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Abstract
Introduction
1)History of oil well planned
The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 600 B.C. These wells had depths of up
to about 240 metres (790 ft) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles.The oil was
burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines
connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to
contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was
known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century

The history of oil well drilling in United States(US) begins in the mid 1800s,at the time of
industrial revolutiom.it was a time when people need something bether than candles to work
and read by.One of the best oil to burn in the lamp is sperwhale oil.It was clear well,nearly
orderless light in weight and burnt with little smoke.But that whale oil can only offered by
wealthy person so it is time to give something inexpensive and more lastly than whale oil.

At the time 1854 New York professor named George Bissell received a sample of unusual
liquid from creek that flow through woods of Crawford and venango countiesin
northwesteren of Pennsylvania.The liquid was good lubricant and was of course oil.As it
flows through rock people call it Rock Oil.Indeeed so much oil is flowed and settled in creed
so named it Oil Creek.The same sample came from land just southeast of the town of
Titusville where oil come from the rock as spring.

The Drake Well

After studying the sample the Bissell was convineced that this liquid is one of best for
lighting than at that time known.Bissell started collecting money.One beg problem that time
was that from the spring of oil people can only retrived about 1 gallon.It was difficult
proposal for company to drill and go for risk.At that time drilling was not knew for
people.They drilled salt wather well in Titusville that some also produced oil whixh is danger
for them as it contaminate the salt.The company hired Edwin L.Drake to care the project at
Titusville.He was unemployed road conductor and he has a lot time to give to project.

By spring of 1859 Drake employed William A.Smith to be his well driller,an experienced
brine well driller.The first thing Drake and Smith did ,they drive steel pipe through a soft
surface to bed rock,usually running todays drilling called casing,in order to prevent soil come
to the hole.They built a drilling rig,run a drilling tool inside casing and drill a rock.At august
26,1859 Drake and smith had drilled the hole to a depth of about 69ft(21m).Smith noted that
the bit suddenly droped but it was quitting time so they would start wok on Monday.At
Sunday Smith decided to look at the well.When he looked at top of casing the oil comes at
the top.It was filled up with oil.It was first successful oil well in US.Noone sure that how
much oil was produced,but it was probably around 800 to 1200 gallon(about 3000 to
4800liters) per day.News has spread repeadtly and dozens of well was drilled afther.Soon
rock oil used in machinery and as a lamp source stand longer lastly.

a)The OPEC Era

Beginning in the 1950s, numerous shifts occurred that transferred control over oil and gas
production and pricing from “Big Oil” and oil-consuming countries to oil-producing
countries.

The governments of many oil-producing nations, particularly in the Middle East and South
America, saw the Integrated Oil Companies (IOCs) operating there as instruments of their
countries of origin (usually the U.S. or European countries). For both economical and
geopolitical reasons, the leaders of the producing countries began asserting their authority for
control of their countries’ oil and gas resources (and associated wealth).

To signify their newfound authority, in 1960 the governments of Venezuela, Saudi Arabia,
Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran founded the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) for the purpose of negotiating with IOCs on matters of oil production, oil prices, and
future concession rights.OPEC had little impact during its first decade of existence. The tide
turned in the early 1970s with the confluence of rising energy demand, re-negotiation of
terms of business in Libya by Muammar al-Qaddafi, and the fourth Arab-Israeli war.

Note that Saudi Arabia has the majority of OPEC reserves, followed closely by Iran and
Venezuela. Outside OPEC there are other large oil reserves, including the North Sea
(controlled by the UK, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands), Canada’s oil sands
and deepwater reserves off of Brazil and in the Gulf of Mexico.OPEC, based in Vienna, was
created primarily in response to the efforts of Western oil companies to drive oil prices down.
OPEC allows oil-producing countries to guarantee their income by coordinating policies and
prices. Membership in OPEC gives a country prestige in the eyes of the global community.
Today, members of OPEC are: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
b)The National Oil Company Era

Tightening supplies, growing demand, high crude oil and natural gas prices, and a changing
geopolitical climate contributed to the growing dominance of national oil companies. This
new world has become increasingly complex and political, with Venezuela and Russia as
representative examples.Hugo Chavez’s decision in 2007 to abandon production agreements
and other forms of collaboration with IOCs in Venezuela has tightened control of PDVSA’s
(The National Oil Company of Venezuela) current production and access to reserves by the
government.

The same is essentially true in Russia, where the government has strengthened the position of
Gazprom, the state-controlled gas conglomerate, to the point of reneging on contracts with
IOCs.The dramatic change in the balance of control over the global oil and gas business is
illustrated by the two pie charts, The New Leadership – NOCs. In 1972, IOCs and major
independents accounted for 93% of the world’s production, while NOCs accounted for 7%.
Today the balance is all but reversed, with NOCs now controlling 73% of a much larger pie
of world oil and gas production.

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2)Cable tool drilling methord
The intial methord used to drill a well is CTD methord. Cable-tool drilling is a method of
drilling in which a hole is made by the repeated blows generated by lifting and dropping a
heavy chisel bit on rocks or underground formations. The heavy (usually blunt) chisel bit is
the “tool” and the cable could be made of something as simple as a manila rope or multiple
steel strands (wireline). Cable-tool drilling is one of the earliest known methods used to drill
for hydrocarbon fluids. This method of drilling did not have the luxury of a fluid circulating
system common with modern rotary drilling which removes the crushed rock fragments. So
after some time, drilling has to be paused to allow bailers to be used in removing rock
fragments that have settled at the bottom of the hole before drilling can resume once again.

This method is suitable for the soft and fissured rock formations. In purely soil formations
this method gives very high working rate. This method consists in breaking and pulverizing
the subsoil material by series of repeated blows with a cutter made of hard metal. The
pulverized material mixes with water and it is then removed. Bores as big as 30 cm in
diameter and over 200 to 300 m deep can be very conveniently drilled which meet the normal
requirement.

Cable tool drilling consists of a mast, a multiline hoist, a walking beam and an engine. The
string of tools includes drill bit, drill stem, drilling jars which serve as connecting links and
rope socket for connecting drill line.
a)Components of CTD:

To disscuss CTD methord see at figure 1.The main components of CTD are:

Diagram 1:Cable Tool Drilling with equipments name.

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1.The Drill String

The drill string of a cable tool rig is composed of the bit, drill stem, jars, and a rope socket
enabling their attachment to the drilling line or cable. The main parts of the drill string are

1. The drill bit: A heavy steel bar, generally four to eight feet long, having the lower or
drilling end dressed to varying degrees of sharpness depending on the formation to be
drilled. Sharper bits are used in hard rock drilling while soft rock bits are quite blunt.
Cable tool bits are made from high carbon and molybdenum-silicon alloy steels in a
number of patterns by various manufacturers. Naturally these bits require frequent
sharpening or dressing which is performed at the well by the driller.
2. The drill stem: A cylindrical steel bar generally 10 to 20 feet long which is screwed
directly above the bit. Its diameter depends on the hole size and the amount of weight
desired. The purpose of this member is to furnish additional weight for the downward
drilling blow
Diagram 2:Drill string tools.

3. Jars: Heavy steel links which connected within each other much like two links in a
chain. Their function is to produce a sharp upward blow on the tools, causing them to
be jerked loose from soft, sticky formations, and allowirig a clean, sharp drilling
blow. Long stroke jars having two to six feet of telescope action are often used in
fishing jobs (retrieving of tools, etc. lost or stuck in the hole). Drilling jars normally
have strokes of less than one foot and are often omitted in hard rock drilling.Tool
joints: Connectors for the bit, drill stem, etc. These consist of tapered, coarse threaded
connectors machined on the ends of the tools. The thread design allows easy makeup,
and the necessary tightness is obtained from the metal-to-metal fit at the flat shoulders
of the joint. Proper tightness of these joints is essential to prevent the severe drilling
vibrations from unscrewing the tools.
4. Rig Lines:The standard rig has three lines or cables used for various purposes. These
are the drilling line, the sand line, and the calf or casing line. A steel cable is
composed of a number of wire strands wound helically around a hemp or independent
wire rope center with a uniform length of lay. A lay is the length of rope required for
individual strands to make one revolution g,bout the center and is further specified as
right, left, or Lang lay.
5. Prime mover:The first prime mover used in CTD is steam engines.Although internal
combustion engine is now common.It is used for high quilaty water to remove
cutting,used to run beams to delever a sharp successive blows to the bottom.But its
overall efficencey is too low.Now a days Multi-cylinder internal combustion engine is
use.
…

3)Merit and Demerit of Cable Tool Drilling

a)Merits

The main important factor choosing of drilling method is cost.In many shallow areas tool for
drilling is Churn.The main advantages of churn is:

1)Consist of lower initial equipment hence less chance of depreciation.

2)The lower operating expense.

3)The lower fuel and maintains cost.

4)Fewer personal are required.

5)Low water requirement for drilling.

6)Lower transportation cost to carry.

7)The lower rig set up time.

b)Demerits

The main demerit of percussion is the limitation of drilling rate and depth.Although a cable
tool method can drilled to extend depth of 11145ft the time and cost are really much higher
than other rotary methord.Others demerits are:

1)Less automatic control over high pressure from formation which may cause blow out and
danger for personal.

2)Large diameter casing are required for higher hole increases it costs.

3)Failure of drilling line and fishing job.

It must be noted that many advantages and disadvantages are due to absence of drilling fluid
as it circulation required much power and also its manufactures are high.
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4)References
1)Petroleum Engineering Drilling and well completion By Carl Gatline.

2)A primer of oil well drilling By Ron Baker sixth edition.