2.5.

4 Test (TST): Teacher-Scored Unit Test Test

Chemistry Honors Sem 1 Name: Sidhant Mathur

Points Possible:50
Date:

In this test, you will apply what you have learned in the unit. Please answer the questions

below. Submit this to your teacher when you are done.

Use the periodic table link as needed on this test.

Question 1: Matter and Energy (10 points)

When you burn a birthday candle, you may wonder whether the fire you see is matter. The

flame consists of hot, glowing gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and parts
 of the candle that have been vaporized. The heat and light given off are forms of energy. The

smoke contains ash and unburned particles.

a. From the above description of a candle flame, list at least three things that are matter and

three things that are not matter. (6 points)

Matter Not Matter

1. _A candle_________________ 1. __Light________________

2. _Ash_________________ 2. ___Heat_______________

3. _A person_________________ 3. ___Sound_______________

b. Give one example of a phase change from the above discussion, and state what matter is

experiencing the phase change. (2 points)

The candle burns causing the solid wax to become liquid wax.

c. Give one example of an energy conversion from the above discussion, and state what kind

of energy conversion it is. (2 points)

The candle has chemical energy. When it burns, it becomes heat energy.
Question 2: The Laws of Conservation of Matter and Energy (9 points)

a. Answer the following questions about the law of conservation of matter. (3 points)

i. Briefly state what the law says. (1 point)

Matter cannot be created or destroyed.

ii. How could you state the law of conservation of matter differently, in terms of what

happens during a chemical reaction? (1 point)

During a chemical reaction, no new matter is created and no matter is lost. It

simply changes forms/phases.

iii. What changes can matter undergo? (1 point)

Matter can undergo physical or chemical changes.

b. Answer the following questions about the law of conservation of energy. (3 points)
i. Briefly state what the law says. (1 point)

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

 ii. What changes can energy undergo? (1 point)

Energy can convert into different forms of energy. For example, chemical energy
can be converted into heat energy.

c. Considering only the total energy and total matter (not changes in energy or matter), in

what kind of system(s) does each law of conservation apply? (2 points)

In an isolated system, the total amount of energy and matter remains constant. In
open and closed systems, the amount of energy and matter remains constant, however, they
can be passed in and out of the system.
Nuclear reactors seem to violate the laws of conservation of matter and energy, because

matter is being destroyed to create energy. However, Einstein's famous equation, E = mc2,

relates energy (E) to matter, or mass (m). This relation says that mass (matter) and energy

are interchangeable. Einstein's equation solves the problem with nuclear reactors.

d. According to Einstein's equation, what is another way matter and energy can change? (2

points)

Matter and energy can become each other. In nuclear reactors, matter becomes energy.

Question 3: The Elements (4 points)

 a. What do all atoms of one element have in common? (1 point)

All atoms of one element have the same number of protons.

b. What can be said about the number of electrons and neutrons an atom of one element

can have? (1 point)

In a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons is the same. The number
of neutrons is determined by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass. However,
atoms can have different numbers of neutrons and electrons, which are known as isotopes and
ions.

c. Explain how the existence of isotopes and ions relates to differences in the number of

neutrons and electrons within atoms of an element? (2 points)

Isotopes are differences in neutrons. Ions are differences in electrons.

Question 4: Valence Electrons and the Octet Rule (4 points)

a. Name one group on the periodic table that has very low reactivity. How many valence

electrons are in the stable group? (2 points)

 Group 18, the noble gases, has very low reactivity. There are eight valence
electrons in these elements.

b. Fluorine (F), a halogen, is very reactive. It often forms an ion with a 1– charge. How does

this make it more stable? (2 points)

Atoms are typically most stable when its outermost orbital is either full or empty.
 Question 5: The Photoelectric Effect (8 points)

a. Briefly describe what happens in the photoelectric effect. (2 points)

During the photoelectric effect, electrons are launched off of the surface of
metals when light is shined on to the metal.
 b. How did Albert Einstein explain the photoelectric effect? (2 points)

He explained that light had certain amounts of energy and that light had enough
energy to “knock” electrons out of atoms. He also determined different types of light had
different amounts of energy.
 c. Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect. How did

his explanation change science? (2 points)

His discovery was the basis of quantum mechanics, which is used to explain
properties of electrons and light.
 d. How did Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect eventually affect Bohr's model

of the atom? (2 points)

Bohr’s model described electrons as moving in circular orbits, much like a solar
system. Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect showed that electrons exist in a cloud.
Question 6: The Periodic Table (9 points

a. What is "periodic" on the periodic table? (1 points)

The trends and properties of similar elements can be described as periodic.

b. An atom has a mass number of 7 and an atomic number of 3. (8 points)

i. What is the element's symbol? (1 point)

Li.

ii. How many protons does it have? (1 point)

3 protons.
 iii. How many neutrons does it have? (1 point)

4 neutrons.

iv. How many electrons does it have? (1 point)

3 electrons.

v. If it has a charge of 1+, how many electrons does it have? (1 point)

2 electrons.

vi. It has an isotope with atomic mass 6. How would it be identified in isotope notation?

(1 point)

6
3Li
 vii. How many neutrons does this isotope have? (1 point)

3 neutrons.

viii. What is the name of the group, or family, is it in? (1 point)

Alkali metals.

Question 7: Family Properties (6 points)

 a. Compare the halogen family with the noble gas family in terms of reactivity. (2 points)

The halogen family is extremely reactive. The noble gas family is extremely
non-reactive.
b. Compare the alkali metals family with the halogen family in terms of metal and nonmetal

members. (2 points)

Alkali metals are metals, while halogens are nonmetals.

c. Compare the alkali metals with the alkaline earth metals in terms of reactivity. (2 points)

Alkali metals are more reactive than alkaline earth metals.