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Short Notes: Form 4 Chemistry Short Notes: Form 4 Chemistry
Short Notes: Form 4 Chemistry Short Notes: Form 4 Chemistry
NET
MV quantity of particle
number of mole = number of mole =
1000 6.02 ×1023
M = molarity
V = Volume of solution in cm3
Summary
Volume of
Gas
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Chemical Formula
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Periodic Table
Reaction of Group 1 Elements
The metal oxide of group 1 elements can dissolve in water to form alkali (hydroxide) solution
Li2O + H2O ⎯→ 2LiOH
Na2O + H2O ⎯→ 2NaOH
K2O + H2O ⎯→ 2KOH
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Electrochemistry
Electrolyte
Ionisation of Electrolyte
Ionisation of Molten Compound
PbBr2 ⎯→ Pb2+ + Br-
NaCl ⎯→ Na+ + Cl-
Al2O3 ⎯→ 2Al3+ + 3O2-
Observation:
Brown deposit is formed.
2I- ⎯→ I2 + 2e
Observation:
Molten electrolyte:
Ag+ + e ⎯→ Ag Brown colour gas is produced.
Observation:
Silver deposit is formed. Aqueous solution:
Light brown solution is formed. The solution turns
2H+ + 2e ⎯→ H2 blue when a few drops of starch solution is added in.
Observation:
Gas bubble is formed. A ‘pop’ sound is produced 4OH- ⎯→ O2 + 2H2O + 4e
when a lighted splinter is placed near the mouth of Observation:
the test tube. Gas bubble is formed. Gas produces light up a
wooden splinter.
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Acid and Base
Ionisation of Acid
Nitric Acid
HNO3 ⎯→ H+ + NO3- Ethanoic Acid
HNO3 + H2O ⎯→ H3O+ + NO3- CH3COOH ⎯→ H+ + CH3COO-
CH3COOH + H2O ⎯→ H3O+ + CH3COO-
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Salt
Solubility of Salt
Salt Solubility
Salt of potassium, sodium and ammonium All are soluble in water
Salt of nitrate All are soluble in water
Salt of sulphate Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead sulphate
(Ba) Barium sulphate
(Ca) Calcium sulphate
Salt of chloride Mostly soluble in water except:
(Pb) Lead chloride
(Ag) silver chloride
(Hg) mercury chloride
Salt of carbonate Mostly insoluble in water except:
Potassium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
Oxide and Hydroxide Solubility
Oxide Mostly insoluble in water except: K2O and Na2O.
Hydroxide Mostly insoluble in water except: NH4OH, KOH and NaOH
Preparation of Salt
H2SO4 + Zn ⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2
H2SO4 + ZnO ⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + ZnCO3 ⎯→ ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2
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Preparation of Insoluble Salt
Ionic Precipitation
Insoluble salts can be made by double decomposition. This involves mixing a solution that contains its
positive ions with another solution that contains its negative ions.
Colour of Salt
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Heating effect on Salt
Heating
Effect
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Heating effect on sulphate salt The heating effect on chloride salts
Most sulphate salts do not decompose by heat. Only All chloride salts are not decomposable by heat
certain sulphate salts are decomposed by heat when except ammonium chloride.
heated strongly. Example:
Zinc sulphate, Copper (II) sulphate, Iron (III)
sulphate NH4Cl ⎯→ NH3 + HCl
ZnSO4 ⎯→ ZnO + SO3
CuSO4 ⎯→ CuO + SO3
2Fe2(SO4)3⎯→ Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
Ammonium sulphate
(NH4)2SO4 ⎯⎯→ 2NH3 + H2SO4
Identification of Gases
Gasses Characteristics
Oxygen Rekindle glowing splinter.
Hydrogen Explode with a ‘pop’ sound when brought close to a lighted splinter.
Carbon Dioxide Turns lime water chalky.
Chlorine Bleach moist litmus paper.
Ammonia Pungent smell.
Turn moist red litmus paper to blue.
Produces white fume when reacts with concentrated hydrochloric Acid.
Sulphur Dioxide Pungent smell.
Bleach the purple colour of potassium manganate(VII).
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Nitrogen Dioxide Pungent smell.
Brown in colour.
Turn moist blue litmus paper to red.
Qualitative analysis
Identification of Anions (Negative ions)
Diluted HCl or BaCl (aq) or Ba(NO3)2 AgNO3 follow by Brown Ring Test
diluted HNO3 or (aq) follow by diluted diluted HNO3. ( + FeSO4 (aq ) +
diluted H2SO4 HCl/HNO3 concentratedH2SO4
White precipitate is
White precipitate is
2- Carbon Dioxide is formed. It is soluble in
CO3 released. diluted HCl/HNO3
formed. It is soluble in -
diluted HNO3
White precipitate is
2- formed. It is NOT soluble
SO4 -
in diluted HCl/HNO3
- -
White precipitate is
formed. It is NOT
Cl- - -
soluble in diluted
-
HNO3
Formation of Brown
NO3- - - -
Ring
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Idendification of cation
H2SO4 or
NaOH(ak) NH3(ak) HCl or NaCl Na2CO3 KI
Na2SO4
Na+
White White
White
Ca2+ precipitate.
precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced.
White
precipitate is
White White
produced.
Al3+ Dissolve in
precipitate is precipitate is
produced. produced.
excess NaOH .
solution.
White White
precipitate is precipitate is
White
produced. produced.
Zn2+ Dissolve in Dissolve in
precipitate is
produced.
excess NaOH excess NH3
solution. solution.
White
White Yellow
precipitate is
White precipitate is White White precipitate is
produced.
Pb2+ Dissolve in
precipitate is produced. precipitate is precipitate is produced.
produced. Dissolve in hot produced. produced. Dissolve in hot
excess NaOH
water water
solution.
Blue precipitate
is produced.
White
Dissolve in
2+ Blue precipitate Blue precipitate precipitate form
Cu is produced.
excess NH3
is produced. in brown
solution and
solution
form a blue
solution.
NH4+
= No changes is observed
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Distibguish Iron(II) and Iron(III)
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Haber Process (Making Ammonia)
The reaction
1. Ammonia is made by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⎯→ 2NH3(g); ΔH = -92 kJ mo1-1
Catalyst: Iron
Promoter: Aluminium oxide
Temperature: 450 °C
Pressure: 200-1000 atm
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