@¥ ANY TIME THE MOTION OF A PARTICLE IS RESTRICTED BY A POTENTIAL ENERGY BARRIER ITS ENERGY LEVELS WILL BE DISCRETE. HYDROGEN Ver) ATOM oe Mare r COvLoMB ATTRACTIVE FORCE CONFINES THE ELECTRON. é ENERGY LEVELS Ged BE DISCRETE. (QuANTZED). Gomi «= BONDED ATONS ver) R VIBRATION AG ENERGY LEVELS WiIte BE DISCRETE,L MANY PHYSICALLY OBSERVED PHENOMENA CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY CLASSICAL MECHANICS! ¥2=4 > gee of opsecT 2 QUANTUM MECHANICS EXPLAINS THESE PHENOMENA BEAUTIFULLY. 3. QUANTULM MECHANICS I$ BASED ON A SERIES OF POSTULATES. @.) THE PHYSICAL STATE OF THE SYSTEM MAY SE DESCRIBED BY A WAVE FUNCTION W. -@D 1 conTiINveus CONTINUOUSLY “TAEFEREAMIABLE™ NORMALIZABLE ¢ LOE" Var =1 THESE ARE NECESSARY Because 2 C [El Rerresents THE Tosrnon! PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION, [SUMMARY :] 3. QUANTUM MECHANICS b) STATES WITH WELL DEFINED ENERGY ARE GIVEN By: At fp ~ ENERGY WAVE FUNCTION FOR ENERGY STATE TOTAL ENERGY OPERATOR Ae TeVe Kee RE. td Ark & OH&S t Yoo . ‘. TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRODINGER EQUATION 0) EXPECTATION VALLES GIVEN BYs WAVE FUNCTION ‘ A —~ ‘cee [UWE Var Pens t - t OBSERVABLE QvANTUM MECHANICAL PROPERTY OPERATOR4. SAMPLE SYSTEM: PARTICLE IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL BOX. > Simpre, Sor.vasre vere | venro [enone «= Ya KEL, xSO nm ViwysO OSKEL ° tx HBW=E¥ -Va a) = EY 22 72 nit Yoos Fant Ey a PossiBLe ENERGY + ENERGY EIGENSTATES VALLES > WAVEFUNCTIONS DESCRIBING STATES WITH WELL DEFINED ENERGIES QUANTIZATION ARISES BECAUSE Y musr Be PHYSICALLY REASONABLE wees" .@) HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE: SSSR eens aia: UNCERTAINTY IN MOMENTOM peaenee P=mvy =D Ap: mov > dxbv,2 ee oR >h RELATED UNCERTAINTY seat? 2 BETWEEN LIFETIME AND ENERGY THIS IS A DIRECT CONSEQUENCE OF THE POSTULATES SET OUT To DEFINE QUANTUM MECHANICS, AND MAY BE_AIGOR OUSLY DERIVED. -A CONSEQUENCE OF WAVE-LIKE BEHAVIORUNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE: e- VsO x20 x Y= Nsin “amex From: HY=EY 2 2, Ft rer Free Particce: ag \e A* Tink aa : SSF > ae Y:=N sin ariquix = Nsin ue 4p.) P, Ox, (AX,ExPECTATION VALUES: ONE oF THE POSTULATES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS: © cey= f ete bdr LETS CONSIDER THE PARTICLE INA BOX AGAIN: FIND THE AVERAGE OR EXPECTATION VALUE FoRX. ce cays [oe xbox See: Yoo: Fen osxs euse P20 [ am ax = feat x sino dx pent ME a 2 fxsin? +3 dx bd 7° [F- ner) 4. et) al =2felo fe -¢ 2S - abrs(cosjzer 7 eos ©)]) Now: Find THE AVERAGE MOMENTUM: CLASSICALLY =P = MV, THE QvANTUM MECHANICAL OPERATOR !S: WHAT 1S THE EXPECTATION VALUE OF THE MOMENTUM?

= [ert tax 4 Key 2 (sint™ adsinS dx L etd * .. oO &P>= 2h (5) OM doin UE e S, sin dsn = Sy4y = tY* Generac Rove 2 Rb gipzam [SL

iepae aa =o PosiTiIVE AND NEGATIVE VALUES ARE EQUALLY LIKELY.