76 Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation)

99/00701 Overview of air pollution control for coal mature forest area but will cause little reduction of the accumulated COZ
combustion emissions coming from both energy and forest sectors. One reason for this
Soud, H. N. t’roc. Annu. In?. Pittsburgh Cool Conf., 1997, 14, (11). 3-24. is that the additional CO? emissions owing to the land use conversion from
A driving force behind the use of air pollution control equipment the mature forest to the growing forest will partly cancel out the COz
throughout the world are emission standards. Clean coal technology is reduction owing to the fuel substitution from fossil fuel to fuel wood. When
becoming. more widely used due to increasingly stringent emission
energy recovery of paper scrap is given priority to material recycling,
standards. The main air pollutants from pulverized coal-fired power plants
are particulate, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. This paper bioenergy will substitute a part of fossil fuels; however the decrease in
reviews the technologies used to control these emissions. Trends in their recycled paper scrap will cause the increase in roundwood felling demand.
application throughout the world will be described using information from
IEA Coal Research-the Clean Coal Center databases.
99l99767 Seasonal variation in radiocaesium concentration
in willow ptarmigan and rock ptarmigan in central Norway after
99100762 PAH emission from various Industrial stacks
Yang, H.-H. et al. J. Hazard. Mater., 1998, 60, (2), 159-174.
the Chernobyl fallout
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from various industrial Pedersen, H. C. et al. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 1998,41, (1)
stacks in southern Taiwan were studied, determining PAH concentrations 65-81.
(mg N/m3) and emission factors (&kg feedstock). In addition to these After the Chernobyl accident radioactive caesium (20-60 kBq m-‘) was
eight stationary industrial stacks, an industrial waste incinerator, a diesel deposited in the mountains of central Norway. Two sympatric ptarmigan
engine, and a gasoline-powered engine were selected and combined to species, willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus and rock ptarmigan L. mums,
identify source indicatory-PAH. Factor analysis was used to estimate the inhabit this alpine ecosystem and are important game species. In 1987 and
quality contribution of PAH to ambient air by various sources. Heavy oil 1988, a study was carried out to try to identify factors affecting radioactive
combustion produced considerably higher 4-, 5-, and 6+7-ring PAH caesium concentration in these birds. Juvenile willow ptarmigan contained
concentrations than other stacks. In addition, the HMW (higher molecular more radiocaesium than adults, but the two sexes did not differ in
weight) PAH concentrations were significantly higher for the coke oven,
radiocaesium concentration. The radiocaesium concentration of food plants
electric arc furnace, and heavy oil combustion. Measured total-PAH
correlated with radiocaesium concentration of rock ptarmigan, and a
emission factors of eight stationary sources were 77.0-3970 pg/kg feedstock,
while BaP emission factors were 1.87-15.5 &kg feedstock. Among these seasonal variation in radiocaesium concentration of both ptarmigan species
eight emission sources, the heavy oil plant had the highest total-PAH and was seen. Rock ptarmigan contained more radiocaesium than willow
the highest BaP emission factors. For mobile sources (diesel- and gasoline- ptarmigan during winter, but not in summer. This difference was related to
powered vehicles), indicatory PAH were mainly lower molecular weight differences in diet. In spite of the high deposition, the radiocaesium
PAH (AcPy, FL, Flu). Using factor analysis, the cursorily quality analysis of concentration in muscle rarely exceeded the limit recommended for human
PAH emission was determined to be practicable. food consumption.

99iOO763 Prospect of environment protection technology

and high efficiency power generatlon technology in coal 99100766 Sources apportionment of high concentrated
burning power generation atmospheric particulate in Shanghai urban
Tanaka, M. Kagaku Kogaku no Shinpo, 1997, 31, 148-160. (In Japanese) Chen, M. et al. Shanghai Huanjing Kexue, 1997, 16, (lo), 15-17. (In
The environmental protection technology in coal-fired power generation Chinese)
and trends of technology for improving heat efficiency is reviewed, with Determined were concentrations of atmospheric particulate at nine sites in
case examples described. Shanghai, China with chemical mass balance of receptor model, and the
average contribution rates of the particulate from building construction,
99lOO764 Pie-evaluation of the biological half-time of soil, steel factory, coal burning, motor vehicle exhaust, and burning oil were
caeslum in Japanese male adults obtained.
Uchiyama, M. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 1998, 41, (l), 83-94.
Increased 13’Cs body burdens were measured for 22 Japanese male adults
following the Chernobyl accident. An average biological half-time of 101 99100769 Status of worldwide coal mine methane emissions
days was estimated. In the 1960s. an average caesium biological half-time of and use
86 days was reported for 23 Japanese male adults under quasi-equilibrium
conditions in regard to ‘“‘Cs from atmospheric nuclear weapon tests. Bibler, C. J. et al. J. Coal Geol., 1998, 35, (l-4), 283-310.
Comparing the present data with the 1960s results, the difference in the An estimated 29-41 x lo9 m3 of methane is liberated from underground
biological half-time of caesium at a confidence level of 90% was not coal mines annually, of which less than 2.3 x 10’ m3 is used as fuel. The
significant but had an increasing tendency. When the two groups of data remaining methane is emitted to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a
were combined, the biological half-time for caesium was 93227 days for the valuable energy resource. Methane is also a major greenhouse gas and is
45 individuals. Thus, the reference biological half-time should be 90 days thus detrimental to the environment when vented to the atmosphere. Coal
for Japanese male adults. Four subjects were studied in both the 1960s and mine methane recovery and use represents a cost-effective means of
the 1980s and a clear relationship was observed between the increase in significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mining, while increasing
half-time and increase in age. mine safety and improving mine economics. The world’s ten largest coal
producers are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated
99lOB766 Risk assessment at a JP-4 contamination site with the coal fuel cycle. Most of these countries use a portion of the
after active remediation methane that is liberated from their coal mines, but the utilization rate
Cho, J. S. et al. Global Environ. Biotechnology, Proc. Int. Symp. Int. Sot. tends to be low and some countries use none at all. Coal mine methane is
Environ. Biotechnology, 3rd. 1997, 321-339. Edited by Wise, D. L. K. currently used for a variety of purposes. Methane is used for heating and
After two years of active remediation efforts a risk assessment at a JP-4 cooking at many mine facilities and nearby residences. It is also used to fuel
contaminated site including conceptual model development, site character-
boilers, to generate electricity, directly heat air for mine ventilation systems
ization, modeling, and exposure assessment was conducted. Soil and
and for coal drying. Several mines in the United States sell high-quality
groundwater pollution caused by a continuous release of JP-4 jet fuel from
holes in an underground pipeline was found in 1988 at the US Coast Guard mine gas to natural gas distributors. There are several barriers to
Support Station, Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Air injection, soil vacuum decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use.
extraction, and enhanced biodegradation clean-up operated for -18 Technical barriers include low-permeability coals, variable or low gas
months, during which time 1700 kg of hydrocarbon out of an initial quality, variations in gas supply and demand and lack of infrastructure.
estimation of 3600 kg was collected. The majority of volatile and Economic and institutional barriers include lack of information pertinent to
biodegradable components were removed by soil vapour extraction and development of the resource, lack of capital and low natural gas prices. A
biodegradation, but a large portion of high molecular weight components possible option for encouraging coal mine methane recovery and use would
remained attached in the soil matrix. Since area groundwater is not used for be international adoption of a tradable permit system for methane
drinking, exposure risk to the human population near the base was expected emtsstons.
to be very low. Based on this an evaluation of the risk associated with the
weathered residual fuel was conducted without further active remediation.
99lQO77Q Systems for monitoring combustible and
99100766 Scenario analysis of bloenergy resources and CO2 hazardous gases and for preventing accidents
emissions with a global land use and energy model Takegawa, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10 153,548 [98 153,548]
Yamamoto, H. et al. Enen@, Shigen, 1998, 19, (2), 169-175. (In Japanese)
(Cl. GOlN21/39), 9 Jun 1998, Appl. 96/311,995, 22 Nov 1996; 4 pp. (In
Using a global land use and energy model (GLUE) including land use
Japanese)
competitions and overall biomass flows, the purpose of the present study is
Contained in the systems are several variable wavelength semiconductor
to evaluate bioenergy potentials, land use changes, and COz emissions in
the world. Through a set of simulations, the following results were obtained. atomic absorption gas analysers, each containing a light source and a light
Potential of energy crops produced from surplus arable lands will be acceptor, and installed at required lbcations in a plant, and a control means
strongly affected by food supply and demand parameters in the future. The comparing the input from the gas analysers with preprogrammed data in
policy option in the world, large-scale introduction of modern fuel wood by the means and generating operation signals from the result of the
felling and planting existing forest, will cause drastic reduction of the comparison.

76 Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 1999