Literature

Literature is derived from the Latin “littera” which

means “letter”, which refers primarily to written texts.
Therefore, literature is simply anything that is written.
Literature

Consists of writings which recognize the meanings of nature and

life, in words of charm and power, touched with the character of the
author, in artistic forms of permanent interest.
Literature

Literature is the written, printed or oral productions of the human

mind collectively, which deals with themes of permanent and universal
interest, characterized by creativeness and grace of expression, as
poetry, fictions, essays, etc., distinguished from works of scientific,
technical or journalistic nature
Oral literature
is the literature of the ancient periods when they did not yet have
much concern about an enduring preservation of the expressions
of their wits and emotions or their experiences.
Written literature
is one that is produced from the use of the pen by literary
writer. Written Literature is more permanent than oral
literature because it remains as is.
For self-expression
To spread knowledge and information
To pass on ideas and values
To convey truth, accuracy, and
evaluation.
The Qualities of Great Literature
The Qualities of Great Literature
The Qualities of Great Literature
The Qualities of Great Literature
The Qualities of Great Literature
 is discourse that follows the continuous and usual flow of
conversation which uses sentences forming paragraphs to
express ideas, feelings, and actions. It is divided into two major
divisions, namely fiction and non-fiction.
 Fiction
is a type of prose writing that is the product of the author’s
imagination.

Divisions of Prose
 Divisions of Prose

Short Story
Novel
Play
Legend
Fable
 Divisions of Prose

Short Story
is a sequence of events including one or more
characters, one narrative, and one single idea.
ELEMENTS:
Point of View Characters
Conflict Theme
Plot Setting
 Divisions of Prose

Novel
is a long work of fiction that has chapters where
many characters are involved and spans long
period of time.
 Divisions of Prose

Play
is a scripted story executed on stage.
 Divisions of Prose

Legend
is a narrative about the origin of man, place,
event, and happenings.
 Divisions of Prose

Fable
is a narrative where the characters are animals
and non-living objects that speak and act like
people, and usually ends with values that can
mold the reader’s attitudes.
is a type of prose writing that is based on
facts, real events, and real people.
 Divisions of Prose

Essay
Oration
Biography
Autobiography
News
Letters
Diaries/Journals
 Divisions of Prose

Essay
is an attempt to express the viewpoint and
judgment of the writer on a dilemma or event.
 Divisions of Prose

Oration
is a formal treatment of the subject and
intended to be spoken before a crowd.
 Divisions of Prose

Biography
is a literary work that gives the life account of a
person written by another person.
 Divisions of Prose

Autobiography
is a literary work where the author writes his
own life account.
 Divisions of Prose

NEWS
is a report of expected and unexpected events in
society and government and incidents in the field
of science, business, etc.
 Divisions of Prose

Letter
is a written message sent from one person to
another person via writing through a medium.
Letters can be formal and informal.
 Divisions of Prose

Diaries and Journals

serve as account of personal experiences. They
are synonymous but there is an important
difference:
 Divisions of Prose

A diary is precisely a record of personal or private and daily

experiences.

A journal, depending on the context, could mean a more universal

record or logbook but more importantly a technical journal, that is
a scientific or industry-related publication/periodical
a type of literature that combines the sound and
meaning of language to create and express
ideas and feelings.
Narrative poetry
tell stories and has two forms:

Epic and Ballad

Epics
are lengthy poems that embody the adventures of epic
heroes and divine forces. They are the oldest remaining
form of poetry.
Ballads
are narrative poems meant to be sung. They are briefer
than the epics and they usually tell stories about a person.
Dramatic poetry
reveal stories, but one or more characters
act out the poem. There are plays that are
written as dramatic poetry.
Lyric poetry
the most familiar of the three, is a brief poem
that articulates the poet’s thoughts and feeling.
lyric Rhein Lyre
(Greek)
Three Types of Poetry
 Forms of Lyric Poetry
Three Types of Poetry

EXAMPLE
Two cups of coffee
Wake me up enough to ask
“Did I have coffee?”

one of the shortest lyric poems, is a Japanese

verse of 17 syllables arranged in three lines, the
first line has 5, the second 7, and the third 5.
 Forms of Lyric Poetry
Three Types of Poetry

is a serious elaborate lyric poem full of high praises

and noble feelings usually about things.
 Forms of Lyric Poetry
Three Types of Poetry

is a poem of meditation on life and death. Many elegies

mourn the death of a famous person or a close friend.
 Forms of Lyric Poetry
Three Types of Poetry

is a 14-line lyric poem with a certain pattern of

rhyme and rhythm.
 Forms of Lyric Poetry
Three Types of Poetry

is a lyric poem intended to be sung.

 Ann Juneva A. Lozano,LPT
Our Lady of Fatima University
aalozano@fatima.edu.ph
What if we were not
colonized by the…
Philippine Literature during
THE AMERICAN and
JAPANESE PERIOD
Week 3
Is this a poem?
The Emperor’s New Sonnet
Is this a poem?

The Bashful One

,
FEATURED WRITER:
Philippine Literature during
THE AMERICAN PERIOD
1898-1941
1.Free and accessible education for all
through the institution of public Two advancements
schools during the American
Period:
2.English replaced the Spanish language
as a medium of instruction in all levels

Because of this,
knowledge and
information became
accessible to all Filipinos.
1901
Philippine Normal College
(now Philippine Normal
Notable schools and
University) universities founded
during the American
Period

1901
National University
1901
El Colegio de San Beda
(now San Beda University)
Notable schools and
universities founded
during the American
Period

1904
Escuela de Farmacia del Liceo de
Manila (now Manila Central University)
1908
University of the Philippines
Notable schools and
universities founded
during the American
Period

1914
University of Manila
 1919
Philippine Women’s University
Notable schools and
universities founded
during the American
1919
Jose Rizal University Period

1925
Mapua Institute of
Technology

1938
Arellano University

1941
1925 San Sebastian College-Recoletos
Far Eastern University
The Period of Reorientation
(1898-1910)

➢The Americans introduced a new The

educational system which prioritized
the use of the English language.
Three
➢The English language gradually
became the language of instruction
Literary
and literature.
Periods
During the American Period
The Period of Imitation
(1910-1924)

◦ Different university publications, such as the

UP-College Folio started printing literary works The
from Filipino authors who write in English.
◦ Filipino writers imitate, copy, and impersonate
American and British models of writing.
Three
◦ Their models include works from American and
British authors of the Romantic movement.
Literary
◦ Their imitation resulted to their literary works
being unusual, synthetic, unnatural, and lacking
identity.
Periods
During the American Period
The Period of Imitation
(1910-1924)

The

Fernando Maramag Three

– considered as the greatest
editorial author of this period.
Literary
Periods
During the American Period
The Period of Self-Disovery and
Growth (1925-1941)

During this period Filipino writers... The

➢mastered writing literary pieces in English.
➢have developed their own models of writing
using the English language.
Three
➢started inventing and exploring new ways of
writing using the English language.
➢began writing English novels and drama.
Literary
Periods
During the American Period
 The Period of Apprenticeship
(1910-1930)
◦ It happened during the end of The Period of
Orientation up to the early years of The Period of Self-
Discovery and Growth.
◦ Filipino writers in English imitated American and British
models of writing literature.
◦ Themes of their writings depicted their love of the
country and longingness for independence
Prose Fiction
Julia
Salas

Alfredo
Salazar

Julia
Characteristics

Dead Stars
Esperanza Alfredo
Salas
& Features
by Paz Marquez Benitez
Salazar of literary works
marriage
− the first short story society
written during the
written in English American Period:
Prose Fiction
So apparently, Pedro
Entrusted you his large
and shiny key to his Yep.
trunk

But there’s that small rusty

key in his coat to his old Characteristics
trunk

The Small Key

by Paz Latorena
& Features
of literary works
written during the
American Period:
Prose Fiction
Dodong
Marrying Teang
at the age of 17

Responsibilities
as a parent Characteristics
comes into play
Footnote to Youth
by Jose Garcia Villa
& Features
of literary works
Blas asks to written during the
marry Tona at American Period:
the age of 18.
Prose Fiction

Banaag at Sikat
by Lope K. Santos
− one of the most famous
novels during this era
Characteristics

& Features
Salawahang Pag-ibig by Lope K. Santos of literary works
Pagsintang Naluoy by Modesto Santiago written during the
American Period:
Unang Bulaklak by Valeriano Hernandez
Prose Fiction
• Writers were often emotional; their
works often depicts romantic ideas and
adventures than for flaming issues of
the times.
• School publications such as the UP
Literary Apprentice, Philippine Free
Press, and The Philippine Magazine Characteristics
paved way for Filipino writers in English
to get published. & Features
of literary works
• Short story prospered during the written during the
American Period American Period:
Poetry
• Filipino poets often write in free
verse, odes and sonnets.
• Poems written were nationalistic,
romantic, realistic, and insightful.
• Poetic themes vary from love and
romance, nationalism, and social Characteristics
awareness. & Features
of literary works
written during the
American Period:
Poetry Notable Writers

Characteristics
Jose Garcia Villa Angela Manalang Gloria Trinidad Tarrosa Subido
& Features
Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion of literary works
Abelardo Subido written during the
Rafael Zulueta da Costa American Period:
Poetry
• Filipino poets often write in free
verse, odes and sonnets.
• Poems written were nationalistic,
romantic, realistic, and insightful.
• Poetic themes vary from love and
romance, nationalism, and social Characteristics
awareness. & Features
of literary works
written during the
American Period:
Newspapers
El Nuevo Dia (The New Day)
− established by Sergio
Osmeña in 1900
− published nationalistic
writings against the
Americans
− led Osmeña to get banned Characteristics
and nearly banished by the
Americans & Features
of literary works
El Grito Del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) written during the
established by Pascual Poblete in 1900
El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) American Period:
established by Rafael Palma in 1901
 Plays
• A new form of Zarsuela was popularized by
Severino Reyes.

• The theme was no longer about Christians

and Muslims but between Filipinos and
Spaniards in the first period of the
American regime.

o Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas

by Aurelio Tolentino Characteristics
− depicts the oppression done by
the Americans
& Features
o Tanikalang Ginto by Juan Abad of literary works
o Malaya by Tomas Remigio
written during the
American Period:
o Walang Sugat by Severino Reyes
Philippine Literature during
THE JAPANESE PERIOD
1941-1945
◦Little to no development to the Our Literature
literature of the Philippines happened during the
Japanese Regime
during this period.
◦ Japanese prohibited the use of the
English language in almost all
newspapers
◦Strict censorship and the prohibition of
freedom of speech led to few literary
works getting printed andpublished.
 Our Literature
◦ Filipino writers were encouraged to write in
during the
Tagalog. Japanese Regime
◦ The Filipino literature gained a renewed
attention because Filipino writers in English
started writing inTagalog.
◦ Filipino writers who were able to write freely
in English were those living in the United
States.
◦Guerillas used oral and written Our Literature
during the
literature to spread their Japanese Regime
propaganda against the Japanese.
◦ Most poetic themes centered on nationalism, Our Literature
love and life in the barrios, faith & religion, during the
and the arts. Japanese Regime
◦ Voice of Freedom – an underground radio,
served as the only contact of Filipinos with the
outside world.
◦ Stage plays written in English were translated
to Filipino.
◦ Any form of American popular media was
prohibited.
Haiku – a poem consisting of
three (3) lines with a 5-7-5
syllable structure. Poetic
Anyaya Forms
ni Gonzalo K. Flores that emerged
during the
Ulilang damo Japanese
Sa tahimik na ilog...
Period:
Halika, sinta.
Tanaga – a poem consisting of
four (4) lines each with seven (7)
syllables and has an AAAA rhyme Poetic
scheme
Palay Forms
ni Idelfonso Santos that emerged
Palay siyang matino during the
Nang humangi’y yumuko, Japanese
Ngunit muling tumayo, Period:
Nagkabunga ng ginto.
 Poetic
Karaniwang Anyo – a poetic form that
has a strict meter and rhyme scheme.
Forms
that emerged
during the
Japanese
Period:
◦ Movie houses were just made to show stage
shows
◦ Many of the plays were reproductions and
translations of English plays to Tagalog.
◦ Notable translators were Francisco Soc Rodrigo,
Alberto Concio, and Narciso Pimentel.
◦ Tagalog plays written during this time were:
the
• Panday Pira ni Jose Ma. Hernandez
• Sa Pula, Sa Puti ni Francisco Soc Rodrigo Filipino
• Bulaga ni Clodualdo del Mundo
• Sino ba Kayo?, Dahil sa Anak, at Higante Drama during
ng Patay ni Julian Cruz Balmaceda the Japanese Period:
 Feel free to ask questions, and
clarifications, before we end this
meeting.
 What if…

the Philippines was

never colonized by
Spain?
Philippine Literature
during the Pre-Spanish
and Spanish period
Week 3: 21st Century Literature from the Philippines & the World
 ... - 1565

Pre-Spanish
Literature
of the Philippines
 1. based on oral traditions
2. has crude ideology and
phraseology
3. considered as true
4. didactic
5. subject matters were based on
Characteristics the common experiences of
the people
of Pre-colonial 6. language is repetitive,
Literature rhythmic, and musical
 • nature
• the supernatural
• bravery of heroes
• common experiences
Common Themes
of Pre-colonial • customs, ideologies and
Literature traditions
 Nature

Common Themes
of Pre-colonial
Literature
“Tabi tabi po!”
the supernatural
– to protect children from
wandering off in the woods
– to protect nature

Common Themes
of Pre-colonial
Literature
Batibat
Diwatas, Engkanto, Tikbalang
 Princess Urduja
bravery of heroes Pangasinan

– legends
– epics
– folktales Indarapatra at Sulayman
Mindanao
Common Themes
of Pre-colonial
Literature
Aliguyon Lam-ang
Hudhud, Ifugao Ilocos Region
common experiences
– folksongs • Bahay Kubo

• Magtanim ay Di Biro

Common Themes • Leron Leron Sinta

of Pre-colonial
Literature
common experiences
– folksongs
• Bahay Kubo
– proverbs/aphorisms
– riddles/bugtong
• Magtanim ay Di Biro

Common Themes • Ili-ili Tulog Anay

of Pre-colonial
Literature
customs & ideologies • “Kung may tinanim may
– proverbs/aphorisms aanihin.”
– legends (alamat)
– folktales • Alamat ng Saging
• Alamat ng Lansones
Common Themes
of Pre-colonial • Si Pagong at si Matsing
Literature • Pilandok
 Kinds of
Pre-Spanish
Literature
 - narrative prose that aims to
entertain and teach a lesson
- an explanatory tale:
LEGENDS - tries to explain a
phenomenom, or the
(Alamat)
origins of the quality and
names of various animals,
plants, places, objects,
and/or traditions.
 - narratives about life, quest,
love, horror, and comedy
where one can get lessons in
FOLK TALES life.
(Kwentong Bayan)
- usually involves the common
experiences of a group of
people
 - long narrative poems about
the life and adventures of a
protagonist (which is usually
EPICS a HERO with superhuman
(Epiko) characteristics)
- usually involves the
supernatural
 − are narratives that describe and
portray in symbolic language
the origin of the basic elements
MYTHS and assumptions of a culture.

(Mito) − origin of the world, how

humankind and animals were
created
− has religious values and were
regarded as true
 − one of the oldest type of
Philippine literature
FOLK − reflect and preserve the culture
of the early Filipinos
SONGS − express their hopes,
(Awiting Bayan) aspirations, and dreams
− war songs, work songs, lullabies,
mourning songs, play songs
 1565-1898
Philippine Literature
during the
Spanish Period
 • Baybayin, the writing system of
the early Filipino was replaced
by the Roman alphabet.
• the Spanish language became
the medium of instruction and
Spanish language of literature
Influences • songs, corridos, and moro-
in Philippine moros were mostly influenced
Literature by the legends and traditions of
Europe
 • Oral literature were written
down
• Literature from other dialects
was translated into Tagalog
• Grammar books were published
Spanish in different Filipino languages
Influences such as Tagalog, Ilocano, and
in Philippine Visayan
Literature • Literatures were written and
published to spread Christianity
 The Christian Doctrine
The First Books (Doctrina Christiana)
– the first Tagalog and Spanish book
printed using xylography
– written by Fr. Juan de Placencia
– includes the:
Pater Noster (Our Father), Ave Maria
(Hail Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy
Queen), The Ten Commandments, The
Commandments of the Church, the
Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess,
and the Catechism
The First Books Libro de los Cuatro Post
Primeras de Hombre
–The first book published
in typography
–written by Fr. Francisco
Blancas de San Jose, a
Dominican priest
The First Books Nuestra Señora del Rosario
– also written by Fr.
Francisco Blancas de San
Jose
– the second book published
in the Philippines
– includes the memoirs of
saints, novenas, and
questions and answers
about religion
The First Books

Pasyon / The Pasion

– narrates the life and
sufferings of Jesus Christ
– normally recited during the
Lenten season (Pabasa)
The First Books
Urbana at Felisa
– written by the father of
Tagalog classic prose,
Modesto de Castro
– includes the letters
exchanged by the two
sisters namely Urbana and
Felisa
The First Books
Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria
(Psalms for Mary)
– written by Fr. Mariano Sevilla
– a collection of songs
written praising the Virgin
Mary
Religious Plays

TIBAG
• This is a ritual to remind the people
about the search of Saint Helena
for the Holy Cross where Jesus
Christ was nailed and died.
Religious Plays
LAGAYLAY
• is a special occasion to get
together during the month of
May for the Pilarenos of
Sorsogon
• ladies are chosen, or mothers
volunteer their girls to fulfill a
vow or panata during illness
or even for a favor received.
Religious Plays
CENACULO
• is a dramatic performance to re-
enact the passion and death of
Jesus Christ.

A. Cantada - chanted like the

Passion
B. Hablada - has a more dignified
theme where the lines are spoken
in a more deliberate manner
Religious Plays

PANUNULUYAN
• is a play where the search of
Virgin Mary and Saint
Joseph for an inn to deliver
the baby Jesus is reenacted.
Religious Plays

SALUBONG
• is an Easter Sunday play, usually
held before sunrise, stages the
meeting of the Risen Jesus Christ
and His Mother.
Religious Plays

SALUBONG
• is an Easter Sunday play, usually
held before sunrise, stages the
meeting of the Risen Jesus Christ
and His Mother.
Recreational Plays

CARILLO
• also known as shadow plays
• dramatic entertainment often staged
at night
• cardboard figures before a light
against a white sheet are used
Recreational Plays

Zarzuela
• known as the ‘Father of Drama’
• a musical comedy or melodrama
• divided into three acts and deals with
man’s several desires and feelings
Recreational Plays

Sainete
• is a brief yet exaggerated musical
comedy wherein the characters
depicted came from the lower class.
Recreational Plays
Moro-moro
• is a play held in every city fiesta for the
individuals to enjoy and commemorate
their Christianity.
• depicts a fight between the Christians and
the Moros
• Christians usually win the battle by divine
intervention, and the defeated Moros are
converted to Christianity, or the whole
kingdom of Moros becomes baptized and
converted to Christianity as well.
 Recreational Plays
Karagatan
• a poetic competition of social-religious nature
• celebrated during the death of a person
• a ritual is performed based on a legend about a
princess who dropped her ring into the middle of the
ocean
• a leader starts with an extemporaneous poem
Recreational Plays

Balagtasan
• is a poetic joust about a
socially-relevant topic or issue.
This is held in honor of
Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.
Recreational Plays

Dung-aw
• is a chant in free verse by a grieving
person beside the corpse of the dead.
• the person recites in poetic rhythm
according to his feelings, emotions, and
thoughts.
 • Ibong Adarna and Florante at Laura
Other by Francisco Balagtas
Literary • Noli Me Tangere and El
Works Filibusterismo by Dr. Jose Rizal
during the • Dasalan at Tocsohan by M.H. del
Spanish Pilar
Perirod • Fray Botod by Graciano Lopez
Jaena
• Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog
by Andres Bonifacio