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By Rusul Anwar

Cerebrum -2-
Cortical Areas

Frontal lobe

3 sulci 4gyri

Precentral Precentral
sulcus gyrus

Superior Superior
frontal sulcus Frontal gyrus

Inferior Middle
frontal sulcus Frontal gyrus

Inferior
Frontal gyrus

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Frontal lobe

Pariteal lobe

2 sulci gyri

Post-central Post-central
sulcus gyrus

Intra-parietal (arcuate) Superior

sulcus parietal lobule

Inferior
Parietal lobule

Superior
2nd pareito-
marginal gyrus Agnular gyrus occipital arcus

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Frontal lobe:  Parietal lobe:

Precentral gyrus.  Postcentral gyrus.
Superior & inferior frontal  Intraparietal sulcus divide the lobe
sulci divide the lobe into into superior & inferior parietal
superior, middle & inferior lobules.
frontal gyri. Precentral Postcentral
gyrus gyrus

sfs Superior
parietal lobule
ifs
Inferior
parietal Intraparietal
lobule sulcus
Superior , middle &
inferior frontal gyri

SUPEROLATERAL
SURFACE

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Temporal lobe

2 sulci 3 gyri

Superior Superior
Temporal sulcus Temporal gyrus

Inferior Middle
Temporal sulcus Temporal gyrus

Inferior
Temporal gyrus

Temporal lobe

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Occipital lobe

2 sulci gyri

Superior occipital Superior

sulcus Occipital gyrus

Inferior occipital Middle

sulcus Occipital gyrus

Inferior
Occipital gyrus

Superior, middle &

inferior temporal gyri
Temporal lobe:
Superior & inferior temporal
sulci giving rise to superior,
middle & inferior temporal
gyri.
Insula: the gyrus in the sts
depth of lateral fissure, its
covered by parts of frontal,
insula
parietal & temporal lobes
called the opercula (removed
in lower picture.).

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Functional Areas
of the
Cerebral Cortex

Brodmann’s Map
• Brodmann produced a
numbered, cytological
map of cerebral cortex
based upon its regional
histological characteristics
• Subdivisions with similar
cellular and laminar
structure are called
'areas'
• Brodmann's numbering of
these cortical locations
has become one of the
standard ways to identify
brain areas.

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Frontal Lobe
Premotor cortex: Located in the
region immediately anterior to the Primary motor cortex: Located in
precentral gyrus (Brodmann area
precentral gyrus (Brodmann’s area 6). 4).
Prefrontal cortex:
Extensive region of the
frontal lobe anterior to
premotor area.

Broca’s (motor
speech) area: Located
in the inferior frontal
gyrus of the dominant
hemisphere, usually left
(Brodmann’s area 44 &
45).

Frontal eye field: Located in the middle frontal gyrus immediately

in front of motor cortex (Brodmann’s area 8).

Parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex:
located in postcentral gyrus
(Brodmann’s area 1, 2, 3).

Parietal association cortex:

located posterior to primary
somatosensory cortex.

Occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex: located on
the medial surface of the
hemisphere, in the gyri
surrounding the calcarine sulcus
(Brodmann’s area 17).

Visual association cortex: located

around the primary visual cortex.

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Temporal Lobe Primary auditory cortex: located in

the superior surface of the superior
temporal gyrus (Brodmann’s area
41, 42)

Auditory association cortex: located

immediately around the primary
auditory cortex (also includes
Wernick’s area)

Parahippocampal gyrus:
located in the inferomedial
part of temporal lobe. Deep to
this gyrus lies the
hippocampus and the
amygdala, which are parts of
limbic system

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Language Area
Organized around the lateral
fissure.
Broca’s area: concerned with
expressive aspects of language.
Wernick’s area: responsible for
comprehension of the spoken
words.
Nearby regions of temporal lobe
and parietal lobe (angular gyrus &
supramarginal gyrus of the
inferior parietal lobule) are
important in naming, reading,
writing, and calculation.

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Hemispheric Dominance
The localization of speech centers
& mathematical ability is the
criterion for defining the dominant
cerebral hemisphere.
In 96% of normal right-handed
individuals and 70% of normal left-
handed individuals, the left
hemisphere contains the language Verbal Shape
centers. These are left hemisphere Memory Memory
dominant.
Cerebral dominance becomes
established during the first few years Hemispheres communicate
after birth. via the corpus callosum

Blood Supply of the Brain

Arteries of the Brain :

• The brain is supplied by the two internal carotid

and the two vertebral arteries.
• The four arteries lie within the subarachnoid
space,
• their branches anastomose on the inferior
surface of the brain to form the circle of Willis.

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1. Internal Carotid Artery :

• It ascends the neck
and perforates the
base of the skull
by passing through the
carotid canal of the
temporal bone.
• The artery then runs
horizontally forward
through the cavernous
sinus .

•It now enters the subarachnoid space by

piercing the arachnoid mater and turns to
the region of the medial end of the lateral
cerebral sulcus.
Here, it divides into :
• Anterior Cerebral arteries
• Middle Cerebral arteries.

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Branches Of The Cerebral Portion Of

Internal Carotid artery :
.1Ophthalmic artery
2. Posterior communicating artery
3. Choroidal artery
4. Anterior Cerebral Artery
5. Middle Cerebral Artery

Anterior Cerebral Artery :

The cortical branches supply all the medial
surface of the cerebral cortex as far back as
the parieto-occipital sulcus.
• They also supply a strip of cortex about 1 inch
(2.5 cm) wide on the adjoining lateral surface.
• The anterior cerebral artery thus supplies the
“leg area” of the precentral gyrus.
• A group of central branches pierces the anterior
perforated substance and helps to supply parts
of the lentiform and caudate nuclei and the
internal capsule.

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Medial Surf ace

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Lateral Surf ace

Middle Cerebral Artery،:

• the largest branch of the internal carotid, runs

laterally in the lateral cerebral sulcus.
• Cortical branches supply the entire lateral
surface of the hemisphere, except for the
narrow strip supplied by the anterior cerebral
artery, the occipital pole, and the inferolateral
surface of the hemisphere, which are supplied
by the posterior cerebral artery.
• This artery thus supplies a l l T h e
moTor area excepT The “leg
area ”.
Central branches enter the anterior perforated
•
substance and supply the lentiform and

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Medial Surf ace

Lateral Surf ace

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B. Vertebral Artery :

• A branch of the first part of the subclavian

artery,
•
It enters the skull through the foramen magnum
and pierces the dura mater and arachnoid to
enter the subarachnoid space.
•
At the lower border of the pons, it joins the
vessel of the opposite side to form the basilar
artery.

Branches of the Cranial Portion

1.The meningeal branches

2. The posterior spinal artery
3. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
4. The medullary arteries
5. The basilar artery.

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Basilar Artery:
• formed by the
union of the two
vertebral arteries,
ascends in a
groove on the
anterior surface
of pons .

• At the upper
border of pons, it
divides into
the two posterior
cerebral arteries.

Branches Of Basilar Artery :

1. The pontine arteries
.2The labyrinthine artery
3. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery
4. The superior cerebellar artery
5. The posterior cerebral artery

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The posterior cerebral artery :

•Curves laterally and backward around the midbrain

and is joined by the posterior communicating
branch of the internal carotid artery.
• Cortical branches supply the inferolateral and
medial surfaces of the temporal lobe and the lateral
and medial surfaces of the occipital lobe.
• Thus, the posterior cerebral artery supplies the
visual cortex.
• Central branches pierce the brain substance and
supply parts of the thalamus and the lentiform
nucleus as well as the midbrain, the pineal, and the
medial geniculate bodies.

Medial Surf ace

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Lateral Surf ace

Circle of Willis
• The circle of Willis lies in the interpeduncular
fossa at the base of the brain. It is formed
by the anastomosis between the two internal
carotid arteries and the two vertebral arter-
ies.
• The circle is formed by :
1. anterior cerebral arteries,
2. The anterior communicating arteries,
3. internal carotid arteries,
.4posterior communicating arteries،
.5posterior cerebral arteries
.6basilar artery

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• The circle of Willis allows blood that enters by

either internal carotid or vertebral arteries to be
distributed to any part of both cerebral
hemispheres. Cortical and central branches
arise from the circle and supply the brain
substance.
• Variations in the sizes of the arteries forming
the circle are common, and the absence of one
or both posterior communicating arteries has
been reported.

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