Schools have an important role to play in helping young people to develop and manage their physical

and emotional well-being, and to live and work with others in different contexts

Education in every sense is one of the fundamental factors of development.

Education raises people's productivity and creativity and promotes entrepreneurship and technological
advances. In addition it plays a very crucial role in securing economic and social progress and improving
income distribution.

-1. A school's mission is to develop productive citizens.

2. To be a productive citizen, an individual must be capable of performing meaningful tasks in the real
world.

3. Therefore, schools must help students become proficient at performing the tasks they will encounter
when they graduate.

4. To determine if it is successful, the school must then ask students to perform meaningful tasks that
replicate real world challenges to see if students are capable of doing so.

Thus, in AA, assessment drives the curriculum. That is, teachers first determine the tasks that students
will perform to demonstrate their mastery, and then a curriculum is developed that will enable students
to perform those tasks well, which would include the acquisition of essential knowledge and skills. This
has been referred to as planning backwards (e.g., McDonald, 1992).

-Learning competencies are the main ideas or skills you expect students to master (these are also called
“goals”) We expect there to be 3-6 of these for each credit hour of instruction. ... Learning objectives are
the specific abilities necessary to accomplish the learning competency.

Students use and develop competencies when they encounter unfamiliar or challenging situations.
Competencies help students draw and build upon what they know, how they think and what they can
do.

-Rubrics are multidimensional sets of scoring guidelines that can be used to provide consistency in
evaluating student work. They spell out scoring criteria so that multiple teachers, using the same rubric
for a student's essay, for example, would arrive at the same score or grade.
Rubrics are used from the initiation to the completion of a student project. They provide a measurement
system for specific tasks and are tailored to each project, so as the projects become more complex, so
do the rubrics.

Rubrics are great for students: they let students know what is expected of them, and demystify grades
by clearly stating, in age-appropriate vocabulary, the expectations for a project. They also help students
see that learning is about gaining specific skills (both in academic subjects and in problem-solving and
life skills), and they give students the opportunity to do self-assessment to reflect on the learning
process.

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Teacher Eeva Reeder says using scoring rubrics "demystifies grades and helps students see that the
whole object of schoolwork is attainment and refinement of problem-solving and life skills."

Rubrics also help teachers authentically monitor a student's learning process and develop and revise a
lesson plan. They provide a way for a student and a teacher to measure the quality of a body of work.
When a student's assessment of his or her work and a teacher's assessment don't agree, they can
schedule a conference to let the student explain his or her understanding of the content and justify the
method of presentation.

-Assessment tools are techniques used to measure a student's academic abilities, skills, and/or fluency
in a given subject or to measure one's progress toward academic proficiency in a specific subject area.
Assessments can be either formal or informal.

Assessment is a key component of learning because it helps students learn. When students are able to
see how they are doing in a class, they are able to determine whether or not they understand course
material. Assessment can also help motivate students.

-Rating Scales allow teachers to indicate the degree or frequency of the behaviours, skills and strategies
displayed by the learner. To continue the light switch analogy, a rating scale is like a dimmer switch that
provides for a range of performance levels. Rating scales state the criteria and provide three or four
response selections to describe the quality or frequency of student work.
Teachers can use rating scales to record observations and students can use them as self-assessment
tools. Teaching students to use descriptive words, such as always, usually, sometimes and never helps
them pinpoint specific strengths and needs. Rating scales also give students information for setting goals
and improving performance. In a rating scale, the descriptive word is more important than the related
number. The more precise and descriptive the words for each scale point, the more reliable the tool.

Effective rating scales use descriptors with clearly understood measures, such as frequency. Scales that
rely on subjective descriptors of quality, such as fair, good or excellent, are less effective because the
single adjective does not contain enough information on what criteria are indicated at each of these
points on the scale.

Rubrics are increasingly recognized as a way to both effectively assess student learning and
communicate expectations directly, clearly and concisely to students. The inclusion of rubrics in a
teaching resource provides opportunities to consider what demonstrations of learning look like, and to
describe stages in the development and growth of knowledge, understandings and skills. To be most
effective, rubrics should allow students to see the progression of mastery in the development of
understandings and skills

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Rating Scale: Definition, Survey Question Types and Examples

Rating Scale

Rating Scale

Rating Scale Definition

Rating scale is defined as a closed-ended survey question used to represent respondent feedback in a
comparative form for specific particular features/products/services. It is one of the most established
question types for online and offline surveys where survey respondents are expected to rate an attribute
or feature. Rating scale is a variant of the popular multiple-choice question which is widely used to
gather information that provides relative information about a specific topic.
Researchers use a rating scale in research when they intend to associate a qualitative measure with the
various aspects of a product or feature. Generally, this scale is used to evaluate the performance of a
product or service, employee skills, customer service performances, processes followed for a particular
goal etc. Rating scale survey question can be compared to a checkbox question but rating scale provides
more information than merely Yes/No.

Types of Rating Scale

Broadly speaking, rating scales can be divided into two categories: Ordinal and Interval Scales.

An ordinal scale is a scale the depicts the answer options in an ordered manner. The difference between
the two answer option may not be calculable but the answer options will always be in a certain innate
order. Parameters such as attitude or feedback can be presented using an ordinal scale.

Learn more: Ordinal Data

An interval scale is a scale where not only is the order of the answer variables established but the
magnitude of difference between each answer variable is also calculable. Absolute or true zero value is
not present in an interval scale. Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit is the most popular example of an
interval scale. Net Promoter Score, Likert Scale, Bipolar Matrix Table are some of the most effective
types of interval scale.

Learn more: Interval Data

There are four primary types of rating scales which can be suitably used in an online survey:

Graphic Rating Scale

Numerical Rating Scale

Descriptive Rating Scale

Comparative Rating Scale

Graphic Rating Scale: Graphic rating scale indicates the answer options on a scale of 1-3, 1-5, etc. Likert
Scale is a popular graphic rating scale example. Respondents can select a particular option on a line or
scale to depict rating. This rating scale is often implemented by HR managers to conduct employee
evaluation.

5 point likert scale for satisfaction

Numerical Rating Scale: Numerical rating scale has numbers as answer options and not each number
corresponds to a characteristic or meaning. For instance, a Visual Analog Scale or a Semantic Differential
Scale can be presented using a numerical rating scale.

numerical rating scale

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Descriptive Rating Scale: In a descriptive rating scale, each answer option is elaborately explained for
the respondents. A numerical value is not always related to the answer options in the descriptive rating
scale. There are certain surveys, for example, a customer satisfaction survey, which needs to describe all
the answer options in detail so that every customer has thoroughly explained information about what is
expected from the survey.

Comparative Rating Scale: Comparative rating scale, as the name suggests, expects respondents to
answer a particular question in terms of comparison, i.e. on the basis of relative measurement or
keeping other organizations/products/features as a reference.

-Checklists usually offer a yes/no format in relation to student demonstration of specific criteria. This is
similar to a light switch; the light is either on or off. They may be used to record observations of an
individual, a group or a whole class.

A checklist is a tool students can use to make sure they have met all requirements of an assignment that
will be assessed. The teacher creating the checklist decides which features of the assignment are
important enough to factor into how the work will be graded or otherwise evaluated.
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