Days;
IC, initial cost; LCC, life cycle cost; LIC, lowest initial cost; LLCC, lowest life cycle
cost; ZE, Zero Energy ; ZEB, Zero Energy Building, PB, payback; PV, photovoltaic;
RCHP, reversible cycle heat pump; RCHP class A, reversible cycle heat pump class A;
SC, solar collector; SP, price of electricity sold to the grid; TB, thermal break, TPO, total
power output.
Creating a broadly agreed upon and supported definition of ZEB should involve
participation from the many organizations that have a stake in the outcome. DOE
selected the National Institute of Building Sciences to facilitate this collaboration. A non-
profit, non-governmental organization, the Institute was established by the U.S. Congress
in 1974 to bring together representatives of government, the professions, industry, labor
and consumer interests, and regulatory agencies to focus on the identification and
resolution of problems and potential problems that hamper the construction of safe,
affordable, efficient and effective structures throughout the United States.
7
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
A literature review of zero energy buildings, take this idea from YouTube by First
experience in the construction of buildings with zero energy consumption
The German scholar Wolfgang feisty from the Institute for washmen und Unmelt
GmbH and the Swedish Professor Bo Adamson of Lund University are the first who
proposed the concept of building energy passive houses
In 1990, in Germany, in Darmstadt, the first house was constructed, it gave rise to the
development of new technology in the construction of energy-passive houses. The
experiment was a success, and to conduct further research, the Institute was founded by
Dr. Fasten in Darmstadt in 1996. For 17 years of the Institute working approximately
15 thousand buildings has been constructed that correspond the definition of a passive
buildings.
Developments in the field of energy saving and increase of energy efficiency of
buildings in our country are carried out, both at the Federal and at the regional level.
Among prominent experts in this field should be allocated Avery V.K., G.P., V.A., N.A.,
V.I. and many others.
The programs and guidance documents has been also developed at the regional level.
There is developed regional methodological document (hereinafter - RMD) "Guidelines
on energy efficiency of residential and public buildings" in St. Petersburg by
construction Committee in conjunction with the relevant research and educational
organizations in which the basic architectural, spatial, urban planning, design and
engineering activities aimed at comprehensive energy savings.
However, construction of building with ultra-low power consumption, passive
consumption (type Passive House) or energy consumption close to zero is undeveloped
in Russia. There are several objects with low power consumption in this country, for
example energy efficient home that has built in Moscow, district Nikulino-2, and the
building that has built near Moscow. These buildings‘ the annual level of energy
intensity is about (50kWh/m2.year).
The following is a review of literature related to ZEB definitions and research
projects. The reviewed literature is divided into a number of main important topics for
the discussion of ZEB definitions
8
2.2 Energy Focus
Total energy demand in the building is a sum of thermal and electricity demand;
however, many studies focus only on one demand neglecting the other. This issue is
raised by Able, (1994): ―Many low-energy building projects seem to have been based on
the idea 'decrease heat supply at any cost'. In some cases, this has resulted in 'zero-energy
buildings' which, it is true, do not need any heat supply but do, instead, indirectly need
electricity, e.g., to operate the heat pump included in the system.‖
In the 1970‘s and 80‘s, when large part of energy use in the buildings was mostly due to
the heating (space heating and domestic hot water) in publications the zero energy
buildings were actually zero-heating buildings, since only heating demand was
accounted into a zero balance. Essenes, et al. (1977) describe an experimental ZEB house
in Denmark and point out: ―With energy conservation arrangements, such as high-
insulated constructions, heat-recovery equipment and a solar heating system, the Zero
Energy House is dimensioned to be self-sufficient in space heating and hot-water supply
during normal climatic conditions in Denmark. Energy supply for the electric
installations in the house is taken from the municipal mains. ―Satish, (1984) and Satish,
et al. (1985) in their studies present a Natural Energy Autonomous House in Japan.
According to authors: ―… a multi-purpose natural energy autonomous house will meet
almost all the energy demands for space heating and cooling as well as supply of hot
water for standard Japanese house in 10-15 years. For this purpose, solar energy, the
natural underground coldness and sky radiation cooling are utilized.‖
9
2.3 ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEM
The scientific publications focus either on off-grid ZEBs or on-grid ZEB. The main
difference between those two approaches is that, the off-grid ZEB does not have any
connection to the energy infrastructure, thus it does not purchase energy from any external
sources, and the boundaries for the balance calculations are within the building. The on-grid
ZEB, in the literature also named ―net zero‖ or ―grid connected‖, is the energy producing
building connected to one or more energy infrastructures; electricity grid, district heating
and cooling system, gas pipe network, biomass and biofuels distribution networks.
Therefore, it is has a possibility for both buying and selling energy from/to the utility grid.
This division is also well noticeable in the ZEB definitions.
The off-grid ZEB commonly also called ―autonomous‖ or ―self-sufficient‖ building has been
presented in many publications: Stahl, et al. (1994), Voss, et al. (1996), Kramer, (2007),
Plate, et al. (2007); however, there is no clear definition of off-grid ZEB in these
publications. The authors set the goals for the projects, which indirectly can be understood as
the ZEB definition, or give the definition which can be used exclusively for
described study case. Stahl, et al. (1994): ―The goals of the project can be
summarized as follows:
10
Energy supply is the delivery of fuels or transformed fuels to point of consumption. It
potentially encompasses the extraction, transmission, generation, distribution and
storage of fuels. It is also sometimes called energy flow
11
Table of Renewable energy supply options:
2 Use renewable energy sources available within PV, solar hot water, and
the building‘s footprint wind located on the building
3 Use renewable energy sources available at the PV, solar hot water, low-
site impact hydro, and wind
located on-site, but not on
the building.
off-Site Supply Options
4 Use renewable energy sources available off site Biomass, wood pellets,
to generate energy on site ethanol, or biodiesel that
can be imported from off
site, or waste streams from
on-site processes that can be
used on-site to generate
electricity and heat
5 Purchase off-site renewable energy sources Utility-based wind, PV,
emissions credits, or other
―green‖ purchasing options.
Hydroelectric is sometimes
considered
12
2.5 Type of renewable source
Renewable energy refers to a type of energy that is natural and inexhaustible. This type of
energy has gained prominence in recent years due to dwindling coal, oil and natural gas
(the world‘s main sources of energy) reserves and continued environmental degradation
caused by these energy sources. Renewable energy can be reproduced, reducing or
eliminating carbon emissions – which are responsible for global warming.
13
Solar
Wind
Hydroelectric
Biomass
Bio Fuels
Tidal Energy
Wave Power
Hydrogen
2.4.1 Solar
The sun is probably the most popular type of renewable energy source. This is because
the sun‘s radiation is completely free and occurs everywhere except in the arctic
regions. You don‘t have to pay any money in order to harvest solar energy. All you need
is to invest in a quality photovoltaic (PV) solar panel system.
2.4.2 Wind
Wind is another 100% renewable source of energy. Wind turbines are used to convert the
wind‘s kinetic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is then fed into a
generator to produce electricity. This form of energy has very low environmental impact,
but some people detest the very sight of wind turbines or wind farms.
14
2.4.3 Hydroelectric
Hydropower uses the gravitational force of flowing or falling water to generate
electricity. This form of energy source is very clean, and produces zero direct waste.
Majority of the large hydroelectric projects supply electricity to public utilities, but
there some hydropower plants that are specifically built to power industrial enterprises.
Small scale or micro hydropower plants are also becoming increasingly popular as they
can be built on small rivers or streams.
15
2.4.4 Biomass
Biomass energy is generated from dead, organic materials such as trash, dead trees and
leaves, and even dead animals. Energy can be produced by burning these organic
materials so they can give off heat or by converting these materials into energy sources
such as methane, ethanol or biodiesel.
16
2.4.5 Bio Fuels
Biofuels use biomass, or organic materials, to generate electricity. Organic
materials, such as oil seed rape soya, or sugar beet, are converted into biofuels, like
biogas, biodiesel, ethanol, and other bio alcohols. These fuels are, in turn, burned to
produce electricity.
17
2.4.6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy is the energy derived from tides. Tidal forces produced by the Sun and the
Moon, in combination with the Earth‘s rotation, are very powerful and can be
harnessed to generate electricity. Tidal generators work just like wind turbines. They
convert the kinetic energy of the swiftly moving sea water into mechanical energy that
goes into a generator to produce electricity.
18
2.4.7 Wave power
Wave power is produced from the rising and falling of sea waves. Ocean waves rise
and fall, creating mechanical energy that can be converted into electric energy.
19
2.4.8 Radiant Energy
Radiant energy comes from magnetic waves, such as visible light, X-rays and
microwaves. While electromagnetic waves exist in massive amounts in the environment,
scientists are still trying to learn how to effectively harness radiant energy from these
electromagnetic waves to power appliances
20
2.4.9 Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the most abundant element on earth and can be burned to produce
energy. The only problem is that it doesn‘t occur naturally and must be separated
from natural compounds such as water.
21
2.5 Building Types
The zero energy building definitions can be also divided according to the building type.
In the prevailing literature there is almost no difference between the zero energy
building definition for a commercial building and a residential building. Commonly in
the publications three phrases are used: ―zero energy building‖, ―zero energy house‖ and
―zero energy home‖. As the first term is the most comprehensive and includes both
residential and commercial building, the two others typically are used for the residences.
The following different of Building types
Education
Food Sales
Food Service
Health Care (Inpatient)
Office
Lodging
Public Order and Safety
Vacant
Religious Worship
22
2.5.1 Education
Buildings used for academic or technical classroom instruction, such as elementary,
middle, or high schools, and classroom buildings on college or university campuses.
Buildings on education campuses for which the main use is not classroom are included
in the category relating to their use. For example, administration buildings are part of
"Office," dormitories are "Lodging," and libraries are "Public Assembly."
2.5.5 Office
Buildings used for general office space, professional office, or administrative offices.
Medical offices are included here if they do not use any type of diagnostic medical
equipment (if they do, they are categorized as an outpatient health care building).
2.5.6 Lodging
Buildings used to offer multiple accommodations for short-term or long-term residents,
including skilled nursing and other residential care buildings.
23
2.5.8 Vacant
Buildings in which more floor space was vacant than was used for any single
commercial activity at the time of interview. Therefore, a vacant building may have
some occupied floor space.
24
CHAPTER 3
NOMENCLATURE
Definitions of key terms applied to the zero energy building definitions.
3.1Annual
Covering at least one period of 12 consecutive months for all energy measurements.
3.2Building
A structure wholly or partially enclosed within exterior walls, or within exterior and party
walls, and a roof providing services and affording shelter to persons, animals or property.
25
3.3 Building Site
Building and the area on which a building is located where energy is used and produced.
27
3.6 Delivered Energy
Any type of energy that could be bought or sold for use as building energy, including
electricity, steam, hot water or chilled water, natural gas, biogas, landfill gas, coal,
coke, propane, petroleum and its derivatives, residual fuel oil, alcohol based fuels,
wood, biomass and any other material consumed as fuel.
3.7 Energy
The capacity for doing work. Energy takes a number of forms that may be transformed
from one into another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical or chemical.
Customary measurement units are British thermal units (Btu), joules (J) or kilowatt-hours
(kWh).
28
3.8 Exported Energy
On-site renewable energy supplied through the site boundary and used outside the
site boundary.
29
3.9 Geothermal Energy
Deep-earth heat used for either electricity generation or thermal energy.
30
3.11 Portfolio
A collection of building sites that contains renewable energy production
systems owned/leased by a single entity.
32
3.15 Site Energy
Same as building energy.
33
CHAPTER 4
The water pipes pass down the concrete floor, these piping system gets heated via
solar panels which produces warm concrete floor. In the house, sun tunnel
skylight is given at selected locations. All the heat from sun is directed via a system
to the floor of the house which keeps it always warm.
34
Rain Water Harvesting System
Rain water harvesting system is applied, the water from roof top via a downspout
collects in the storage outside the house as per the storage capacity of owner. This
collected water can be used for landscape as well as other domestic purpose except
drinking, so saving the cost to buy the water from outside source.
35
Ventilation System in Zero Energy Buildings
The project provides the scheme with a regulated air supply and
exhaust mechanical ventilation with heat recovery of the ground and
the exhaust air (Fig.).
The ventilation system is equipped with sensors CO2 (carbon
dioxide) and RH (humidity) inside air in the premises of the building.
The ventilation rate in the working time in the presence of staff
is provided in the amount of: 0.5÷1 h-1.
In the winter time if necessary extra fresh air to tint=18-19°C as the
heat source should be used the carrier geothermal heat pump systems
(heat-insulated floors).
36
Solar Panels on the Rooting
37
HAVC System in Zero Energy Buildings
HVAC system air is cooled by a chiller system that either chills or heat water. The
water is then sent thru copper tubes not under a high pressure to the coils which gets
cooled with chilled water and is connected to the blowers at various location in house,
thus the house gets chilled.
Sometimes 1.5 tons and 2 tons compressors are placed outside, both are factory charged
with refrigerant. Attach to each compressor is chiller system. So at a time when there is a
single family the 1.5 tons or 2 tons compressor is working automatically depending upon
the weather and if there is requirement of higher chilling like there is some function in
the house then both compressor starts working simultaneously in random and chills the
house.
38
Alternate Building Material for Zero Energy Buildings
Zero energy house generates energy from roof-integrated solar photovoltaic panels and
roof-mounted solar hot water panels. It‘s time to rethink energy in the buildings.
We have enough energy from the sun, solar panels provide energy to meet all the
electricity requirements and build using alternate building materials an energy sources.
You need to choose the right material for getting the required efficiency.
Alternatively, for winter season, roofing system which is metal panel‘s dark color, it absorbs
heat like any other dark color. Above the foam on the roof is a vapor barrier and above that
is the air space about 1.5 inch. Air is made to pass in the roof, making the area warmer and
supple grilles installed on the roof to pass the hot air making house warmer.
39
Results and Discussion
The Zero Energy Building is a complex concept thus the development of one ZEB
definition applicable for all case is not a simple task. As presented in the literature
review, there are many approaches to the ZEB definition and each of them spotlights
different aspects of ZEB. Those issues have served to create a list of the main topics,
which should be considered, when developing a new net ZEB definition.
First and probably the most important is the issue of the balance:
What are the units of the balance (final energy; primary energy;
energy; energy costs or maybe CO2 EMISSION).
Which energy demands are in the balance: only the energy required for
operating the building, or also the energy use connected with
occupant‘s behavior (cooking, appliances, lighting etc.) is included?
If the embodied energy in the building construction, used
technical equipment should be accounted in the balance?
When looking at the general practice for calculating the energy use of a building, the
most commonly used unit is the primary energy. This unit allows taking into
consideration the difference in the generation and distribution of 1 kW of electricity and
1kW of heat or natural gas and thus express better the actual building energy use. Since
the energy prices not only change in time but also differ worldwide, using the energy
costs, as unit could make it almost impossible to design a building, which would be a
ZEB through its entire lifetime. Thus a building could be ZEB only at the time when it is
design. The final energy is the easiest unit to implement and understand, but on the other
hand quality of the different kinds of energy if fully neglected. CO2 emission could be a
unit, however for a second separate definition of Zero Emission Building.
The second question regarding the energy demands should not be difficult to
answer, because if a building is named zero energy building,
Then total energy use should be included. In order to evaluate total building
environmental impact embodied energy should be taken into account in the balance.
However, it can be difficult, since in early design phase many data, values needed
for including embodied energy in the calculations are yet unknown.
Another point for the discussion is the question: if net zero approach is only focus on
grid connected cases or not? From the literature review it can be noticed that the term
‗net‘ is more often used in the definitions for grid connected ZEB to emphasize the
interaction with the utility grid. Assuming, that net zero approach includes only on-grid
ZEB, in the newly developed definition the regulations of the building-grid interaction
should be well described, since this connection ought to be beneficial for both sides.
Unfortunately, the studies describe mostly how positive it is for the building
neglecting the gird situation.
40
Furthermore, one more topic for the analysis is: if the ZEB definition should
include specific requirements it terms of:
41
Future Scope
(i) Market Synopsis:
As the world is growing towards a future of sustainability and energy-efficiency, the
concept of Zero-energy Buildings (ZEBs) is gaining momentum in the architectural
industry. These buildings are significant for moving towards a more energy-efficient
future. Nowadays manufacturers are focusing on new buildings with energy-efficiency in
mind. However these improvements can also work with existing buildings.
The net zero-energy building becomes more significant when considered buildings
account for over a third of the world‘s energy use and associated greenhouse gas
emissions. Reduction in water consumption, recycling of waste water through sewage
treatment plant, use of plants with low water demand in landscaping, and the use of
geothermal cooling for HVAC system, help the market, grow. Rainwater harvesting,
and the use of curing compounds during construction, also play an important role for the
growth of zero-energy buildings market. Additionally, emission reduction potential of
zero-energy buildings materials, higher asset value of environmental friendly buildings,
growth in public awareness regarding energy efficient materials such as insulation and
windows, also majorly drive the market growth.
http://www.peabody.org.uk/media-centre/factsheets/bedzed.aspx
Able, E. (1994). Low-Energy buildings. Energy and Buildings Vol.21, 1994, pp. 169-174
B. (2008). Towards a Zero Energy Island. Renewable Energy Vol. 34, Issue 3, March
2009, pp. 784-789
R. (2008). A review of design processes for low energy solar homes. Open House
International Vol. 33, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 7-16
Clark II, W.W. & Eisenberg L. (2008). Agile sustainable communities: On-site
renewable energy generation. Utilities Policy Vol. 16, Issue 4, December 2008, pp. 262-
274
T.V. & V. (1977). Dimensioning of the solar heating system in the zero energy house
in Denmark. Solar Energy Vol. 19, Issue 2, 1977, pp. 195-199
W. (1995). Zero-energy houses in the Netherlands. Proceedings of Building
Simulation ‗95. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, August 14–16; 1995, pp. 276–283.
Web address: http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1995/BS95_276_283.pdf
43
Griffith, B. P. & Long, N. (2006). Assessment of the Technical Potential for
Achieving Zero- Energy Commercial Buildings. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL), USA
Web address: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39830.pdf
Iqbal, M.T. (2003). A feasibility study of a zero energy home in
Newfoundland. Renewable
Energy Vol. 29, Issue 2 February 2004, pp. 277-289
S. (2007). A new metric for net- zero carbon buildings. Proceedings of ES2007.
Energy Sustainability 2007, Long Beach, California, pp. 219-224
Kramer, J., A. & B. (2007). The off-grid zero emission building.
Proceedings of the Energy Sustainability Conference 2007, 2007, pp. 573-580
L. J. (2008). Energy Efficiency Requirements in Building Codes, Energy Efficiency
Policies for New Buildings. International Energy Agency (IEA).
Web address: http://www.iea.org/g8/2008/Building_Codes.pdf
Mertz, G.A., G.S. & K. (2007). Cost optimization of net-zero energy house. Proceedings of
ES2007. Energy Sustainability 2007, Long Beach, California, pp. 477-488
C. (2008). Low energy and sustainable housing in the UK and Germany. Open House
International. Vol. 33, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 17-25 Noguchi, M. A., V., J. & B. (2008).
Zero Energy Homes of the Future: A Case Study of the TM House in Canada.
Presented at the Renewable Energy Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, July 2008
Web address: http://canmetenergy.nrcan.gc.ca/eng/buildings_communities/housing/public
cations.html? 2008-112
Parker, D.S., Thomas, M. & T. (2001). On the path to Zero Energy Homes.
Produced for the U.S. Department of Energy by the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, and DOE national laboratory
Web address: http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/SolarHomes/zeb_path_29915.pdf
P. & D.A. (2007). Zero energy houses geo exchange, solar CHP, and low energy building
approach. Proceedings of the Energy Sustainability Conference 2007, 2007, pp. 471-476
44
S., J., J.A. &, A.K. (2008). Getting to a Zero Energy Lifestyle in Canada. The A
Zero Energy House. Presented to the
23nd European PV Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, September 2008 S.,
Hurt, R., Boehm, R. & Hale, M.J. (2008). Performance of a zero-energy house.
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME Vol. 130, Issue 2,
May 2008, pp. 0210061-0210064
T (1984). Natural energy autonomous house with underground water reservoir.
Bulletin of the JSME Vol. 27, Issue 226, April 1984, pp. 773-778
Saito, T., H. & Ono, T. (1985). An energy-independent house combining solar
thermal and sky radiation energies. Solar Energy Vol. 35, Issue 6, 1985, pp. 541-547
Stahl, W., Voss, K. & A. (1995). The self-sufficient solar house Freiburg. Issue 1-3,
January 1995, pp. 50-80
P.S. & D, M. (2006). Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the
Definition. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA
―Centerline. Getting to zero-energy buildings‖. Center for the Built Environment (CBE),
USA
Web address: http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/centerline/summer2008.pdf
General Information Report 89 ―ZED – Zero Energy Development, Sutton‖
(2002) ―Project Profile: Riverdale NetZero Project—Edmonton, Alberta‖
Web address: http://www.riverdalenetzero.ca/Riverdale_NetZero_house_project_profile
.pdf―The Potential Impact of Zero Energy Homes‖ (2006). Developed by the NAHB
Research Center, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL)
Web address: http://www.toolbase.org/PDF/CaseStudies/ZEHPotentialImpact.pdf
45