Mining for Non Miners

Mine Planning Training

Agenda
What is Mining?
What Is Mining?
Mining Method

Underground Mining

Declines = spiral tunnel.

Shafts = vertical excavations
Adits = horizontal excavations

Important aspects are

ventilation & ground support

The deepest mines in the world

are the TauTona and Savuka
gold mines in South Africa,
which working at depths
exceeding 3,900 m
Mining Method

Surface Mining

SURFACE MINING is used when deposits of commercially

useful minerals or rock are found near the surface
Surface Mining

• Ore
Ore :
• A natural mineral compound in sufficient quantity,
quality and value to be extracted for a profit. Normally
related to metals
• Mineral
Mineral :
• An element of chemical compound that is normally
crystalline and has been formed by geological
processes
• Waste or Overburden
• Waste is material lying on top of or within a deposit of
useful minerals
Contour Mining
Strip Mining

Multi seam reserves

Flat reserves position

Mining process by
striping method
Open Pit Mining

Pit Bench

Haul Road

Pit Bottom
COAL
Open Cast Mining – Mountain Top Removal

 Reserves position scattered

DIAGRAM around the mountain
Mountain Top  Digging starting from the top
Pit Bench of mountain
 Benching digging method

Haul Road Haul Road

Front Loading
Quarry Mining

BAHAN GALIAN INDUSTRI/

BAHAN GALIAN C :

 Limestone/Batu Gamping/
 Batu Kapur
 Batu Marmer
 Batu Pasir
 Batu Lempung
 Batu Andesit
 Batu Granit
Mining Commodity

Gold Nickel Copper Silver Iron

Lead Manganese Diamond Coal

COAL
What Is Coal?
 Coal is a sedimentary rock
composed predominately of
organic material, with a greater or
lesser amount of mineral matter

 Coal is derived from plants and

plant remains in a sedimentary
basin and is altered to solid rock
by heat and pressure applied
during the basin’s formation
Coal Type/Rank

 Increase in Coal Rank

 Increase in Calorific
Value
 Increase in Carbon
Content
 Decrease in Volatile
Matter
 Decrease in Moisture
 Decrease in Reactivity
Coal Type/Rank
Coal Usage
Coal Rank Main End Uses

Anthracite and Active carbon electrodes

Hard coking
Semi-anthracite Industrial - On-site power generation

Low volatile bituminous Hard coking

Industrial
Medium volatile bituminous Medium coking - Soft coking
Export power generation - On-site power
generation
High volatile bituminous Soft coking
Export/On site power generation
Industrial
Petrochemicals, Gasification, Liquefaction
Sub-bituminous PCI coal
Export/On site power generation
Industrial
Petrochemicals, Gasification, Liquefaction
Lignite On-site power generation
Industrial
Petrochemicals, Gasification, Liquefaction
Coal Quality Parameters

 Moisture

 Ash Content

 Sulfur Content

 Volatile Matter

 Fixed Carbon

 Calori Value

 Grindability (Hard Groove Index (HGI))

 Size
Coal Price base on Quality

Sources : www.djmbp.esdm.go.id
Coal Resources & Reserves
Coal Resources & Reserves
Coal Resources & Reserves
Coal Industry in Indonesia
Global Coal Industry
Global Coal Industry
Coal Industry in Indonesia
Mining Activities
Mining Law & Regulations
Mining Terminology

• Stripping Ratio (to a Miner)

• Ratio of volume of waste to
volume of mineral mined
• Stripping Ratio (to a Geologist)
• Ratio of thickness of waste to
thickness of mineral mined 100,000
• Need to know which definition BCM

and what units it is measured in

• Volume (Bank volume)
• Mass (Tonnes) 10,000
BCM

Ratio 100,000 : 10,000

Ratio 10 : 1
Mining Terminology

Density & Weight :

Bank Loose Compacted

Weight 1500 kg 1500 kg 1500 kg
Volume 1.0 m³ 1.3 m³ 0.8 m³
Density 1500 1 1500  1.3 1500  0.8
1500 kg/m³ 1154 kg/m³ 1875 kg/m³
You move Loose material, and need to consider the Loose
volume AND density when sizing buckets and truck bodies
– more later…
Mining Terminology
Mining Terminology, diiantaranya :
1. Bench : Suatu area / permukaan kerja dimana kegiatan penambangan dilakukan
2. Cross Fall : Kemiringan / arah air dialirkan
3. Berm (Bund Wall) : Tanggul pengaman
4. Slope (lereng) : permukaan miring yang membentuk sudut dengan bidang datar
5. Sump : tempat yang paling rendah (semacam kolam kecil) dalam tambang
untuk menampung air dan dari tempat itu air dipompakan keluar tambang
Mining Terminology, diiantaranya :
6. Crest : Bagian atas dari lereng penggalian (penambangan)
7. Toe : Bagian dasar dari lereng penggalian (penambangan)
Mining Terminology, diiantaranya :
8. Overburden : lapisan tanah yang menutupi batubara
9. Interburden : lapisan tanah yang berada diantara dua atau lebih lapisan batubara
10. Underburden : lapisan tanah yang berada di bawah lapisan batubara
11. High Wall : permukaan atau lereng dibagian yang lebih tinggi dari tambang terbuka
12. Low Wall : sisi bukaan yang arahnya tegak lurus terhadap high wall

DIP ( o) DIP ( o)
Mining Terminology, diiantaranya :
13. Face of Coal : lapisan tanah yang menutupi batubara
14. Dip : sudut yang terbentuk oleh lapisan dengan bidang datar
15. Parting : lapisan tanah atau batuan yang relatif tipis dibanding dengan tebal batubara
yang terdapat didalam lapisan batubara dan biasanya dapat menempel pada
batubara yang digali
16. Floor of Coal : batuan yang terdapat langsung dibawah lapisan batubara
17. Roof of Coal : batuan yang terdapat langsung diatas lapisan batubara
18. Bedding Coal : lapisan batubara yang merupakan endapan yang besar yang terdapat pada
formasi geologi
19. Banded Coal : pelapisan batubara yang heterogen, terdiri dari jenis-jenis yang kilapnya berbeda
 Dozer
Dip
Low wall
High wall

Berm Pump

Coal

Excavator Grader

1 x Load
37 BCM

Ramp
Mining Process

Steps in Developing a Mine :

Mining Activity

Mine Planning

Drill & Blast

Overburden Removal

Coal Extraction

Coal Processing

Support Function
Mining Operation
Mining Performance Terminology

1. PRODUKSI
Total volume yang dikerjakan dalam periode waktu tertentu.
1. Formula Untuk estimasi kapasitas produksi per unit alat dalam perencanaan:

Produksi = Scehdule Hours x Productivity x Utilisasi x Availability

= bcm/jam, ton/jam, Ha/jam, m2/jam
Schedule Hours = W + S + R = 24 jam
(W = Working Hour, S=Standby, R=Perbaikan)
2. Data Laporan.
Data produksi lapangan didapatkan langsung nilainya, biasanya didapatakan dari :
- Ritasi Truck
- Timbangan
- Draft Survey (kapal/ barge)
- Pengukuran survey

2. Utilisasi
Waktu yang dimanfaatkan alat untuk produksi dalam periode waktu tertentu

Data Laporan
Angka utilisasi merupkan hasil hitungan dari data yang terukur dilapangan berupa working
Hours (W) dan jam Standby (S) yaitu alat dalam kondisi siap pakai tapi tidak digunakan
dengan rumus
UA = W / ( W + S) (%)
Mining Performance Terminology
3. PRODUCTIVITY
Kecepatan mencapai produksi dalam satuan jam

1. Estimasi untuk perencanaan.

a. Statistik
. b. Formula
- Alat Loading Q = Produksi/ jam
Q = q x k x 60/Cms x k x E q = Kapasitas bucket
- Alat Angkut k = faktor pengisian
Q = n x q x k x 60/Cmt x E E = Efisiensi Kerja
Cmt = n x cms + D/v1 + t1 + D/v2 + t2 n = jumlah passes
- Jumlah alat angkut per fleet Cms = Cycle Time Loader
Cmt = Cycle Time Truck
N = (D/v1 + t1 +D/v2 + t2)/Cms D = Hauling distance truck
v1 = kecepatan isi
v2 = kecepatan kosong
t1 = waktu mundur & dumping
t2 = waktu posisioning
N = Jumlah truk per fleet
2. Data Laporan
Angka produktivity merupkan hasil hitungan dari data yang terukur dilapangan berupa
volume produksi (V) dibagi waktu yang digunakan (HM).

Proty = Volume/ HM
Mining Performance Terminology

4. AVAILABILITY
Tingkat ketersediaan alat yang yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk produksi

. Data Laporan
Angka Availability merupkan hasil hitungan dari data yang terukur dilapangan berupa
working Hours (W), jam Standby (S) dan Jam Perbaikan (R) dengan rumus :

PA = (W+S) / ( W + S + R) (%)

CONTOH HITUNGAN

Sch. Hrs =W+R+S

= 24 JAM

PA = W+S
S =Standby W= W+R+S

R =Repair Working UA = W
W+S

Prod’ty = Produksi
W
Calendar Time Petrosea
Mine Planning
Mine Planning Stage

• Geological Interpretation & Modeling

• Quality Model
Geological • Hydrology & Hydrogeology database
Modeling
• Mine Database Reserves
• Final Pit Limit, Waste Dump Design, Ramp
Mine Design • Lanscape view of Mine Closure
Process • Mine Infrastructure : sump, pond, drainage

• Define production target (productivity, utilization and unit

availability)
Production • Calculate production schedule (equipment Capacity) per
Schedule periode (Annual, 3 MRP, Monthly, Weekly)

• Define sequence strategy (waste target per block/strip,

elevation, seam target, SR, distance)
Mine • Define Material Balance Concept
sequence
• Create mine water management plan
Mine Planning Stage

Geologycal – Coal Modeling

Mine Design - Sequence

Mine Design

Design Parameters Mine Design

• Economics SR • Pit Design : SR & Geotechnic

• Slope stability & safety • Road Design : Truck
• Equipment application application (Grade, dimension)
• Lowest operating cost • Waste Dump Design : Hauling
• Water management Distance, Material Balance

Pit and Waste Dump Design Ramp Design

Typical of Mine Sequencing

1 2 3 4
Drilling & Overburden Coal Coal
Blasting Removal Exposing Extraction
Mine Sequence Simulation
Mine Sequence Simulation
Cross Section
Mine Sequence Map
Drill & Blast

• Purpose:
• Prepare waste and/or ore for
efficient extraction
• Most economical way is
rotary drills & explosives
… “the cheapest material
crushing available”
Drill & Blast Terminology

Powder Factor :

• Term That Relates the Weight of Explosive Required

for a Unit Volume of Rock
• Typical strip mines: 0.1 - 0.35 kg/m3
• Typical open pit: 0.15 - 1.0 kg/m3
• Drill pattern, distribution of explosives in the hole, hole
diameter, bench height

“Use Carefully As It Does Not Consider”

Drill & Blast Terminology
Drill
PowderPatterns
Factor: :
• “d” is Hole Diameter
• Can vary 30-400mm
• More smaller holes typically gives better
fragmentation
• “B” is Burden
K
• Distance between free face & hole, then hole-to-
hole
• Dynamite, typically B = 40 x d
• Emulsions, typically B = 38 x d
• ANFO, typically B = 32 x d
• “S” is Hole Spacing U
• Experiments show S = 1.25*B gives
good fragmentation
Eg: ANFO, 76mm hole,
• “K” is Bench Height
B = 32 x 76 = 2432 = 2.4m
• “U” is Sub-Drilling
• In order to keep floor level, it is
necessary to drill under intended level.
• U = 0.3B is typically sufficient
Drilling & Blasting
Explosives

Emulsion

ANFO Booster extendaline

trunkline
nonel shotgun

In-hole
nonel
Blasting Activity
Blasting Procedure

Safety Evacuation :
Blasting Activity
Overburden Removal
Digging Method

Continuous Mining :
Truck & Shovel

3. DUMPING

2. HAULING

1. LOADING
Loading Activity
Hauling and Dumping Activity
Coal Extraction
Weighbridge

TONNAGE OF
COMMODITY Belt Scale

Draft Survey

VOLUME

W
VCOMM =
J
W = Weight (Ton)

J = Density
Coal Rehandling & Hauling
Coal Processing
• Coal Processing/ Preparation Plant (CPP)= a facility that washes coal of soil and rock,
preparing it for transport to market. May also be called a "coal handling and preparation
plant" (CHPP), "prep plant," "tipple," or "wash plant".
• Purpose: to increase the heating value of the coal by mechanical removal of impurities
Coal Processing

 Facility to collect raw material for washing

plant
Run-of-Mine  ROM coal can have a large variability of
(ROM) Coal moisture and maximum particle size.

 Stockpiles  to allow the wash plant to be fed

coal at lower, constant rate.
 Stacking  to pile coal onto a stockpile
Coal Handling  Reclaiming  to recover coal from a stockpile.

There are several points in the wash plant that many coal operations
choose to sample: The raw coal, before it enters the plant; The refuse, to
Coal see what the plant missed; Then the clean coal, to see exactly what is
Sampling being shipped.

Reduces the overall top size of the ROM coal so that it can be more easily
Crushing handled and processed within the CPP
Coal Processing

 to group process particles into ranges by

size.
 Dewatering screens are used to remove
Screening water from the product.

 Jigs  a gravity separation method for coarse coal.

 Dense medium process  use a material such as magnetite
to form a medium denser than water to assist in separation.
Gravity  Dense medium baths
Separation  Dense medium cyclones

 Dewatering product coal  Water is removed from the product to reduce the
mass, and runoff on the stockpile.
 Dewatering tailings (rejects)  Water is removed from tailings to recycle water.
Dewatering  Thickeners  for dewatering slurries of either tailings or product.

Measurement of flow, density, levels, ash and moisture are inputs to the
Control and control system.
Instrumentation
BLC – Coal Barging
Survey Activity

Vob (bank) = SB x SF x FF

Truck Count SB = Volume Bucket (Struck)

SF = Swell Factor
FF = Fill Factor

VOLUME OF
OVERBURDEN

 Kerapatan Titik
Joint Survey  Ketelitian Alat Survey
 Metode Perhitungan
Survey Activity
Asset & Maintenance
Mining Equipment
ACTIVITIES EQUIPMENT
Loading Excavator, Loader

Aktifitas Rigid
Tambang Hauling Dump Truck
Konvensional Articulated
Supporting

Ripping / Dozing Bulldozer ( Rip attch )

Drilling / Blasting Drill machine

Spreading / Clearing Bulldozer

Grading / Road maint Grader

Compacting Compactor

Pumping Mine pump

Lighting Tower Lamp

( Burden ) Equipment Performance Capacity

Excavator
Capacity : 1200 Bcm/Hr

Price 9350 : 4,500,000 USD

Price 9250 : 3,500,000 USD

Capacity : 900 Bcm/Hr

Price H 2600 : 4,000,000 USD

Truck

Capacity : 100 Ton Payload

Price : 1,200,000 USD

Dozer & Grader

Dozer : 900,000 USD

Grader : 1,000,000 USD

Support Equipment
PETROSEA’s Mining Projects
Petrosea Capabilities
Mining & Mine Services Capabilities
 Open pit contract mining services
 Heavy equipment plant selection &
hire
 Operation & Maintenance (O&M)
services
 Complete Build Own Operate and
Transfer (BOOT) for coal & metal mine
development
 Mine Partnership
 Technical audits
 Mine financial analysis
 Sensitivity analysis
Mining Dept Organization Chart
Petrosea Digger Population 2013

40
OB Capacity : 165,000,000 BCM
3

8
Coal Capacity : 11,000,000 Ton
10

14

25 8

7
Adimitra Baratama Nusantara

Project Manager
• Bevan Riebel
Deputy Manager

Production Capacity • Over Burden : 47,000,000 BCM

(Per Annum) • Coal : 3,500,000 Ton

Mining Contract • 2009 - 2018

• Sangasanga, Samarinda
Project Location
• Kalimantan Timur
Adimitra Baratama Nusantara

DISPOSAL

PIT
Gunung Bayan Pratama Coal

Project Manager • Riaan Basoon

Deputy Manager • Donny Nababan

Production Capacity • Over Burden : 36,000,000 BCM

(Per Annum) • Coal : 2,100,000 Ton

Mining Contract • 2009 - 2017

• Kutai Barat
Project Location • Kalimantan Timur
Gunung Bayan Pratama Coal

IN PIT DUMP

PIT
Kideco Jaya Agung

Project Manager
• Trevor Newey
Deputy Manager

Production Capacity • Over Burden : 35,000,000 BCM

(Per Annum) • Coal : 7,000,000 Ton

Mining Contract • 2011 - 2015

• Batu Kajang
Project Location
• Kalimantan Timur
Kideco Jaya Agung

Disposal Pit
Santan Batubara - Separi

Project Manager • Hery Cahyono

Deputy Manager • Haris Armadi

Production Capacity • Over Burden : 27,000,000 BCM

(Per Annum) • Coal : 2,200,000 Ton

Mining Contract • 2009 - 2016

• Separi, Samarinda
Project Location
• Kalimantan Timur
Santan Batubara - Uskap

Project Manager
• Dewa Nyoman Sumadi jaya
Deputy Manager

Production Capacity • Over Burden : 14,000,000 BCM

(Per Annum) • Coal : 1,200,000 Ton

Mining Contract • 2010 - 2016

• Separi, Samarinda
Project Location
• Kalimantan Timur
THE END