Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Course : PGDIDM
3 Assignment No : 02
INDEX
6 Bibliography/ Readings 38
Although the names may vary by State, the five basic stages in the
highway development process are: planning, project development
(preliminary design), final design, rightofway, and construction. After
construction is completed, ongoing operation and maintenance activities
continue throughout the life of the facility.
4.1 General
4.2 Terrain
4.3 Design Speed
4.4 Right of Way (ROW)
4.5 Roadway Width
4.6 Carriageway Width
4.7 Earthen Shoulders
4.8 Roadway width at cross-
4. Geometric Design
CHAPTER 4 drainage structures
Standards
4.9 Sight Distance
4.10 Radius of Horizontal Curve
4.11 Camber & Super elevation
4.12 Vertical Alignment
4.13 Vertical Curves
4.14 Cross Section Element and
Side slope
4.15 Extra Widening of Pavement
5.1 General
5. Topographic 5.2 Traversing
CHAPTER 5 Survey 5.3 Levelling
5.4 Cross Section & Detailing
5.5 Data Processing
6.1 General
6. Soil and Materials 6.2 Soil sample collection and
CHAPTER 6 Survey Testing
6.3 Analysis of Test Results
6.4 Coarse and Fine Aggregates
7.1 General
CHAPTER 7 7. Traffic Survey 7.2 Traffic Data and Analysis
7.3 Traffic Growth Rate and
forecast
8.1 General
8.2 Pavement Design Approach
8.2.1 Design Life
CHAPTER 8 8. Pavement Design 8.2.2 Design Traffic
8.2.3 Determination of ESAL
applications
8.2.4 Subgrade CBR
8.3 Pavement composition
9.1 General
9.2 Rainfall Data
9.3 Catchment Area
9.4 Time of Concentration
9. Hydrological 9.5 Existing Cross Drainage
CHAPTER 9
Survey Structures
9.6 Justification for
retaining/widening and
replacement of culverts
9.7 Hydraulic calculation for
Culvert
12. Specification
CHAPTER 12
bringing out data in digital form (x, y, z format) for developing digital
terrain model (DTM).
21.2 Traversing
Traverse will be done by Total Station having angular measurement
accuracy of ± 1 sec.
21.3 Levelling
All leveling for establishing Benchmark are to be carried out as per
method adopted by Survey of India. All leveling are to be carried out
with Auto Level having accuracy ± 2.5 mm/ km. The Consultant
started the work by assuming arbitrary level, as no GTS benchmark
was available in the nearby location of the road.
Average daily traffic (ADT) has been found for each vehicle type.
Computation of Average Annual Daily traffic (AADT) is given below:
1 .2 nTt
T+
AADT = 365
nT= Enhanced traffic during peak season, over and above lean
season traffic T
Indicative VDF values considered 10% of laden MCV and 10% laden
HCV as overloaded & given below:
Un-laden /Partially
Vehicle type Laden
laden
HCV 2.86 0.31
MCV 0.34 0.02
Lane distribution factor (L) for Single lane road = 1.0
The Cumulative ESAL application for the project road works out to
74,907 and falls in traffic category T3 as per paragraph 3.5 of IRC:
SP: 72 – 2007.
Rainfall Data
Catchments Area
Time of Concentration
Existing Cross Drainage Structures
Have low completion test but high Have low repairing cost but high
repairing cost completion cost
Concrete pavements are rigid pavements having very high flexure strength
as compared to flexible pavements. Concrete pavements can be constructed
using two different methods:
2. Placing of forms
Requirement as per
Sl No Type Of Test Code reference
Code
A. Coarse Aggregate
IS:383 / IS 2386-Part
1 Sieve Analysis
I
IS:383 / IS 2386-Part
2 Specific Gravity
III
IS:383 / IS 2386-Part
3 Flakiness Index Maximum 30%
I
6 Moisture Content 1% - 2%
IS:383 / IS 2386-Part
9 Water absorption 1% - 2%
III
IS:383 / IS 2386-Part
11 Deleterious Material Content Maximum 5%
II
Requirement as
Sl No Type Of Test Code reference
per Code
B. Soil
C. Bitumen
ASTM D5 [ASTM,
1 Penetration Test 2001] / 1201 - 1220 :
1978
D. Cement
AIM:
APPARATUS:
The apparatus as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963 consists of:
(ii) A cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 102 mm, depth 50 mm and
minimum thickness 6.3 mm.
(iii) A metal hammer or tup weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lower end being
cylindrical in shape, 50 mm long, 100.0 mm in diameter, with a 2 mm
chamfer at the lower edge and case hardened. The hammer should slide
freely between vertical guides and be concentric with the cup. Free fall of
hammer should be within 380±5 mm.
(v) Tamping rod 10 mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at one end.
(vi) A balance of capacity not less than 500g, readable and accurate upto 0.1
g.
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:
The test sample consists of aggregates sized 10.0 mm 12.5 mm. Aggregates
may be dried by heating at 100-110° C for a period of 4 hours and cooled.
(i) Sieve the material through 12.5 mm and 10.0mm IS sieves. The
aggregates passing through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10.0mm sieve
comprises the test material.
(ii) Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3 rd depth of measuring cylinder.
(iii) Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of
the tamping rod.
(iv) Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder is full.
(vi) Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram(W).
(vii) Bring the impact machine to rest without wedging or packing up on the
level plate, block or floor, so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns
are vertical.
(viii) Fix the cup firmly in position on the base of machine and place whole of
the test sample in it and compact by giving 25 gentle strokes with tamping
rod.
(ix) Raise the hammer until its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of
aggregate sample in the cup and allow it to fall freely on the aggregate
sample. Give 15 such blows at an interval of not less than one second
between successive falls.
(x) Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36
mm IS sieves until no further significant amount passes in one minute.
Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to an accuracy of 1 gm. Also, weigh the
fraction retained in the sieve.
OBSERVATIONS
Sample 1 Sample 2
Mean =
RESULT:
RECOMMENDED VALUES
10 – 20% Strong
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE
A representative portion of air-dried soil material, large enough to provide
about 6kg of material passing through a 19mm IS Sieve (for soils not
susceptible to crushing during compaction) or about 15kg of material
passing through a 19mm IS Sieve (for soils susceptible to crushing during
compaction), should be taken. This portion should be sieved through a
19mm IS Sieve and the coarse fraction rejected after its proportion of the
total sample has been recorded. Aggregations of particles should be broken
down so that if the sample was sieved through a 4.75mm IS Sieve, only
separated individual particles would be retained.
i) A 5kg sample of air-dried soil passing through the 19mm IS Sieve should
be taken. The sample should be mixed thoroughly with a suitable amount of
water depending on the soil type (for sandy and gravelly soil – 3 to 5% and
for cohesive soil – 12 to 16% below the plastic limit). The soil sample should
be stored in a sealed container for a minimum period of 16hrs.
ii) The mould of 1000cc capacity with base plate attached, should be
weighed to the nearest 1g (W1 ). The mould should be placed on a solid base,
such as a concrete floor or plinth and the moist soil should be compacted
into the mould, with the extension attached, in five layers of approximately
equal mass, each layer being given 25 blows from the 4.9kg rammer
dropped from a height of 450mm above the soil. The blows should be
distributed uniformly over the surface of each layer. The amount of soil used
should be sufficient to fill the mould, leaving not more than about 6mm to
be struck off when the extension is removed. The extension should be
removed and the compacted soil should be levelled off carefully to the top of
the mould by means of the straight edge. The mould and soil should then be
weighed to the nearest gram (W2).
iii) The compacted soil specimen should be removed from the mould and
placed onto the mixing tray. The water content (w) of a representative
sample of the specimen should be determined.
iv) The remaining soil specimen should be broken up, rubbed through
19mm IS Sieve and then mixed with the remaining original sample. Suitable
increments of water should be added successively and mixed into the
sample, and the above operations i.e. ii) to iv) should be repeated for each
increment of water added. The total number of determinations made should
be at least five and the moisture contents should be such that the optimum
moisture content at which the maximum dry density occurs,
lies within that range.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
Bulk density Y(gamma) in g/cc of each compacted specimen should be
calculated from the equation,
Y(gamma) = (W2-W1)/ V
where, V = volume in cc of the mould.
The dry density Yd in g/cc
Yd = 100Y/(100+w)
The dry densities, Yd obtained in a series of determinations should be
plotted against the corresponding moisture contents,w. A smooth curve
should be drawn through the resulting points and the position of the
maximum on the curve should be determined. The dry density in g/cc
corresponding to the maximum point on the moisture content/dry density
curve should be reported as the maximum dry density to the nearest 0.01.
The percentage moisture content corresponding to the maximum dry density
on the moisture content/dry density curve should be reported as the
optimum moisture content and quoted to the nearest 0.2 for values below 5
percent, to the nearest 0.5 for values from 5 to 10 percent and to the nearest
whole number for values exceeding 10 percent
The penetration test is one of the oldest and most commonly used tests on
asphalt cements or residues from distillation of asphalt cutbacks or
emulsions. The standardized procedure for this test can be found in ASTM
D5 [ASTM, 2001]. It is an empirical test that measures the consistency
(hardness) of an asphalt at a specified test condition.
The penetration test can be used to designate grades of asphalt cement, and
to measure changes in hardness due to age hardening or changes in
temperature.
The flash point test determines the temperature to which an asphalt can be
safely heated in the presence of an open flame. The test is performed by
heating an asphalt sample in an open cup at a specified rate and
determining the temperature at which a small flame passing over the
surface of the cup will cause the vapors from the asphalt sample temporarily
to ignite or flash. The commonly used flash point test methods include
When the flash point test is used to detect contaminating materials, the
Pensky-Martens Closed Tester method (ASTM D93), which tends to give
more indicative results, is normally used. In recent years, the flash point
test results have been related to the hardening potential of asphalt. An
asphalt with a high flash point is more likely to have a lower hardening
potential in the field.
i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.
iii) Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste gauged as above,
the mould resting on a non-porous plate and smooth off the surface of the
paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus
prepared in the mould is the test block.
Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the needle
gently in order to make contact with the surface of the cement paste and
release quickly, allowing it to penetrate the test block. Repeat the procedure
till the needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured
from the bottom of the mould.The time period elapsing between the time,
water is added to the cement and the time, the needle fails to pierce the test
block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould, is the initial
setting time.
Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment. The
cement should be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle
gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression
therein, while the attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the
time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle makes an
impression on the surface of the test block, while the attachment fails to do
so, is the final setting time.
Traffic:
MOISTURE (WATER):
SUBGRADE:
The subgrade is the underlying soil that supports the applied wheel loads. If
the subgrade is too weak to support the wheel loads, the pavement will flex
excessively which ultimately causes the pavement to fail. If natural
variations in the composition of the subgrade are not adequately addressed
by the pavement design, significant differences in pavement performance
will be experienced.
CONSTRUCTION QUALITY
MAINTENANCE:
The maintenance and repair of roads and airfields are particularly important
because of increased mobility in modern warfare. Damage caused by the
weight of heavy loads, the abrasive action of military traffic, and combat
conditions must be repaired as quickly as possible. The repairs are often
made under adverse conditions, such as shortages of manpower, material,
PRINCIPLES
MATERIALS.
Use any stable material for temporary repairs in combat areas or in areas
where suitable material is unavailable and the area must be patched to keep
traffic moving. Use good-quality soils and masonry or concrete rubble for
this purpose. Ensure that patches are thoroughly compacted and constantly
maintained. Permanently patch the area as soon as possible.
Blade the shoulders to facilitate rainwater drainage from the surface, and fill
in ruts and washouts. Grade the shoulder material flush against the FM 5-
436
Sampling and testing of beam and cube specimens: At least two beam
and two cube specimens, one each for 7 day and 28 day strength testing
shall be cast for ever 150 cu.m (or part thereof) of concrete placed
during construction. On each day's work, not less than three pairs of
beams and cubes shall be made for each type of mix from the concrete
delivered to the paving plant.
5. IRC Publications