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PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS
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Physical Properties of Rock Material
• Quartz
• Feldspar
• Mica
• Hornblende (Amphiboles)
• Pyroxenes
• Olivine
• Calcite
• Kaolin, and
• Dolomite
Unit weight ( γ )
W
γ=
V
( W is the total weight of the sample and V the total volume of the sample)
Density is a measure of mass per unit of volume. Density of rock material various, and
often related to the porosity of the rock. It is sometimes defined by unit weight and
specific gravity. Most rocks have density between 2,500nd 2,800 kg/m3.
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Physical Properties of Rock Material
Void ratio (e) is the ratio of the volume of voids (VV) to the volume of solids (VS)
VV
e=
VS
Wd G γ
γ Dry = = ⋅γW =
V 1+ e 1+ w
Porosity (n) describes how densely the material is packed. It is the ratio of the non-solid
volume (VV) to the total volume (V) of material. Porosity therefore is a fraction between 0
and 1.
V e V − (WS / Gγ W )
n= V = =
V 1+ e V
1 VS
=
1+ e V
(The unit weight of water = 1 g/cm3 = 1 t/m3 = 9.81 kN/m3 = 62.4 lb/ft3)
Porosity decreases with increasing age of the rock and depth of the rock
Porosity is a measure of water – holding capacity of a rock material
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Physical Properties of Rock Material
Moisture Content (M): it is the ratio of weight of water in the voids to the weight
of dry solids in the rock sample
M = W w / W s, where M = Moisture Content, Ww = Weight of water, and
Ws = Weight of Solids
Degree of saturation (S): it is defined as the volume of water in the void to the
total volume of voids in the rock sample
Permeability (k): the ability of porous material to allow a liquid to pass through
its pores, units: cm/sec, or m/sec
Q=kiA
Q= discharge through area, i= hydraulic gradient
Electrical properties:
Most of the rocks are dielectric in nature and measurement of Dielectric
constants used for data interpretation
Electric resistivity method used in geophysical prospecting
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EXAMPLES 1.
A cylindrical specimen of moist clay has a diameter of 38 mm, height of 76 mm
and mass of 174.2 grams. After drying in the oven at 105 0 C for about 24 hours,
the mass is reduced to 148.4 grams. Find the dry density, bulk density and water
content of the clay. Assuming the specific gravity of the sample grains as 2.71,
find the degree of saturation.
Solution
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Idealized diagram showing the transition from intact rock to a heavily jointed
rock mass with increasing sample size.
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In considering the behaviour of rock as an
engineering material in transition from intact rock to
heavily jointed rock mass, the quantity and quality
of experimental data decrease rapidly as one
moves from the intact rock sample to the rock mass.
Because small samples are easy to collect and to
test under a variety of laboratory conditions.
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Mechanical or Strength Properties of Rocks
Strength : Ability of a material to resist an externally applied load, but
In Rock mechanics, strength is the Force per unit Area required to bring about
rupture in a rock mass at a given environmental conditions.
Classification of strength: depending upon type of loading and the stresses, the
strength in general may be classified as
Compressive Strength
Tensile strength, and
Shear Strength
For determining the above strength values the tests are conducted either on intact
rock specimens in the laboratory tests or on rockmass in the field, i.e., insitu
strength tests
In the laboratory there are direct Methods for the determination of above strength
values in the laboratory and also indirect methods for the determination of above
strength values roughly in the laboratory or at the field site
Compressive Strength
Direct Methods:
1.Uni axial Compression Test
2.Tri axial Compression Test
Indirect Method :
1.Point Load Test
2.Schmidt hammer Test
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Mechanical or Strength Properties of Rocks
Direct Method: It requires a preparation of sample as accordance to ISRM
(International Society of RockMechanics).
(a) Test specimens shall be right circular cylinders having a height to diameter ratio of 2.0-
3.0 and a diameter preferably of not less than NX core size, approximately 54 mm. The
diameter of the specimen should be related to the size of the largest grain in the rock by
the ratio of at least 10:1.
(b) The ends of the specimen shall be flat to 0.02 mm and shall not depart from
perpendicularity to the of the specimen by more than 0.001 radian (at 3.5 mm) or
0.05 mm in 50 mm.
(c) The sides of the specimen shall be smooth free of abrupt irregularities and straight to
within 0.3 mm over the lull length of the specimen.
(d) The use of capping materials or end surface treatments other than machining is not
permitted.
(e) The diameter of the test specimen shall be measured to the nearest 0.1 mm by averaging
two diameters measured at right angles to each other at about the upper-height, the mid-
height and the lower height of the specimen. The average diameter shall be used for
calculating the cross-sectional area. The height the specimen shall be determined to the
nearest 1.0 mm.
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ISRM Standards for Testing of Rock Specimens in Laboratory
(f) Samples shall be stored, for no longer than 30 days. in such a way as o
preserve the natural content, as far as possible, and tested in that condition. This
moisture condition shall be reported in accordance with “Suggested method for
determination of the water content of a rock sample”.
(g) Load on the specimen shall be applied continuously at a constant Stress rate
such that failure occur within 5 -10 min. of loading, alternatively the stress rate
shall be within the limits of 0.5—1.0 MPa/s.
(h) The maximum load on the specimen shall be recorded in newtons (or
kilonewtons and mega-newtons where appropriate) to within 1%.
UCS is given by the ratio of load at failure or rupture to cross-sectional area of the
specimen
If the length-to-diameter ratio of the rock specimen is less than 2, the measured
compressive strength, Ca should be corrected to give the standardized compressive
strength, C0, by means of the following equation:
Where:
D = diameter of specimen, in.
L = length of specimen, in.
C a= measured compressive strength, lb/in.
C0 = corrected (computed) compressive strength of an equivalent L/D = 2
specimen.
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Compressive Testing Machines
With UTM, the axial displacement w.r.t. load is to be recorded manually with the
help of proving ring, while lateral deformation recorded using dial gauges or
strain gauges coupled to LVDT,If provided.
With Instran machine Displacement between Loading Platens will give axial
displacement of the specimen under loading and directly get recorded in
connected computer
Lateral displacement will be recorded in computer using the special attachment
shown below or manually recorded using strain gauges coupled to LVDT
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Uniaxial stress-strain curves for different rock
types
Peak stress
Uniaxial compression
Class I: is a stable fracture propagation
which means that when the max load
bearing capacity is exceeded, still some
external work has got to be done for
further destruction of the specimen
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Post failure behaviour of rock in compression
Cyclic loading
The behaviour of the rock under compression until the rock
has lost its strength is as shown in the following figure.
Load deformation
Curve if loading-unloading
is not followed
Compressive Strength
The load-deformation characteristics in UCS for loading and
unloading cycles follow the following behaviour:
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Rock Failure characteristics in UCS
Spalling phase
Shear
Fracture
VIII Loose mass of the broken material is held together due to friction
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Failure modes in compression
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Triaxial compression of rock samples – Direct Method
Mohr’s Envelope
Triaxial Cell
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Tri-axial compression
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CONFINED
LOAD
UNCONFINED
DISPLACEMENT
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Rock Specimens before & After failure in Triaxial compression
Is = P 2
De
Where:
P = Load at failure in (kN)
De= equivalent diameter for a circular core (m)
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Compressive Strength - Indirect Test:
It normally tests on surface hardness of rock sample as it is also easy to use and
handle. The sample can be in core or in block shape and it is non-destructive type
of test. The best part of the test is that the sample used for the previous test can be
used again.
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Tensile strength Tests
Where
T is the tensile strength, P is the maximum compressive load recorded during the test,
D is the diameter, and t is the thickness of the test specimen.
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Tensile strength Tests
Brazilian test in which tensile failure is induced in a disc by compressing it across a
diameter.
UTS = 0.8 x Is
UTS = Uniaxial Tensile Strength
Is = point Load strength
It mostly deals with the shear strength and shear behavior of the shearing and
weakness planes of the rock which hold together a rock specimen.
This is the most expensive laboratory strength tests, as it requires special kind
of methodology for acquiring the samples from the site as fracture planes to be
tested and utmost relatively complex testing procedures
In general there are two methods for evaluation of Shear Strength of rocks;
1. Direct Shear Test
a. Shear Box Test
b. Shear Test on Rock Cubes
2. Indirect Shear Test – Punch shear Test
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Shear Box Test:
Constant Normal Load
(CNL)
Arrangement for shear
Testing
τ
Rock slope stability
Constant normal
load (CNL) (non-reinforced)
(After Barton)
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Direct shear test apparatus
(1) The Constant Normal Load (CNL) is applied on single rock joint through a
loading yoke connected to a loading lever.
(2) The shear displacement is applied through the advancement of a lead screw which
is pushing the shear box assembly. A high sensitivity proving ring (5 MPa) is used
for measuring the shear load.
Shear Box
Specimen
Proving Ring
Lead Screw
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Two halves of the joint ready for molding One half placed in concrete mold
Sample Preparation
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Shear behaviours of rock joint (i = 150)
1.5 Mpa
Residual stress region
1.Mpa
0.5 Mpa
0.25 Mpa
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Relation between strength Properties
Uni-axial Compressive Strength = 7.5 times of Shear strength
= 10.5 times of Tensile Strength
= 14 to 21 times of Point Load Strength
Index
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Elastic properties of rocks
Secant Modulus
of elasticity
Fig Stress strain relationship for determination of Young’s modulus (E) and
Poisson’s ratio
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Elastic properties deformation in rocks
Modulus of Elasticity
Rate of change of strain as a function of stress. The slope of the
straight line portion of a stress-strain diagram. Tangent modulus
of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain diagram at any point.
Secant modulus of elasticity is stress divided by strain at any
given value of stress or strain. It also is called stress-strain ratio.
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Rock Material Classification
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Range Description
0.25 – 1.00 Extremely weak
1–5 Weak
5 – 25 Medium strong
25 – 50 Strong
50 – 100 Very strong
100 - 250 Very Very Strong
>250 Extremely strong
1–2 Average
2–4 Strong
4 -8 Very Strong
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Angle of Internal Friction (Degrees)
Range Description
15 – 25 Poor
25 - 35 Fair
35 - 45 Good
45 Very Good
THANK YOU
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