Module No.

1
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanics
SCI 103

This course deals with the science of fluids (liquids and gases). It discusses
aerodynamics, the study of air and gases in motion; and hydrodynamics – the study of liquids in
motion. It also explains the fundamental concepts and principles relating to speed, pressure and
forces particularly Bernoulli, Pascal and Archimedes’. It allows students to gain knowledge of
how this topic is applied to daily activities and solve practical problems.

Total Learning Time: 3 hours per week

You cannot dissociate yourself from the world of physics. Everything you see, hear, or
feel has something to do with physics from the moment you wake up in the morning until you
sleep at night. You may see an airplane flying, a cruise ship sailing, blood dripping from a bag
hanging to a patients arm, seeing the tiny cardiac cells during angioplasty procedure, a car being
repair in a car shop, the operation of the most efficient bullet train in the world, switching your
lights on, hearing the news about Covid vaccine or even you can smell the favorite perfume of
someone you like most. These are just some of the situations and activities everywhere and yet
so many of us even those who have gone to school, hardly realize that all of them can be
explained by physics and physical laws.

Physics is the basis of technology from the simplest appliance like the can opener, the
washing machines, refrigerators, TV set and the transformers atop the electrical posts. This is
what makes physics different from other sciences. While biology helps us understand life, and
chemistry brings us to the world of atoms to explain why substances react the way they do and
mathematics gives us the quantitative understanding of biology and chemistry, physics help us
learn much from the life’s experiences concerning the changes in the natural world.

This module introduces several topics such as Physics and its division as well as its
branches, famous physicists in the field of fluid mechanics, mathematics of physics, and
measurements and units.

At the end of this module, the students are expected to:

1. describe the major fields of physics

2. appreciate the important contribution of some famous physicists in the field of fluid
mechanics
3. discuss the importance of a standard system of measurement
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 4. convert measurement from one unit to another accurately
5. express measurement and quantities in scientific notation and vice versa
6. perform mathematical operations involving exponents and scientific notation
7. transform and derive equation

1. Physics and its branches

2. Famous Physicists

3. Measurement

4. Some Mathematical Concepts and Principles

a. Exponents

b. Scientific Notation

c. Formula Transformation

 The word Physics is derived from the Greek word “physis” meaning “nature or natural
things”. Physics is both descriptive and predictive in nature. Its descriptive aspect deals
with conceptual understanding which involves theories, laws and principles that explain
different phenomena. On the other hand, the predictive aspect of physics involves the use
of mathematics as a tool in solving physical quantities in various phenomena. This made
physics different from other sciences.
 Basically, physics deals with the scientific study of the relationship between force, matter
and energy and their interactions. There is physics in everything we do. Understanding
physics will help us appreciate and take care of our surrounding, safeguarding the future
of the future generations and protecting the only habitable and livable place in the
universe.
 Physics has two distinct divisions: Classical and Modern.
 Classical physics involves theories and principles discovered before the 19 th century
while Modern Physics emerged from the discoveries of principle and theories from the
first half of 19th century and up to the present time.
 Classical Physics include: Newtonian Mechanics (basically known as Mechanics),
Thermodynamics, Waves (Acoustics and Optics) and Electricity and Magnetism that
paved the way for Modern Physics.
1. Mechanics – deals with the study of motion of macroscopic bodies. It studies the way
matter and forces interact with each other. The principles of mechanics are applied in
building machines and constructing structures such as bridges, dams and high – rise
condominiums.
Branches of Mechanics:
a. Kinematics – branch of mechanics that deals with the description of motion. It studies
motion without regard to the forces present. It is simply the mathematical way of
describing motion.

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 b. Dynamics – branch of mechanics that deals with the behavior of objects under the
action of external forces. The study goes beyond the relationships between the variables
of motion as revealed in kinematics to the cause of motion which is force.
c. Fluid mechanics – a branch of mechanics which deals with the behavior of gases and
liquids. Its application include calculating forces on aircraft and predicting weather
patterns.
2. Thermodynamics – deals with the study of heat transfer and the changes that result
from it. It also studies heat and its relationship with other forms of energy. Knowledge of
thermodynamics is applied in power generation, air conditioning and chemical reactions.
3. Electromagnetism – deals with the study of the relationship between electricity and
magnetism and describes all kinds of electromagnetic phenomena, from atomic to global
scales. Its useful applications include CAT scan machine and electric motors found in
many devices such as mobile phones and computers.
4. Optics – deals with the study of the physical properties of light and its nature and
behavior. It also involves the study of light and vision and the investigation of
phenomena associated with the generation, transmission, and detection of
electromagnetic radiation. Design of optical devices such as lenses and lasers requires
understanding of optical phenomena.
 Modern Physics on the other hand include the following sub - disciplines: Theory of
Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, Solid State Physics,
Plasma Physics and other special fields that emerged from modern concepts and theories.
1. Atomic and Molecular Physics – studies the properties of matter at the atomic scale
and examines the structure, behavior and properties of atoms particularly the ways in
which they interact with light.
2. Biophysics – applies the tools and techniques of physics in studying living organisms.
It is an overlap between biology and physics. Biophysics also goes hand in hand with
medicine, which plays a big part in saving human lives from various diseases.
3. Chemical Physics – involves the use of the principles and theories of physics in
studying chemical processes. It is similar to physical chemistry, and its applications
including developing batteries, fuels, medicines and the like.
4. Cryogenics – studies the behavior of materials at very low temperatures.
5. Fluid Physics – studies the nature, behavior, and movements of gases and liquids.
5. Geophysics – deals with the study of earth using the principles of physics. It plays an
important part in the fields of meteorology, oceanography, and seismology.
7. Health Physics – involves the protection of people against health hazards especially
radiation.
8. Mathematical Physics – emphasizes the mathematics used as a medium for
understanding physics. Mathematics is the language of nature, it brings precision to
physics. Every law in physics can be expressed using mathematics.
9. Nuclear Physics – deals with the study of the structure, properties, and reactions of
atomic nucleus and their applications.
10. Plasma Physics – deals with the behavior and properties of fully ionized plasma.
11. Planetary Physics – studies the origin, structure and evolution of planets and
planetary systems.
12. Quantum Physics – studies the quantum theory which deals with the interactions
between matter and electromagnetic radiation. It involves the theory of matter that states
that particles maybe described as waves and waves maybe described as particles.
13. Relativity – describes objects moving nearly at the speed of light.
14. Solid – State Physics – examines the structures and properties of materials in solid
phase using quantum mechanics
15. Particle or high energy physics – is concerned with the properties of submicroscopic
particles smaller than atoms, including elementary particles such as electron and protons.

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 Other branches include: astrophysics, Physical Chemistry, and the like.

 Here are some of the famous physicists under fluid mechanics:

1. Blaise Pascal was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, inventor, and
theologian. In mathematics, he was an early pioneer in the fields of game theory
and probability theory. He contributed to the study of atmospheric pressure by
discovering that vacuums are real and exist in the real world.
2. Archimedes the most famous mathematician and inventor in ancient
Greece. Archimedes is especially important for his discovery of the relation
between the surface and volume of a sphere and its circumscribing cylinder. He
is best known for formulating Archimedes' Principle, also known as the law of
buoyancy, but he observed many other laws of physics and recorded his
observations as mathematical theorems.

3. Daniel Bernoulli was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. His work on

hydrodynamics demonstrated that pressure in a fluid decreases as the velocity of
fluid flow increases which explains the lift of an aircraft, became known
as Bernoulli's principle.

4. Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille a French physician and physiologist who

formulated a mathematical expression for the flow rate for the laminar (non -
turbulent) flow of fluids in circular tubes.

5. Sir George Gabriel Stoke - British physicist and mathematician noted for his
studies of the behavior of viscous fluids, particularly for his law of viscosity,
which describes the motion of a solid sphere in a fluid, and for Stokes’s theorem,
a basic theorem of vector analysis.

6. Sir James Lighthill - British applied mathematician, known for his

pioneering work in the field of aeroacoustics. His innovative contributions
to such fields as applied mathematics, aerodynamics, astrophysics,
and fluid mechanics found such applications as the design of the supersonic Concorde
jetliner and noise reduction in jet engines.

7. Sir Jorace Lamb - English mathematician who contributed to the field of

mathematical physics. The word vorticity was coined by Lamb in 1916. He wrote the
books Hydrodynamics and Dynamical Theory of Sound.

8. Osborne Reynolds - British engineer, physicist, and educator best known for his work
in hydraulics and hydrodynamics. He formulated the theory of lubrication (1886) and in
1889 developed the standard mathematical framework used in turbulence work.

9. Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor - British physicist and mathematician, and a major figure
in fluid dynamics and wave theory. He made important discoveries in fluid mechanics,
as well as significant contributions to the theory of the elastostatic stress and
displacement fields created by dislocating solids, the quantum theory of radiation, and
the interference and diffraction of photons.
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 10. Ludwig Prandtl was a German fluid dynamicist, physicist and aerospace
scientist. He was a pioneer in the development of rigorous systematic
mathematical analyses which he used for underlying the science of
aerodynamics, which have come to form the basis of the applied science of
aeronautical engineering

 In physics, measurement is very essential. Measurement is the process of comparing an

unknown quantity to a standard one. When we wake up, we start measuring different
quantities such as time. These quantities may either be classified as fundamental quantity
or derived quantity. A fundamental quantity is determined directly by using a measuring
device. Examples of fundamental quantities are length, mass, time, temperature,
luminous intensity, electric current and amount of substance. A combination of two or
more fundamental quantities forms a derived quantity such as area, volume, density,
velocity, acceleration, force, work, power and energy.
 To indicate different physical quantities, a system is needed to set the standard of
measurement for each specific quantity. Ancient people used units of measure that were
based on parts of the human body. These cannot be considered as standard units because
they vary from person to person. Today, accurate measurements play an important role in
different professions and vocations: carpenters measure the wood they use in building
houses; dressmakers measures the cloth they sew; mothers measure the amount of milk
they prepare for their children; market vendors measure the fruits, vegetables, meat and
fish they sell; doctors prescribed the right amount of medicine to their patients, civil
engineers determine the quality and quantity of materials needed in the construction of
different structures; and scientists measure physical quantities involved in their
experimental work.
 Humans has devised many ways of measuring length using the dimensions of parts of the
body: the width of the index finger (kubit); the span of a hand (dangkal); and the length
of the arms (dipa) among others. But this system of measurement is problematic because
people have different sizes of index finger, hands or arms. Thus, systems of measurement
that involve comparison with a standard were devised.
 In the quest to understand the world around us, scientists seek to find relationships among
physical quantities that can be measured. Physics is most quantitative of the sciences. It
deals with concepts that can be measured. Two measurement system are commonly used-
Système International d’Unitès (SI) or International System of Units, and the English
System (ES). Most countries use SI units but some countries, notably the U.S. and U.K.,
still use English system, although these countries have a timetable for adopting the SI. In
some parts of the world, including the Philippines, both systems are in use. There is a
Philippine law making the SI the official system of measurement but compliance remains
a problem.
 The units of measure were standardized about 200 years ago. There are 2 systems that
carry different standardized units: the British or the English System and the metric
system.
 The English system was first adopted in England during the time of King Edward I and
later became widely used in in the United States. It is also known as the FPS system
derived from the names of the standard units of length (foot), weight (pound) and time
(second). Other units include in this system are horsepower, mile, yard and inch.
 The metric system which originated in France in 1791 under Napoleon Bonaparte has the
units, meter, centimeter, gram, kilogram and second known as the MKS (meter, kilogram
and second). The international standard kilogram is kept at the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures in Sevres near Paris, France.
 The modern metric system has been officially named and known worldwide as the
International System of Units. It was fully adopted in the Philippines in January 1, 1983
through Batas Pambansa No. 8 states that “the modern metric system is the sole
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 measurement system for all products, commodities, materials, utilities, services and
commercial transactions in all contracts, deeds in legal instruments and documents”.

Table 1. The Fundamental Quantities and Units

Quantity Unit Symbol Definition
Length Meter M One meter is the length of path traveled by light in a
vacuum in 1/ 299, 792, 458 of a second.
Mass Kilogram Kg One kilogram is the mass of the standard platinum –
iridium cylinder.
Time Second S One second in the duration of 9,192, 631, 770
periods of the radiation corresponding to the
transition between two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of cesium 133 atoms.
Temperature Kelvin K One kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the triple point
of water.
Electric current Ampere A One ampere is the constant current which, if
maintained in two straight parallel conductors of
infinite length of negligible circular cross section
and placed one meter apart in a vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force equal to 2
x 10 -7 newton per meter of length.
Luminous Candela Cd One candela is the luminous intensity in a given
intensity direction of a source that emits monochromatic
radiation of frequency of frequency 540 x 10 12
hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction
of (1/683) watt per steradian.
Amount of mole Mol One mole is the amount of substance that contains as
substance many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kg of carbon-12.

Length
The first truly international standard was the meter (m)
established as the standard of length by the French Academy of
Science in the 1790s. The standard meter was originally chosen to
be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth’s equator to
either pole, and a platinum rod to represent this length was made.
(One meter is, very roughly, the distance from the tip of your nose
to the tip of your finger, with arm and hand stretched out
horizontally.) In1889, the meter was defined more precisely as the
distance between two finely engraved marks on a particular bar of
platinum-iridium alloy. In 1960, to provide even greater precision
and reproducibility, the meter was redefined as 1, 6550, 763. 73
wavelengths of a particular orange light emitted by the gas krypton-
86. In 1983 the meter was again redefined, this time in terms of the
speed of light (whose best measured value in terms of the older

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definition of the meter was 299, 792, Some Typical Lengths or Distances (order of
458 m/s, with an uncertainty Magnitude)
of 1m/s). The new definition Length (Distance) Meter
reads: “The meter is the length of path (approximate)
travelled by light in vacuum during a Neutron or proton (diameter) 10 -15 m
time interval of 1/299, 792, 458 of a Atom (diameter) 10 -10 m
second.” Virus 10 -7 m
Sheet of paper (thickness) 10 -4 m
British units of length (inch, Finger width 10 -2 m
foot, mile) are now defined in terms of Football field length 10 2 m
the meter. The inch (in.) is defined as Height of Mt. Everest 10 4 m
exactly 2.54 centimeters (cm; 1 cm = Earth Diameter 10 7 m
0.01 m). The Table below present Earth to Sun 10 11 m
some typical lengths, from very small Earth to nearest star 10 16 m
to very large, rounded off to the Earth nearest galaxy 10 22 m
nearest power of 10. Earth to farthest galaxy visible 10 26 m

Some Typical Time Intervals ( Order of

Time magnitude)
The standard unit of time is the Time Interval Second
second (s). For many years, the second was ( approximate)
defined as 1/86, 400 of a mean solar day (24 Lifetime of very unstable 10 -23 s
h/day x 60 min/ h x 60 s/ min = 86, 400 subatomic particle
s/day). The standard second is now defined Lifetime of radioactive 10 -22 to 10 28 s
more precisely in terms of the frequency of elements 10 -6 s
Lifetime of muon 10 0 s (=1 s)
radiation emitted by cesium atoms when
Time between human 10 5 s
they pass between two particular states. heartbeats 3 x 10 7 s
There are, by definition, 60 s in one minute One day 2 x 10 9 s
(min) and 60 min in one hour (h). The table One Year 10 11 s
below presents a range of measured time Human lifespan 10 13 s
interval, rounded off to the nearest power of Length of recorded history 10 17 s
10. Human on Earth 4 x 10 17 s
Age of Earth
Age of Universe

Mass
Some Masses
The standard unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
The standard mass is a particular platinum-iridium Object Kilograms
cylinder, kept at the International Bureau of Weights (approximate)
and Measures near Paris, France, whose mass is defined Electron 10 -30 kg
Proton, neutron 10 -27 kg
as exactly 1 kg. A range of masses is presented in the
DNA molecule 10 -17 kg
Table. Bacterium 10 -15 kg
When dealing with atoms and molecules, we usually Mosquito 10 -5 kg
use unified atomic mass unit (u or amu). In terms of Plum 10 -1 kg
kilogram, Human 10 2 kg
Ship 10 8 kg
1 u = 1.66605 x 10 -27 kg.
Earth 6 x 10 24 kg
Sun 2 x 10 30 kg
Galaxy 10 41 kg

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 Converting Units
Quantity UNIT Any quantity being measured,
such as length, speed or an electric
English System Metric System
current, consist of a number and a
Length 1 inch (in) 2.54 centimeters unit. Often a given quantity is one
1 foot (ft) (cm) with set of units, but one may want
1 mile (mi) 0.304 meter (m) Common Weights and Measures
1..61 kilometers
Length
(km) Metric System
Mass 1 ounce (oz) 28. 35 grams (g) 1 millimeter = 1/1,000 meter
1 ton (short) 907.2 kilograms (kg) 1 centimeter = 1/100 meter
2.2 pounds (lb) 1 kilogram 1 decimeter = 1/10 meter
Volume 1 gallon (gal) = 4 3.79 liters (L) 1 meter (basic unit of length)
quarts (qt) 0.95 liter 1 dekameter = 10 meters
1 quart = 2 pints 0.47 liter 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters
1 pint American and British Units
1 inch = 1/36 yard = 1/12 foot
it to be expressed in another set of unit. For example, 1 foot = 1/3 yard
suppose a shelf measures that a 21.5 inches wide, and you 1 yard (basic unit of length)
want to express this is centimeter. You must use a 1 mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet
conversion factor, which in this case is, by definition, exactly Conversion Factors
1 in = 2.54 cm 1 centimeter = 0.39 inch
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
or, written another way 1 = 2.54 cm/in 1 meter = 39.37 inches
Since multiplying by the number one does not change 1 foot = 0.305 meter
1 meter = 3.28 feet
anything, the width of our shelf, in cm, is
1 yard = 0.914 meter
𝑐𝑚 1 meter = 1.094 yards
21. 5 inches = (21. 5 in.) x ( 2.54 ) = 54. 6 cm.
𝑖𝑛 1 kilometer = 0.62 mile
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
If you want to express 900 g in Volume and Capacity (Liquid and
kilograms, the conversion factor Dry)
is 1 kg = 1000 g Metric System
1 milliliter = 1/1,000 liter
1 𝑘𝑔
900 g = 1000𝑔 = 0.9 kg 1 centiliter = 1/100 liter
1 deciliter = 1/10 liter
1 dekaliter = 10 liters
Temperature 1 hectoliter = 100 liters
Conversion Factors
The three most common temperature scales are Fahrenheit, 1 milliliter = 0.034 fluid ounce
Celsius, and Kelvin. Temperature scales are created by 1 fluid ounce = 29.6 milliliters
identifying two reproducible temperatures. The freezing and 1 U.S. quart = 0.946 liter
boiling temperatures of water at standard atmospheric 1 liter = 1.06 U.S. quarts
pressure are commonly used. (Rankine scale is not 1 U.S. gallon = 3.8 liters
commonly used anymore.)
To convert from one temperature scale to another, use the following equations below:
Fahrenheit to Celsius Scale : 𝑇𝐶 = 5 9 ( 𝑇𝐹 − 32) or TC X 1.8 + 32
Celsius to Fahrenheit Scale : 𝑇𝐹 = 9 5 (𝑇𝐶) + 32 or TC – 32 / 1.8

Kelvin to Celsius: 𝑇𝐶 = 𝑇𝐾 − 273.15  Celsius to Kelvin: 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273.15

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Example 1.
In some parts of Siberia, the temperature often plunges to 90 degrees Fahrenheit below zero.
How many degrees Celsius and Kelvin is this temperature?
Solution: Given is TF = - 90 0F
Required: TC and TK
TC = 5 9 (𝑇𝐹 − 32) = 5 9 (−90 − 32) = - 67.78 0C
TK = TC + 273.15 = -67.78 +273.15 = 205.37 K

 Benefits of Metrification
1. The metric system or SI is easier to learn, to remember and to apply.
2. The metric system makes calculation far simpler than in the English system. It is made
easy for calculations because the larger and smaller units can be derived by multiplying
the base unit by powers of 10.
3. There is uniformity in measurement. Scientist worldwide have agreed to this system to
make scientific communication better and to facilitate the development and practice of
the science professions. Manufacturers, traders, farmers, etc., would be better protected
against dishonest trading practices since everyone would be using only one language of
measurement.

 Exponents
An exponent is a number or symbol written above and to the right of a certain number or
symbol called the base. It tells how many times the base is used as a factor.
 Rules on the use of exponents:
1. When multiplying two powers of the same base, add the exponents.
Example1. (2m2) (3m) = 6 m3
2. To obtain a power of a power, multiply the exponents.
Example 2. (2m)2 = 4 m2
3. When dividing two powers of the same base, subtract the exponents.
25 𝑐𝑚3
Example 3. = 5cm
5 𝑐𝑚3
4. To find a power of a fraction, simplify the fraction and raise the numerator and
denominator to the specified power.
10 𝑘𝑚2
Example 4. ( ) 2 = 25 km2
2 𝑘𝑚

 Scientific Notation
Scientific notation is a convenient way of expressing very large and very small numbers.
To write numbers in scientific notation, express the given number as the product of an
integral power of 10and a number equal to or greater than 1 but less than 10. The decimal
point is placed immediately to the right of non - zero digit. The exponent of 10 represents
the number of places the decimal point is moved to the right to the right or to the left. A
negative exponent indicates that the decimal point was moved to the right while a
positive exponent tells that the decimal point was moved to the left.

Example 1. 3569 = 3.569 x 10 3

Example 2. 0.00000176 = 1.76 x 10 -6

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Convert the following:
Part A:
1. 10 000 cm2 to m2 4. 1020F to K
2. 260 ns to hours 5. 2.18 L – cm3
3. 75 kg to lbs
Part B:
Convert the following numbers into scientific notation or vice versa
1. 189 4. 0.000101
2. 0.000000102 5. 9023000000
3. 12050000000000000

Part I. A. Name the physical quantity described by each unit. Write F if it is fundamental
quantity and D if it is derived quantity.

Standard Unit Quantity Fundamental / Derived

1. mile
2. slug
3. kilowatt
4. joule
5. Kelvin

Part B. Convert the following units of measure

1. 80 km/h to m/s
2. 2.5 GB to B
3. 12 y to s
4. 20 kg/L to g/L
5. 110 lbs to kg
Part C:
Solve for the following:
𝑘𝑞 𝑞
1. 𝐹 = 𝑑22 1 a. q2 b. d

Part D. Evaluate the following:

18 𝑚4
1. (10 s3) (5 s2) 2. (108) (10-2) 3. ( 3𝑚6 )

Part E. Express the following using scientific notation or vice versa.

1. 189 000 000 000 000 4. 0.000000000000601

2. 0.0000000000785 5. 0.000123
3. 430 0000

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Part II. Output Based

1. Make an e photo album of the famous physicists in the field of fluid mechanics

2. Construct a puzzle using the important terms discussed in this module. Note: Not less than 20
words.

3. Make a timeline for inventors/inventions in fluid mechanics using the format below and
answer all the questions.

1. Read about formula transformation.

Guide Questions
1. What is a formula?
2. What is formula transformation?
3. Transform the following equation:
1
1. 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 a. m b. v
2
2. Solve for n
𝑤 𝑛2 𝑛 𝑤
a. m = 𝑛 b. 𝑎 = 2𝑠 c. 𝑎 = 𝑚
Visit this site to be informed about the international system of units:
Read more: http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Hy-Kr/International-System-of-
Units.html#ixzz6obSlHbLR

a. Books

1. Physics Fundamentals 2 (2012). Serway, Raymond and Vuille, Chris. CENGAGE

Learning Philippine Edition

2. Breaking Through Physics(2009). Santisteban, Celeste Joan C., Baguio, Saranay M.

C & E Publishing Inc.,
3. USA Physics- You and the Natural World Series byNavaza & Valdez, Phoenix Publishing
House, Phils.
b. Website

a. http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Hy-Kr/International-System-of-Units.html
b. https://www.google.com/search

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Name:__________________________Year & Section:_____________ Date:_________ Rating:_____
Timeline of History in Fluid Mechanics

I. Objectives:
1. Make a timeline of the main events in the history of the development of fluid
mechanics
2. Describe the various electronic gadgets or equipment invented
3. Cite the importance of this electronic gadgets or equipment in today’s modern m
world
4. Appreciate the outstanding contributions of different physicists in the field of
fluid mechanics by citing its relevance in one’s life

II. Materials:
Reference materials for historical developments fluid mechanics, extra sheet of
bond papers

III. Procedure:
1. Study the reference materials. Make a summary and time line of the
development of electronic gadgets / equipment and discoveries. Add extra
sheet/s if necessary.

IV. Data and Observation

Table 1: Time Line for Historical Developments in Electronic Gadgets/ Equipment/

Discoveries
Date Electronic Gadgets / Discover/ Inventor Importance
Equipment/Concepts

Guide Questions
1. Enumerate and describe some electronic gadgets / equipment you used most of
the time.

2. Who among the physicists is your favorite? Why?

3. For you, is the most important discovery? Why?

V. Conclusion

VI. Enrichment

In today’s modern and technologically advanced world, given the chance to make or
invent a device or discover a principle/theory related to fluid mechanics, what would it be
and why?

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