Assignment # 1

SECURITIES AND TRADING

NAME: MUHAMMAD ALI RAZA
ROLLNO: F19BBA06
SEMESTER: 4TH SEMESTER

BY | DR. Imran Arshad

What is Cryptocurrency?
Cryptocurrency is a form of electronic currency or Digital currency, Cryptocurrency is basically
a form of payment which can be exchanged online for goods and services, & this is a
currency that is not issued by central bank, & Many of the reputable organizations have
issued their own currencies, & these are often called as tokens, well these currencies can
be respectively traded for the good or service that the organization provides. Think of
these as you would arcade tokens or casino chips. You’ll need to exchange real currency for
the cryptocurrency to access the goods or service.
The functioning of cryptocurrency is that it works on blockchain. Basically, Blockchain is a
decentralized technology that is spread across many computers, and is spreading very
quickly that is used in managing and recording the transactions. The security of this
technology is its Part of the appeal.
How many types of cryptocurrencies are there?

In total, cryptocurrencies are divided into 3 big categories and these are Bitcoin,
altcoins, and tokens. If we talk on Bitcoin,It is self-explanatory - it's the crypto coin
that everyone always talks about. Altcoins in these regards are mostly derivatives
of Bitcoin, but there are plenty of standalone coins, too. Finally, tokens are mostly
used for dApps.
List of Top 10 cryptocurrencies.
1. Bitcoin
2. Ethereum
3. Binance coin
4. XRP
5. Tether
6. Cardano
7. Polkadot 
8. uniswap
9. Litecoin
10. Stellar

1. Bitcoin:
 The currency began officially use in 2009 when its implementation was released as
open-source software and its operations got started, Bitcoin is basically a decentralized
digital currency, which is without a central bank or individual administrator, that can be
sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network without the need for
intermediaries, Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and
recorded during a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. It is around for the
longest of any cryptocurrencies, It’s on top of the list because of its market capital,
volume etc. Many big businesses are using bitcoin as payment, that is increasing
reputation of this currency worldwide.
following are the most famous companies which are accepting Bitcoin
  Microsoft.
 Overstock.
 Home Depot.
 Namecheap.
 Starbucks.
 Whole Foods.
 NewEgg.
And many more etc. Even the
world richest man Elon musk is
investing a lot in this currency. And bit coin is the fastest asset to reach $1Trilion.
Bitcoin is the largest cryptocurrency measured by market capitalization and the
data stored on its blockchain.
Bitcoin Price
60408.20 USD for Apr 12 2021
Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $60,175.94 $61,253.04 $59,589.87 $59,893.45

Mar 12, 2021 $57,821.22 $57,996.62 $55,376.65 $57,332.09
Feb 12, 2021 $47,877.03 $48,745.73 $46,424.98 $47,504.85
Jan 12, 2021 $35,516.36 $36,568.53 $32,697.98 $33,922.96
Dec 12, 2020 $18,051.32 $18,919.55 $18,046.04 $18,803.66
Nov 12, 2020 $15,701.30 $16,305.00 $15,534.77 $16,276.34
Oct 12, 2020 $11,392.64 $11,698.47 $11,240.69 $11,555.36

2. Ethereum
ETH is a cryptocurrency. ETH is a scarce digital money that you can use on the internet – & it is
similar to Bitcoin. It is the 2nd -largest cryptocurrency by total market capitalization in the
global world at $211.2bn, well it was first proposed in 2013 by developer Vitalik Buterin, while
the currency went live in July 2015 and this cryptocurrency also relies on blockchain
technology. But Ethereum is far behind bitcoin in value.

Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $2,157.36 $2,199.72 $2,110.37 $2,139.35

Mar 12, 2021 $1,826.55 $1,839.50 $1,728.98 $1,772.10
Feb 12, 2021 $1,783.49 $1,861.36 $1,744.17 $1,843.53
Jan 12, 2021 $1,088.53 $1,149.24 $1,012.76 $1,043.43
Dec 12, 2020 $545.58 $573.34 $545.25 $568.57
Nov 12, 2020 $462.96 $467.68 $452.07 $461.01
3. Binance coin:
The currency BNB was launched through an
initial coin offering in the year 2017, well
like11 days before the Binance cryptocurrency
exchange went online. And BNB was originally
issued as an ERC-20 token running on the
Ethereum network, which consist a total
supply capped at 200 million coins, and 100
million BNBs offered in the ICO. However, the
ERC-20 Binance coins were swapped with
BEP2 Binance on a 1:1 ratio in April 2019 with the launch of the Binance Chain mainnet, and are
now no longer hosted on Ethereum.

Well the BNB are often used as a payment method, a utility token to shop for fees on the
Binance exchange and for participation in token sales on the Binance launchpad. BNB also
powers the Binance DEX (decentralized exchange

Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $526.70 $637.44 $516.28 $598.72

Mar 12, 2021 $290.00 $290.03 $253.95 $263.69
Feb 12, 2021 $124.16 $140.24 $121.73 $136.95
Jan 12, 2021 $38.28 $39.93 $37.19 $38.11
Dec 12, 2020 $27.36 $28.24 $27.33 $28.16
Nov 12, 2020 $27.96 $28.16 $27.35 $27.61

4. XRP:
In order to begin with this, it’s most important to understand the difference between XRP, Ripple and
RippleNet. If we talk on this so basically XRP is the currency that
runs/perform on a digital payment platform called RippleNet, that is on top
of a distributed ledger database which is called XRP Ledger. While the
RippleNet is run by a company named as Ripple, the XRP Ledger is open-
source and this is not based on blockchain, but rather the previously
mentioned distributed ledger database.
The RippleNet payment platform which is functioning is basically a real-time gross settlement (RTGS)
system which aims to enable instant monetary transactions globally. XRP is basically the cryptocurrency
native to the XRP Ledger, for this purpose you can actually use any currency to transact on the platform.

Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $1.35 $1.47 $1.32 $1.47

Mar 12, 2021 $0.453 $0.4637 $0.433 $0.4411
Feb 12, 2021 $0.5246 $0.6126 $0.5183 $0.6086
Jan 12, 2021 $0.2887 $0.3099 $0.2794 $0.2921
Dec 12, 2020 $0.5463 $0.5463 $0.4874 $0.5064
Nov 12, 2020 $0.2563 $0.2581 $0.2528 $0.2549

5. Tether:
Basically the USDT is a stable coin that mirrors price of the U.S. dollar $, This was issued by a
Hong Kong-based company Tether. The token’s peg to the USD is achieved via maintaining a
sum of dollars in reserves that's adequate to the amount of USDT in circulation.
Originally launched in July 2014 as Realcoin, a second-layer
cryptocurrency token built on top of Bitcoin’s blockchain through the
utilization of the Omni platform, it had been later renamed to
USTether, and then, finally, to USDT. In addition to Bitcoin’s, Well the
USDT was then later updated to work on the Ethereum, EOS, Tron,
Algorand, and as well as on OMG blockchains.
The stated purpose of USDT is to mix the unrestricted nature of cryptocurrencies — which may
be sent between users without a trusted third-party intermediary — with the stable value of
the US dollar.
Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $1.00 $1.00 $0.9989 $0.9999

Mar 12, 2021 $1.00 $1.00 $0.999 $1.00
Feb 12, 2021 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00
Jan 12, 2021 $1.00 $1.00 $0.999 $1.00
Dec 12, 2020 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00
Nov 12, 2020 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00 $1.00
6. Cardano:
Cardano in this is a proof-of-stake blockchain platform which says that its goal is to allow
“changemakers, innovators and visionaries” to bring about the optimistic global change.
This open-source project is also aiming to “redistribute the power from unaccountable
structures to the margins to individuals” —which will be helping in creating a society that is
more secure, transparent and fair.Cardano was founded way back in 2017, and the ADA token
is designed in a way to ensure that the owners can participate in the operation of the network
also. Because of this factor, those who hold the cryptocurrency they probably have the right to
vote on any proposed changes to the software.The team working behind layered blockchain say
that there have already been some compelling use cases for its technology, which aims to allow
decentralized apps & smart contracts to be developed with modularity.Cardano is basically
used by agricultural companies in order to track fresh produce from field to fork, while other
products built on the platform allow educational credentials to be stored in a tamper-proof
way, & the retailers to clamp down on counterfeit goods.
Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $1.27 $1.35 $1.27 $1.32

Mar 12, 2021 $1.12 $1.13 $1.03 $1.04
Feb 12, 2021 $0.9271 $0.9451 $0.8711 $0.9256
Jan 12, 2021 $0.2752 $0.3134 $0.2657 $0.287
Dec 12, 2020 $0.1394 $0.1473 $0.1392 $0.1445
Nov 12, 2020 $0.106 $0.1065 $0.1028 $0.1045
7 . Polkadot:
Polkadot is an open-source sharding
multichain protocol that facilitates the
cross-chain transfer of any data or asset
types, not just tokens, thereby making an
honest range of blockchains interoperable
with each other. This interoperability seeks
to determine a totally decentralized and
personal web, controlled by its users, and
simplify the creation of latest applications, institutions and services. The Polkadot protocol
connects the public as well as the private chains, permissionless networks, oracles & the future
technologies, which is allowing these independent blockchains to trustlessly share information
& transactions through the Polkadot relay chain (explained further down). Polkadot’s native
DOT token serves 3 clear purposes: providing network governance and operations, and creating
parachains (parallel chains) by bonding. Polkadot has four core components:
Relay Chain: Polkadot’s “heart,” helping to make consensus, interoperability and shared
security across the network of various chains;
Parachains: independent chains which will have their own tokens and be optimized for specific
use cases;
Parathread: almost like parachains but with flexible connectivity supported a cheap pay-as-you-
go model;
Bridges: allows parachains and parathreads to attach and communicate with external
blockchains like Ethereum.

Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $41.4 $41.73 $39.45 $40.50

Mar 12, 2021 $36.89 $37.43 $34.69 $35.99
Feb 12, 2021 $25.17 $29.67 $24.55 $28.69
Jan 12, 2021 $8.27 $8.62 $7.97 $8.26
Dec 12, 2020 $4.62 $4.80 $4.62 $4.74
Nov 12, 2020 $4.46 $4.47 $4.32 $4.40
8. Uniswap:
It is a popular decentralized trading protocol, which is well known for its role in facilitating
automated trading of the decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.
An example of the automated market maker (AMM), Uniswap was launched in November 2018,
but has gained and gaining considerable popularity this year thanks to (DeFi)phenomenon &
associated surge in token trading.

Uniswap aims to keep token trading automated & completely open to anyone who holds
tokens, while improving the efficiency of trading versus that on traditional exchanges.
Uniswap creates more efficiency by solving liquidity issues with automated solutions, avoiding
the issues which plagued the primary decentralized exchanges.
Well In September 2020, Uniswap went a step further by creating & awarding its own
governance token, UNI, to past users of the protocol. This thing added both profitability
potential & therefore the ability for users to shape its future — a beautiful aspect of
decentralized entities.

Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $29.97 $38.13 $29.61 $36.75

Mar 12, 2021 $31.04 $31.88 $29.42 $31.01
Feb 12, 2021 $21.54 $23.60 $21.27 $22.75
Jan 12, 2021 $5.24 $5.80 $4.98 $5.55
Dec 12, 2020 $2.97 $3.17 $2.97 $3.12
Nov 12, 2020 $2.91 $3.08 $2.83 $2.93
9. Litecoin:
Litecoin (LTC) is a cryptocurrency that was designed in
order to provide fast, secure and low-cost payments
by leveraging the unique properties of blockchain
technology.
The cryptocurrency was created supported the
Bitcoin (BTC) protocol, but it differs in terms of the
hashing algorithm used, hard cap, block transaction
times and a couple of other factors. Litecoin features a block time of just 2.5 minutes and very
low transaction fees, making it suitable for micro-transactions and point-of-sale payments.
It was released via an open-source client on GitHub on Oct. 7, 2011, & therefore the Litecoin
Network went live five days afterward Oct. 13, 2011. Since then, it's exploded in both usage and
acceptance among merchants and has counted among the highest ten cryptocurrencies by
market capitalization for many of its existence.

Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $253.18 $258.60 $241.10 $244.49

Mar 12, 2021 $201.27 $223.61 $198.95 $220.83
Feb 12, 2021 $184.39 $199.42 $178.12 $197.23
Jan 12, 2021 $139.08 $146.72 $128.93 $132.64
Dec 12, 2020 $72.08 $77.52 $72.08 $76.71
Nov 12, 2020 $59.51 $60.45 $58.31 $60.37

10. Stellar:
Stellar is basically an open network that allows money to be moved & stored. well when this was
released in July 2014, 1 of its goals was boosting financial inclusion by reaching the world’s unbanked —
but soon afterwards, its priorities shifted to helping financial firms connect with each other through
blockchain technology.

The network’s native token, lumens, It is serving as a bridge that makes it less expensive to trade assets
across borders. All of this aims to challenge existing payment providers, who often charge high fees for
an identical service.

If all of this sounds familiar, it's worth noting that Stellar was originally supported the Ripple Labs
protocol. The blockchain was created as a result of hard fork, and therefore the code was subsequently
rewritten.

Date open high low close

Apr 12, 2021 $0.5853 $0.6063 $0.5676 $0.5906

Mar 12, 2021 $0.4062 $0.4078 $0.382 $0.3879
Feb 12, 2021 $0.4529 $0.5309 $0.4408 $0.5278
Jan 12, 2021 $0.2721 $0.3109 $0.2569 $0.2817
Dec 12, 2020 $0.1511 $0.164 $0.1507 $0.1589
Nov 12, 2020 $0.08069 $0.08088 $0.07933 $0.08067