COMMUNITY STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

GUIDELINES

for

ARTHUR CAPPER / CARROLLSBURG DWELLINGS

D.C. Office of Planning Anacostia Waterfront Initiative

801 N. Capital Street, NE, Suite 4000
Washington, D.C. 20002
202.442.7600

The Low Impact Development Center, Inc. Washington Council of Governments

5010 Sunnyside Avenue, Suite 200 777 North Capitol Street, NE, Suite 300
Beltsville, MD 20705 Washington, D.C. 20002-4239
301.982.5559 202.962.3200
 COMMUNITY STORMWATER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
ARTHUR CAPPER / CARROLLSBURG DWELLINGS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Overview of Low Impact Development ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Project Goal................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 LID Strategies and Design Criteria ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 Create LID guidelines that are compatible with developer objectives ............................................................ 2
1.4.2 Optimize the use of the urban infrastructure for stormwater management...................................................... 3
1.4.3 Create a sustainable and functional urban landscape....................................................................................... 3
1.4.4 Improve water quality ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.5 Divert water away and disconnect from the Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) ............................................ 3
1.4.6 Reduce runoff volume and runoff peak ........................................................................................................... 4
1.4.7 Direct runoff into distributed LID systems...................................................................................................... 4
1.4.8 Disconnect impervious areas........................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.9 Water conservation.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.10 Energy conservation ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.4.11 Sense of place and Aesthetics.......................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.12 Education......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 DESIGN EXAMPLES.................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 RESIDENTIAL BLOCK .............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Design Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 Potential Practices ........................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Design Benefits ............................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 COMMERCIAL and RESIDENTIAL (MIXED-USE) BLOCK .................................................................................. 7
2.2.1 Design Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2.2 Potential Practices ........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 Design Benefits ............................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 STREETSCAPE and PARKING LOTS ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.1 Design Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.2 Potential Practices ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.3 Design Benefits ............................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 CANAL PARK ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.4.1 Design Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 9
2.4.2 Potential Practices ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4.3 Design Benefits ............................................................................................................................................... 9

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2.5 NETWORK of WALKING PATHS ........................................................................................................................... 10

2.5.1 Design Objective ........................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5.2 Potential Practices ........................................................................................................................................ 10
2.5.3 Design Benefits ............................................................................................................................................. 10
3 APPENDIX ONE: LID DESIGN DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................. 11
3.1 LID Planning Process.................................................................................................................................................. 11
3.1.1 Step 1: Define project objectives and goals.................................................................................................. 12
3.1.2 Step 2: Analysis and site evaluation ............................................................................................................. 12
3.1.3 Step 3: Create overlay .................................................................................................................................. 12
3.1.4 Step 4: Develop LID control strategies ........................................................................................................ 12
3.1.5 Step 5: Design LID Master Plan................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.6 Step 6: Develop schedule, funding and implementation plans ..................................................................... 13
3.1.7 Step 7: Evaluate Success or Modify Design................................................................................................. 13
4 APPENDIX TWO: SAMPLE DESIGN PROCEDURE .............................................................................. 14
4.1 Level One: Distribution.............................................................................................................................................. 14
4.2 Level Two: Hardscape Materials and Curbs .............................................................................................................. 14
4.3 Level Three: Recycling Rainwater and Runoff.......................................................................................................... 14
4.4 Level Four: Recycling Greywater .............................................................................................................................. 14
4.5 Level Five: Water Treatment ..................................................................................................................................... 15
5 APPENDIX THREE: LID TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................ 16
5.1 Runoff Volume and Peak Runoff Control................................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Water Quality .............................................................................................................................................................. 16
5.3 On-Site Re-Use and Water Conservation.................................................................................................................... 17
6 APPENDIX FOUR: LID TECHNOLOGIES BY LAND USE..................................................................... 18
6.1.1 Commercial / Residential Block.................................................................................................................... 18
6.1.2 Landscape...................................................................................................................................................... 18
6.1.3 Open Space / Park ......................................................................................................................................... 18
6.1.4 Streetscape..................................................................................................................................................... 18
6.1.5 Parking Lots & Internal Alleys...................................................................................................................... 19
7 APPENDIX FIVE: BENEFITS OF EACH LID TECHNOLOGY............................................................... 20

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The District of Columbia Office of Planning Anacostia Waterfront Initiative, The Low Impact Development
Center, Inc. (LIDC), and the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (MWCOG) received a grant
from the Chesapeake Bay Small Watersheds Grant Program through the National Fish and Wildlife
Foundation to develop Low Impact Development (LID) design guidelines for the Arthur Capper Hope VI
project in Southeast Washington, D.C. The Hope VI program is a United States Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) redevelopment initiative that is designed to revitalize large urban areas with a mix of
commercial, office, and residential uses. This project is located in the area across from the Navy Yard and
runs from M Street to Interstate 395 and from 2nd Street S.E. to 10th Street S.E. and encompasses
approximately 120 acres. Figure One is a map of the project area.

1.2 Overview of Low Impact Development

LID is an innovative approach to stormwater management that allows for stormwater and environmental
controls to be incorporated into the landscape, built environment, and infrastructure so that pollution is
controlled at the source in small scale distributed facilities, such as green roofs, rain gardens, or permeable
pavers. An advantage of this system is that pollution is not transported through the infrastructure or
drainage system and the facilities can be constructed incrementally. LID allows for multiple objectives to
be achieved including: reduction of the urban heat island effect, energy and water conservation, and
reduced costs for public agencies tasked with maintaining water quality programs, optimize fiscal resources
by combining projects, lower utility user fees, and an improvement in the overall aesthetics of a site. More
information can be found at www.lowimpactdevelopment.org

1.3 Project Goal

The goal of this grant is to provide developers with design guidelines to help them meet stormwater
management requirements using LID practices. These practices must be incorporated into the development
proposal in order to gain approval from the Department of Planning. The guidelines will include some
basic templates and strategies illustrating how LID practices can be integrated into the design of each land
use component. The effort also includes a study by MWCOG on the potential for stormwater to be
disconnected from the combined sewer overflow system and into the separate storm drain system, and the
potential to integrate the use of treated stormwater runoff into water features at a project’s recreational
areas.

This project will have significant implications for land use and development within the District for
improving water quality and will achieve the following results:

Demonstrate the feasibility of using LID on large scale urban redevelopment projects

Show the potential for disconnection of stormwater from Combined Sewer Overflows

Develop strategies for reuse and conservation of stormwater

Demonstrate how LID can be incorporated into the zoning and land development process

Develop prototypical strategies and designs for urban land uses.

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District of Columbia

Arthur Capper
Hope VI
Project Site

I - 395
N
New

W E

S
Jers
South Capitol

ey A
ve

8th SE
M St

Washington Navy Yard

Figure One: Map of Project Area

1.4 LID Strategies and Design Criteria

New planning strategies and design criteria are essential to addressing stormwater management challenges
in the urban environment. The guidelines in this document have been developed with a holistic approach to
stormwater management taking into consideration economic, aesthetic, environmental, and cultural
requirements. The guidelines are designed to address the economic and aesthetic goals of the developer,
the livability of the community, the reduction of redevelopment impacts, and the improvement of
stormwater and environmental controls on the site. Listed below are the principles and practices that were
used as a foundation for the design recommendations:

1.4.1 Create LID guidelines that are compatible with developer objectives
LID strategies and technologies are adaptable to any site and condition and can be installed in an
unlimited number of configurations to optimize the hydrologic function of the landscape. The

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guidelines specify a palette of LID technologies that can be incorporated into the development
proposal. The design goals are:
a) Integrate LID devices into proposed buildings, streetscapes, sidewalks, and buffers without
altering the functionality of the infrastructure, modifying land uses, or reducing density
b) Enhance the overall architectural design concept with LID components such as vegetated rain
gardens, bioswales, and green roofs to help create a “green” community
c) Use engineered LID systems that are low maintenance, are cost effective, and have easy access for
inspection and maintenance

1.4.2 Optimize the use of the urban infrastructure for stormwater management
Utilize every surface in the urban infrastructure -- natural and hardscape -- to perform a beneficial
hydrologic function. The surfaces can be designed to retain, detain, store, change timing, or filter
runoff.

1.4.3 Create a sustainable and functional urban landscape

Design a balanced hydrologic system at the site by considering the potential of all features of the
landscape, buildings, and infrastructure to provide highly efficient, cost effective stormwater
management. This will be accomplished by:
a) Design a comprehensive decentralized stormwater management system that addresses water
quality and quantity issues at the source
b) Select landscape features to replicate natural runoff patterns
c) Use native plants to establish an adaptable and low maintenance landscape that requires less
irrigation and tolerates a variety of climatic conditions
d) Provide opportunities for recycling and reuse of captured rainwater and filtered stormwater
through cisterns, sub-surface retention facilities, and rainbarrels

1.4.4 Improve water quality

Design a configuration of LID technologies that allows the natural systems available at the site to filter
stormwater and promote infiltration. This will be achieved by:
a) Use distributed micro-scale stormwater runoff management systems to reduce large scale source
pollutant loads from stormwater in the management system
b) Use bio-chemical processes that use plants, soil complex in tree box filters, swales, planter boxes

1.4.5 Divert water away and disconnect from the Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)
Conventional systems direct stormwater into the stormdrains and result in CSO events that have
significant environmental consequences. LID technologies utilize the landscape to control the volume
of water on-site, and timing of runoff to reduce CSO events. This will be accomplished by:
a) Evaluating the site to identify opportunities to divert water away and disconnect from the CSO
using correctional drainage techniques
b) Designing collection/storage facilities to recharge, filter, retain and detain runoff (bioswales, rain
gardens, slopes, bioretention cells, sub-surface retention cell)
c) Using inlets that control facilities to delay peak rates

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1.4.6 Reduce runoff volume and runoff peak

Use small-scale controls distributed across the site to alter the hydrologic condition and balance of the
site. Systems such as bioretention cells, bioswales, cisterns, tree box filters, and slopes are effective
controls. This can be achieved by:
a) Lengthen flowpaths and increase the time of concentration in order to modify the peak flow rate
b) Identify and utilize areas capbable of filtration
c) Increase storage volume potential and increase infiltration

1.4.7 Direct runoff into distributed LID systems

Improve the hydrologic function of the site by utilizing stormwater controls at the source. Direct
stormwater toward small-scale LID systems that are dispersed throughout the site in order to manage
(filter, infiltrate, store) water in an evenly distributed manner.

1.4.8 Disconnect impervious areas

Runoff from roofs, driveways, roads, sidewalks, parking lots, and other impervious areas should be
directed toward pervious areas to decrease the directly connected or effective impervious areas.

1.4.9 Water conservation

Use LID technologies to promote water conservation by:
a) Using a series of catchment, collection, and filtering devices to reuse rainwater to reduce potable
water requirements (rooftop collection channels, cisterns, and rainbarrels)
b) Recycling filtered stormwater from sub-surface collection facilities for non-potable applications
(landscape irrigation, fire sprinkler systems, custodial uses, car washes)

1.4.10 Energy conservation

Use LID technologies to promote energy conservation such as green roofs, solar panels or
photovoltaics. Increase the use of passive systems on the site to reduce energy consumption.

1.4.11 Sense of place and Aesthetics

Use LID technologies to enhance the livability of the community through an ecologically sustainable
environment that uses traditional plantings in unconventional planting designs.

1.4.12 Education
Promote public education and awareness through the use of LID technologies that filter stormwater
and recycle collected resources.

Figure Two (below) illustrates the LID technologies that can be used in a typical urban residential block. The
second cross section shows the approximate storage volume potential and the benefits of the LID devices, such
as water quality, volume, and peak control.

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Figure Two: Cross Section Typical Urban Residential Block

2 DESIGN EXAMPLES
The LID Center developed five (5) examples for the Capper / Carrollsburg community based on the
configuration of architectural structures and land use. The purpose of these examples is to illustrate how
the techniques can be used and are to be used as a guide or framework for the developer. The final
configuration, size, and type of design of each practice are dependent on regulatory requirements and
hydrologic and hydraulic objectives. The selection of LID technologies utilized on each block were
dependent on many variables, including potential for large-scale runoff collection/storage devices,
infiltration capacity, existing infrastructure, available open space or vegetated surfaces, proximity to the
outlying edges of the community, and proximity to Canal Park. The five prototypes are:

1) Residential Block
2) Commercial & Residential (Mixed-Use Blocks)
3) Streetscape and Parking Lots
4) Canal Park
5) Network of Walking Paths

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2.1 RESIDENTIAL BLOCK

2.1.1 Design Objective

Each residential block within the community provides an opportunity for the implementation of large- and
small-scale LID techniques that promote water and energy conservation and result in the reduction of urban
heat island effects. The expansive roofing system allows for the collection of rainwater into cisterns for reuse
therefore reducing potable water requirements. Green roofs, green walls, solar panels and solar photovoltaics
are additional conservation practices that could be implemented on a large scale.
Residential, “smaller-scale” methodologies could be implemented in the courtyards and entrances that
contribute to the distribution and reuse of stormwater such as rain gardens, bioretention cells, vegetated
swales, rainbarrels, permeable paving, tree box filters, and native and sustainable ornamental plantings.

2.1.2 Potential Practices

 Building

Roof-top water collection

Cisterns & rainbarrels

Green roofs

Solar panels / photovoltaics
 Landscape

Rain gardens

Bioretention cells

Vegetated swales

Soil Amendments

Permeable paving

Tree box filters

Green walls

Native & sustainable
ornamental plants
 Streetscape (alleys)

Eliminated curb & gutter

Permeable pavers (or green
grids)

Rain gardens

Vegetated swales

Soil Amendments

Curbless parking lot islands PLAN SCHEMATIC

Subsurface stormwater
detention facilities

2.1.3 Design Benefits

 Recreation
 Water Conservation
 Aesthetics
 Energy Conservation
 Reduce Heat Island Effect

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2.2 COMMERCIAL and RESIDENTIAL (MIXED-USE) BLOCK

2.2.1 Design Objective

The mixed-use blocks within the community provide unique possibilities for the utilization of LID techniques
of various scales. The sizeable multiuse buildings can be designed to provide for significant water and energy
conservation as well as contribute to the reduction of the urban heat island effect. LID techniques may include
green roofs, solar panels/photovoltaics, green walls, and a network of rooftop conduits that direct stormwater
to cisterns. These methods reduce potable water requirements as well as reuse stormwater for irrigation, car
washes, etc. as well as increase energy efficiency.
The open space (public and commercial courtyards, private and semi-private gardens) provides an excellent
environment for large- and small-scale landscape LID practices, such as cisterns and other subsurface
stormwater detention, bioretention cells, tree box filters, rainbarrels, permeable paving, rain gardens, and
bioswales.

2.2.2 Potential Practices

 Building

Roof-top water collection

Cisterns and rainbarrels

Green roofs

Solar panels / photovoltaics
 Landscape

Rain gardens

Bioretention cells

Vegetated swales

Soil Amendments

Permeable paving

Tree box filters

Green walls

Native & sustainable ornamental
plants
 Streetscape (alleys)

Eliminated curb & gutter

Permeable pavers (or green
grids)

Rain gardens

Vegetated swales

Soil Amendments

Curbless parking lot islands

Subsurface stormwater detention
facilities PLAN SCHEMATIC

2.2.3 Design Benefits

 Public Relations
 Water Conservation
 Recycled Materials
 Energy Conservation
 Aesthetics
 Recreation
 Education
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2.3 STREETSCAPE and PARKING LOTS

2.3.1 Design Objective

The proposed streetscape design is set apart from conventional design methodologies by the inclusion of LID
strategies and techniques that filter stormwater from the streets, control the peak runoff rate, and trap
pollutants before it is directed to stormdrains. The runoff is directed into inlet pollution control devices, open
swales, and tree box filters. Other sustainable streetscape elements include permeable paving, pollution-
reduction outdoor lighting, and recycled street furniture.
In this scenario curb and gutters are eliminated on the interior of the blocks and stormwater is directed into
adjacent bioswales, bioretention cells, and stormwater collection devices (subsurface stormwater detention).
Parking lots are constructed with paving on the main access roads, permeable pavers or green grids in the
parking bays, and vegetated parking lot islands that capture storrmwater runoff.

2.3.2 Potential Practices

 Streetscape

Inlet pollution control
devices

Pollution-reduction
outdoor lighting

Tree box filters

Recycled street
furniture

Native &
sustainable
ornamental plants
 Parking Lots &
Internal Roadways

Eliminated curb &
gutter

Permeable pavers
(or green grids)

Rain gardens

Bioretention
cells

Vegetated swales

Subsurface stormwater
detention facilities PLAN SCHEMATIC

Curbless parking
lot islands

2.3.3 Design Benefits

 Recycled Materials
 Water Conservation

Aesthetics
 Energy Conservation
 Reduce Heat Island Effect

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2.4 CANAL PARK

2.4.1 Design Objective

The Canal Park is a component of the LID stormwater

management system and serves as both an urban park
and a sub-system that handles increased stormwater
runoff. It is open space, a teaching environment, a
recreational area, a functioning pocket wetland, and
an urban plaza.
The Canal Park is a notable asset in this densely
populated urban setting. The Park will provide a
venue for gathering, recreation, and relaxation. The
Park is distinguished from conventional parks with its
unique approach to water resource management in the
urban context and an educational element that
demonstrates and showcases filtration and reuse of
stormwater.
The LID technologies in the Park include a pocket
wetland that receives and filters stormwater from
adjacent streets and roofs and a gravity-flow channel
leading to a water feature in the plaza. The water
fountain (mist fountain) in the plaza celebrates water.
Other highlights include shaded gathering spaces and
sunny sitting areas, permeable paving, recycled
furniture, pollution-reduction outdoor lighting, and
lush native and sustainable plant material.

2.4.2 Potential Practices

 Canal Park

Pocket wetland

Rooftop stormwater collection

Vegetated swales

Bioretention cells

Permeable paving

Tree box filters

Recycled street furniture

Pollution-reduction outdoor lighting

Native & sustainable ornamental plants PLAN SCHEMATIC

2.4.3 Design Benefits

 Water Conservation  Public Relations
 Energy Conservation  Recycled Materials
 Recreation  Aesthetics
 Education

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2.5 NETWORK of WALKING PATHS

2.5.1 Design Objective

The implementation of LID technologies will result in landscaped or vegetated spaces in, around, and through
each block in the community. These rain gardens, vegetated swales, bioretention cells, green walls, and open
spaces in the community can provide a beautifying and recreational amenity for the residents as they connect
sidewalk to alley to open space at Canal Park. The network of paths provides a variety of experiences for
residents using it for exercise as they pass by residential entrance gardens, courtyards, cafes, and other
commercial entities.

2.5.2 Potential Practices

 Landscape

Rain gardens

Bioretention cells

Vegetated swales

Soil Amendments

Permeable paving

Tree box filters

Green walls

Native & sustainable ornamental
plants

2.5.3 Design Benefits

 Water Conservation
 Energy Conservation
 Recreation
 Education
 Public Relations
 Recycled Materials
 Aesthetics

PLAN SCHEMATIC

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3 APPENDIX ONE: LID DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

This section of the document is designed to provide the basis for determining an overall LID design
strategy. It is important to have a clear and direct planning process to develop a LID program that
addresses stormwater issues pertaining to volume, quality, timing, and conservation. Once strategies and
LID technologies are identified, a master plan can be prepared. This information was developed under an
Assistance Agreement from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Non-point
source program.

3.1 LID Planning Process

A step-by-step process for LID design development is described below:

Step 1: Define project objectives and goals

Step 2: Analysis and site evaluation

Step 3: Create overlay

Step 4: Develop specific control strategies

Step 5: Design LID Master Plan

Step 6: Develop schedule, funding and implementation plans

Step 7: Evaluate Success or Modify Design

DEFINE
PROJECT
OJBECTIVES
AND GOALS

ANALYSIS
AND SITE
EVALUATION

CREATE
OVERLAY

DEVELOP
SPECIFIC
CONTROL
STRATEGIES

DESIGN
LID MASTER
REEVALUATE PLAN
AND MODIFY LID
DESIGN
DEVELOP
SCHEDULE,
FUNDING AND
IMPLEMENT
PLAN

EVALUATE
SUCCESS

Figure Three: LID Design Development and Planning Process

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3.1.1 Step 1: Define project objectives and goals

a) Identify the LID objectives for the entire project.
b) Determine the goals and feasibility for water quality, water quantity, peak runoff control, and on-
site use of stormwater.
c) Determine project character / aesthetic. Identify the baseline principles from which LID design
decisions will be made by defining the LID technologies that support the concept and visual
aesthetic. Determine if it is a goal to irrigate open space with captured rainwater, or whether rain
barrels are a suitable aesthetic for front or back yards. Determine if it is important to offer
residential homeowners the ability to use rain barrels for private irrigation needs, or use
subsurface detention facilities for carwashes. Consider whether green roofs, or roof gardens, are
consistent with the envisioned architectural design.
d) Prioritize and rank basic objectives.

3.1.2 Step 2: Analysis and site evaluation

A site evaluation will facilitate LID design development by providing infrastructural, contextual,
cultural and community clues that will assist in the development of a LID program.

a) Conduct a detailed investigation of the site through collected materials such as drainage maps,
utilities information, soils maps, land use plans, and aerial photographs.
b) Perform an on-site evaluation highlighting opportunities and constraints, such as pollutant
hotspots, potential disconnects from CSOs, slopes, critical drainage areas, sunlight, shade, wind,
habitat, potential green corridors, circulation, powerlines, and stormdrains. Note potential LID
practices and areas where water quality and quantity controls could be installed.

3.1.3 Step 3: Create overlay

a) Classify the land use on each block.
b) Review the proposed architectural plan to identify buildings and structures, open or vegetated
space, parking lots, parking lot islands, side yards, vegetated strips adjacent to sidewalks, and
buffer areas.
c) Create an overlay that identifies opportunities for LID devices.

3.1.4 Step 4: Develop LID control strategies

a) Develop a list of LID control strategies that potentially fulfill the objectives. Determine the
appropriate number of LID controls needed. Identify specific LID technologies for each block
and determine how to integrate them into the site design keeping in mind the optimum location to
meet their design objectives.
b) Specify LID technologies for each land use component.

3.1.5 Step 5: Design LID Master Plan

a) Sketch a design concept that distributes the LID devices uniformly around the project site. Keep
in mind that the Canal Park can make use of stormwater collected from adjacent blocks.
Consider networks of open space or green corridors as an amenity. Take into account using all
surfaces (built, hardscape, and landscape). Keep in mind the multifunctional aspect of LID
technologies (i.e., parking lot with sub-surface detention facility underground).

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b) Develop a master plan that identifies all key control issues (water quality, water quantity, water
conservation) and implementation areas. Specify specific LID technologies and any connections
they have to stormwater overflow units and sub-surface detention facilities.
c) Finalize the plan

3.1.6 Step 6: Develop schedule, funding and implementation plans

The development process is not a linear or static process but one that is dynamic and adaptable.

3.1.7 Step 7: Evaluate Success or Modify Design

Developing a stormwater management program using LID principles and practices is a dynamic
process. Evaluate the design to see if it meets project stormwater management objectives. This will
be achieved by:

a) Conducting modeling and/or calculations to determine if the master plan meets stormwater
control objectives. If the design does not meet the requirements, consider alternative strategies
and repeat Steps 4, 5, and 6.
b) Periodically reevaluate the plan during the implementation process to determine if revisions need
to be made to the stormwater management program.

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4 APPENDIX TWO: SAMPLE DESIGN PROCEDURE

The following example addresses on-site reuse of stormwater and water conservation. Consider the benefits
and feasibility of the various LID technologies. Keep in mind that there are national awards and grants
conferred for innovative green design, such as developers integrating water and energy conservation
technologies that reduce costs for commercial and residential occupants. Determine which level of on-stie
reuse and water conservation is consistent with the project objectives.
The different levels for on-site reuse and water conservation are:

Level One: Distribution

Level Two: Hardscape Materials and Curbs

Level Three: Recycling Rainwater and Runoff

Level Four: Recycling Greywater

4.1 Level One: Distribution

Stormwater runoff is distributed using open and vegetated areas to increase infiltration and reduce the amount
of stormwater that enters the stormdrains. This requires minimal infrastructural modifications.
LID Technologies: Rain gardens, bioswales, bioretention cells, tree box filters, soil amendments, structural
soil, native & sustainable ornamental plants

4.2 Level Two: Hardscape Materials and Curbs

Replace hardscape materials with permable materials. Construct sidewalks, parking bays, and internal alleys
with materials, such as green grids, that allow water to infiltrate. Slope roads in the directions of the parking
lot islands, and construct curb-less islands to allow water to flow into the island. Minimal infrastructural
alterations are required.
LID Technologies: Permeable paving, curb-less parking lot islands, porous parking bays, and above listed
technologies

4.3 Level Three: Recycling Rainwater and Runoff

This level uses above-ground LID devices to channel and collect rainwater from roofs, and uses sub-surface
facilities to treat and collect runoff from roads and sidewalks. The recycled and stored water is used for
irrigation and other non-potable purposes. The devices are integral with the buildings and infrastructure.
LID Technologies: Cisterns, sub-surface stormwater detention facility (below parking lots), rooftop channels,
rain barrels, and above listed technologies

4.4 Level Four: Recycling Greywater

Recycling greywater involves additional infrastructural technologies integrated into the building design
whereby greywater is separated from sewage. The greywater (water from sinks and bathtubs) is collected,
treated, and recycled for many purposes (fire sprinklers, irrigation, flushing toilets, car washes). Greywater is
directed to either a subsurface collection facility or a constructed wetland.
LID Technologies: Sub-surface facility or constructed wetland, and above listed technologies

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4.5 Level Five: Water Treatment

This level of water conservation involves complex infrastructural configurations whereby sewage is treated
adjacent to the buildings by way of a constructed wetland. The water is not recycled but the final product that
infiltrates into the ground has been treated. It is economical and non-mechanical. This is possible in this
urban setting, however, the LID Center does not recommend this level for this project.
LID Technologies: Constructed wetland for wastewater treatment, and above listed technologies

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5 APPENDIX THREE: LID TECHNOLOGIES

This section of the document is designed to provide basic, straightforward information on state-of-the-art
LID technologies to enable developers of the Capper / Carrollsburg redevelopment project to make an
informed decision on the stormwater management strategy and LID technologies for the project. LID
principles and practices allow the designer to create engineered systems that replicate natural watershed
hydrologic functions. LID technology allows for an infinite number of customized configurations for each
land use component. LID technologies are distributed small-scale controls where the aggregate effort
achieves the watershed or site development goal.

LID uses a combination of technologies to achieve the stormwater management objectives in the urban
environment. The technologies primarily fall into these four (4) categories:
1) Runoff volume control
2) Peak runoff control
3) Water quality
4) On-site re-use and water conservation

5.1 Runoff Volume and Peak Runoff Control

A critical factor of a stormwater management program is the balance of infiltration and the runoff volume
released from the site. Increasing infiltration and storage volume capacity on site is a distinctive
component of LID strategies. Broadening the potential for infiltration and storage, and modifying lengths
of flowpaths reduces the runoff volume and peak flow rate of stormwater. LID technologies are, however,
unlike conventional methods as they are small-scale engineered facilities that are distributed throughout the
site and possess a different appearance, many of them much like perennial gardens.
Specific LID technologies that control runoff volume and peak runoff rates are:

Bioretention cells
Pocket wetland

Green roofs
Permeable pavers

Rain gardens
Plant material

Vegetated swales

5.2 Water Quality

Removal of pollutants through LID technology is essential in the urban environment. Combinations of LID
technologies throughout the site allows for pollutant removal at the source.
Specific LID technologies that remove pollutants are:

Tree Box Filters
Pocket wetland

Bioretention cells
Permeable pavers

Green roofs
Water conservation

Rain gardens
Plant material

Vegetated swales

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5.3 On-Site Re-Use and Water Conservation

LID strategies promote the collection, filtration, storage and reuse of rainwater to reduce potable water
demands. Directing rainwater into underground cisterns or directing stormwater into sub-surface detention
facilities for future use for irrigation and other non-potable requirements during periods of drought are
alternative approaches for a stormwater management program.
Specific LID technologies that promote water conservation are:

Rooftop collection channels
Bioretention cells

Cisterns
Sub-surface detention facility

Rain barrels

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6 APPENDIX FOUR: LID TECHNOLOGIES BY LAND USE

Below is a description of the types of LID technologies that can be used for each of land use component.

6.1.1 Commercial / Residential Block

Rooftops present a significant opportunity to detain and filter a significant amount of stormwater
because of their large surface area. Roofs provide an excellent medium to capture runoff and reuse it
for water conservation purposes such as irrigation, air conditioning, pools and fountains.

LID Technologies:

Cisterns
Roof-top water collection

Green roofs
Solar panels / photovoltaics

Green walls
Subsurface stormwater detention

Rainbarrels

6.1.2 Landscape
Open spaces and buffer areas are an important component of LID stormwater management programs.
These comprise a significant part of urban areas and can be used to increase storage, infiltration,
pollutant filtration, or temporarily detain water.

LID Technologies:

Bioretention cells
Soil Amendments

Native & sustainable ornamental plants
Subsurface stormwater detention

Permeable paving
Tree box filters

Rain gardens
Vegetated swales

6.1.3 Open Space / Park

LID Technologies:

Bioretention cells
Soil Amendments

Native & sustainable ornamental
Subsurface stormwater detention
plants
Tree box filters

Permeable paving
Vegetated swales

Pocket wetland
Pollution-reduction outdoor lighting

Rooftop stormwater collection
Recycled street furniture

6.1.4 Streetscape
Streetscapes and sidewalks provide a signifcant potential for storing and filtering runoff. The
materials and subsurface of the streets can be altered to provide for increased infiltration and detain
runoff.

LID Technologies:

Bioretention cells
Native & sustainable ornamental plants

Eliminated curb & gutter
Permeable pavers (or green grids)

Inlet pollution control devices
Rain gardens

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Curbless parking lot islands
Vegetated swales

Soil Amendments
Pollution-reduction outdoor lighting

Subsurface stormwater detention
Recycled street furniture

Tree box filters

6.1.5 Parking Lots & Internal Alleys

Parking lots and parking structures make up a large portion of the urban landscape. They generate a
significant amount of runoff volume and pollutants. These areas can be altered to store or infiltrate
runoff and provide water quality treatment. Parking bays can also be constructed with permeable
pavement in order to store, detain, or infiltrate runoff.

LID Technologies:

Eliminated curb & gutter

Permeable pavers (or green grids)

Rain gardens

Subsurface stormwater detention

Curbless parking lot islands

Soil Amendments

Vegetated swales

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7 APPENDIX FIVE: BENEFITS OF EACH LID TECHNOLOGY

REDUCE ON-SITE REDUCED REDUCE
LID REDUCE PEAK WATER REUSE / RUNOFF HEAT IMPROVED ENERGY AESTHETICS REDUCED PLANT HABITAT POLLUTION
TECHNOLOGY RUNOFF RUNOFF QUALITY WATER TEMPER- ISLAND LIFECYCLE CONSERV MAINTEN- VIABILITY REDUCTION
VOLUME RATES CONSERV ATURE EFFECT -ATION ANCE
ATION
BIORETENTION






CELL
CISTERN


CSO DISCON-



NECTION
ELIMINATE CURB




AND GUTTER
GREEN ROOF








INLET CONTROL


DEVICES
NATIVE PLANT





MATERIAL
PERMEABLE



PAVING
POLLUTION



PREVENTION
RAINBARREL


RAIN GARDEN






ROOFTOP



WATER
COLLECTION
SEEMLESS




ISLANDS
SOIL




AMENDMENTS
SUBSURFACE



DETENTION
FACILITY
TREE BOX





FILTERS
VEGETATED





SWALES

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