Shear modulus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Shear_modulus

Shear modulus
In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity,
denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear
Shear modulus
stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the Common G, S
shear strain:[1] symbols
SI unit pascal
Derivations G=τ/γ
from G = E / 2(1+n)
other
where quantities

= shear stress
is the force which acts
is the area on which the force acts
= shear strain. In engineering ,
elsewhere
is the transverse displacement
is the initial length
Shear strain
The derived SI unit of shear modulus is the pascal (Pa), although it is
usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousand pounds per
square inch (ksi). Its dimensional form is M1L−1T−2, replacing force by mass times acceleration.

Contents
Explanation
Shear waves
Shear modulus of metals
MTS model
SCG model
NP model
Shear relaxation modulus
See also
References

Explanation
The shear modulus is one of several quantities for measuring the stiffness of materials. All of them arise
in the generalized Hooke's law:

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Young's modulus E describes the material's strain response to

uniaxial stress in the direction of this stress (like pulling on the Typical values for
Material shear modulus (GPa)
ends of a wire or putting a weight on top of a column, with the
(at room temperature)
wire getting longer and the column losing height),
the Poisson's ratio ν describes the response in the directions Diamond[2] 478.0
orthogonal to this uniaxial stress (the wire getting thinner and Steel[3] 79.3
the column thicker),
Iron[4] 52.5
the bulk modulus K describes the material's response to
(uniform) hydrostatic pressure (like the pressure at the bottom of Copper[5] 44.7
the ocean or a deep swimming pool),
Titanium[3] 41.4
the shear modulus G describes the material's response to
shear stress (like cutting it with dull scissors). These moduli are Glass[3] 26.2
not independent, and for isotropic materials they are connected
Aluminium[3] 25.5
via the equations .[9]
Polyethylene[3] 0.117
The shear modulus is concerned with the deformation of a solid Rubber[6] 0.0006
when it experiences a force parallel to one of its surfaces while its
opposite face experiences an opposing force (such as friction). In the Granite[7][8] 24
case of an object shaped like a rectangular prism, it will deform into Shale[7][8] 1.6
a parallelepiped. Anisotropic materials such as wood, paper and also
essentially all single crystals exhibit differing material response to Limestone[7][8] 24
stress or strain when tested in different directions. In this case, one Chalk[7][8] 3.2
may need to use the full tensor-expression of the elastic constants,
rather than a single scalar value. Sandstone[7][8] 0.4

Wood 4
One possible definition of a fluid would be a material with zero
shear modulus.

Shear waves
In homogeneous and isotropic solids, there are two kinds
of waves, pressure waves and shear waves. The velocity of
a shear wave, is controlled by the shear modulus,

where

G is the shear modulus

is the solid's density. Influences of selected glass component additions
on the shear modulus of a specific base glass.[10]
Shear modulus of metals
The shear modulus of metals is usually observed to decrease with increasing temperature. At high
pressures, the shear modulus also appears to increase with the applied pressure. Correlations between
the melting temperature, vacancy formation energy, and the shear modulus have been observed in many
metals.[13]

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Several models exist that attempt to predict the shear

modulus of metals (and possibly that of alloys). Shear
modulus models that have been used in plastic flow
computations include:

1. the MTS shear modulus model developed by[14] and

used in conjunction with the Mechanical Threshold
Stress (MTS) plastic flow stress model.[15][16]
2. the Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan (SCG) shear modulus
model developed by[17] and used in conjunction with
the Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan-Lund (SCGL) flow
stress model.
3. the Nadal and LePoac (NP) shear modulus model[12]
that uses Lindemann theory to determine the
temperature dependence and the SCG model for
pressure dependence of the shear modulus.
Shear modulus of copper as a function of
temperature. The experimental data[11][12] are
MTS model shown with colored symbols.

The MTS shear modulus model has the form:

where is the shear modulus at , and and are material constants.

SCG model

The Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan (SCG) shear modulus model is pressure dependent and has the form

where, μ0 is the shear modulus at the reference state (T = 300 K, p = 0, η = 1), p is the pressure, and T is
the temperature.

NP model

The Nadal-Le Poac (NP) shear modulus model is a modified version of the SCG model. The empirical
temperature dependence of the shear modulus in the SCG model is replaced with an equation based on
Lindemann melting theory. The NP shear modulus model has the form:

where

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and μ0 is the shear modulus at absolute zero and ambient pressure, ζ is a material parameter, m is the
atomic mass, and f is the Lindemann constant.

Shear relaxation modulus

The shear relaxation modulus is the time-dependent generalization of the shear modulus[18]
:

See also
Dynamic modulus
Impulse excitation technique
Shear strength
Seismic moment

References
1. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected
version: (2006–) "shear modulus, G (https://goldbook.iupac.org/S05635.html)".
doi:10.1351/goldbook.S05635 (https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.S05635)
2. McSkimin, H.J.; Andreatch, P. (1972). "Elastic Moduli of Diamond as a Function of Pressure and
Temperature". J. Appl. Phys. 43 (7): 2944–2948. Bibcode:1972JAP....43.2944M (https://ui.adsabs.har
vard.edu/abs/1972JAP....43.2944M). doi:10.1063/1.1661636 (https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1661636).
3. Crandall, Dahl, Lardner (1959). An Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
ISBN 0-07-013441-3.
4. Rayne, J.A. (1961). "Elastic constants of Iron from 4.2 to 300 ° K". Physical Review. 122 (6):
1714–1716. Bibcode:1961PhRv..122.1714R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961PhRv..122.1714
R). doi:10.1103/PhysRev.122.1714 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.122.1714).
5. Material properties (http://homepages.which.net/~paul.hills/Materials/MaterialsBody.html)
6. Spanos, Pete (2003). "Cure system effect on low temperature dynamic shear modulus of natural
rubber" (http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cure+system+effect+on+low+temperature+dynamic+shear+m
odulus+of...-a0111451108). Rubber World.
7. Hoek, Evert, and Jonathan D. Bray. Rock slope engineering. CRC Press, 1981.
8. Pariseau, William G. Design analysis in rock mechanics. CRC Press, 2017.
9. [Landau LD, Lifshitz EM. Theory of Elasticity, vol. 7. Course of Theoretical Physics. (2nd Ed)
Pergamon: Oxford 1970 p13]
10. Shear modulus calculation of glasses (http://www.glassproperties.com/shear_modulus/)

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Shear modulus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_modulus

11. Overton, W.; Gaffney, John (1955). "Temperature Variation of the Elastic Constants of Cubic
Elements. I. Copper". Physical Review. 98 (4): 969. Bibcode:1955PhRv...98..969O (https://ui.adsabs.
harvard.edu/abs/1955PhRv...98..969O). doi:10.1103/PhysRev.98.969 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPh
ysRev.98.969).
12. Nadal, Marie-Hélène; Le Poac, Philippe (2003). "Continuous model for the shear modulus as a
function of pressure and temperature up to the melting point: Analysis and ultrasonic validation".
Journal of Applied Physics. 93 (5): 2472. Bibcode:2003JAP....93.2472N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.ed
u/abs/2003JAP....93.2472N). doi:10.1063/1.1539913 (https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1539913).
13. March, N. H., (1996), Electron Correlation in Molecules and Condensed Phases (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=PaphaJhfAloC&pg=PA363), Springer, ISBN 0-306-44844-0 p. 363
14. Varshni, Y. (1970). "Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Constants". Physical Review B. 2 (10):
3952–3958. Bibcode:1970PhRvB...2.3952V (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PhRvB...2.3952
V). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.2.3952 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.2.3952).
15. Chen, Shuh Rong; Gray, George T. (1996). "Constitutive behavior of tantalum and tantalum-tungsten
alloys" (https://zenodo.org/record/1232556). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 27 (10):
2994. Bibcode:1996MMTA...27.2994C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MMTA...27.2994C).
doi:10.1007/BF02663849 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02663849).
16. Goto, D. M.; Garrett, R. K.; Bingert, J. F.; Chen, S. R.; Gray, G. T. (2000). "The mechanical threshold
stress constitutive-strength model description of HY-100 steel" (http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD
=ADA372816). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 31 (8): 1985–1996.
doi:10.1007/s11661-000-0226-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11661-000-0226-8).
17. Guinan, M; Steinberg, D (1974). "Pressure and temperature derivatives of the isotropic
polycrystalline shear modulus for 65 elements". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. 35 (11):
1501. Bibcode:1974JPCS...35.1501G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JPCS...35.1501G).
doi:10.1016/S0022-3697(74)80278-7 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3697%2874%2980278-7).
18. Rubinstein, Michael, 1956 December 20- (2003). Polymer physics. Colby, Ralph H. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. p. 284. ISBN 019852059X. OCLC 50339757 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503397
57).

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Conversion formulae

Homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials have their elastic properties uniquely determined by any two moduli among
these; thus, given any two, any other of the elastic moduli can be calculated according to these formulas.

Notes

There are two valid

solutions.
The plus sign leads to
.

The minus sign leads to .

Cannot be used when

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