Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment

Name of candidate: Delmar Nixon

Candidate number:
Name of school: St Joseph High School
Centre number: 090045
Name of Teacher: Miss Khemranie Gopaul.
Territory: Guyana
Date of submission:
Table of Contents

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………pg3
Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………….pg5
Definition of key terms……………………………………………………………….pg6
Literature Review…………………………………………………………………….pg7
Data Collection Sources………………………………………………………………pg8
Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………………pg10
Presentation of Data………………………………………………………………….pg13
Analysis of Data………………………………………………………………………pg17
Discussion of findings………………………………………………………………..pg19
Limitations……………………………………………………………………………pg21
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………pg22
Recommendation……………………………………………………………………..pg23
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………..pg24
Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Miss Khemranie Gopaul

who has given me this opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Migration, which

also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this

project within the limited time frame.

Introduction
Guyana is located on the northern mainland of South America and it often considered part of the
Caribbean. Guyana is bordered north of the Atlantic Ocean and its neighbor Brazil to the south,
Venezuela southwest and Suriname to the east. It has a size of 215,000 square kilometers (83,000
sq. mi), and is the third-smallest sovereign state on mainland South America after Uruguay and
Suriname. Guyana is the only South American country that speaks English and majority of its
population speaks Guyanese Creole.
Migration is a major trend in Guyana which began in the late 1950s and it was therefore
acknowledged that it was mostly young men and a bit of young women that migrate, and
migrated to Great Britain. They were influenced by the British to come to England to work in the
labour force and many Guyanese has seen this as an opportunity to work, and to gain citizenship.
Ten years later (1960s) more younger Guyanese would move to more European countries
(France, England, Germany) and the United States of America due to political, economic, and
social problems, as well as educational purposes. According to a research done by Officer,
Simona Vezzoli whereby she insisted that “Guyana had a meagre migration rate of six percent.”
That rate increased to fifty six percent due to historical findings. With migration a trend in the
country it usually splits family from their love ones and many either children or spouses would
be left behind, if not those whole family.

In this research the researcher would give an insight migration, discuss the possible causes to this
migration phenomenon over the 6th decade period and conclude with the possible solution and
recommendations to this phenomenon.

 Problem Statement- Issues relating to external migration in the family

 Research Question- What are the impacts of external migration in the family?
 Sub-Research Question

1. Which family type is affected the most?

2. What is the purpose for someone to migrate?
3. Which gender migrates the most and why?
 Aims of the Project.
 To evaluate the factors that would contribute many persons to migrate
 To determine what jobs or speciality the migrant may take in the new country
 To determine which family type is affected and why
 To determine which gender migrates the most
Definition of key terms
Migration- . According to Cambridge Dictionary “migration movement from one region to
another and often back again, esp. according to the season of the year”
External Migration- According to Reference.com “External migration, also known as
international migration refers to the act of migration across borders from one country to
another.”
Family- According to Cambridge Dictionary “a group of people who are related to each other,
such as a mother, a father, and their children”
Impacts- According to Cambridge Dictionary “a powerful effect that something, especially
something new, has on a situation or person”

Definition of Family- https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/family

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/impact?q=Impact
Definition of Migration- https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/migration
Literature Review
According to Kaieteur News Guyana Online, in an article, from a researcher from Oxford
University Ms. Simona Vezzoli stated that “Guyana had a meagre migration rate of six percent in
the 1960s.” It shown a major increase from ten years back. Vezzoli noted that by 2010 the rate of
migration increased drastically to a whopping fifty six percent according to her findings and
historical surveys. In essence to that in 1960s she also noted that Guyana had about five hundred
and sixty thousand people with six percent were abroad. During her time of the research she
found out that the population of Guyana had increased to seven hundred and eighty-six thousand
over a fifty-year period and more than half that time was were outside of the Guyanese
jurisdiction. In addition, Ms. Vezzoli discovered that Guyana’s history and migration dynamics
between the years 1940-1960 reflected on colonial migration of the elite countries known as the
developed countries.
More so the elites acquired many Guyanese citizens in which these citizens were linked for
the purpose of education, prestigious positions as well as opportunities in the transport and health
sectors, mostly in the United Kingdom. In addition to this trend was also associated with to the
threat of communism to the existing socio-economic structure known as stratification of many
person (middle class, upper and lower class). Due to the stratification the UK commonwealth Act
of 1962 was implemented to stop this.
According to bridge.uk males are the least individual that migrate from their country birth
while females is the most which was confirmed in the 1960s. During that time females would
dominate males in crossing the border. By the 1960s out of every 100 females 47 would be over
the border in search for jobs and opportunities and since then on migration of female had risen
drastically over males.
According to Global Migration Group, it is understood that single parent families are the ones
that are affected the most. “Migrants usually leave their country with the aim of supporting their
families,” stated in an online article. In addition to that it also states that “social care systems in
the country, do not have the capacity to assist those affected by migration.” Hence this would be
a hard job for the spouse that is living in the country of birth when the other spouse leaves. The
other spouse would have to take up responsibilities in an environment that does not prepare them
or accept them in this role. In essence this can cause social vulnerability for the family members
they leave behind

Migration in Guyana- https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2014/04/15/oxford-university-researcher-examines-

guyanas-migration-trend/
Gender Migration- http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Mig-OR.pdf
Family type that is affected by migration - http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/theme/womenchildrenfamilies-left-
behind
Data Collection Sources
This internal assessment project is conducted to examine whether or not external migration
affects the social development of the family within the Caribbean region. The Caribbean region
is the combination of many island territories and a few mainland territories. As a result, a study
to find out how external migration affects the family across the region would take a long time’
since the population size can be large or small depending on the territory chosen for the survey
or questionnaire to be conducted. As a result, the territory of Guyana is chosen for the following
reason:
1. I reside in Guyana.
2. Easy access to the gather and/or the collection of data
This research is a basic quantitative assessment. According to International research,
“Quantitative research is a structured way of collecting and analyzing data obtained from
different sources. Quantitative research involves the use of computational, statistical, and
mathematical tools to derive results. It is conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the
problem and understand how prevalent it is by looking for projectable results to a larger
population.”
In order for the researcher gather data relating to the research, a questionnaire will be used to
gather all response from the respondents. A questionnaire is an instrument used to gather
information in a short period of time from a large audience. Why use questionnaire? :
1. It can less time consuming to gather data
2. Data will be cheaper to gather
3. Also it is a source will the researcher will obtain his primary data.
Primary data is basically the original data
Dear Respondent:
I am a CAPE student at St Joseph High School and I will be writing the 2019 CAPE
Examinations. It is required that I must complete an internal assessment to get satisfactory marks to go
along with the examinations. My research is about migration and how it affects the family and the country
as a whole. I am inviting you to participate in this research study by completing the given questionnaire,
all information will remain confidential, please do not include your name and please answer all questions
as honestly as possible and return the completed questionnaires promptly. The data collected will provide
useful information regarding the project
Thank you for taking the time to assist me in my research project.

Your Sincerely
Delmar Nixon
Questionnaire
1. Please state your Gender
Male Female
2. Please tick your Age Group
13-20 21-28 29-36 37+
3. What type of family do you belong to/part of
Single
Nuclear
Extended
Combined

4. Please indicate your Ethnicity

African Mixed Indian Amerindian
5. Have you ever migrated to another country?
Yes No
6. Which caused you to migrate?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
7. Has anyone from your family members or relatives migrated to another country?
Yes No
8. Who are they?
Parent
Sibling
Neighbor
Close Relatives
9. What cause them to migrate?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………..…………………..

10. Have you experienced any form of discrimination in another country?

Yes no
11. Why?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Which gender do you believe migrates the most?
Men Women
13. Please state why
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. What is your view this migration issue?
A threat
An opportunity for someone to build up their life
Reduction in population of the origin country
Nothing
15. Does migration affect family relationships?
yes no
16. How?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. What is the age range of people that normally migrates
0-15 16-31 32-47 48+
18. When they do migrate do they go directly and work?
Yes No
19. If no what do they do either than work?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Does families living abroad help their family living in the origin country?
Yes No
21. How?
Remittances
Barrels
Both
Nothing
22. How will migration affect the social development of Guyana
Degrading in culture and language
Brain Drain
Reduction in population
Nothing
23. What is the best solution to reduce external migration in Guyana?
provision of jobs
Government must deal with crime within the country and end it
Provide workable facilities (educational, Health Care, Recreational)
If other please state
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
Presentation of Data
Factors that cause many people to migrate

Lack of Jobs
3%
13% Crime
6% Political Reasons
3% 51%
Climatic

24% Poor Ecomony

Lack of facilites

Graph 1 is showing the factors that would contribute many persons to migrate
In the above graph we can see that fifty one percent (51%) of the respondents stated that people
migrate because that country does not have jobs to secure them, twenty four percent (24%) said
that crime in the country is the second major issue to why people migrate, thirteen percent (13%)
stated that poor economy in the country which is also a concerning factor as well as six percent
(6%) that represents climatic factors and finally three percent (3%) represent lack of facilities
and political reasons respectively.
Option Number of Tally Percentage
Respondents
Lack of Jobs 15 IIII IIII IIII 50%
Crime 7 IIII II 23%
Political Reasons 1 I 3%
Climatic Factors 2 II 6%
Poor Economy 4 IIII 13%
Lack of facilities 1 I 3%
 What they do when they migrate
RECREATION 18%

TO LIVE WITH FAMILIES OR FRIENDS 22%

TO HAVE AN EDUCATION 19%

WORK 41%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

What they do when they migrate

Graph 2 is showing what migrants do when they migrate

In in the above graph it is clearly seen that forty percent (40%) of the respondents stated that
most migrants head out to work in their various field, twenty two percent (22%) stated that most
migrants migrates to be with their families abroad, penultimately nineteen percent (19%)
migrates for higher education and finally eighteen percent (18%) for recreation.

Option Number of Tally Percentage

Respondents
Recreation 5 IIII 18%
To live with families 7 IIII II 22%-
or friends
To have education 6 IIII I 19%
Work 12 IIII IIII II 41%
 Which family type is affected
80%
70%
67%
60%
50%
40%
Which family type is affected
30%
20% 23%
10% 10%
0% 0%
SINGLE NUCLEAR EXTENDED COMBINED

Graph 3 is showing which family type is affected when someone migrates

Sixty seven percent (67%) of the respondents stated that singles parent families are mostly
affected whereas twenty three percent (23%) stated that nuclear families is the penultimate most
that would be affected and finally ten percent (10%) of the respondents stated that extended
families are affected which is the least of all.
Option Number of Tally Percentage
Respondents
Single 20 IIII IIII IIII IIII 67%
Nuclear 7 IIII II 23%
Extended 3 III 10%
Combined 0 0%
 Which gender migrates the most

33%
Male
Female
67%

Graph 4 is showing which gender migrates the most

From the above data is it seen that sixty seven percent (67%) of the respondents stated that
females migrates the most whilst thirty three percent (33%) stated that males migrate which is far
less that of the females

Option Number of Tally Percentage

Respondents
Male 10 IIII IIII IIII 33%
Female 20 IIII II 67%
Analysis of Data
Graph 1 is showing the factors that would contribute many persons to migrate
In the above graph we can see that fifty one percent (51%) of the respondents stated that people
migrate because there is a lack of jobs in the country. If there is no job within the country the
people may see this as a concerning factor when it comes to the standard of life/ living within the
country. They themselves would not want to live in such life where they can’t maintain
themselves or even their family and would therefore see this as an opportunity to migrate
elsewhere and to have a proper job, in addition twenty four percent (24%) said that crime in the
country is the second major issue to why people migrate, in life there is good and there is bad
nothing in life is like a fantasy or a happy world as many may seem. Due to a fluctuation of
crime rates periodically in the country, many citizens sees this as a driving force for them to
move. Crime is considered to be the second major reason as to why people migrate. They
themselves do don’t want to be involved in such activities which may cause harm to them and
others and may have to pay the penalty, they prefer to bypass all of that. Thirteen percent (13%)
stated that poor economy in the country which is also a concerning factor as well. With that
being said, if there is a poor economy in the country it will therefore be a major setback in
finances for salaries, utilities as well as for development. The country itself would not be able to
provide the necessary for the public and its citizens and this would cause so much conflicts and
issues in the country. Another factor would be climatic factors that is represented by six percent
of the respondents. Many people may like the cold weather if not the tropical weather. This can
be a deciding factor on the individual/s take and finally three percent (3%) which represents both
lack of facilities and political reasons respectfully. With the lack of facilities in the country,
many people would not have the privilege the others in the other countries to use or to have a
particular facility and this would be seen as a bad way of the standard of living in the country.
Graph 2 is showing what migrants do when they migrate
in the above graph it is clearly seen that forty percent (40%) of the respondents stated that most
migrants head out to work in their various field, this also correspondents to why people migrate
from Guyana. It relatively understood that many people migrate to go and work and to obtain a
suitable salary. But before that could happen they must work depending on the field the strong
in, when they get in to that field the can then progress and obtain while, twenty two percent
(22%) stated that most people migrate to be with their families abroad. This is also true to why
people migrate. They would go and live with their relatives abroad, either to gain citizenship in
that country, or for recreation and would or would not come back to their country of birth.
Penultimately nineteen percent (19%) migrates for higher education. This is would be so because
their country of birth would not have the suitable educational facilities for them to achieve their
goals. Abroad would be their destination due to the fact that there are many facilities out there in
the world that can help someone to be successful in what they want to do and finally eighteen
percent (18%) for recreation. Most citizens would migrate for recreation. This may be so because
they want to explore other places and to have fun there maybe for a long or short period of time

Graph 3 is showing which family type is affected when someone migrates

Sixty seven percent (67%) of the respondents stated that singles parent families are mostly
affected. Most single parent families are self-sufficient while others are not. Those who are not
self-sufficient cannot maintain themselves or even if they have children cannot provide from
them. This would be a tough task for them to support themselves and their children. The other
(either mother or father) who is in a better position financially can help the other by sending back
remittance for the aid for their child/ children wellbeing. But not all single parent family have
that spouse that would send back for their children or even for the other spouse and basically this
can be difficult for the spouse at home. Whereas twenty three percent (33%) stated that nuclear
families is the penultimate most that would be affected. This can be so if both the spouses cannot
maintain their family financially and would have to depend on others for help for the wellbeing
of them and their children. This also is least likely to happen because one of the spouse would be
determined to find a job to support his/her family and finally ten percent (10%) of the
respondents stated that extended families are affected which is the least of all. Extended families
is basically a hugh family. Where most of the relatives in the family are self-sufficient and can
work for themselves and to support the family at large.

Graph 4 is showing which gender migrates the most it is that seen that sixty seven percent (67%)
of the respondents stated that females migrates the most. This happens because of gender
inequality. It can be seen that men outclass women in terms of work and skills. Many think that
women are people that is made for the homes and the homes only. They do not see women as
equals to men and always stereotyping women. But there are women who can do a man’s job
even if it’s a heavy duty or a light work. Most women sees this as an opportunity to prove men
wrong and show what they are capable of, they do not want to always be in the home but out
there making a name for themselves either to support them or their family. They want to be
equals they do not want to be in houses. In addition to that they do not want low paying jobs they
want to be highly paid and that’s why they go overseas to achieve that. Whilst thirty three
percent (33%) stated that males migrate which is far less that of the females. They go in search
for quality jobs to be well paid just like what many women demand to as well support their
family.
Discussion of Findings
Migration was the problem in this research in essence to that, the significance of this research is
to acquire information regarding the migration phenomenon in Guyana from back then to now
1960s to present. In addition the researcher will reflect on the causes of migration, how it will
affect social development, to determine what citizens do when they migrate as well as which
family type is affect and not forgetting to state which gender migrates the most.

The researcher found out that in graph one which signifies the factors that would
contribute to many persons to migrate, seen that fifty percent of the respondents (50%)
stated that lack of jobs is the major issue that contribute to this phenomenon. It is in fact
that this survey is true as compared to a kaieteur news article online whereby a research
on migration in Guyana in the 1960s was done by Simona Vezzoli, which states “In fact
she discovered that Guyana’s history and migration dynamics between the 1940s and
1960s reflected colonial migration: of the elite for “prestigious positions” and those
oriented to the United Kingdom” which was retrieved from
https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2014/04/15/oxford-university-researcher-examines-
guyanas-migration-trend/ However migration is still a trend that occurs in Guyana
whereby many people are heading out looking for jobs to support themselves as well as
their families due to the lack of jobs opportunities in Guyana.
 Too it is seen that mostly females migrates the most which was represented by sixty
seven percent (67%) of the respondents. This is relatively true in a study that was
conducted by Sushila Rai which states” The common perception is that migrants are
predominantly male. In fact, global estimates by sex confirm that since 1960 numbers of
female cross-border migrants reached almost the same numbers as male migrants”
which was retrieved from
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Mig-OR.pdf .
 The family type that is mostly affected would be the single parent family which is
represented by sixty seven percent (67%) of the respondents. This is so because single
parent families cannot maintain themselves financially and even if they have children it
would be a difficult environment for them. This information is also fact that was
researched and proven from,
http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/theme/womenchildrenfamilies-left-behind
Which states that “single parent families are the ones that are affected the most. Migrants
usually leave their country with the aim of supporting their families,” to assist them
financially and to send back products for the wellbeing of their spouse and/or
child/children.
Limitation

1. Questionnaires was not returned on time

2. Few questions was not answered
3. Participants was a bit dishonest
4. Researcher had limited time to complete the Internal Assessment therefore some aspects
of the research had to be narrowed down
5. Max of 30 questionnaires was given out to the people of the community of lodge in
which that represents less than a fraction of the population
6. Only one area of study is used
7. Researcher could not interpret certain hard writings from the respondents
Conclusion
It can be concluded that this research was a challenging one and it involves lots of work. But
indeed, migration is a major issue in Guyana that occurs time after time whereby many would go
in search of a job to maintain their family and themselves. Added to that it is acknowledged that
mostly women migrate in search of jobs for betterment of themselves and their families, and
finally, single parent families are mostly affected when their spouse migrates.
Recommendation.
 The research reveals that lack of jobs in Guyana is a major issue in the country. To
resolve this, the government of the country must make way for job opportunities in the
country to support their citizen so they themselves can acquire a job based on their needs
 Stop gender inequality and stereotyping of citizens
 Improve the country way of life and standard of living
Appendix
References

 Definition of Family retrieved from-

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/family
 Definition of Impact retrieved from-
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/impact?q=Impact
 Definition of Migration retrieved from-
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/migration
 Family type that is affected by migration retrieved from
http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/theme/womenchildrenfamilies-left-behind
 Gender that migrates the most retrieved from-
http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/sites/bridge.ids.ac.uk/files/reports/CEP-Mig-OR.pdf
 Migration retrieved from-
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259983168_Determinants_of_Migration-
_A_review_of_literature
https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/606-migration-and-children.html
 Vezolli. S Migration in Guyana retrieved from-
https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2014/04/15/oxford-university-researcher-examines-
guyanas-migration-trend/