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2 19.1 GENERAL
ite rm T
19.1.1 Scope.
C Fo AF
3
at
4 Determination of the design earthquake forces and the corresponding displacements of the
or e R
5 structure is permitted to consider the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI), in accordance
D
6 with this section. If soil-structure interaction effects are considered, the analytical model of the
7 structure shall directly incorporate horizontal, vertical, and rotational foundation and soil
U er NT
8 flexibility. For the purpose of this section, both upper and lower bound estimates for the
9 foundation and soil stiffnesses per Section 12.13.3 shall be considered. The case that results in
ot nd E
10 the lesser reduction, or greater amplification, in response parameters shall be used for design.
n
N U M
11 SSI may be used in conjunction with the equivalent lateral force procedure of Section 19.2.1,
se li
12 linear dynamic analysis procedures of Section 19.2.2, or the nonlinear response history
M
13 procedure of Section 19.2.3 when the structure is located on Site Class C, D, E, or F. SSI base
D ut O
14 slab averaging and embedment effects may not be used in conjunction with the equivalent lateral
procedure of Section 19.3.1 nor the linear dynamic procedure of Section 19.3.2.When soil–
C
15
16 structure interaction effects are considered, the analytical model of the structure shall directly
e C
/
17 incorporate horizontal, vertical, and rotational foundation and soil flexibility. For the purpose of
this section, both upper and lower bound estimates for the foundation and soil stiffnesses per
rik LI
18
19 Section 12.13.3 shall be considered. The case that results in the lesser reduction or greater
o
St B
21 If the provisions of this chapter are used, then Sections 12.8.1.3 and 12.13.4 shall not apply.
23 The following definitions apply to the provisions of Chapter 19 and are in addition to the
24 definitions presented in Chapter 11:
25 BASE SLAB AVERAGING: Kinematic SSI of a shallow (nonembedded) foundation caused by
26 wave incongruence over the base area.
1
1 FOUNDATION INPUT MOTION: Motion that effectively excites the structure and its
2 foundation.
3 FREE-FIELD MOTION: Motion at ground surface in absence of structure and its foundation.
ite rm T
4 INERTIAL SSI: The dynamic interaction between the structure, its foundation, and the
C Fo AF
5 surrounding soil caused by the foundation input motion.
at
6 KINEMATIC SSI: The modification of free-field ground motion caused by nonvertical incident
or e R
7 seismic waves and spatial incoherence; the modification yields the foundation input motion.
D
8 RADIATION DAMPING: The damping in the soil–structure system caused by the generation
U er NT
9 and propagation of waves away from the foundation, which are caused by dynamic
10 displacements of the foundation relative to the free-field displacements.
ot nd E
n
11 SOIL DAMPING: The hysteretic (material) damping of the soil.
N U M
12
se li
19.1.3 Symbols
M
13 The following symbols apply only to the provisions of Chapter 19 as indicated and are in
D ut O
= Fthe factor to adjust the design response spectrum and M C E R response spectrum in
o
17
St B
B SS I
18 accordance with Sections 11.4.6 and 11.4.7 or a site-specific response spectrum for damping ratios
PU
21 Cs = Sthe seismic response coefficient determined in accordance with Section 12.8.1.1, assuming
22 a flexible structural base at the foundation–soil interface in accordance with Section 19.1
23 Ds = Dthe depth of a soft layer overlaying a stiff layer [Equation. (19.3-4)]
2
1 e = Ffoundation embedment depth
3 G0 = the average shear modulus for the soils beneath the foundation at small strain levels
ite rm T
C Fo AF
4 𝐺 = Eeffective shear modulus used in determining radiation damping effects derived or
at
5 approximated based on 𝐺 , and Table 19.3-2
or e R
6 𝐺 , = Athe average shear modulus for the soils used in determining radiation damping effects
D
7 computed using Equation. 20.4-1, over a depth of B or r f below the base of the structure at small
U er NT
8 strain levels
*
13 M = Eeffective modal mass for the fundamental mode of vibration in the direction under
e C
consideration
/
14
rik LI
17 RRSe = Ssite-specific response spectral modification factor for foundation embedment
o
20 Sa = Rresponse spectral acceleration including the effects of SSI [Equationss. (19.2-5) through
21 (19.2-8)]
3
1 T = Ffundamental period of the structure determined in accordance with Section 12.8.2, based
2 on a mathematical model with a fixed base condition. The upper bound limitation of Cu Ta on the
3 fundamental period from Section 12.8.2 shall not apply, and the approximate structural period, T a
ite rm T
C Fo AF
5 T = Ffundamental period of the structure using a model with a flexible base in accordance with
at
6 Section 19.1.1. The upper bound limitation of Cu Ta on the fundamental period from Section 12.8.2
or e R
7 shall not apply, and the approximate structural period, T a , shall not be used
D
8 (T / T )eff = Eeffective period lengthening that depends on expected ductility demand, μ
U er NT
9 [Eq.uation (19.3-2)]
10 T xx , T rr = Ffundamental translational period of SSI system [Eqs.uations (19.3-7) and (19.3-17)]
ot nd E
n
N U M
11 Ty ,se liTr = Ffundamental translational period of SSI system [Eqs.uations (19.3-6) and (19.3-16)]
M
13 Vt = Bbase shear adjusted for soil–structure interaction determined through modal response
C
15 vs = the average effective shear wave velocity over a depth specified in Section 19.3 and 19.4
rik LI
16 specific to the SSI effect being computed determined using v so and Table 19.3-1 or a site-specific
o
St B
18 = the average shear wave velocity for the soils beneath the foundation at small strain levels (
o
v so
19 103 % or less) over a depth specified in Sections 19.3 and 19.4 specific to the SSI effect being
20 computed
21 𝑣 , = Athe average effective shear wave velocity used in determining radiation damping effects
22 over a depth of B or r f below the base of the structure, determined using 𝑣 , and Table 19.3-
4
1 𝑣 , = Athe average low strain shear wave velocity used in determining radiation damping effects
2 computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over a depth of B or r f below the base of the structure
3
ite rm T
𝑣 = Athe average effective shear wave velocity for site soil conditions used in determining
C Fo AF
4 ,
at
5 embedment effects, taken as average value of velocity over the embedment depth of the foundation
6 determined using 𝑣 and Table 19.3-1 or a site-specific study and shall not be taken as less than
or e R
,
D
8 𝑣 , = Athe average low strain shear wave velocity used in determining embedment effects
U er NT
9 computed using Equationq. 20.4-1 over the embedment depth of the foundation
10 W = Wweight caused by the modal mass in the fundamental mode, or alternatively, the effective
ot nd E
n
11 seismic weight in accordance with Section 12.7.2
N U M
12 α
se li
= Ccoefficient that accounts for the reduction in base shear caused by foundation damping SSI
M
15 β = Eeffective viscous damping ratio of the structure, taken as 5% unless otherwise justified by
e C
/
16 analysis
rik LI
17 β0 = Ethe effective viscous damping ratio of the soil–structure system, based on Section 19.3.2
o
St B
19 β f = Eeffective viscous damping ratio relating to foundation–soil interaction [Eq.uation (19.3-3)]
20 β rd = Rradiation damping ratio determined in accordance with Section 19.3.3 or 19.3.4
22 βs , β s = Ssoil hysteretic damping ratio determined in accordance with Section 19.3.5
5
1 βy , βr = Ttranslational foundation damping coefficient [Eqs.uations (19.3-10) and (19.3-20)]
2 γ = Athe average unit weight of the soils over a depth of B below the base of the structure
ite rm T
3
C Fo AF
4 ν = Poisson’s ratio; it is permitted to use 0.3 for sand and 0.45 for clay soils
at
Ψ = Ddimensionless factor, function of Poisson’s ratio [Eqs.uations (19.3-13) and (19.3-23)]
or e R
5
D
6 19.2 SSI ADJUSTED STRUCTURAL DEMANDS
U er NT
7 19.2.1 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure.
8 The inclusion of kinematic interaction effects, in accordance with Section 19.4 or other methods,
ot nd E
n
9 is not permitted with the equivalent lateral force procedure. To account for the effects of SSI
N U M
10
se li
using a linear static procedure, the base shear, V , determined from Eq.uation (12.8-1) is
M
12 𝑉 𝑉 𝛥𝑉 V V Δ V α V (19.2-1)
C
C
ΔV C s s W
e C
/
0.7 for R 3
o
St B
α 0.5 R /15 for 3 R 6
PU
0.9 for R 6
o
14 (19.2-3)
1.4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅 3
15 𝐵SSI 4/ 5.6 𝑙𝑛 100𝛽 1.7 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 𝑅 6
1.1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅 6
B S S I 4 / [5 .6 ln (1 0 0β 0 )]
16 (19.2-43)
17 where
6
1 V = Bbase shear adjusted for SSI;
2 V = Fthe fixed-base structure base shear computed in accordance with Section 12.8.1;
ite rm T
= Sthe seismic response coefficient determined in accordance with Section 12.8.1.1, assuming
C Fo AF
4 Cs
at
5 a fixed structural base at the foundation–soil interface;
or e R
6 Cs = Sthe seismic response coefficient determined in accordance with Section 12.8.1.1, assuming
D
7 flexibility of the structural base at the foundation–soil interface in accordance with Section 19.1.1,
using T as the fundamental period of the structure in lieu of the fundamental period of the structure,
U er NT
8
9 T, as determined by Section 12.8.2;
ot nd E
W = Wweight caused by the effective modal mass in the fundamental mode, alternatively taken
n
10
N U M
11 as the effective seismic weight in accordance with Section 12.7.2; and
se li
M
12 α = coefficient that accounts for the reduction in base shear caused by foundation damping SSI;
13 and
D ut O
= Ethe effective viscous damping ratio of the soil–structure system, in accordance with
C
14 β0
16 The inclusion of kinematic interaction effects in accordance with Section 19.4 or other methods
rik LI
19 The inclusion of kinematic interaction effects, in accordance with Section 19.4 or other methods,
20 is not permitted with the linear dynamic procedure. To account for the effects of SSI, a linear
21 dynamic analysis is permitted to be performed in accordance with Section 12.9, using either the
22 SSI modified design response spectrum and M C E R response spectrum in accordance with
23 Sections 11.4.6 and 11.4.7 or SSI modified site-specific response spectrum, per Section 19.2.2.1
24 or an SSI modified site-specific response spectrum in accordance with Section 19.2.2.2 for
7
1 spectral response acceleration, Sa , versus structural period, T. The resulting response spectral
3 mathematical model used for the linear dynamic analysis shall include flexibility of the
foundation and underlying soil in accordance with Section 19.1.1.
ite rm T
4
C Fo AF
5 The inclusion of kinematic interaction effects in accordance with Section 19.4 or other methods
at
6 is not permitted with a linear dynamic analysis procedure.
or e R
7 Scaling of the lateral forces from the modal response analysis shall be in accordance with
D
8 Section 12.9.1.4 with calculated base shear, V , replaced with SSI adjusted base shear, V ,
9 determined in accordance with Equation. (19.2-1) and the modal base shear, V t , replaced by the
U er NT
10 modal base shear calculated with the effects of SSI, Vt .
ot nd E
n
11 The modal base shear calculated with the effects of SSI, Vt , shall not be less than 0.7𝑉 α V t ,
N U M
12
se li
where α is defined in Eq. (19.2-3).
M
14 The general design response spectrum, which includes the effects of SSI to be used with the
15 modal analysis procedure in Section 19.2.2, shall be developed as follows:
e C
/
5 T
rik LI
16
St B
PU
18
Sa SDS / BSSI for T0 T TS , and (19.2-6)
19
Sa SD1 / ( BSSI T ), for TS T TL , and (19.2-7)
20
Sa SD1TL / (BSSI T 2 ), for T TL (19.2-8)
8
1 where S D S and S D 1 are defined in Section 11.4.5; T S , T 0 , and T L are as defined in
2 Section 11.4.6; T is the period at the response spectrum ordinate; and B SS I is defined in
3 Eq.uation (19.2-4).
ite rm T
4 19.2.2.2 SSI Site-Specific Response Spectrum.
C Fo AF
at
5 A site-specific response spectrum that incorporates modifications caused by SSI is permitted to
be developed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 21. The spectrum is permitted to be
or e R
6
7 adjusted for the effective viscous damping ratio of β 0 , of the soil–structure system, as defined in
D
8 Section 19.3.2, in the development of the site-specific spectrum.
U er NT
9 19.2.3 Nonlinear Response History Procedure.
ot nd E
It is permitted to account for the effects of SSI using a nonlinear response history analysis
n
10
N U M
11 performed in accordance with Chapter 16 using acceleration histories scaled to a site-specific
se li
12 response spectrum modified for kinematic interaction, in accordance with Section 19.4 or other
M
13 approved methods. The mathematical model used for the analysis shall include foundation and
D ut O
14 soil flexibility, as per Section 19.1.1, and shall explicitly incorporate the effects of foundation
damping, as per Section 19.3 or by other approved methods. Kinematic interaction effects, as
C
15
16 per Section 19.4, are permitted to be included in the determination of the site-specific response
e C
/
17 spectrum.
rik LI
18 The site-specific response spectrum shall be developed, as per the requirements of Chapter 21,
o
St B
20 1. The spectrum is permitted to be adjusted for kinematic SSI effects by multiplying the
o
21 spectral acceleration ordinate at each period by the corresponding response spectrum
22 ratios for either base slab averaging or embedment, or both base slab averaging and
23 embedment ( R R S b s a R R S e ) per Section 19.4, or by directly incorporating one or both of
9
1 3. The site-specific response spectrum modified for kinematic interaction shall not be taken
2 as less than 80% of S a as determined from a site-specific response spectrum in
ite rm T
5 as less than 70% of S a , as determined from the design response spectrum and M C E R
C Fo AF
6 response spectrum in accordance with Sections 11.4.6 and 11.4.7.
at
7
or e R
8 If the acceleration histories are scaled to a site-specific spectrum modified for kinematic soil-
D
9 structure interaction it is permitted to include kinematic soil-structure interaction in the
10 equivalent lateral force procedure or the linear dynamic procedure conducted per Section 16.1.2
U er NT
11 using the site-specific response spectrum modified for kinematic soil-structure interaction,
12 subject to the limitations herein. Where foundation damping is included in the nonlinear model,
ot nd E
the equivalent lateral force procedure or the linear dynamic procedure, in conjunction with
n
13
N U M
14 se li
Section 16.1.2, shall be based on the provisions of 19.2.1 or 19.2.2, respectively.
M
17 Foundation damping effects are permitted to be considered through direct incorporation of soil
e C
/
18 hysteretic damping and radiation damping in the mathematical model of the structure. The use of
rik LI
19 the procedures in this section are permitted in conjunction with the equivalent lateral procedure
20 modifications of Section 19.2.1 or the linear dynamic procedure modifications of Section 19.2.2,
o
St B
22 The procedures of this section shall not be used for the following cases:
23 1. A foundation system consisting of discrete footings that are not interconnected and that
24 are spaced less than the larger dimension of the supported lateral force-resisting element
25 in the direction under consideration.
26 2. A foundation system consisting of, or including, deep foundations such as piles or piers.
10
1 3. A foundation system consisting of structural mats interconnected by concrete slabs that
2 are characterized as flexible in accordance with Section 12.3.1.3 or that are not
3 continuously connected to grade beams or other foundation elements.
ite rm T
4 19.3.2 Effective Damping Ratio.
C Fo AF
5 The effects of foundation damping shall be represented by the effective damping ratio of the
at
6 soil–structure system, β 0 , determined in accordance with Equation. (19.3-1):
or e R D
β
β0 β f 0.20
7
(T / T )eff
2
(19.3-1)
8
U er NT
where
ot nd E
n
9 β f = Eeffective viscous damping ratio relating to foundation–soil interaction;
N U M
10
se li
β = Eeffective viscous damping ratio of the structure, taken as 5%, unless otherwise justified by
M
12
13 The effective period lengthening ratio shall be determined in accordance with Eq.uation (19.3-2):
e C
/
rik LI
0.5
T 1 T 2
1 1
o
St B
T eff μ T
14 (19.3-2)
PU
15 where
16 μ = expected ductility demand. For equivalent lateral force or modal response spectrum analysis
17 procedures, μ is the maximum base shear divided by the elastic base shear capacity; alternately,
18 μ is permitted to be taken as R / Ω0 , where R and Ω 0 are per Table 12.2-1. For the response
19 history analysis procedures, μ is the maximum displacement divided by the yield displacement
20 of the structure measured at the highest point above grade.
11
𝒗 𝒗𝒔,𝒆
1 Table 19.3-1. Effective Shear Wave Velocity Ratio ( v s / v s o )( 𝒔,𝒓𝒅 𝒐𝒓 ).
𝒗 𝒔𝒐,𝒓𝒅 𝒗𝒔𝒐,𝒆
Site S D S / 2 .5 0 S D S / 2 .5 0 .1 S D S / 2 .5 0 .4 S D S / 2 .5 0 .8
ite rm T
Class
C Fo AF
A 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
at
B 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.95
or e R
BC 1.00 0.98 0.92 0.86
D
C 1.00 0.97 0.87 0.77
CD 1.00 0.96 0.79 0.50
U er NT
D 1.00 0.95 0.71 0.32
DE 1.00 0.86 0.40 0.18
ot nd E
E 1.00 0.77 0.22
n
b
N U M
2 a
se li
F b b
3 b
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be performed.
C
4 It is permitted to apply this table to the 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectrum, determined according to
c
5 Section 11.4.7, the 𝑆 /2.5 headers shall be replaced by 𝑆 /2.5; to apply the table to the site-
e C
/
6 specific 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectrum, determined according to Chapter 21, the 𝑆 /2.5 headers
rik LI
7 shall be replaced by the 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectral acceleration at 0.01-sec natural period.
o
St B
8 The foundation damping ratio caused by soil hysteretic damping and radiation damping, β f , is
PU
9
(T / T ) 2 1
βf β s β rd
2
10 (T / T ) (19.3-3)
11 wWhere
12 βs is the= sSsoil hysteretic damping ratio, determined in accordance with Section 19.3.5, and
12
1 β rd is the= rRradiation damping ratio, determined in accordance with Section 19.3.3 or 19.3.4.
2 If a site more than a depth B or R below the base of the building consists of a relatively
3 uniform layer of depth, D s , overlaying a very stiff layer with a shear wave velocity more than
ite rm T
4 twice that of the surface layer andb 4Ds / vsT 1 , then the damping values, β r , in
C Fo AF
Eq.uation (19.3-3) shall be replaced by β s , per Eq.uation (19.3-4):
at
5
or e R
4
4D
β s βs
D
s
6 vsT (19.3-4)
U er NT
7 19.3.3 Radiation Damping for Rectangular Foundations.
ot nd E
8 The effects of radiation damping for structures with a rectangular foundation plan shall be
n
N U M
9 represented by the effective damping ratio of the soil–structure system, 𝛽 β r , determined in
se li
10 accordance with Equation. (19.3-15):
M
𝑎
D ut O
11 (19.3‐
,
C
12 5)
e C
/
14 6)
o
St B
2
PU
(0.55 0.01 ( L / B ) 1) a0
α xx 1.0
o
0.4
2.4 3
a02
( L / B)
15 (19.3‐
16 7)
13
.
1 𝐾 6.8 0.8 1.6
2 (19.3‐9)
ite rm T
C Fo AF
/
4 𝛽 (19.3‐11)
at
/
or e R
/ /
5 𝛽 (19.3‐12)
D
.
.
/
U er NT
1 1
βrd β β xx
(T / Ty ) 2 y
(T / Txx )2
6 (19.3‐5)
ot nd E
n
M*
N U M
7
se li Ty 2π
Ky
(19.3-613)
M
D ut O
M * ( h* ) 2
Txx 2π
α xx K xx
(19.3-714)
C
8
1 1
e C
/
βrd βy β xx
(T / Ty ) 2
(T / Txx )2
9 (19.3‐15)
rik LI
o
St B
10
PU
GB L
0.65
L
Ky 6.8 0.8 1.6
2 ν B B
11 (19.3-8)
GB3 L
K xx 3.2 0.8
12
1 ν B (19.3-9)
14
4(L / B) a0
βy
1 (Ky / GB) 2 (19.3-10)
2πB
a0
ite rm T
Tv
2 s (19.3-11)
C Fo AF
at
or e R
a0
2
(4ψ / 3)( L / B)a0
β xx
K 0.4 2 2α xx
D
xx
3
2.2 a0
GB ( L / B)3
3 (19.3-12)
U er NT ψ
2(1 ν)
(1 2ν)
2.5
ot nd E
(19.3-13)
n
4
N U M
se li
2
M
(0.55 0.01 ( L / B ) 1) a0
α xx 1.0
0.4
D ut O
2.4 3
a02
( L / B)
5 (19.3‐14)
C
6 where
e C
/
*
7 M = Eeffective modal mass for the fundamental mode of vibration in the direction under
rik LI
8 consideration;
o
St B
9 h * = Eeffective structure height taken as the vertical distance from the foundation to the centroid
PU
10 of the first mode shape for multistory structures. Alternatively, h * is permitted to be approximated
11 as 70% of the total structure height for multistory structures or as the full height of the structure
12 for one-story structures;
15
1 𝑣 , vs = Athe average effective shear wave velocity over a depth of B below the base of the
3 𝑣 , v so = Athe average low strain shear wave velocity computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over a
ite rm T
4 depth of B below the base of the structure;
C Fo AF
at
5 𝐺 G = Eeffective shear modulus derived or approximated based on 𝐺 , G0 and Table 19.3-2;
or e R
2
6 𝐺 , G0 = γvso / g , Athe average shear modulus for the soils beneath computed using Eq.uation
D
7 20.4-1 over a depth B below the base of the structurethe foundation at small strain levels;
U er NT
8 γ = Athe average unit weight of the soils over a depth of B below the base of the structure; and
= Poisson’s ratio; it is permitted to use 0.3 for sandy and 0.45 for clayey soils.
ot nd E
9 ν
n
N U M
10 se li
Table 19.3-2. Effective Shear Modulus Ratio (𝑮𝒓𝒅 /𝑮𝟎,𝒓𝒅 G / G 0 ).
M
Site S D S / 2 .5 0 S D S / 2 .5 0 .1 S D S / 2 .5 0 .4 S D S / 2 .5 0 .8
C
Class
A 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
e C
/
F b b b b
11 a
Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S D S / 2 .5 .
12 b
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be performed.
16
1 It is permitted to apply this table to the 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectrum, determined according to
c
2 Section 11.4.7, the 𝑆 /2.5 headers shall be replaced by 𝑆 /2.5; to apply the table to the site-
3 specific 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectrum determined according to Chapter 21, the 𝑆 /2.5 headers shall
4 be replaced by the 𝑀𝐶𝐸 response spectral acceleration at 0.01-sec natural period.
ite rm T
C Fo AF
5
at
6 19.3.4 Radiation Damping for Circular Foundations.
or e R
The effects of radiation damping for structures with a circular foundation plan shall be
D
7
8 represented by the effective damping ratio of the soil–structure system, β rd , determined in
U er NT
9 accordance with (Eq.uation (19.3-15):
10 𝑎 (19.3‐16)
ot nd E
n
,
N U M
se li ψ
2(1 ν)
(1 2ν)
2.5
M
11 (19.3‐17)
D ut O
0.35a02
αrr 1.0 2
C
13 𝐾 (19.3‐19)
rik LI
o
𝐾
St B
14 (19.3‐20)
PU
15 𝛽 (19.3‐21)
/
πψ/
16 𝛽 (19.3‐
/
17 22)
1 1
βrd βr βrr
18 (T / Tr ) 2
(T / Trr )2 (19.3‐15)
17
M*
Tr 2π
Kr
1 (19.3-1623)
M * (h* ) 2
Trr 2π
ite rm T
α rr K rr
2 (19.3-1724)
C Fo AF
at
1 1
βrd βr βrr
(T / Tr ) 2
(T / Trr )2
or e R
3 (19.3‐25)
D
8Grf
Kr
2 ν
U er NT
4 (19.3-18)
8Grf 3
ot nd E
Krr
n
5 3(1 ν) (19.3-19)
N U M
se li a0
M
π
βr
( Kr / Grf ) 2 (19.3-20)
D ut O
6
C
2π r f
a0
7 Tv s (19.3-21)
e C
/
rik LI
(πψ / 4)a02 a0
βrr
( Krr / Grf )[2 a0 ] 2αrr
o
3 2
St B
8 (19.3-22)
PU
2(1 ν)
ψ 2.5
9 (1 2ν) (19.3-23)
0.35a02
αrr 1.0 2
10 1.0 a0 (19.3‐24)
11 where
18
1 r f = Rradius of the circular foundation;
2 𝑣 , vs = The average effective shear wave velocity used in determining radiation damping effects
3 over a depth of r f below the base of the structure determined using 𝑣 , v so and Table 19.3-1 or
ite rm T
4 a site-specific study;
C Fo AF
at
5 𝑣 , v so = The average low strain shear wave velocity used in determining radiation damping
or e R
6 effects computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over a depth of r f below the base of the structure; and
D
7 γ = The average unit weight of the soils over a depth of r f below the base of the structure.;
U er NT
8 𝐺 = Feffective shear modulus used in determining radiation damping effects derived or
9 approximated based on 𝐺 and Table 19.3-2; and
ot nd E
,
n
N U M
10 𝐺 se li
, = 𝛾𝑣 , /𝑔 , the average shear modulus for the soils used in determining radiation damping
M
11 effects computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over a depth of r f below the base of the structure at small
strain levels.
D ut O
12
C
13
e C
14
rik LI
15 The effects of soil hysteretic damping shall be represented by the effective soil hysteretic
o
St B
Site S D S / 2 .5 0 S D S / 2 .5 0 .1 S D S / 2 .5 0 .4 S D S / 2 .5 0 .8
Class
C 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.05
19
CD 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.09
D 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.15
DE 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.20
E 0.01 0.05 0.20 b
ite rm T
F b b b b
C Fo AF
1 a
Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of S D S / 2 .5 .
at
or e R
2 b
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analyses shall be performed.
D
3 19.4 BASE SLAB AVERAGING AND EMBEDMENT (KINEMATIC) SSI EFFECTS
U er NT
4 Kinematic SSI effects are permitted to be represented by response spectral modification factors
5 R R S b sa for base slab averaging and R R S e for embedment, which are multiplied by the spectral
ot nd E
acceleration ordinates of the response spectrum at each period. The modification factors are
n
6
N U M
7
8
se li
calculated in accordance with Sections 19.4.1 and 19.4.2. Modifications of the response
spectrum for kinematic SSI effects are permitted only for use with the nonlinear response history
M
9 analysis provisions of Chapter 16, using the site-specific response spectrum developed in
D ut O
10 accordance with Chapter 21 and subject to the limitations in Sections 19.2.3, 19.4.1, and 19.4.2.
C
13 Consideration of the effects of base slab averaging through the development of site-specific
o
St B
14 transfer functions that represent the kinematic SSI effects expected at the site for a given
PU
16 Alternatively, modifications for base slab averaging using the procedures of this section are
17 permitted for the following cases:
20
1 of sufficient lateral stiffness, so as not to be characterized as flexible under the
2 requirements of Section 12.3.1.3.
3 The modification factor for base slab averaging, R R S b sa , shall be determined using
ite rm T
C Fo AF
1/2
1
RRSbsa 0.25 0.75 2 1 exp 2b02 Bbsa
at
5 b0
(19.4-1)
or e R D
6 where
U er NT
b06 b08 b010
1 b0 b0 b0 1
2 4
2 4 12
7 Bbsa (19.4-2)
[exp(2b2 )] 1 1 1 b 1
ot nd E
n
0 2
πb0 16b0
0
N U M
se li
M
b
b0 0.00071 e
8 T (19.4-3)
D ut O C
9 where
e C
10 be
rik LI
be Abase 260 ft
(19.4-4)
o
11
St B
PU
12 6 5 0 v s 1, 6 5 0
o
13 where v s is in ft / s .
14 In SI units,
b
15 b0 0.0023 e (19.4-3.SIsi)
T
21
1 where
ite rm T
be Abase 80 m
3 (19.4-4.SIsi)
C Fo AF
at
4 200 vs 500
or e R
5 where v s is in m / s ;
D
6 T is the= rRresponse spectra ordinate period, which shall not be taken as less than 0.20 s when
U er NT
7 used in Eq.uations (19.4-3) or (19.4-3.SI19.4-3.si); and
10 The response spectrum shall be developed based on a site-specific study at the depth of the base
D ut O
11 of the structure. Alternatively, modifications for embedment are permitted using the procedures
12 of this section.
C
13 The modification factor for embedment, R R S e , shall be determined using (Eq.uation (19.4-5) for
e C
/
2πe
o
St B
,
o
16 where
17 e = Ffoundation embedment depth [ft (m)], not greater than 20 ft (6.1 m) and not greater than the
18 bottom of the base slab diaphragm. A minimum of 75% of the foundation footprint shall be
19 present at the embedment depth. The foundation embedment for structures located on sloping
20 sites shall be the shallowest embedment;
22
1 𝑣 , vs = The average effective shear wave velocity for site soil conditions used in determining
2 embedment effects, taken as average value of velocity over the embedment depth of the foundation
3 determined using 𝑣 , v so and Table 19.3-1 or a site-specific study and shall not be taken as less
ite rm T
C Fo AF
5 𝑣 , v so = The average low strain shear wave velocity used in determining embedment effects
at
6 computed using Eq.uation 20.4-1 over the embedment depth of the foundation; and
or e R
7 T = Rresponse spectra ordinate period, which shall not be taken as less than 0.20 s when used in
D
8 Equation. (19.4-5).
U er NT
9 19.5 CONSENSUS STANDARDS AND OTHER REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
ot nd E
10 See Chapter 23 for the list of consensus standards and other documents that shall be considered
n
11 part of this standard to the extent referenced in this chapter.
N U M
se li
M
12
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU
23