Electrical Power and Energy Systems 73 (2015) 124–131

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Adaptive ground distance protection for UPFC compensated

transmission lines: A formulation considering the fault resistance effect
Martín Cruz Rodríguez Paz a,b,⇑, Roberto Chouhy Leborgne a, Arturo Suman Bretas a,c
a
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Osvaldo Aranha 103, Room 116, Porto Alegre, Brazil
b
Federal University of Pampa, Av. M. A. Gomes de Godoy 1650, Room 3125, Bagé, Brazil
c
University of Florida, 216 Larsen Hall, P.O. Box 116200, Gainesville, FL 32611-6200, United States

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a mathematical deterministic adaptive distance protection formulation for UPFC
Received 22 September 2014 compensated transmission lines. The proposed formulation is developed using a phase component
Received in revised form 24 March 2015 approach and considers and compensates for various UPFC operation conditions and non-zero fault resis-
Accepted 18 April 2015
tances. The proposed methodology is completely adaptive and independent of system characteristics
(such as changes in transmission line impedances) or operating conditions (such as different load condi-
tions and controlled reference parameters). Moreover, the proposed formulation uses local and remote
Keywords:
end voltage and current signals as input data. The comparative test results demonstrate potential bene-
UPFC
Distance protection
ficial aspects of the proposed formulation for real-time applications.
Ground fault Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Phase components approach

Introduction distance protection formulations. Thus, to provide a proper

Increasing transmission capacities is always a difficult task. This
is mainly due to environmental and political issues and the
increasing difficulties involved in obtaining transmission rights of
way. FACTS controllers (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) have
been used as an alternative method to increase existing transmis-
sion line transmission capacities [1,2]. The FACTS concept is very
broad, and prominent FACTS devices include Phase-shifting
Transformers (PSTs), Thyristor-controlled Series Capacitors
(TCSCs), Static Var Compensators (SVCs), Static Synchronous
Compensators (STATCOMs), Static Synchronous Series
Compensators (SSSCs) and Unified Power Flow Controllers
(UPFCs). UPFCs, which are a combination of SSSCs and
STATCOMs, are arguably the most versatile and complete FACTS
device [1,2].
FACTS provide many benefits for electric power system opera-
tions. They enable the control of power flows and improve tran-
sient and steady-state stability [1,2]. However, the use of FACTS
can result in various issues, such as the misoperation of transmis-
sion line distance protection relays [3], which constitute the main
transmission line protection equipment [4–7]. The presence of
FACTS devices introduces changes in transient and steady-state
voltage and current signals that are not considered in current
⇑ Corresponding author at: Federal University of Pampa, Av. M. A. Gomes de
Godoy 1650, Room 3125, Bagé, Brazil.
E-mail address: martin.paz@ufrgs.br (M.C.R. Paz).
impedance estimation, the admittance added by the UPFC [3]
should be considered.
In an attempt to address these issues, the negative effects of
using FACTS on transmission line distance protection systems are
presented in [3,8–15].
A study of the SSSC effect on distance protection and an adap-
tive protection methodology is presented in [11,16]. Similarly,
[10,9] presents an adaptive methodology for distance protection
in the presence of SVCs. In [15], the author presents an adaptive
formulation to protect transmission lines compensated via
STATCOM based on synchronized measurements. A study of the
effects of UPFC on distance protection and novel adaptive distance
protection methodologies is presented in [8,12–14].
All previously cited works were performed using symmetrical
components. In these studies, new trip characteristics are gener-
ated by searching all possible system operating conditions, FACTS
device control conditions and fault resistances. None of them per-
forms the fault resistance estimation. Furthermore, any change in
operating conditions (such as different load conditions and differ-
ent controlled reference parameters) or system parameters (such
as changes in transmission line impedances) imply the need to
generate new trip characteristics. The work in [15] is the only work
that presents an adaptive tripping characteristic without the need
to generate new trip characteristic for every change in system
operating characteristics. However, this work only considers
STATCOM’s compensation at the transmission line mid-point.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.04.008
0142-0615/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M.C.R. Paz et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 73 (2015) 124–131
This paper presents a ground distance protection mathematical
deterministic formulation developed using phase coordinates. The
formulation is developed using phase coordinates to suit both bal-
anced and unbalanced systems as well as UPFC compensated sys-
tems. The proposed formulation considers the influence of the
UPFC-controlled parameter knowledge-based scheme and the fault
impedance estimation, thereby offsetting the influence of these
properties on relay-estimated impedance. Additionally, the pro-
posed formulation uses adaptive offset currents and voltages
injected by the UPFC located at the sending end. The consideration
of balanced and unbalanced systems, as the fault impedance com-
pensation under those conditions, is a significant innovation com-
pared with previous works and is considered to be the main
contribution of this study to the state of the art. It is important
to note that the proposed methodology is completely adaptive
and independent of system characteristics or operation conditions.
This means that any change in system operation parameters (dif-
ferent load conditions or different controlled reference parame-
ters), transmission line impedances, fault impedances and UPFC-
controlled parameters will be automatically compensated. The
proposed formulation is not presented in previous works that
addressed the fault impedance compensation of distance relays
for unbalanced systems [17,18]. The faulted circuit impedance
and fault impedance are obtained using measured signals at the
sending end, as well as voltage and current phasors of the remote
terminal, and using the UPFC considering the WAMS implementa-
tion. The formulation was developed as an embedded software
package.
The remainder of this paper is as follows. Section ‘UPFC
modeling’ describes the state-of-the-art UPFC model used in this
work. Section ‘Proposed methodology’ presents and discusses
the proposed distance protection formulation and demonstrates
the derived equations. A case study and the results are
presented in Sections ‘Case study’ and ‘Results’, respectively.
Section ‘Conclusion’ describes the conclusions of this work.
UPFC modeling
The UPFC controller device was proposed by Gyugyi [1]. This is
the most versatile of the FACTS devices and regulates the voltage
and controls the power flow. Fig. 1 illustrates the basic structure
of the UPFC. The UPFC consists of two Voltage Source Converters
(VSCs), one connected in series and one in shunt. Each converter
has a capacitor connected in parallel. When the circuit breakers
that connect two converters are open, each converter can operate
as a STATCOM and as a SSSC [2].
Fig. 1. Basic structure of a UPFC controller.
125
The series converter performs the main task of the UPFC by
injecting a voltage in series with the transmission line through
the coupling transformer. The series converter controls the magni-
tude and the angle of the injected voltage. The shunt converter per-
forms the primary function of absorbing the active power to supply
the series converter. The active component of the current drawn by
the shunt converter depends on the power balance between the
series and the shunt part. The shunt converter is independently
controlled to provide a voltage support to the coupling capacitors
[2,19].
Proposed methodology
The equation presented in [17] can be adapted based on Fig. 2,
and the voltage on bus s in phase k can be calculated as follows:
 
V F k ¼ V sk þ V sek  Z sek  I0sk  x  ½Zlk   I0 s ð1Þ
where
I0s ¼ Is  Ish ð2Þ
and
V sk is the phase k sending end voltage in units of ½V;
V sek is the phase k UPFC series injected voltage in units of ½V;
V F k is the phase k faulted point voltage in units of ½V;
Z sek is the UPFC transformer phase k series impedance in units of
½X;
Zlk is the transmission line impedance phase k vector in units of
½X;
Is is the sending end current in units of ½A;
Ish is the UPFC shunt current in units of ½A;
I0s is the transmission line current in units of ½A;
x is the fault distance in units of line length percent ½%; and
k is the faulted phase k ¼ fa; b; cg.
The voltage at the sending end can be isolated from (1) as
 
V sk ¼ V sek þ Z sek  I0sk þ x  ½Zlk   I0 s þ V F k ð3Þ
In addition, the voltage at the fault point can be written as
V F k ¼ IF k  Z f ð4Þ
where Z f is the fault impedance in units of ½X and IF is the fault cur-
rent defined by
IF ¼ I0s þ Ir ð5Þ
where Ir is the remote end current vector.
126 M.C.R. Paz et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 73 (2015) 124–131

Fig. 2. Compensated three-phase faulted transmission line.

 
Replacing (4) and (5) in (3) and expanding the matrix product of Ish Ir V se Ish
Z map  1  k þ k  Z f þ k  Z sek  1  k
(3), it is possible to obtain for the phase k I sk I sk I sk Is

  k  
  Isa Isha Isb Ishb Isc Ishc
V sk ¼ I0sk þ Irk  Z f  V sek þ Z sek  I0sk  x ¼ p  Zlak   þ Zlbk   þ Zlck  
I sk Isk I sk I sk I sk I sk
 
 Zlak  I0sa þ Zlbk  I0sb þ Zlck  I0sc ð6Þ ð9Þ

Similarly, it is possible to define

However, the relay measures the three-phase currents and voltages
 
at the sending end, which provides Is and not I0s . Then, replacing (2) Ir Ish V se Ish
Z prop ¼ Z map  1 þ k  k  Z f þ k  Z sek  1  k ð10Þ
in (6), I sk I sk I sk Isk
   
V sk ¼ Isk  Ishk þ Irk  Z f  V sek þ Z sek  Isk  Ishk  x
    and
 Zlak  ðIsa  Isha Þ þ Zlbk  Isb  Ishb þ Zlck  ðIsc  Ishc Þ ð7Þ
   
Isa Isha Isb Ishb Isc Ishc
where Zlmk is the line impedance matrix m; k element for
Z ajust ¼ p  Zlak   þ Zlbk   þ Zlck  
I sk I sk I sk I sk I sk I sk
m ¼ fa; b; cg and k ¼ fa; b; cg.
ð11Þ
The measured relay apparent impedance at the relay point is
 Using (10) and (11), it is possible to write the relay trip decision as
V sk Ish Ir V se
Z map ¼ ¼ Zf  1  k þ k  k
I sk I sk Isk I sk Z prop 6 Z adjust ð12Þ

 
Ishk Isa Isha Isb Ishb
þ Z sek  1  þ x  Zlak   þ Zlbk  
I sk I sk I sk I sk I sk where, when Z prop is less than Z ajust , a signal trip will be generated.
  During the fault period, the impedance of the protected trans-
Isc Ishc
þZlck   ð8Þ mission line, which is estimated by (11), will be compared with
I sk I sk
the apparent compensated impedance estimated by the proposed
Four terms can be found on the right-hand side of Eq. (8), which relay using (10).
corresponds to the impedance compensation. The first term repre- When a fault is detected, the elements of Z prop and Z ajust are esti-
sents the influence of the fault impedance; it should be noted that mated through the sending and receiving end current and voltage
this term not only depends on Z f but also is influenced by the cur- measurements and through voltage and current measurements of
rent contributions of the shunt converter and the remote terminal. the UPFC. When the estimated impedance is within the operating
The fault impedance is estimated by a procedure adapted from the characteristic of the relay (Z prop < Z adjust ), a trip signal will be
procedure presented by [17,18]. This term is responsible for the generated.
sub-reaching phenomena of distance protection relays [5,6]. The relay characteristic of the proposed formulation is adaptive.
The second term on the right-hand side, V Sek =Isk , is due to the Every time voltage and current phasors are estimated, a new Mho
voltage injected by the series converter. The third term is a contri- characteristic is defined by (11), where, in every term, the trans-
bution due to the UPFC coupling transformer series impedance. mission line impedance is multiplied by the sending end current
Finally, the fourth term represents the transmission line impe- and the UPFC shunt current. Fig. 3 shows five Mho characteristics
dance between the measurement location and the fault location. estimated during pre-fault and fault periods. The figure shows
This term is influenced by both currents in all phases. The currents the adaptive effect. The last calculated Mho characteristic (named
are due to the sending end and the UPFC shunt converter, thereby the Final decision) is the characteristic when the relay trips.
representing the transmission line mutual impedance coupling Additionally, Z prop is also compensated at every phasor calcula-
effect. tion; Eq. (10) shows three compensation terms, where one term
Replacing x by p, where p is the line percentage to be protected, compensates the fault resistance effect and the other two terms
the terms in (8) can be rearranged as in (9) compensate the UPFC effect.
 M.C.R. Paz et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 73 (2015) 124–131 127

Fig. 3. Relay characteristic adaptability.


Fault resistance estimation r i r i r i
N2 ¼ Zlak  Iisa þ Zlak  Irsa þ Zlak  Iisha þ Zlak  Irsha þ Zlbk  Iisb þ Zlbk  Irsb

r i r i r i
The adaptive distance protection formulation presented in the þZlbk  Iishb þ Zlak  Irshb þ Zlck  Iisc þ Zlck  Irsc þ Zlck  Iishc þ Zlck  Irshc
previous section requires the fault impedance estimation to per-
ð18Þ
form the proposed compensation. During a purely resistive fault
Z f ¼ Rf , it is possible to group the terms in Eq. (6) into two equa- The equations for the real and imaginary components can be
tions, one with a real component indicated by the superscript r grouped in the equation matrix (19):
and the other with an imaginary component indicated by the sub-
script i. " # " #
V requ IrF k N1
Rf 
V requ ¼ IrF k  Rf þ x  N 1 ð13Þ ¼ ð19Þ
V iequ IiF k N2 x

V iequ ¼ IiF k  Rf þ x  N2 ð14Þ

When solving the linear system (19), the fault resistance is obtained
where V requ ; V iequ ; N 1 and N 2 are defined by to later compensate the effect in the relay in Eq. (10).

V requ ¼ V rsk þ V rsek þ Z isec  Iisc þ Z isec  Iishc ð15Þ

Case study
V iequ ¼ V isk þ V isek  Z isek  Irsk c  Z isek  Irshc ð16Þ
 To validate the proposed formulation, different case studies
r i r i r i
N1 ¼ Zlak  Irsa  Zlak  Iisa þ Zlak  Irsha  Zlak  Iisha þ Zlbk  Irsb  Zlbk  Iisb have been analyzed. Several time simulations were implemented
 using Simulink/MatlabÒ [20]. The Resistance Estimator and Relay
r i r i r i
þZlbk  Irshb  Zlbk  Iishb þ Zlck  Irsc  Zlck  Iisc þ Zlck  Irshc  Zlck  Iishc were implemented in Matlab. Fig. 4 illustrates the simulated power
ð17Þ system. Details of the studied system are given in Appendix.

L1_200 km

B6
A A a + + +
N B B b
C C c
Programmable Equiv. 500kV B1 B5 B7 L2_X L2 L-X B3 L3_180 km B4
B2
Voltage Source 8500 MVA

A
A
B
C

A
B
C

300 MW B
Equiv. 500kV
C 9000 MVA
B8
Three-Phase Fault
A
B
C

Equiv. 500kV
6500 MVA

Pulses
Pulses
VdcP
+

VdcP A1
UPFC
A B1
GUI
N Sw N C1
B
A2
+

VdcM B2 Vabc_B1
C VdcM Vabc_B1
C2
Shunt Converter Pulses_SE Vabc_B2 Vabc_B2
Series Converter
500 kV, 100MVA Iabc_SH Iabc_SH
10% injection,
100MVA Iabc_SE Iabc_SE

VdcPM_SH VdcPM_SH
Pulses_SH
VdcPM_SE VdcPM_SE
================= UPFC ====================
2 x 3-level, 48-pulse Converters
UPFC Controller

Fig. 4. Simulated test system [20].

128 M.C.R. Paz et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 73 (2015) 124–131

Results also represents a fault resistance of 40 X, a fault incidence angle of

30° and the UPFC device under case 2 control conditions. The Z trad
The formulation was exhaustively tested using different fault locus ends far from the Zone 1 limits. However, the proposed com-
scenarios. Each scenario presents different fault distances, fault pensation brings the impedance into the Zone 1 limits.
incident angles, fault resistances and UPFC operating conditions. Similarly, Fig. 6 presents the impedance trajectory for another
The various UPFC operating conditions include UPFC, SSSC, internal phase C to ground fault located at 70% of the transmission
STATCOM and uncompensated systems. Table 1 presents the line length measured from the sending terminal, that is, near the
UPFC operation parameters. For each operating condition, several internal limit of Zone 1. This case also represents a fault resistance
faults, at 15%, 40%, 70%, 80% and 85% of the transmission line; fault of 40 X, a fault incidence angle of 30° and the UPFC device under
resistances of 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 X; and four fault incident angles case 2 control conditions. As in Fig. 5, note that the Z trad locus ends
of 0°, 30°, 45° and 90° were simulated, totaling 700 cases. The volt- far from the Zone 1 limits. Even in this situation where the fault
age and current data are measured at the relay location, UPFC and occurred near the border of Zone 1, the proposed methodology
remote end using a sampling rate of 128 samples per cycle, and the was able to determine an internal fault.
phasors are estimated using a half-cycle Fourier filter [21]. The Fig. 7 shows the impedance trajectory for an external phase C to
results are compared with a commonly used relay operation for- ground fault located at 80% of the transmission line length mea-
mulation (20), as performed in [3,10,15]. In this work, the formula- sured from the sending terminal, that is, at the outer limit of
tion (20) is named the Traditional Formulation. Zone 1. This case also represents a fault resistance of 40 X, fault
incidence angle of 30° and the UPFC device under case 1 control
Va conditions. In this situation, where the fault occurred near the out-
Z trad ¼ ð20Þ
Ia þ Z0ZZ
1
1
 I0 side border of Zone 1, the proposed methodology was able to cor-
rectly determine an external fault.
where V a is the sending end phase ‘‘a’’ voltage, Ia is the sending end Finally, Fig. 8 shows the measured impedance trajectory for an
phase ‘‘a’’ current, I0 is the sending end zero sequence current, and external phase C to ground fault located at 85% of the transmission
Z 1 and Z 0 are the positive and zero sequence transmission line line length measured from the sending terminal. This case presents
impedances, respectively [6]. a fault resistance of 40 X, a fault incidence angle of 90° and the
Test cases were realized using an MHO Primary Protection Zone UPFC device under case 4 control conditions. Once again, the Z trad
equal to 75% of the Transmission line. locus ends far from the Zone 1 limits. In this situation, where the
First, the compensation effect of Z prop and Z adjust produced by the fault occurred outside the border of Zone 1, the proposed method-
proposed formulation is shown in Figs. 5–8. ology was also able to correctly determine an external fault.
Fig. 5 shows the measurement impedance trajectory for an Following this section, the results of the study, as well as an
internal phase C to a ground fault located at 15% of the transmis- analysis of each scenario, will be summarized. The legends ‘‘Int’’
sion line length, as measured from the sending terminal. This case and ‘‘Ext’’ denote ‘‘Internal’’ and ‘‘External’’ faults, respectively.
Each table shows the results for each event. Thus, for example,
Table 1
Table 2 shows the total simulated faults in the first column, while
Operation conditions. the second and third columns show the internal and external faults
and their respective errors separately.
Case Mode P ref Q ref V ref
Table 2 summarizes the relay performance. Note that the pro-
1 UPFC 10 2 – posed methodology exhibits a very good performance in compar-
2 UPFC 7 1 –
ison to the traditional methodology. Of a total of 700 test cases,
3 UPFC 8 +2 –
4 UPFC 8 2 – the proposed methodology fails to correctly classify faults in only
5 SSSC – – 0.1 four cases, all of which were external faults.
6 STATCOM – 0.7 – To analyze the relay’s sensitivity to fault impedance, Table 3
7 – – – – shows the results classified by each fault resistance.

Fig. 5. Measured impedance trajectory for a phase C to ground fault with x ¼ 15%; b ¼ 30 ; Rf ¼ 40 X and Case 2. Zone1 ¼ 75%.
 M.C.R. Paz et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 73 (2015) 124–131 129

Fig. 6. Measured impedance trajectory for a phase C to ground fault with x ¼ 70%; b ¼ 30 ; Rf ¼ 40 X and Case 2. Zone1 ¼ 75%.

Fig. 7. Measured impedance trajectory for a phase C to ground fault with x ¼ 80%; b ¼ 30 ; Rf ¼ 40 X and Case 1. Zone1 ¼ 75%.

Fig. 8. Measured impedance trajectory for a phase C to ground fault with x ¼ 85%; b ¼ 90 ; Rf ¼ 40 X and Case 4. Zone1 ¼ 75%.
130 M.C.R. Paz et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 73 (2015) 124–131

Table 2 The main advantage of our study compared with previous studies
Relay general performance. is the mathematical deterministic formulation presented in this
Total Sub total Proposed relay Traditional relay work. The results show that the proposed formulation is robust
Int/ext Wrong Right [%] Wrong Right [%] for distance protection even for high fault resistances. Several
operation conditions, including SSSC and STATCOM, were simu-
700 420 0 99.43 384 40.00
280 4 36
lated. The proposed formulation demonstrated satisfactory adapt-
ability and provided accurate analyses under each operation
condition. This work also illustrates the effect of the compensation
on the behavior of the traditional distance protection relay and the
ability of the proposed formulation to compensate the effects of
Table 3
Relay performance, fault resistance sensitivity analysis. the UPFC operation and fault impedances. Due to the lack of math-
ematical formulations for this type of system, the proposed formu-
Rf ½X Total Sub total Right [%]
lation was compared to the traditional method. The simulation
Int/ext Wrong results clearly show that the proposed formulation exhibits excel-
0 140 84 0 100 lent performance. Future work will present results for other types
56 0 of faults under other operating conditions.
5 140 84 0 100
56 0 Acknowledgment
10 140 84 0 100
56 0 The authors would like to thank Coordenação de
20 140 84 0 100 Aperfeiçoamente de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES for financ-
56 0 ing this work.
40 140 84 0 97.14
56 4
Appendix A. Test system data

This section describes the study case system characteristics. The

system has four buses and three transmission line. The buses’ short
Table 4
circuit characteristics are described in Table A.5.
Relay performance, UPFC control parameter sensitivity analysis.
Compensated transmission line parameters are described in
Case Total Sub total Right [%] (A.1)–(A.3).
Int/ext Wrong 2 3
0:1135 0:0978 0:0976 
1 100 60 0 100 6 7 X
40 0
R ¼ 4 0:0978 0:1131 0:0978 5 ðA:1Þ
km
2 100 60 0 100
0:0976 0:0978 0:1135
40 0
2 3
3 100 60 0 99.00 1:6376e  003 9:2168e  004 7:8330e  004 
40 1 6 7 H
L ¼ 4 9:2168e  004 1:6379e  003 9:2168e  004 5
km
4 100 60 0 99.00 7:8330e  004 9:2168e  004 1:6376e  003
40 1
ðA:2Þ
5 100 60 0 99.00
40 1 2 3
1:1880e  008 3:6995e  009 1:4605e  009 
6 100 60 0 99.00 6 7 F
40 1 C ¼ 4 3:6995e  009 1:2810e  008 3:6995e  009 5
km
7 100 60 0 100 1:4605e  009 3:6995e  009 1:1880e  008
40 0 ðA:3Þ
UPFC transformers are described in Table A.6.
Transmission lines 1 and 3 were modeled with parameters
Note that all errors occurred in situations where the fault impe- given in Table A.7.
dance was 40 X. Thus, the proposed methodology exhibits a very
good performance in terms of estimating and compensating the
fault impedance.
Table A.5
Finally, Table 4 shows the results for each UPFC operation case. Buses’ data.
Note that errors occurred once for operation cases 3 to 6. In con-
Scc [MVA] Vn [kV] X=R
trast, no error was detected for operation cases 1 and 2, where
the system operated as a UPFC, or for case 7 when there is no con- Bus 1 8500 500 10
Bus 2 6500 500 10
trol of the transmission line.
Bus 3 9000 500 10
These results demonstrate that the proposed methodology is
not dependent on the UPFC control mode.

Table A.6
Conclusion UPFC transformers.

R [pu] X [pu]
This paper presented a new formulation for Distance Protection
Series 0.001 0.02
in transmission lines compensated by UPFC devices. The proposed
Shunt 0.001 0.02
formulation is adaptive and also compensates the fault resistance.
 M.C.R. Paz et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 73 (2015) 124–131 131

Table A.7
Parameters of transmission lines 1 and 3.

Line R1 [X/km] R0 [X/km] L1 [H/km] L0 [H/km] C1 [F/km] C0 [F/km] l [km]

Line parameters
1 0.02546 0.3864 9.34E04 4.13E03 1.27E08 7.75E09 75
3 0.02546 0.3864 9.34E04 4.13E03 1.27E08 7.75E09 180

References [12] Dubey R, Samantaray S, Panigrahi B. Simultaneous impact of unified power

flow controller and off-shore wind penetration on distance relay
characteristics. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2014;8(11):1869–80. http://
[1] Hingorani NG, Gyugyi L. Understanding FACTS. Concepts and technology of
dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.0066.
flexible AC transmission systems. Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331: Wiley –
[13] Moravej Z, Pazoki M, Khederzadeh M. Impact of UPFC on power swing
Interscience, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2000.
characteristic and distance relay behavior. IEEE Trans Power Deliv
[2] Padiyar KR. FACTS: controllers in power transmission and distribution. Anshan
2014;29(1):261–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2270408.
Publishers; 2009.
[14] Dubey R, Samantaray S, Panigrahi B, Venkoparao G. Adaptive distance relay
[3] Zhou H, Wang H, Aggarwal R, Beaumont P. Performance evaluation of a
setting for parallel transmission network connecting wind farms and {UPFC}.
distance relay as applied to a transmission system with UPFC. IEEE Trans
Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;65:113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
Power Deliv 2006;21(3):1137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/
j.ijepes.2014.09.033. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
TPWRD.2005.861329.
S0142061514005845>.
[4] Ziegler G. Numerical distance protection. Germany: Vch Verlagsgesellschaft
[15] Singh AR, Patne NR, Kale VS. Adaptive distance protection setting in presence
Mbh; 2000.
of mid-point {STATCOM} using synchronized measurement. Int J Electr Power
[5] Anderson P. Power system protection. United State of America: Wiley-IEEE
Energy Syst 2015;67:252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.11.032.
Press; 1999.
<http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061514007273>.
[6] Horowitz SH, Phadke AG. Power system relaying. The Atrium, Southern Gate,
[16] Jamali S, Shateri H. Locus of apparent impedance of distance protection in the
Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England: Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2008.
presence of SSSC. Eur Trans Electr Power 2011;21(1):398–412. http://
[7] Mason CR. The art and science of protective relaying. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;
dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.449.
1956.
[17] Filomena A, Salim R, Resener M, Bretas A. Ground distance relaying with fault-
[8] Seethalekshmi K, Singh S, Srivastava S. Synchrophasor assisted adaptive reach
resistance compensation for unbalanced systems. IEEE Trans Power Deliv
setting of distance relays in presence of UPFC. Syst J IEEE 2011;5(3):396–405.
2008;23(3):1319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2007.909210.
[9] Ghorbani A, Khederzadeh M, Mozafari B. Impact of {SVC} on the protection of
[18] Salim R, Marzec D, Bretas A. Phase distance relaying with fault resistance
transmission lines. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2012;42(1):702–9. http://
compensation for unbalanced systems. IEEE Trans Power Deliv
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.04.029. <http://
2011;26(2):1282–3.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014206151200155X>.
[19] Dash P, Pradhan A, Panda G, Liew A. Adaptive relay setting for flexible ac
[10] Singh AR, Dambhare SS. Adaptive distance protection of transmission line in
transmission systems (FACTS). IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2000;15(1):38–43.
presence of {SVC}. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;53:78–84. http://
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.847226.
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.03.020. <http://
[20] The Mathworks Inc. Mathworks Matlab, 2006; 2006. <http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061513001373>.
www.mathworks.com/>.
[11] Ghorbani A, Mozafari B, Ranjbar AM. Digital distance protection of
[21] Chen C-S, Liu C-W, Jiang J-A. Application of combined adaptive fourier filtering
transmission lines in the presence of {SSSC}. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
technique and fault detector to fast distance protection. IEEE Trans Power
2012;43(1):712–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.05.035. <http://
Deliv 2006;21(2):619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2005.858808.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142061512002256>.