MODULE 11: Introduction to Probability

LESSON 3: Organizing Outcomes of an Event and the

Fundamental Counting Principles
LEARNING COMPETENCY 54: Counts the number of
occurrences of an outcome in an
experiment: (a) table; (b) tree diagram;
(c) systematic listing; and (d) fundamental
counting principle
I. OBJECTIVES
a. Illustrate an outcome of an event.
b. Counts the number of occurrences of an outcome in an experiment.
c. Apply the concept of probability in real life situations.

II. SUBJECT MATTER

Topic: Introduction to Probability
Sub topic: Counting the number of occurrences of an outcome in an experiment
and organize them using a table, tree diagram, systematic listing and
the fundamental counting principle
Materials: Laptop via powerpoint presentation
Reference: Mathematics Learner’s Module for Grade 8, page 562
MSA Statistics and Probability, page 83-88

III. PROCEDURE
A. Preliminaries
Use the illustrations below to answer the following questions correctly.

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 1. How many shirts are there? ______
2. How many pairs of short are there? ______
3. How many pairs of long pants are there? ______
4. How many different outfits can you choose? ______

B. Lesson Proper
1. Teaching/Modelling
Counting the number of occurrences of an outcome in an
experiment can be organized using four (4) methods.

Example: On a Saturday morning, you washed most of your

clothes and they are still wet. Your friend invites you to attend his
birthday party and you are left with only 2 pants and 3 shirts. In how
many different ways can you dress?

a. Using a table
Let: A, B and C be the shirts
1 and 2 be the pants

Pants / A B C
Shirts
1 A1 B1 C1
2 A2 B2 C2
Then, there are 6 different ways you can dress.

b. Tree Diagram

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 c. Systematic Listing
{A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2} – There are 6 different ways

d. Fundamental Counting Principle

To easily find the total outcomes, multiply the
outcomes for each individual event.
2 pants x 3 shirts = 6 different ways

2. Analysis

1. How can you find the number of possible outcomes?

2. Did you find any difficulty in counting the number of occurrences in
an outcome of an experiment?

3. Guided Practice
Ms. Casabuena is planning to buy a new car. There are 2
available bodystyles: sedan or hatchback and 5 colors: blue, black,
gray, red, and pink. How many different choices of bodystyles and
color can she choose?

Styles / Color Blue Black Gray Red Pink

(B) (K) (G) (R) (P)
Sedan (S)
Hatchback (H)

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 Listing Method: ___________________________________

Principle of Counting: _______________________________

4. Independent Practice
There are 4 different coins in this piggy bank and six colors
on this spinner. If you pick one coin and spin the spinner, how
many possible outcomes could you have?

5. Generalization

You can get the total number of possible outcomes by using

a table, tree diagram or listing method; however, it is time
consuming. You can use the Fundamental Counting Principle to
easily find the total outcomes by multiplying the outcomes for each
individual event. Thus, if you have f ways to do the first event and s
ways to do the second event, then you can find the total number of
outcomes by multiplying f and s, that is (f)(s).

6. Application
Jann has a 5-peso coin in his pocket.
1. He tosses the coin twice.
How many possible outcomes are there?
What are those possible outcomes?

2. He tosses the coin thrice

How many possible outcomes are there?
What are those possible outcomes?

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 7. Assessment
You go to a restaurant in Tagaytay City to buy some
breakfast. The menu says, for food: pancakes, waffles, or fries; and
for drinks: coffee, juice, hot chocolate and tea. How many different
choices of food and drink do you have? Illustrate the choices by
using the four methods.

Food / Coffee Juice Hot Tea

Drinks (C) (J) Choco (T)
(H)
Pancake (P)
Waffles (W)
Fries (F)

Listing Method: ___________________________________

Principle of Counting: _______________________________

IV. ASSIGNMENT
1. Follow up
A students has to take to one course of Physics, one of Science and
one of Mathematics. He may choose one of 3 Physics courses
(P1,P2,P3), one of 2 Science courses (S1,S2) and one of 2
Mathematics courses (M1,M2). In how many ways can this student
select the 3 course she has to take?

2. Study:
Finding the probability of a simple event.

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ANSWER KEY:

Guided Practice:
Blue Black Gray Red Pink
Styles / Color
(B) (K) (G) (R) (P)
Sedan (S) BS KS GS RS PS
Hatchback (H) BH KH GH RH PH

Listing Method: {BS, BH, KS, KH, GS, GH, RS, RH, PS, PH}

Principle of Counting: 2 styles x 5 colors = 10 Possible Choices

Independent Practice

Colors/Coins 50-cents 1-peso 5-peso 10-peso

Red (R) 50R 1R 5R 10R
Green (G) 50G 1G 5G 10G
Yellow (Y) 50Y 1Y 5Y 10Y
Blue (B) 50B 1B 5B 10B
Orange (O) 50O 1O 5O 10O
Violet (V) 50V 1V 5V 10V

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 Listing Method: {50R, 50G, 50Y, 50B, 50O, 50V, 1R, 1G, 1Y, 1B, 1O,
1V, 5R, 5G, 5Y, 5B, 5O, 5V, 10R, 10G, 10Y, 10B, 10O, 10V }

Principle of Counting: 4 coins x 6 colors = 24

Application:
1. 4 possible outcomes = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
2. 8 possible outcomes = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

Assessment:

Food / Coffee Juice Hot Tea

Drinks (C) (J) Choco (T)
(H)
Pancake (P) CP JP HP TP
Waffles (W) CW JW HW TW
Fries (F) CF JF HF TF

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Listing Method: {CP, CW, CF, JP, JW, JF, HP, HW, HF, TP, TW, TF}

Principle of Counting: 4 drinks x 3 food = 12

Prepared by:

KLARISSE P. CONSTANTE
JOCELYN B. REYES
Tagaytay City Science National Science High School
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