Group 1

TOPIC 1: SERVING

SERVING DEFINITION - The first contact that starts every rally is called a “serve”. The player who serves is called the
“server”. Usually a server uses one, open hand to swing overhead and send the ball over the net from behind the end line.
The serve is considered as the only skill in volleyball where the player has complete control. Less experienced players may
serve underhand with one closed fist.

TYPES OF SERVING

A. Underhand Serve

An underhand serve is a volleyball serve in which the ball is given a slight under-hand toss from about waist high and then
struck with a closed fist by the opposite hand.

Steps on How to Deliver a Successful Underhand Serve:

• Step 1: Start with your feet in an up-and-back stride position with the weight on the back right foot.

• Step 2: Ball is held in the left hand in front of your body just below your waist, in front of the right
hip.

• Step 3: Shoulders and upper body should be slightly leaning forward.

• Step 4: Eyes are focused on the contact point of the ball. Contact the ball with the flat part of the fist
and palm/pointer/thumb area.

• Step 5: Swing the right arm backward then forward in a pendulum manner. Weight is then
transferred to the front foot as the arm swings to contact the ball.

• Step 6: Contact is made just below the equator in the center of the ball.

• Step 7: The left hand drops just prior to contact.

• Step 8: After contact, continue to follow through the ball toward the target.

B. Overhand Serve
 The overhand serve is done by tossing the ball up into the air then striking it with the opposite hand above the
shoulder. The toss is a very important part of volleyball serving. The server should toss the ball in a lifting motion
and not lean forward or drop the left hand.

Steps on How to Deliver a Successful Overhand Serve:

• Step 1: Start in an up-and-back stride with most of your weight on your back right foot.

• Step 2: The left hand holds the volleyball extended forward and in front of your right side.

• Step 3: The shoulder is forward and the right shoulder is back ready to draw back.

• Step 4: Toss the ball in front of your right side.

C. Jump Serve

The jump serve is a type of serve where the serving player increases power and serve height by jumping to hit the
ball. The extra motion generated in a jump serve allows the server to put additional power on the ball and this can
make the serve very difficult to handle for the receiving team.

Steps on How to Deliver a Successful Jump Serve:

• Step 1: Place ball in left hand.

• Step 2: Toss the ball high and several feet in front of you.

• Step 3: Use an abbreviated attack approach, swinging both arms behind you and then forward and
up while stepping forward with the left foot and then a quick hop.

• Step 4: Jump up and forward, making sure to take off behind the end line.

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• Step 5: Contact the ball at the top of your reach and the top of your jump.

• Step 6: Strike the ball toward the top of the back with your palm and follow through with your arm
swing, aiming outward and downward to put topspin on the ball.

D. Other Types of Serve

Floater Serve
 A float serve is a serve that does not spin at all. It is called referred to as a floater because it moves in
extremely unpredictable ways, which makes it difficult to receive, corral, and pass. A float serve catches the air and
can move unexpectedly to the right or the left or it can drop suddenly.

Topspin Serve

A topspin serve spins rapidly forward from the top. The server tosses the ball a little higher than normal,
strikes the ball towards the top of the back in a down and outward motion and then follows through with his or her
swing.The topspin serve has a much more predictable movement than the floater serve, but can it can still be very
difficult to handle because of the quick speed that is generated.

TOPIC 2: PASSING

PASSING DEFINITION - It is the act of getting the ball using straightened forearms or fingers to make the ball travel to another
player or other side of the net. A volleyball pass is a done with the objective to move the ball to a teammate called a setter.
The pass is the first touch by the team.

TYPES OF PASSING

A. Forearm Pass

The forearms are made into a platform, positioned, and ready for the ball to come into contact and be passed directly
to the teammate. Forearm volleyball pass involves hitting the ball in a controlled manner to your teammate. The
forearms are made into a flat platform, positioned ready for the ball to come into contact. The key to passing
volleyball skills is being in an athletic posture ready to react and move every second the ball is in play.

Steps on How to Deliver a Successful Forearm Pass:

• Step 1: Keep the ball between your wrists and elbows in the fattest part of the

• forearm.

• Step 2: Press the wrists and hands down to hyperextend the arms.

• Step 3: Lock your elbows. This gives the ball the most area to hit, and helps

• control the direction of your pass.

• Step 4: Try to bend your knees before

TOPIC 3: SPIKING

SPIKING DEFINITION - A volleyball spike or attack is the strategy used to send the ball over the net to the opponent in such a
manner that ball is not returnable. Spiking is a form of attacking and a very popular offensive move used in volleyball. It is the
act of jumping and hitting the ball down into the opponent's court, which hopefully results in a "kill". There are various types
of hits - the outside, middle, and back hits based on who the hitter is.

STEPS ON DELIVERING A SUCCESSFUL SPIKE

A. Approach

• Step 1: If you are right-handed, your approach should be "Left foot, right foot-left foot, jump" and
vice versa if you are left-handed.

• Step 2: The purpose of the first step is to pick up speed and cover distance. The second step. The last
two steps are much quicker and should place your feet at somewhat of a 45-degree angle from the net.

• Step 3: The second step is also to build up speed and cover distance. Depending on where the ball
is, you should adjust the distance of this step.

• Step 4: Along with the third step, swing your arms behind you so that you can raise them with the
last step to gain momentum and extra inches.

• Step 5: The final step (the quick two steps) requires you to keep your feet shoulder width apart for
balance and preparation for your jump.

B. The Jump and Hit

• Step 1: After your final step, you should be slightly perpendicular to the net with your hitting
shoulder away from the net.

• Step 2: As you jump as high as you can vertically, you need to lift both arms and swing down the
arm you are not hitting with for momentum.

• Step 3: The hitting arm will then follow as you pull your elbow back and bend it approximately 90
degrees.

• Step 4: Then curve it up and swing at the ball, keeping your hand open to have maximum contact.
Make sure you are hitting the ball at your highest reach.

• Step 5: Swing hard at the ball and snap your wrist to keep the ball in the court. Always follow
through with your arm to finish off your hit.

TOPIC 4: BLOCKING

BLOCKING DEFINITION

Blocking is a skill in volleyball used to prevent the opponent from a successful attack hit. A block technique is used to
deflect the ball coming from an attacker.
TYPES OF BLOCKING

A. Block Assist

A block assist is given when two or three players participate in a successful block at the same time. This is also
known as a collective block or triple block.

Steps on How to Execute a Successful Double Block:

Three players jump up together at the net to block. A team putting up a triple block at the net is often
difficult to do successfully. Since each team has 3 players at the net that could possibly get a set to attack, it
can be difficult for blockers to get in correct position to put up a triple block because you don't know who is
going to be set.

B. Double Block

A double block is when two players are working in unison to deflect an attacked ball at the net. It is a good strategy to
put up a double block.

`Steps on How to Execute a Successful Double Block:

• Step 1: Stay close to the net and keep their hands at shoulder level with their palms facing the net.

• Step 2: Once the ball is set to a hitter, the blocker needs to follow the hitter and keep their eyes on
them.

• Step 3: Wait for the opponent to jump first and jump immediately after the attacker jumps.

• Step 4: While up in the air, reach and stretch your hands over the net.

• Step 5: Make sure you angle your hands so that the ball will rebound off your hands and fall on the
opponent’s court instead of going out of bounds or coming onto your court.

• Step 6: Whether you touch the ball or not, you must immediately look for the ball and continue to
play if possible.

TOPIC 5: DIGGING

DIGGING DEFINITION - Volleyball digging is essential for having a successful defense. To dig, the volleyball players must
anticipate the spike and be prepared to quickly dive in any direction. To dig, the volleyball players must anticipate the spike
and be prepared to quickly dive in any direction. Volleyball players with quick contracting muscles are able to move faster,
using their strength and flexibility to get low to the ground in order to dig out a hard hit. Volleyball diggers must be able to
move laterally, forward, and backward explosively at full range of motion.

STEPS IN EXECUTING A SUCCESSFUL DIG

A. Step 1: Starting Position

 A volleyball digger needs to always start in their athletic position. This position will enable a digger to be stable and
balanced in order to move in any direction or dive for the ball.

B. Step 2: Kneads and Hands Position

Volleyball diggers need to bend their knees to be close to the ground and have their hands in front of them.

C. Step 3: Hands on Dig

A dig in volleyball should always be performed with both hands, if possible. Two hands provide a much better tool for
controlling the volleyball from going out of bounds. When a volleyball player is able to figure out where the ball is
headed, they should put their arms and hands together. Make sure to never swing the arms when digging.

D. Step 4: Two or One

If a volleyball digger is unable to get two hands to the ball, they should use a fist in order to get it back in the air

E. Step 5: Toes and Shoulders

A volleyball digger should be on their toes, with their weight balanced, so they can easily move forward or side to
side. Keep the shoulders over the knees to stabilize the body and gain momentum.

F. Step 6: Know Your Ground

A volleyball digger is responsible for digging the volleyball on a portion of the court, as well as moving to dig the ball
when another player is unable to reach it.

G. Step 7: Ready for Anything

Volleyball diggers have to be ready at all times for anything. It may not always be a hard hit from a spike. It could be a
dump off by a setter or a tip by a hitter. There are a number of unexpected things that could happen, so it is important
for a volleyball digger to always be focused.

H. Step 8: Read the Position

As a volleyball digger advances, they will learn to watch for things such as which way a hitter’s shoulders are facing,
if there is a hole in their teams blocking, or if the line is covered. These things enable a digger to cover the ground
where a setter or hitter will place the volleyball.

I. Step 9: Overhand Dig

If the volleyball comes at a digger’s head or face, they may need to use an overhand dig to get the volleyball back in
to the air. This is where a volleyball player uses the bottom or heel of their hand to hit.

J. Step 10: Diving

Sometimes the volleyball will be hit in a position where a digger is unable to get there in time on their feet, forcing
them to dive. This is difficult because the digger has to reach out with their body off the ground, make contact with
the volleyball, and get it to go in a certain direction so their setter is able to make the next move.

TOPIC 6: TOSSING

TOSSING DEFINITION - It is the act of lifting or throwing of the ball into the air before contact is made. Tosses are often used
for overhead serve and setting up for a pass to a teammate

STEPS ON HOW TO EXECUTE A SUCCESSFUL TOSS

A. Step 1: Positioning

Get under the ball in plenty of time and square your feet and shoulders to your target. Put your right foot slightly
ahead of your left and keep knees slightly bent

B. Step 2: Footwork

Place weight on left(back) foot, and transfer weight to right (forward) foot at contact. The correct body position is with
ball, forehead and hips in a vertical line.

C. Step 3: Strike

Set the ball just above the head (hairline). Upon contact, hands move forward only. (Do not let the hands move
towards the head upon contact as this may result in a "throw" call by the ref.)

D. Step 4: Follow-Through

Instead, contact ball and move hands through your set. Freeze with hands extended towards the target. Hands are
the same distance apart upon completion as they were before contact.

Group 2

BALL CONTROL EXERCISES:

● LEFT AND RIGHT HAND DIG (Delos Angeles)

- Raise your hands Forward and Facing upward, If you are digging with your right arm use your left arm to pass
the ball straight up in the air going to your right forearm.

- Your knees should end while digging, Dig the ball for 10 times or how many time do you like (Left and Right arm)
to increase your ball control skills.

● PASS TO SELF(Cortez)

- Practice your passing skills with this helpful drill.

- Get into passing position and pass the ball straight up in the air to yourself. Keep the ball from hitting
the ground. To work on maintaining control, try to keep your feet stationary. From here, move on to
re-positioning your feet and moving back and forth or side to side.

● SET TO SELF (Dizon)

- This drill can be done in different ways. To help start with working on control of your set, try setting the ball
while lying on your back. Make sure to have your knees bent. Have your hands 6 to 8 inches above your face, with
your hands on the ball in the proper setting position. Your thumb and forefingers should form a triangular window.
Push up through the ball. Try to set the ball over 50 times without having to move.
KINDS OF SERVICE

● THE UNDERHAND SERVE (Dejacto)

An underhand serve is a type of serve in which the player holds the ball in one hand, swings the other in an arc motion below
the waist and strikes the ball from the bottom with a fist to put it in play. In an underhand serve, the player does not toss the
ball up in the air, as in other serve attempts. Instead, the server holds onto the ball and strikes it below their waist with a closed
fist.

The underhand serve is done by:

● having the left foot in front of the right foot in a balanced position with your weight on the back foot and toe of
the left foot pointed towards where you intend to serve the ball (lefties do the opposite)

● holding the ball in one hand and swinging your other arm back keeping it parallel to your body then swinging
your arm forward with a closed fist or open hand contacting the bottom panels of the ball

● when your arm swings forward you shift your weight from your back foot to your front foot which helps to
propel the ball across your court and into the opposing team's court using the momentum of the swinging arm to get
the ball to travel over the net.

● THE OVERHAND SERVE - FLOAT SERVE (Dela Cruz)

A float serve, also known as a floater, is a serve that does not spin at all. It is referred to as a floater because it moves in
extremely unpredictable ways, which makes it difficult to receive, corral, and pass. A float serve catches the air and can move
unexpectedly to the right or the left or it can drop suddenly.

The floater overhand volleyball serve is done by:

● place the ball in your tossing hand - left hand for right handers and right hand for left handers

● with your left hand toss the ball 2-3 feet up in the air in front of your front foot

● with the right hand which is held above your head at a 90 degree angle with your elbow above the level of
your ear (lefties do the opposite)

● use the middle of your open palmed serving hand to contact the middle panels of the ball while you keep a
rigid wrist, flat hand and widespread stiff fingers

● THE OVERHAND SERVE - TOPSPIN SERVE (Dimailig)

A topspin serve does exactly what its name implies – spins rapidly forward from the top. The server tosses the ball a little
higher than normal, strikes the ball towards the top of the back in a down and outward motion and then follows through with his
or her swing.

If you jump to do the serve it will be called “THE JUMP SPIN - JUMP TOPSPIN”

● THE JUMP SERVE - JUMP FLOAT (Dorado)

 The jump serve is more advanced and utilizes an even higher toss that should be several feet in front of the server. You use
more of an attack approach, jumping and striking the ball with the heel of your hand while you're in the air. With this serve,
your wrist remains stiff, then you hold (stop) your palm in position facing the target.

This serve is a combination of the overhand-float serve and the jump serve. It is a little easier to teach, because the ball is
tossed with both hands instead of just one. The contact point is the same as the float serve, and the footwork is the same as
the jump serve. It is a dynamic serve that is used in top programs.

The jump serve is done by:

● The jump serve begins by stepping forward with the foot opposite the tossing hand. Release the ball at chest
height, tossing the ball with the fingers of the striking hand, imparting a forward spin on the ball.

● Leap to the ball with the same foot as the striking hand.

● Plant with the foot opposite the striking hand. Jump and lift both arms.

● Rotate the shoulder and elbow forward with the palm of the hand facing upward. Lead with the elbow and
continue reaching upward for the ball with the forearm.

● Contact the bottom of the ball at its highest point with the base of the palm and with the elbow locked. Snap
the wrist to a 90-degree angle to impart a top spin on the ball and follow through.

Group 3

Group 4
Basic Volley Rules and Regulations, Games, and Tournaments

1. Basic Rules and Regulations

a. Two teams of 6 players each, 3 on the front row and 3 on the back row (with substitutes), play the sport of volleyball,
on a court that is divided by a net.
b. Each member of the team shall serve in turn rotating clockwise. Serving out of rotation or out of order will lead to a
point for the other team.
c. The server shall stand with both feet behind the rear boundary line and may not step on or over the boundary line
until after the serve has been hit. Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully will result in a point for the other
team.
d. A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10-foot line. After the serve, front line players may
switch positions at the net.
e. Maximum of three hits per side and a single player may not hit the ball twice in succession (block is not considered a
hit).
f. Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.
g. A ball hitting a boundary line is "in".
h. A ball is "out" if it hits:
● an antenna,
● the floor completely outside the court,
● any of the net or cables outside the antennae,
● the referee-stand or pole,
● the ceiling above a non-playable area
i. It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player’s body. It is illegal to catch, hold, or throw the ball. A ball
touching the body more than once in succession is considered a double hit and is illegal except when blocking or on
a hard driven spike. Also, players cannot touch the net (result to this is a point to the other team).
j. If two or more players contact the ball at the same time, it is considered one play and either player involved may
make the next contact (provided the next contact is not the team’s 4th hit).
k. At higher competition, the officiating crew may be made up of two referees, line judges, scorer, and an assistant
scorer.
l. Matches are made up of sets; the number depends on level of play.
● 3-set matches are two sets to 25 points and a third set to 15. Each set must be won by two points. The winner
is the first team to win two sets.
 ● 5-set matches are four sets to 25 points and a fifth set to 15. The team must win by 2 points unless tournament
rules dictate otherwise. The first team to win three sets is the winner.

2. Volleyball Games/Tournaments
a. Difference of Male and Female Volleyball Tournament
b. Indoor Volleyball Court Dimensions

This volleyball court diagram shows the official indoor volleyball court specifications. The official indoor court
dimension is 9 meters by 18 meters with an attack line 3 meters from the center line on each side of the court.

i. 4.2.1 Male
Indoor Net Height : 7′ 11 5/8” (2.43m)
ii. 4.2.2 Female.
Indoor Net Height : 7′ 4 1/8” (2.24m)

c. Tournament Games

Volleyball is a tactical team sport that involves hitting a ball over a net using closed hands. The object is to
keep the ball volleying over the net without permitting it to touch the ground. A point is earned each time a player
grounds a ball in the opponents’ court.

i. Person Without Disability

1. Normal 6 vs. 6 Tournament - Each team consists of six players on the court at a time, with a
maximum of three males on the court at a time. A team may play with a minimum of four players
and a minimum of two females. If a team has fewer than these minimums, the game will be
forfeited.
2. Beach Volleyball - Beach volleyball is played on a sand court with a light volleyball and a net
bisecting the court. The playing area of beach volleyball is completely made up of sand. Any type of
rocks and debris is removed from the surface of the court to prevent any type of injuries. The level
of sand should be minimum 40 centimetres deep inside the court. As the players have to dive on
the surface a lot, these safety measures are taken by the tournament hosts.

ii. Person With Disability

 There are three disciples of volleyball for athletes with a physical disability: deaf, sitting and
standing beach.
a. Sitting Volleyball - Sitting volleyball is played by athletes who have a disability that severely impacts the
function of their lower limbs.
i. Athlete’s pelvis must be in contact with the ground.
ii. Service blocks and attacks are allowed.
iii. It is played in a best-of-five set format, and the first to reach 25 points.
iv. Two medal events (men and women featuring eight teams each, a total of 192 athletes) were
contested at the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games.
b. Deaf Volleyball - Deaf volleyball is played by athletes with a hearing impairment and can be played indoors
or outdoors. The rules are nearly identical to the able-bodied sport, played in the Olympic Games. The only
difference is a red flag is used for signalling instead of a whistle.
c. Standing Beach Volleyball - Standing Beach volleyball is played by athletes with milder impairments, who
are able to stand, run and lunge without assistance.

3. For Normal and for with Special Needs

For Normal
a. History of Beach Volleyball (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEbwdIWNc-I&t=11s)
Beach volleyball was first played in the USA's Hawaii. In Hawaii’s Waikiki beach at the outrigger canoe club
in 1915, beach volleyball was played for the first time. The Outrigger Canoe Club was established in 1908 by some
businessmen of Honolulu. Initially this game was played with six players. But that concept is changed and new two
player beach volleyball was invented in 1930 and all the credit goes to Paul ‘Pablo’ Johnson who himself is an
indoor player at Santa Monica athletic club.

The first tournament to offer prize was played in Los Angeles in 1948. Beach volleyball began to appear in
Europe in the 1930's. It gained popularity in the 60’s because the Beatles tried playing it in Los Angeles and John F.
Kennedy was also a big fan of this game and was there to see the game.

In 1976 the first professional beach volleyball was played at Will Rogers State Beach in California. The
name of the tournament was the Olympia World Championship.

Participating Countries
Beach volleyball for the first time was introduced in the Summer Olympics during the 1996 Atlanta
games. Currently many international competitions are being organized by FIVB. Brazil and the USA are the
dominating countries in this sport. They take the maximum of the medals in each Olympics.

The top five countries that have dominated the medal table in this game are −
● Brazil
● United states
● Germany
● China
● Netherland

How to Play?

Like some other Olympic games, beach volleyball is a team sport. It is played between two teams.
Each team has two players representing either a club or country or a state of a country. Beach volleyball is
played on a sand court with a light volleyball and a net bisecting the court.

Beach volleyball was introduced in the Summer Olympics since the Atlanta games held in the
United States of America in 1996. Beach volleyball is inspired from indoor volleyball and the style, rule and
regulation are approximately the same in all these games. The main objective of the player is to shoot the
ball over the net towards the opposition. During shooting, the ball should not touch the net, as it will result in
a foul.
 Besides sending the ball over the net, the main objective of the players is to ground the ball on the
opponent’s side. At the same time, trying to stop the opponent to put the ball or ground the ball in their side.
This can be done by properly defending the opponent’s attack.

After receiving the ball, the players can touch the ball three times before sending it to the other
side. The game starts with a serve by the server who hits the ball behind the rear court boundary and over
the net to the opponents. The ball going to the opponent side and coming back to its own side is called rally
of the ball.

And this rally is broken when the ball touches ground on one side or gets out of the court or not
sent in a legal manner. The side which is able to drop the ball in their opposition’s side will win the rally over
the opposition and the same side will serve to start the following rally.

Scoring System
Beach volleyball consists of three sets, but it is played as best of three sets. Best of three means if
a team wins the first two sets, then that team will win the match. Each set is of 21 points and the team that
scores the 21 points earlier than the other team wins the match.

The team that scores 21 points first must have a two point advantage than the other one. So if the
score level is 21-20, then the set will keep on until two point advantage is achieved. It means if the score will
indicate 24-22 or 25-27, then the set will be over.

The third or the decisive set will be maximum of 15 points unlike 21 in the first two. Teams can
switch ends after every 7 points. In the last set, they can change it into 5 points. Points are awarded to that
team which is able to drop the ball on the ground at the opponent’s side. Whenever a team fails to deliver
the ball in a legal manner, they commit fault and the other team gets a point.

b. History and development of volleyball for the disabled

William G. Morgan was probably not aware of the fact that he created a game which would become one of
the most exciting and spectacular games in the world. His basic intention was to introduce a simple game which
would be suitable for a variety of participants with different abilities and that could be played almost anywhere.
Volleyball's relative simplicity accounted for its dramatic rise in popularity also among the disabled population.

Most frequent disabilities in the volleyball game - Basic information related to the etiologies of the
players with disabilities practicing either sitting or standing volleyball, helps teachers and coaches to work safely and
efficiently.

● Amputee
● Cerebral Palsy
● Poliomyelitis
● Les autres athletes

Sitting Volleyball (https://youtu.be/uXLSzwJoT4M)

History: Sitting volleyball originated in the Netherlands in 1956 as a combination of volleyball and sitzball, a
German sport with no net but seated players. Standing Volleyball became a Paralympic Sport in 1976 (it was
removed in 2000 as it did not have a required number of countries/territories widely and regularly practicing the
sport). Sitting Volleyball first appeared on the Paralympic Programme at the Arnhem 1980 Paralympic Games.

Court: The court is separated into two equal parts divided by a centre line, each side measuring 5m x 6m.

Net: Measures 1.15 metres for men and 1.05 metres for women.

Duration: A maximum of five sets is allowed and each of the first four sets is completed when a team wins
25 points, having a difference of at least two points over the opposing team (e.g., 25:23). In case of a 2:2 set draw, a
fifth set will follow which is completed when one team wins 15 points. The winning team is the first to win three sets.

Players: There are only six players allowed on the court at one time. Teams may have up to 12 athletes.
 Eligible Impairment Types:

● Impaired muscle power

● Athetosis
● Impaired passive range of movement
● Hypertonia
● Limb deficiency
● Ataxia
● Leg length difference

Classification: MD (minimal disability): these athletes either have a similar level of impairment as the "A"
standing volleyball players, or they meet the minimal disability special condition applicable especially to Sitting
Volleyball. These conditions include severe ligamentous instability of the knee or shoulder and several others.

D (disabled): these athletes have impairments that are equivalent to the "B" and "C" players
described for Standing Beach Volleyball.

A Sitting Volleyball team may have a maximum of one (1) "MD" player on court at any time, and the
remainder of the team must be made up of "D" players.

Rules: Compared to Standing Volleyball it is permitted to block an opponent's service. Contact of the feet or
the legs with the opposing team's side of the court is allowed, on condition that the play of the opposing team is not
obstructed. Contact with the hands is allowed with the condition that one part of the hand is either in contact with the
central line or exactly above it.

Upon performing an attacking hit, the pelvis of the front zone's player must touch the ground. A defense
player can take attacking action which means to send or spike the ball from whatever height behind the attacking
zone, as long as the pelvis does not touch or pass over the attacking line. After the hit, the player can touch the
attacking zone.

Throughout the game, the players who are involved in a defensive effort must have contact with the ground
with some part of the body between the pelvis and the shoulders. In certain cases of defensive action at the back end
of the court, for example while "saving the ball", the players are allowed to lose contact with the ground for a short
time. But they are not allowed to stand up, lift up their body or take steps.

Deaf Volleyball (https://youtu.be/AOEajTjjivQ)

History: The first international games for the deaf was founded in 1924 as a stand-alone event,
making it the second oldest event organized in the Olympic Movement spirit. The original name of the
competition was the "International Silent Games" and later the "World Games for the Deaf".

In 2001, the International Olympic Committee granted ICSD permission to identify its quadrennial
games as Summer Deaflympics and Winter Deaflympics.

Development: During the Deaflympics, deaf athletes compete against and interact with each other
in sign language. Sign language interpreters are utilized when hearing people are involved.

The 1995 ICSD Congress voted unanimously to disaffiliate from the IPC, as the deaf international
community felt it was in its best interests to retain autonomous control and management.

How to play: Deaf Volleyball can be played indoors or outdoors. The rules are near identical to the
able-bodied sport, played in the Olympic Games. The only difference is a red flag is used for signalling
instead of a whistle.

Who can play: In formal competitions individuals must be affiliated with a national association and
be recognised as having a minimum hearing loss of 55 dB in the better ear. Classification procedures apply
and can be viewed on the CISS website. However, in social competitions any individual can participate if
they suffer from hearing impairment and classification will vary between social competitions.

Standing Beach Volleyball

 History: Standing Volleyball was played by disabled sportsmen long before the International
Federation was founded. It has its roots in Great Britain and was originally only played by amputees. Due to
the variations of amputation, a classification system was set up and players were put into one of nine
categories. To encourage those with a more severe amputation to participate, a point system on court was
introduced - each player received points for the degree of amputation - and 13 points was the minimal team
requirement on court.

In 1984, it was decided to open up the game to allow other disability groups to take part, thereby
encouraging more nations to participate. Although this initially created more classification problems, the
World Organization Volleyball for Disabled (WOVD) eventually established criteria for classification, which
included those players with various arm or leg disabilities. Since 2013 the WOVD has been branded as
“World ParaVolley” and is responsible for the world-wide planning and development of all forms of Volleyball
for people with a physical impairment – this responsibility is recognized by the International Paralympic
Committee.

Development: Small international competitions have taken place since the 1960s. Yet, it was not
until 1976 that Volleyball was put in the Paralympic Program in Toronto, Canada. Since the 1980s there has
been regular international competition. Standing Beach Volleyball commenced around 2011 with the first
World Championship for men planned for 2014 in Adelaide, Australia.

How does it differ from the generic game? The only differences are that teams are composed of
three players and there are special rules relating to time-outs for repair of prostheses. Thus, the court size,
net height, volleyball and scoring system are the same as the generic game.

Who can play? Standing Beach Volleyball is open to ambulant athletes with a physical disability
who meet the minimum disability requirements for D-Volleyball. An athlete’s disability must be permanent
(either progressive or non-progressive). Athletes with progressive physical disabilities are given a temporary
classification and must be classified at each competition.

Competitors can include athletes with cerebral palsy, athletes who are amputees, athletes with limb
paralysis, athletes with joint restrictions, athletes with shortened limbs, athletes with progressive illnesses
such as muscular dystrophy or multiple sclerosis, etc