Migration

Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to

another for the purpose e of taking up permanent or semi-permanent
residence, usually across a political boundary.
Types of Migration
1. Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state, country, or
continent.
2. External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different state,
country, or continent.
3. Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Jamal
emigrated from England).
4. Immigration: Moving into a new country (e.g., Jamal immigrated to
America).
5. Forced Migration: When a government forces a large group of people
out of a region, usually based on ethnicity or religion. This is also known
as an involuntary or forced migration.
6. Encouraged Migration: Individuals are not forced out of their country,
but leave because of unfavorable situations such as warfare, political
problems, or religious persecution.
7. Step Migration: A series of shorter, less extreme migrations from a
person's place of origin to final destination such as moving from a farm,
to a village, to a town, and finally to a city.
8. Chain Migration: A series of migrations within a family or defined
group of people. A chain migration often begins with one family member
who sends money to bring other family members to the new location.
Chain migration results in migration fields the clustering of people from
a specific region into certain neighborhoods or small towns.
9. Return Migration: The voluntary movements of immigrants back to
their place of origin. This is also known as circular migration.
10. Seasonal Migration: The process of moving for a period of time in
response to labor or climate conditions (e.g., farm workers following
crop harvests or working in cities off-season; "snowbirds" moving to the
southern and southwestern United States during winter).
Factors of Migration:
1. Push Factors: Push factors are those that force the individual to
move voluntarily, and in many cases, they are forced because the
individual risk something if they stay. Push factors may include
conflict, drought, famine, or extreme religious activity.
2. Pull Factors: Pull factors are those factors in the destination
country that attract the individual or group to leave their home.
Those factors are known as place utility, which is the desirability of
a place that attracts people. Better economic opportunities, more
jobs, and the promise of a better life often pull people into new
locations.
Causes of Migration
1. To escape past or future persecution based on race, religion,
nationality, and/or membership in a particular social group or political
opinion
2. To escape conflict or violence
3. To find refuge after being displaced due to environmental factors
4. To seek superior healthcare
5. To escape poverty
6. To offer more opportunities to children
7. Family reunification
8. For educational purposes
9. For jobs and business opportunities
10. Marriage
Diaspora
Diaspora means the people who had left their original homelands and
settled in other countries of the world.

Social Inequality and Stratification

Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards
for different social positions or statuses within a group or society.
Social inequality occurs when resources in a given society are distributed
unevenly.
Economic inequality, usually described on the basis of the unequal
distribution of income or wealth, is a frequently studied type of social
inequality.
Definition of Social stratification
Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories
of people in a hierarchy.
Types of Social Stratification
1. Caste
2. Class (The common Class)
3. Estate 1. The nobility 2. The clergy 3. The common people
4. Slavery
Characteristics of Social Stratification:
a) Social stratification is universal
b) Stratification is social
c) It is ancient
d) It is in diverse forms
e) Social stratification is Consequential

Marriage and it’s Types and Functions

Concept of Marriage
Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract
between spouses that establishes rights and obligations between them,
between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.
Types of Marriage
Monogamy: A form of marriage in which one man is united with one
woman.
Polygamy:A form of marriage in which
having more than one wife or husband at the same time.
Polygamy exists in three specific forms:
i. Polygyny- wherein a man has multiple simultaneous wives;
ii. Polyandry- wherein a woman has multiple simultaneous husbands;
iii. Group marriage - wherein the family unit consists of multiple
husbands and multiple wives.
Sororal Polygyny: a custom whereby a man enters into marital relations
with several women who are sisters or cousins.
Levirate: is a type of marriage in which the brother of a deceased man is
obliged to marry his brother's widow, and the widow is obliged to marry
her deceased husband's brother.

Demographic Transition Theory

Demographic transition theory refers to the difference between
population high birth rate and high death rate also low birth rate and low
death rate.
Stages of Demographic transition theory:
1. Pre-transition stage: refers to the population birth rate is high and
death rate is also high ultimately resulting the little population
growth rate.
2. Transition stage: refers to the population birth rate is high and
death rate is low ultimately resulting the higher population growth
rate.
3. Post-transition stage: refers to the population birth rate is low and
death rate is also low ultimately little population growth rate.

Globalization and Bangladesh

Meaning of Globalization
Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the
interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.
Impact of Globalization on Bangladesh
1. Impact on Communication: With the impact of high-tech
communication media and ultramodern transportation facilities,
the world has come closer.
2. Impact on The Economy: Our GDP has increased. Garment
industries are considered the foreign exchange earner. In terms of
investment, employment and exports, the functioning EPZs (Export
Processing Zones) have been greatly successful.
3. Impact on Modern Technology:
• The electronic transfer of information via the internet has now
created an instantaneous and inter-connected world of
information resulting in a 24-hour trading network.
• Worldwide money transfer and transaction of businesses have now
become a matter of clicking the mouse of a computer.
• We can now buy and sell goods through the electronic screen.
4. Impact on Politics: The wave of globalization has also touched our
politics. We can learn the democratic norms and values now.
5. Impact on Sports and Recreation: Sports play an important role in
the development of international relationship.
6. Impact on Education:
• Donor countries are contributing to the progress of our literacy rate
and overall education.
• Various international organizations have responded dramatically
with their generous aid in education sector.
• Many non-formal schools are being run. Meritorious students are
availing themselves of the foreign study scholarship.
7. Impact on Our Culture:
• Satellite Television channels and the Internet are bringing all sorts
of different customs and behavior into our homes.
• Under the influence of globalization, global culture is steadily
getting integrated with local cultures.
• as an independent nation, we have our own traditional social
values, beliefs and attitudes. But in the globalizing process, many
foreign customs and beliefs are intruding on them.
 8. Impact on Family: Commercialization and rapid urbanization have
resulted in breakdown of traditional large families into nuclear
ones.
9. Expanded rate of female education is another example of the
impact of globalization.

Malthusian Theory of Population

The Malthusian Theory of Population is the theory of
exponential population and arithmetic food supply growth.
The theory was proposed by Thomas Robert Malthus.
He believed that a balance between population growth and food supply
can be established through preventive and positive checks.