Question 1: Thermodynamics (9 points)

A. What is the first law of thermodynamics? (1 point)

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It simply changes forms.

B. Match each term to its description or definition. (8 points)

A. Heat

B. Thermal energy

C. Conduction

D. Convection

E. Radiation

F. Specific heat

G. Enthalpy

H. Entropy

___F__ Heat required to raise 1 g of a substance 1°C

___A__ The transfer of thermal energy between objects

__H___ A measure of the randomness in a system

___C__ Heat transfer through direct contact between molecules

___G__ Heat given off or absorbed in a reaction

___E__ Heat transfer by way of electromagnetic waves

__B___ Total kinetic energy of all molecules in a system

__D___ Heat transfer through movement of liquids or gases

Question 2: Heat (5 points)

A. Describe the following heat equations, and identify the indicated variables. (3 points)

i. Q = mcΔT; identify c. (1 point)

 This equation is the specific heat equation. It can be used to show the relationship
between heat and change in temperature. In this equation, c is the symbol for specific heat
capacity.

ii. Q = mLvapor; identify Lvapor. (1 point)

This is the latent heat of vaporization equation. In this equation, the variable represents
the amount of energy needed to boil a substance.

iii. Q = mLfusion; identify Lfusion. (1 point)

This is the latent heat of fusion equation. It is used to describe the amount of energy
needed to change a substance from a solid to a liquid. The variable represents the amount of
energy needed to melt a certain amount of the substance, which is then multiplied by the mass
to reach the final value.
B. Describe the temperature changes that occur in ice as energy is added, starting in the frozen

state and ending in the vapor state. (2 points)

As energy is added, the ice begins to change. When enough energy is added, the ice will
transition from its frozen state to a liquid state, leaving liquid water. When more energy is added,
it begins to boil, and the liquid water transitions to water vapor. When energy is added, the
temperature increases.

Question 3: Heat Transfer Around You (9 points)

A. Based on what you've learned about heat energy, explain the factors that would determine

how quickly a piece of meat cooked on a barbecue grill. Why would the amount of water in the

meat affect the speed of cooking? (3 points) Think about the variables in the heat equation and

about the specific heat capacity of water.

The amount of water would affect the mass of the meat. With more water, the meat
would take longer to cook and vice versa. This is because the extra water molecules add more
mass to the meat. The heat equation utilizes mass as a primary variable, and as m increases, Q
also increases. This means that more energy is needed when there is more water, and less when
there is less water.

B. Imagine you have just baked a pizza in the oven. You've only let it cool for a minute, but you're

hungry and you want to take a bite. To minimize your chances of burning your mouth, should

you take a bite with a lot of sauce on it or a bite near the crust that contains very little sauce?

Explain your answer based on what you have learned about thermal energy and specific heat

capacity. (3 points) Think about how the specific heat capacity of the watery sauce compares

with that of the much drier pizza crust.

 It would be better to take a bite near the crust. The sauce most likely contains water
molecules in it, and water has a very high heat capacity. As a result, the sauce would take much
longer to cool.

C. At the end of a warm summer day, imagine you are jumping from the 80°F air into an 80°F

swimming pool. Use what you have learned about thermal energy and heat flow to explain which

direction heat from your body flows in the air and in the water, and why the pool feels cooler

than the air. (3 points) Think about the temperature of your body and the factors that determine

whether a substance makes a good thermal conductor.

Thermal energy always flows from high concentrations to low concentrations. This
means that the heat will flow from the body to either the air or the pool. The pool would feel
cooler than the air because of its specific heat capacity. Since water has a high heat capacity,
the heat from the body would flow more compared to the air.

Question 4: Enthalpy (9 points)

A. Explain the difference between an exothermic chemical reaction and an endothermic

chemical reaction. (1 point)

In an exothermic reaction, heat is given off as a product. In an endothermic reaction,

heat is taken in and used as a reactant.

B. How is the enthalpy of reaction related to the enthalpies of formation for the products and

reactants? (1 point)

The enthalpy of a reaction is equal to the difference of the enthalpy of the products and
the enthalpy of the reactants.

C. What is Hess's law? (1 point)

 Hess’s law states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is equal to the sum of the

enthalpy changes of its individual steps.

D. How does Hess's law use intermediate reactions to calculate the enthalpy of a desired

reaction? (2 points)

Hess’s law is applied by adding all the reactions in a path to calculate the overall
enthalpy of a reaction.

E. Mark each description as an exothermic or endothermic reaction. (4 points)

Description Exothermic Endothermic

A + heat B X

–ΔH X

Energy diagram: X

Energy of reactants X
greater than energy of
products

Question 5: Entropy (4 points)

A. What does the second law of thermodynamics say about entropy? (1 point)

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system tends to
increase.

B. Which phase has the lowest entropy? Why? How does a change in phase affect entropy

changes in a reaction? (2 points)

Solids have the lowest entropy. Entropy can be measured by how spread out molecules
are, as the more spread out they are, the more random they are. In a solid, molecules are packed
closely together. Phase changes also have a direct effect on the entropy of a system. For
example, if liquid water is converted to water vapor, the entropy increases.
C. How do reactions involving gases affect the entropy of a system? (1 point)

More moles of gas mean more entropy in the system.

Question 6: Spontaneity of a Reaction (4 points)

A. How do the following factors affect the spontaneity of a reaction? (2 points)

i. Enthalpy (1 point)

The more negative the enthalpy is, the more spontaneous the reaction will be.

ii. Entropy (1 point)

The more positive entropy is, the most spontaneous the reaction will be.
B. What is the equation that relates these factors? What is it called? (1 point)

The equation is called Gibbs free energy. It can be written as G = H - TS, or Gibbs free
energy = enthalpy - temperature x entropy.

C. How is Gibbs free energy used to predict the spontaneity of a reaction? (1 point)

If G is negative, the reaction is deemed spontaneous. If it is positive, it is

nonspontaneous.