Angel Allaine E.

Pascual
Name:_______________________ BS BIO 1-2
Section: _________
Oct.23, 2020
Date: _______________________ Score: 58 /63

Worksheet No.1. Zoology, a Science of Biology

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I. Biology: Definition and Scope

www.twu.edu

1. What is biology? How is it related to other field of science such as natural,

3 pts. social and physical science?(3 pts.)

Biology is the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields
that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and
distribution. Every branch of science relates to all other branches of science in
certain ways. Biology is a natural science which ranges from the molecular study
of the vital processes to the study of the communities of animals and plants. The
descriptive methods of social science are useful for categorizing and organizing
different species as well as their behavior which is essential in biology. Physical
science provides a quantitative approach which allows you to identify patterns.
Biology applies natural physical laws, since everything is composed of atoms.
There are Branches of physics that are making contributions in research on the
origin of life and the structure and mechanics of organic life, such as astrophysics
and biophysics, respectively the biological systems at molecular or atomic level.

6 pts. 2. There are three major divisions of biology,what are they and how are they
different with one another?(6 pts.)

There are three major divisions of biology: botany, zoology and microbiology.
These three divisions have their own specialization Botany is a branch of biology
that deals with the study of plants and its life cycle. On the other hand, zoology is
the branch of biology that deals with the study of different aspects of animals.
Meanwhile, microbiology is a branch of science that deals with the different
aspects of microorganism.

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 3. Name as many related science as you can under each division of biology and
10 pts.
define each. (10 pts)

The related sciences under botany are the following:

1. Morphology- under this branch we study the form and structure of plants.
That branch of morphology which is based upon the external form and
structure of plant is called External Morphology.
2. Anatomy -The study of internal structure of the plant with the help of section
cutting is called Internal Morphology or Anatomy.
3. Histology - The study of cells and tissues with the help of microscope is called
histology.
4. Cytology - Detailed study of the cells is called cytology. It includes structure,
function of different cell organelles, nucleus and cell inclusions. Different
types of cell divisions are included in this branch. The study of this branch
has become possible only with the help of electron microscope.
5. Plant Physiology - This branch includes the study of various vital activities of
the plant. All chemical and physical changes taking place in the cell and any
exchange of substances between the cell and its environment are called vital
activities of the cell, e.g., photosynthesis, respiration etc.
6. Taxonomy - In this branch the plants are classified according to their
characteristics and interrelationship. With the help of plant taxonomy, we can
identify the plants and know their characters.
7. Ecology - This branch deals with the study of environment of plants and their
communities and vice-versa. Included in this branch are the studies of
adaptations of plants with reference to their environment. This branch also
includes the studies of soil erosion, soil conservation and pollution.
8. Genetics -Is the study of heredity and variations.Laws of inheritance and the
reason why offspring resembles or differs from the parent are studied under
this branch.
9. Embryology -The male and female gametes of a plant fuse to form the zygote.
Zygote develops into an embryo with plumule, cotyledons and radicle. When
germination of seed takes place, the entire plant develops from these organs.
We study all these developments in embryology.
10.Paleobotany -is the study of fossil plants. Plants which flourished and lived
on the surface of globe several million year ago but are not living now and are
found as rocks. In which rocks and parts of the world they are found, what is
their structure and how they are interrelated to the plants of the present day.
11.Economic Botany- In this branch of botany we study the plants with
reference to their products. Which plants produce medicines, gums, oils,
fibers, fuel, wood etc., are studied under this branch.
12.Plant Pathology - This branch includes different types of disease of plants,
their symptoms, causal agent and methods of control.

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 13.Organic evolution -This is the branch of Botany in which we study the
evolution of complex organisms from simple ones and the principals involved
in it. Some new aspects of Botany based on modern technology are as follows
14.Biochemistry (Phytochemistry)- Study of chemistry of plants.
15.Biophysics- Study of plant activities based on principles of physics.
16. Biotechnology – a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that
studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification.

The related sciences under zoology are the following:

1. Anatomy - The study of the internal structure of animals

2. Cytology - The study of cell structure, its organelles, and their functions
3. Ecology -The relationship between the organisms and their surrounding
environments
4. Embryology- The study of the development of eggs after fertilization
5. Evolution- The study of the origin of animals and their adaptation to their
environments over time
6. Genetics - The study of heredity and its variations
7. Geology - The study of the earth and life as recorded by fossils in rocks
8. Histology - The study of the structure and functions of tissues
9. Morphology - The study of the form and structure of animals
10.Neonatology -The study of newborn animals to the age of two months
11.Paleontology -The study of fossils and extinct animals
12.Physiology - The study of the functions and various organs in animals
13.Taxonomy -The study of the classification and the naming of organisms
14.Zoogeography - The study of the distribution of animals all over the world

The related sciences under microbiology are the following:

1. Bacteriology- the study of bacteria.

2. Immunology- the study of the immune system. It looks at the
relationships between pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their
hosts.
3. Mycology- the study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.
4. Nematology- the study of nematodes (roundworms).
5. Parasitology- the study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms,
but many are. Protozoa and bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial
parasites is usually categorized as part of bacteriology.
6. Phycology- the study of algae.
7. Protozoology- the study of protozoa, single-celled organisms like amoebae.
8. Virology-the study of viruses.
9. Bacteriology- the study of bacteria.

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 10.Immunology- the study of the immune system. It looks at the
relationships between pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their
hosts.
11.Mycology- the study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.
12.Nematology- the study of nematodes (roundworms).
13.Parasitology- the study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms,
but many are. Protozoa and bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial
parasites is usually categorized as part of bacteriology.
14.Phycology- the study of algae.
15.Protozoology- the study of protozoa, single-celled organisms like amoebae.
16.Virology- the study of viruses.

II. Characteristics of Life

How do we differentiate life from inanimate or dead objects? The following are
10 pts. the fundamental properties of life that sets it apart from non-living things. Briefly
define each of them and give specific examples: ( 10 pts/2 pts each)

1. Metabolism- The process involving a set of chemical reactions that modifies a

molecule into another to essentially maintain the living state of a cell or an
organism. An example of a metabolic reaction is the one that takes place
when a person eats a spoonful of sugar. Once inside the body, sugar
molecules are broken down into simpler molecules with the release of
energy. That energy is then used by the body for a variety of purposes, such
as keeping the body warm and building up new molecules within the body.

2. Reproduction- is the biological process by which new individual organism's

"offspring" are produced from their "parents". Reproduction is a fundamental
feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of
reproduction.An example of this is when two dogs mated and produced a
new organism which belongs to the same species is considered as
reproduction. Another example is when. Another example of reproduction is
a female seahorse lays eggs in the male seahorse’s abdominal brood pouch
where they are fertilized. The eggs hatch and the offspring develop in the
pouch for several weeks.

3. Growth- the increases in cell size and number that take place during the life
history of an organism.An example of growth is when a plant developed from
a seed to full maturity. Another example is when a puppy grows up into a
grown-up dog because its genetic material contains the instruction to this
growth

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 4. Movement- is when the living organism moves a body part or parts to bring
without a change in the position of the organisms.An example of this is when
a horse bends its neck to eat grass. Another example is a rabbit hopping.

5. Responsiveness- All living things can respond to stimuli in the external

environment.An example of this is when a wolf is threatened by another
animal, they tend to bare their fangs to intimidate the other party. Another
example is when a rabbit senses danger its external stimuli may cause it to
flee.

III. Classification of Living Things

Taxonomists and systematists have varied views about the way organisms should be
classified. For purposes of uniformity and simpli-city let us just consider Whittaker’s
5- kingdom classification system.

The Whittaker’s 5-kingdom classification system is consist of the following

major groups.

For you to understand fully how animals are different from the rest of the kingdoms
of organisms,please fill-up the table below:

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 Table 1. Characteristics of the 5 Kingdoms of Organisms according to Whittaker’s classification (35 pts)
27 pts.
Characteristics
Eukaryotic Unicellular/ Mode of Oxygen Autotroph/ Habitat Major
Kingdoms / Multicellular Reprodct’n Demand Heterotroph phyla
Prokaryoti (Aerobic/
c anaerobic)
Monerans Unicellular Asexual Aerobic Autotroph  Monera is  Eubacteria
Prokaryoti Reproduction found in  Cynobacteria
c Anaerobic Heterotroph the moist  Archolrobacteri
Sexual environme a
Reproduction nt.
Majority is Asexual Aerobic Autotroph  Aquatic t  Phylum
Protists Eukaryotic unicellular Reproduction Euglenozoa
but there Anaerobic Heterotroph  Phylum
are some Sexual Dinoflagellata
which are Reproduction  Phylum
multicellular Apicomplexa
 Phylum
Ciliophora
 Phylum
Amoebozoa
 Phylum
Foraminifera
 Phylum
Phaeophyta
 Phylum
Baccilariophyta
 Phylum
Rhodophyta
 Phylum

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 Chlorophyta
Fungi Majority is Asexual Most are Heterotroph  Terrestrial  Chytridiomycot
Eukaryotic multicellular Reproduction Aerobic a
but there but some  Aquatic  Zygomycota
are some are  Ascomycota
which are Anaerobic  Basidiomycota
unicellular  Glomeromycota
Plants Eukaryotic Multicellular Asexual Aerobic Autotrophs  Aquatic  Angiospermorp
Reproduction  Desert hyta
 Grassland  Coniferophyta
 Forests  Filicinophyta
 Bryophyta
Animals Eukaryotic Multicellular Sexual Aerobic Heterotroph  Aquatic  Mollusca
Reproduction  Desert  Porifera
 Grassland  Cnidaria
Asexual  Forests  Platyhelminthes
Reproduction  Nematoda
 Annelida
 Arthropoda
 Echinodermata
 Chordata

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 3. Learning will not serve a purpose if it won’t improve our life skill as a person.
2 pts. What have you got from this lesson that has improved your life skill? (Bonus 2 pts)

If I relate the
concept of autotroph
and heterotroph in life,
I think it’s better to be
an autotroph. Being an
autotroph means you
can support yourself
without harming
anyone unlike
heterotroph that
depends on others to
survive. This concept
made me more
motivated to study hard
so in the future I can
support myself and
family without stepping
on someone’s toes.

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But seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness,
and all these things shall be given unto you.
Matthew 6:33