Land Surveying II

Tropic:- Introduction (Theodolite)

 Angle measurements
For accurate extended works and reliable and
faster dedicated equipment needed

Compass

Sextant

Theodolite
 Compass

❖ Poor Accuracy

❖ Can use for Reconnaissance

 Sextant
Generally used to measure the
vertical angles (elevation) to
celestial bodies above the horizon.

Primarily used for Navigation,

even today !

Less usable in land surveying,

If held horizontally, can used to

measure the H. angle between two
distinct objects
Angle:- Difference in direction between two convergent lines

H.A. :- Formed by the directions to two objects in a Horizontal

Plane

V.A. :- Formed by two intersecting lines in a Vertical Plane, one

line is along the
Horizontal Plane
❖ Direction is an angle between a meridian and a line
✓ Has a magnitude (value) and an Orientation

❖ Bearing:- Clockwise
angle of a line
between the north and
the direction to that
line

✓ North could be the true

north, magnetic north or
grid north as applicable
 Types of Bearing

1. Whole Circle bearing

Whole Circle bearing of line (AB) is the clockwise angle
from 0’ to 360’ (from North), between the starting point
(A) to the end point (B).
2. Reduced/Quadratic bearing
Reduced bearing of line is lying
between 0’ to 90’; between the
direction to North or South and the
direction of the line
Forward and Backward Bearing

Forward bearing of AB= 50’ Back bearing of AB= 230’

Discuss when FB > 180’ …?

Vertical Angles
 Expressing the Magnitude of an Angle

✓ Sexagesimal System:- Circumference is divided into

360 parts (Degrees)- each degree further divided into
Minutes (60) and Seconds (60) – most common

✓ Centesimal System:- divided into 400 parts (Grads/Gon)

✓ Mil:- divided into 6400 parts (Mills) – used by military

✓ Radian System:- divided into parts 2π (Radians) - common

Learning Process

I Hear, I Forget

I See, I Understand

I Do, I Remember