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esovePA KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak PaK9 EdlGñksikßakMBugkan´
enAkñúgéden£ xMJúáTáneroberogeLIgkñúgeKalbMngTukCaÉksar sRmab´
CaCMnYydl´GñksikßaykeTAsikßaRsavRCavedayxøÜnÉg nig müa¨geTot
kñúgeKalbMngcUlrYmelIksÞÜyvis&yKNitviTüaenARbeTskm<úCaeyIg
[kanÉtrIkceRmInEfmeTotedIm,Ibeg;InFnFanmnusß[mankanÉteRcIn
edIm,ICYyGPivDÄn_RbeTsCatirbséyIg .
enAkñúgesoven£eyIgxMJúánxitxMRsavRCaveRCIserIsyklMhatýa¨g
sRmaMgbMputBIÉksarbreTsya¨geRcInbMputdUcCa 103 Trigonometry
Problems , Five Hundred Mathematical Challenges,Complex Numbers From
A to … Z , Mathematical Olympiad in China,Mathematical Olympiad
Challenges, Mathematical Olympiad Treasures, International
Mathematical Olympiads 1959-1977,
The IMO Compendium ( 1959-2004 ) , 360 Problems for Mathematical
contest…
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ya¨gek,a£k,ayEdlGac[elakGñkgayyl´qabćgcaMGMBIsil,£énkar
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kMhusqþgedayGectnaRákdCamanTaMgbec©keTs nig GkçraviruTæ .
GaRs&yehtuen£ eyIgxMJúCaGñkeroberogrgćaMedayrIkrayCanic©nUv
mtiri£KnÉbbsSabnaBIsMNak´GñksikßakñúgRKb´mCÄdæanedIm,ICYyEklMG
esovePAen£[ánkanÉtsuRkiRtPaBEfmeTot .
CaTIbBa©bén£eyIgxMJúGñkeroberogsUmeKarBCUnBrdl´Gñksikßa
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át´dMbgéf¶TI 8 mIna 2011

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Problems and Solutions
rkßasiT§iRKbýäg
KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
kRmglMhat;eRCIserIs
!> cUrbgðajfacMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n cMnYn 3n  n3 Eckdac;
nwg 7 luHRtaEt 3n n3  1 Eckdac;nwg 7 .
@> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc nigman M
CacMNuckNþalén [BC] . eKKUsbnÞat;Ekg HP BIGrtUsg; H
énRtIekaN ABC eTA [AM] . cUrRsayfa AM.PM  BM 2
(Japan Mathematical Olympiad Finals 2011)
#> eK[ a , b , c CacMnYnBitviC¢man edaydwgfa
1 1 1
   a  b  c . cUrbgÐajfa ³
a b c
1 1 1 3
  
( 2a  b  c)2 (a  2b  c)2 (a  b  2c)2 16
( IMO Shortlist 2009 )
$> eKyk Q Cap©itrgVg;carwkkñúgénRtIekaN ABC . cMeBaHRKb;cMnuc P

cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
aPA 2  bPB 2  cPC2  aQA 2  bQB 2  cQC2  (a  b  c)QP 2
Edl BC  a , CA  b , AB  c .
-1-
%> smIkar x3  ax2  bx  c  0 manb¤bICacMnYnBitviC¢man

¬mincaM)ac;xusKña ¦.
cUrkMNt;témøGb,brmaEdlGacén 13a2abbc  bc .
(Turkey Team Selection Tests 2008)
^> cUrRsayfa ³
(a2  b2 )(a2  ab b2 ) 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
 4
2
 (a  b  c )(
3
 
ab bc ca
)
Cyc
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man a , b , c .
(Turkey TST 2010)
&> ebI a , b , c CargVas;RCugénRtIekaNmYy ehIy r CakaMrgVg;

carwkkñúgénRtIekaNenaHcUrRsayfa a12  b12  c12  41r 2 .
(Turkey National Olympiad 2005)
*> eK[ a , b , c CacMnYnBitviC¢manehIyepÞógpÞat;lkçxNÐ½

16(a  b  c) 
1 1 1
 
a b c
. cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
1 1 1 8
  
(a  b  2a  2c)3 (b  c  2a  2b)3 (c  a  2b  2c)3 9
(Vietnam Team Selection Tests 2010)
-2-
(>eK[ x , y , z CacMnYnBitepÞógpÞat; x2y 2  2yx 2  1  0 .

cUrkMNt;témøtUcbMput nig FMbMputén
2 1 1
f ( x, y )    y ( y   2)
x2 x x
!0> eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanépÞRkLa S ehIy
K ,L,M ,N CacMnuckNþalerogKñaén RCug
[ AB] , [BC] , [CD] , [DA ].
tag S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 erogKñaCaépÞRkLaénRtIekaNbYn
AKN , BKL CLM , DMN .
cUrRsayfa 3 S1  3 S2  3 S3  3 S3  2 3 S .
( Turkey National Olympiad 2003 )
!!> eK[ a , b , c CacMnYnBitviC¢manEdl a  b  c  1 .
cUrbgðajfa ab 2  bc 2  ca 2  83
1 c 1 a 1 b
!@> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYycarwkeRkArgVg; (  ) kaM r .
tag H , K , L CacMnucb:Hrvag (  ) CamYyRCugTaMgbI
[BC] , [CA] , [ AB] erogKña . eKsg;rgVg;bI (CA ) , (CB ) , (CC )
manp©it A , B , C erogKñaehIyb:HKñaBIr² .
tag R A , RB , RC CakaMénrgVg; (CA ) , (CB ) , (CC ) erogKña
-3-
cUrRsayfa R AR BRC  3 3 r 3 .
!#> eK[RtIekaN ABC manmMukñúgCamMuRsYc .
P CacMnucmYyenAkñúgRtIekaNenH H , K , L CacMeNalEkgén
H erogKñaelIRCug [BC] , [CA] , [ AB] .
2
cMeBaHRKb;cMnuc P cUrRsayfa AL  BH  CK  3
2 2 2 p
Edl p  BC  CA 2
 AB
CaknøHbrimaRténRtIekaN ABC .
!$> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYyehIy M CacMnucenAkñúgRtIekaNenH
D , E , F CacMnucRbsBVrvag AM , BM , CM CamYyRCug
BC , AC , AB erogKña .
cUrRsayfaRKb;cMnuc M eKman AM .
BM CM
MD ME MF
. 8 ?
rYcbBa¢ak;TItaMgén M edIm,I[vismPaBenHkøayCasmPaB .
!%> cMeBaHRKb;RtIekaN ABC eKyk D , E , F CacMnucsßitenA
elIGgát; [BC] [CA] , [AB] erogKña .
yk P CacMnucRbsBVrvag [AD] nig [EF] .
cUrRsayfa AB AF
 DC 
AC
AE
 DB 
AD
AP
 BC .
(Indonesia National Science Olympiad 2009)
-4-
!^> eK[ a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitminGviC¢man nig x , y , z

CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manedaydwgfa a  b  c  x  y  z .
a3 b 3 c3
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³ 2  2  2  a  b  c .
x y z
(Indonesia Indonesia TST 2010)
!&> eK[ a , b , c  0 . cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b 3 ) 9
  
bc ca ab 2
!*> cMeBaH a nig b CacMnYnBit smIkar
x 4  ax 3  bx 2  ax  1  0 manb¤sy:agtic
mYyCacMnYnBit.
cUrKNnatémøtUcbMputén a 2  b 2 ?
(International mathematical Olympiad 1973)
!(> eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanRCug AB  x , BC  y
CD  z nig DA  t . épÞRkLarbs;ctuekaNenHKW S EdlkMNt;
eday S  r (x2  y 2  z 2  t 2 ) .
cUrrktémøtUcbMputéncMnYnBit r ?
-5-
@0> eK[ctumux OABC EdlmMuRtg;kMBUl O suTæEtEkgKña ehIy

OA  a OB  b , OC  c Edl a , b , c  IN *
nig a  b  c  10 .
cUrrkmaDGtibrmaénctumuxenH ?
@!> eK[ P(x)  x5  ax2  b manb¤sR)aM x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5
nig f (x)  x2  3 .
rktémøGb,brmaén f (x1 )f (x2 )f (x3 )f (x4 )f (x5 ) .
@@> eK[knøHrgVg;mYEdlmanGgát;p©it AB  1 .
cMnuc P mYyrt;enAelIknøHrgVg;xagelI . tag PAB  
Edl 0    2 .
cUrrktémøFMbMputén 2 AP  2 3 BP kalNa  bþÚrtémø .
@#> eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYycarwkkñúgrgVg; C(O, R )
nigcarwkeRkA rgVg; C ' (I, r ) .
cUrRsayfa OI  r 2  R 2  r r 2  4R 2 .
@$> eK[ f CaGnuKmn_epÞógpÞat; ³
2001
x
f ( x )  2f ( 2 )  4014  x
x1
. cUrkMNt; f (2004) ?
(Costa Rica Final Round 2003 )
-6-
@%> cUrkMNt;plbUkénmMu A nig B ebIeKdwgfa ³

0o  A ; B  180o ehIy
3 1
sin A  sin B  , cos A  cos B 
2 2
(Canadian Open Math Challenge 1996)
@^> eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYycarwkkñúgrgVg; .
AB.BC  AD.DC
cUrRsayfa AC 
BD AB.AD  BC.CD
@&> eKmanbIcMnYnBit x  1 , y  1 , z  1 Edl xyz  27 .
cUrRsayfa log 3 x 3  log 3 y 3  log 3 z 3  3
@*> eKeGaybIcMnYnBitviC¢man a , b , c . cUrRsayfa ³
a3 b3 c3 3
  
(b  c )3 (c  a )3 (a  b )3 8
@(> eKykBIr:amIt PABC man)at ABC CaRtIekaNEdlmanRCug
a , b , c nig manépÞRkla S . plbUkRkLaépÞénmuxxag PAB , PBC
nig PCA esμInwg 3 dgénépÞRkLa)at ABC .
eK]bmafa PAB  PBC  PCA   Edl 0    2
k> cUrRsayfa tan   2 122S 2
a b c
x> kMNt;témø  EdleFVI[ tan  mantémøGtibrma .
-7-
#0> eKykBIr:amIt PABC man)at ABC CaRtIekaNEdlmanRCug

eK]bmafa APB  BPC  CPA   Edl 0    2
ehIy PA 2  PB 2  PC  AB2  BC2  CA2 .
a b c
K> cMeBaHtémø  rkeXIjxagelIRsayfa PABC CaBIra:mItniyt½ .
#!> kñúgetRtaEG‘t ABCD mYyman BDC  90o
ehIyeCIgéncMeNalEkgBI D eTAbøg; ( ABC) CaRbsBVén
km<s;én ABC .
cUrRsayfa ( AB  BC  CA )2  6( AD2  BD2  CD2 )
etIeBlNaeTIbeyIg)ansmPaB ?
( IMO 1970 )
#@> eK[ x  [0 , a ] nig m , n  0 .
mmnn
cUrRsayfa x (a  x) 
m n
mn
. a mn
.
(m  n )
-8-
##> RtIekaN ABC mYyman AB  x , AC  1  x ¬0  x  1 ¦

nig BAC  90o .
P CacMnucmYyenAkñúgRtIekaN Edl PAB  PBC  PCA  
ehIy 0    90o .
cUrkMNt; x edIm,I[ tan  mantémøGtibrma .
#$> eKyk I Cap©itrgVg;carwkkñúg nig O CargVg;carwkeRkAénRtIekaN
ABC EdlminEmnCaRtIekaNsmgS½ .
cUrbgðajfa AIO  90o luHRtaEt 2BC  AB  AC
(Hong Kong National Olympiad 1999)
#%> cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man a , b , c eKkMNt;tag A  a  b3  c
3
G  3 abc nig H  .
1 1 1
 
a b c
3
 A
cUrRsayfa  G   14  43 . HA ?
 
(IMO LongList 1992)
-9-
#^> rgVg; C(K ; ) b:HeTAnwgRCug AB nig AC énRtIekaN ABC

ehIyp©it K rbs;vasßitenAcm¶ay d BIRCug BC .
k>cUrRsayfa a(d  )  2p(r  ) Edl r CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúg
nig 2p CabrimaRténRtIekaN ABC .
x> bgðajfaebIrgVg; (C) kat;RCug BC Rtg; D nig E enaHeK)an ³
4 r .rA (  r )(rA  )
DE 
rA  r
Edl rA CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúgmMu A énRtIekaN ABC .
#&> eK[ ABCD CaetRtaEG‘tEdlmanplbUkRTnugQmKñaesμI 1 .
cUrRsayfa rA  rB  rC  rD  33
Edl rA , rB , rC , rD CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúgénmuxxagrbs;etRtaEG‘t .
bgðajfasmPaBekItmanluHRtaEt ABCD CaetRtaEG‘tniyt½ .
(IMO Longlists 1986)
#*> cUrkMNt;RKb;KUéncMnYnKt;viC¢man (x , y ) edaydwgfa x2y  x  y
Eckdac;nwg xy2  y  7 .
( IMO 1998 )
#(>eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy .

- 10 -
eKtag I Cap©iténrgVg;carwkkñúgRtIekaN .
knøHbnÞat;BuHkñúgénmMu A , B , C kat;RCugQmerogKñaRtg;
A' , B' , C' .
cUrRsayfa 14  AAAI'..BB BI .CI


'.CC' 27
8
.
( IMO 1991 )
$0> eKtag I Cap©iténrgVg;carwkkñúgRtIekaN ABC mYy .
]bmafargVg;carwkkñúgRtIekaN ABC b:HRCug [BC] , [CA],[AB]
erogKñaRtg; K , L , M .
bnÞat;mYyKUsecjBIcMnuc B Rsbnwg (MK ) kat; (LM ) nig (LK )
erogKñaRtg; R nig S . cUrRsayfa RIS CamMuRsYc ?
( IMO 1998 )
$!> snμtfa O CacMnucmYyenAkñúgctuekaNe)a:g ABCD Edlman

épÞRkla S . eKdwgfa OA 2  OB2  OC2  OD2  2S .
cUrRsayfa ABCD KWCakaer nig O Cap©itrbs;va .
(Balkan MO 1997)
- 11 -
$@> sIVúténcMnYnBit (an ) n1 kMNt;eday a1  1 , a2  3

nig an 2  (n  3)an1  (n  2)an , n  IN
cUrkMNt;RKb;témø n edIm,I[ an Eckdac;nwg 11 .
(Balkan MO 1990)
$#> cUrbgðajfa 2903n  803n  464n  261n Eckdac;nwg 1897
(Eötvös Competition 1899)
$$> eK[etRtaEG‘t SABCman)at ABC CaRtIekaNEdl
manmMukñúgCamMuRsYc. K , L , M CacMeNalEkgén S elIRCug
[BC] , [CA] nig [ AB] erogKña .
eKdwgfa SKBC CA AB
 
SL SM
 d ehIyplbUképÞRkLaénmuxxag
SAB , SBC, SAB esμInwg 3 dgénépÞRkLaén)at ABC .
k> Rsayfa d  a2  6bS2  c2 Edl a , b , c CaRCug nig S

CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC .
x> bgðajfa d mantémøGtibrmaluHRtaEt SABCniyt½ .
- 12 -
$%> eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanRCug AB  a , BC  b

CD  c nig DA  d . O CacMnucmYyenAkñúgctuekaNenHEdl
OAB  OBC  OCD  ODA   ¬ 0    90o )
sin B  cd sin D)
k> cUrRsayfa tan   2(ab
a2  b 2  c2  d 2
x> bgðajfatémø tan  GtibrmaluHRtaEt ABCD CakaerehIy
O Cap©itrbs;va .
$^> cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n nig cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man
a1 , a 2 , ...., a n epÞógpÞat; a1a 2a 3 ....a n  1 cUrbgðajfa ³
n 1 n 1
 4
ai
 
2 a
.
i 1 a i  3 i 1 i
- 13 -
- 14 -
lMhat;TI1
cUrbgðajfacMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n cMnYn 3n  n3 Eckdac;
nwg 7 luHRtaEt 3n n3  1 Eckdac;nwg 7 .
dMeNaHRsay
-snμtfa 3n  n3 Eckdac;nwg 7 enaH n RtUvEckmindac;nwg 7
tamRTwsþIbT Euler eK)an n6  1 (mod 7 ) .
cMnYn 3n  n3 Eckdac;nwg 7 enaHeK)andUcKña n3 (3n  n3 )
Eckdac;nwg 7 .
eKman n3 (3n  n3 )  (n3 3n  1)  (n6  1)
eday n6  1 (mod 7 ) enaHeKTaj)an n3 3n  1 Eckdac;nwg 7
-snμtfa n3 3n  1 Eckdac;nwg 7 enaH n RtUvEckmindac;nwg 7
tamRTwsþIbT Euler eK)an n6  1 (mod 7 ) .
cMnYn n3 3n  1 Eckdac;nwg 7 enaH n3 (n3 3n  1) Eckdac;nwg 7 .
eKman n3 (n3 3n  1)  (n6  1)3n  n3  3n
eday n6  1 (mod 7 ) enaHeKTaj)an n3  3n Eckdac;nwg 7
dUcenH cMnYn 3n  n3 Eckdac;nwg 7 luHRtaEt 3n n3  1
Eckdac;nwg 7 .
- 15 -
lMhat;TI2
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc nigman M
CacMNuckNþalén [BC] . eKKUsbnÞat;Ekg HP BIGrtUsg; H
énRtIekaN ABC eTA [AM] . cUrRsayfa AM.PM  BM 2
(Japan Mathematical Olympiad Finals 2011)
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa AM.PM  BM 2
y
A
F
H P
x
B E M C
tag A(2m , 2n) , B(0 , 0 ) C( 2p , 0) H( 2m , y H )

nig P(xp ,y p ) .
- 16 -
sg;km<s; [AE] nig [BF] énRtIekaN ABC .


 

eKman BH  ( 2a , y H ) nig AC  ( 2p  2m, 2n )

 

eday BH  AC

 

enaH BH . AC  2a(2p  2m)  2ny H  0
eKTaj)an y H  2a(pn m) .

 2a(p  m )
eKman HP  ( x p  2m , y p 
n
)


nig AM  (p  2m ,  2n)

 
 
 

eday HP  AM enaH HP . AM  0
eK)an (xp  2m)(p  2m)  2n(y p  2a(pn m) )  0 (1)

 
 

eKman MP  (xp  p , y p ) eday MP // AM enaHeK)an ³
xp  p yp 2n

p  2m  2n
naM [ yp 
2m  p
( x p  p ) ( 2)
yksmIkar (2) CYskñúg (1) bnÞab;BIedaHRsaymkeKTTYl)an ³

(4m 2  2mp  4n 2 )p
xp  .
( 2m  p )  4n
2 2
- 17 -
eK)an PM  (xp  p)2  y p 2

Et y p  2m2n p (xp  p)
| xp  p | | xp  p |
enaH PM  ( 2m  p )  4n .
2 2

| 2m  p | | 2m  p |
.AM
(4m 2  2mp  4n 2 )p ( 2m  p )p 2
ehIy xp  p  p
( 2m  p )  4n
2 2
AM 2
¬eRBaH AM  (2m  p)2  4n 2 ¦
p2 BM 2
eKTaj PM  AM  AM ¬eRBaH BM  p ¦.
dUcenH BM 2  AM.PM .
- 18 -
lMhat;TI3
eK[ a , b , c CacMnYnBitviC¢man edaydwgfa
1 1 1
   a  b  c . cUrbgÐajfa ³
a b c
1 1 1 3
  
( 2a  b  c)2 (a  2b  c)2 (a  b  2c)2 16
dMeNaHRsay
1 1 1 3
Rsayfa   
( 2a  b  c)2 (a  2b  c)2 (a  b  2c)2 16
eKman (2a  b  c)2  4a2  4a(b  c)  (b  c)2
 4a 2  4ab  4ac  4bc  (b  c)2
 4(a  b )(a  c)  (b  c)2
eday (b  c)2  0 enaH (2a  b  c)2  4(a  b)(a  c)
1 1
eKTaj 
4(a  b )(a  c)
(1)
( 2a  b  c)
2
1 1
RsaydUcKñaEdreK)an 
4(a  b )(b  c)
( 2)
(a  2b  c)2
1 1
nig 
4(b  c)(a  c)
( 3)
(a  b  2c) 2
- 19 -
bUkvismPaB (1) , (2) nig (3) eK)an ³

1 1 1
S  
4(a  b )(a  c) 4(a  b )(b  c) 4(b  c)(a  c)
abc
S
2(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
Binitü (a  b  c)(ab  bc  ca)  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  abc
tamvismPaB AM  GM eKman ³
(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  2 ab .2 bc .2 ca  8abc
eKTaj)an
8
(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  (a  b  c)(ab  bc  ca)
9
tamsmμtikmμeKman a1  b1  1c  a  b  c
eK)an (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  89 ( a1  b1  1c )(ab  bc  ca)
8 (ab  bc  ca)2
(a  b )(b  c)(c  a ) 
9 abc
eday (ab  bc  ca)2  3abc(a  b  c) enaHeKTaj
(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  (a  b  c) enaH S  . 
8 1 3 3
3 2 8 16
dUcenH 1

1

1

3
( 2a  b  c)2
(a  2b  c)
2
(a  b  2c)
2 16
- 20 -
lMhat;TI4
eKyk Q Cap©itrgVg;carwkkñúgénRtIekaN ABC . cMeBaHRKb;cMnuc P
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
Edl BC  a , CA  b , AB  c .
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
.P
A M B x
- 21 -
eRCIserIs A(0 , 0 ) , B(c , 0 ) , C(b cos A , b sin A)

tag r CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúgénRtIekaN ABC ehIyyk M CacMnucb:H
rvagrgVg;carwkkñúgénRtIekaNCamYyRCug [AB] .
eK)an AM  p  a Edl p  a  b2  c CaknøHbrimaRtén ABC
ehtuenH I(p  a , r ) . tag P(x , y ) CacMnucTUeTAénbøg; .
eKman PA 2  x2  y 2
PB 2  ( x  c)2  y 2  x 2  y 2  2cx  c 2
PC 2  ( x  b cos A )2  ( y  b sin A )2
 x 2  y 2  2bx cos A  2by sin A  b 2
tag T  aPA 2  bPB 2  cPC2 eK)an ³
T  ( x 2  y 2 )(a  b  c)  2bcx(1  cos A )  2bcy sin A
 ac2  b 2c
eKman S ABC  12 bc sin A  pr b¤ bc sin A  2pr
b 2  c2  a 2 2p(p  a )
ehIy 1  cos A  1  2bc  bc
T  2p( x 2  y 2 )  4p(p  a )x  4pry  ac2  b 2c
eKman QP 2  (x  (p  a))2  (y  r )2
QP 2  x 2  y 2  2(p  a )x  2ry  r 2  (p  a )2
- 22 -
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg a  b  c  2p eK)an ³
2pQP 2  2p( x 2  y 2 )  4p(p  a )x  4pry  2pr 2  2p(p  a )2
(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)
eday r  p
eK)an 2pr 2  2p(p  a)2  b2c  bc2  abc
2pQP 2  2p( x 2  y 2 )  4p(p  a )x  4pry  bc 2  bc 2  abc
eK)an T  2pQP 2  abc b¤ T  (a  b  c)QP 2  abc
CaTUeTARKb;cMnuc P eK)anTMnak;TMng ³
aPA 2  bPB 2  cPC2  (a  b  c)QP   abc (1)
ebIcMnuc P  Q enaH QP  0
tam (1) eKTaj aQA 2  bQB 2  cQC2  abc (2)
ykTMnak;TMng (2) CMnYskñúg (1) eK)an ³
smÁal; ³
TMnak;TMng aPA 2  bPB 2  cPC2  (a  b  c)QP   abc
ehAfaRTwsþIbTGWEl .
- 23 -
lMhat;TI5
smIkar x3  ax2  bx  c  0 manb¤bICacMnYnBitviC¢man
¬mincaM)ac;xusKña ¦.
cUrkMNt;témøGb,brmaEdlGacén 13a2abbc  bc .
(Turkey Team Selection Tests 2008)
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;témøGb,brmaEdlGacén 13a2abbc  bc
tag u , v , w Cab¤srbs;smIkar x3  ax2  bx  c  0 .
u  v  w  a

eK)an uv  vw  wu  b
uvw  c

eday u  0 , v  0 , w  0 enaH a  0 , b  0 , c  0
1  a  b  c c b 2  ab  2ac  b  3c
eKman 3  2a  b  b  b2  2ab  3a
- 24 -
3b 2  3ab  6ac  3b  9c

3(b 2  2ab  3b )
(b 2  2ab  3b )  ( 2b 2  ab  6ac  9c)

3(b 2  2ab  3b )
1 2b 2  ab  6ac  9c
 
3 3(b 2  2ab  3b )
a  u  v  w  3 3 uvw
nig b  uv  vw  wu  33 u2 v2w 2
eK)an ab  9uvw  9c b¤ ab  9c  0 (*)
müa:geToteKman ³
u 2 v 2  v 2w 2
 uv 2 w (1)
2
v 2w 2  u 2w 2
 uvw 2 ( 2)
2
u 2w 2  u 2 v 2
 u 2 vw ( 3)
2
bUkvismPaB (1) , (2) , (3) eK)an ³
u 2 v 2  v 2 w 2  w 2u 2  uvw (u  v  w )
- 25 -
EfmGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 2uvw(u  v  w ) eK)an

(uv  vw  wu )2  3uvw (u  v  w )
b¤ b2  3ac b¤ 2b2  6ac  0 (**)
bUkvismPaB (*) & (**) eK)an 2b2  ab  6ac  9c  0
1 2b 2  ab  6ac  9c 1
ehtuenH 3  3(b2  2ab  3b)  3
b¤ 13a2abbc  bc  13
dUcenHtémøGb,brmaén 13a2abbc  bc KW 13 .
- 26 -
lMhat;TI6
cUrRsayfa ³
(a2
 b2 2
)(a  ab  b2
) 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
 4
2

3
(a  b  c )(  
ab bc ca
)
Cyc
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man a , b , c .
(Turkey TST 2010)
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
(a2  b2 )(a2  ab b2 ) 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
 4
2
 (a  b  c )(
3
 
ab bc ca
)
Cyc
tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwarz eKman ³

1 1 1 9
  
a  b b  c c  a 2(a  b  c)
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg2 2
3
(a  b 2  c 2 ) eK)an ³
2 2 1 1 1 3(a2  b2  c2 )
(a  b  c )(
2 2
  ) (1)
3 ab bc ca abc
- 27 -
a2  b2
 (a 2  ab  b 2 ) ( a 2
 b 2
)( a 2
 ab  b 2
)
2 
2 2
3a 2  3b 2  2ab (a 2  b 2 )(a 2  ab  b 2 )
b¤ 4

2
eK)an  4 (a 2  b 2 )(a 2  ab  b 2 )
2

3a 2  3b 2  2ab
2
Cyc Cyc
tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwarz eK)an ³

3a2  3b2  2ab 3(6a2  6b2  6c2  2ab  2bc  2ca)
 2

2
Cyc
eKTaj)an ³
(a2  b2 )(a2  ab  b2 ) 6[3(a2  b2  c2 )  (ab  bc  ca)]
 4
2

2
(2)
Cyc
eyIgnwgRsayfa ³
3(a 2  b 2  c2 ) 6[3(a 2  b 2  c 2 )  (ab  bc  ca)]

abc 2
smmUl
(a  b  c)2[3(a2  b2  c2 )  (ab  bc  ca)]
a b c 
2 2 2
6
- 28 -
2(a  b  c)2[9(a2  b2  c2 )  3(ab  bc  ca)

a b c 
2 2 2
6
xy
tamvismPaB
AM  GM eKman
xy 
2
, x , y  0
x  2(a  b  c)2 , y  9(a 2  b 2  c2 )  3(ab  bc  ca)

ehIy x  y  11(a2  b2  c2 )  ab  bc  ca enaHeK)an
11(a 2  b 2  c2 )  ab  bc  ca
a b c 
2 2 2
12
a 2  b 2  c2  ab  bc  ca
b¤ 1
2
[ ( a  b )2  (b  c )2  (c  a )2 ]  0 Bit
ehtuenHeK)an
3(a2  b2  c2 ) 6[3(a2  b2  c2 )  (ab  bc  ca)]
 (3)
abc 2
tamTMnak;TMng (1) , (2) nig (3) eKTaj)an ³
(a2  b2 )(a2  ab  b2 ) 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
 4
2
 (a  b  c )(
3
 
ab bc ca
)
Cyc
vismPaBenHkøayCasmPaBluHRtaEt a  b  c .
- 29 -
lMhat;TI7
ebI a , b , c CargVas;RCugénRtIekaNmYy ehIy r CakaMrgVg;
carwkkñúgénRtIekaNenaHcUrRsayfa a12  b12  c12  41r 2 .
(Turkey National Olympiad 2005)
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa 1

1

1
a 2 b 2 c 2 4r 2

1
 yz
 a 
   2
 b c a x 
  zx
tag  c  a  b  enaH
y  b 
2
a  b  c  z 
  xy
 c 
2
eK)an 1

1

1

4

4

4
a 2 b 2 c 2 ( y  z )2 ( z  x )2 ( x  y )2
(1)
tamrUbmnþehr:ugeK)an ³
S  p r  p(p  a )(p  b )(p  c) Edl p  a  b2  c
eKTaj r 2  (p  a)(p p b)(p  c)
- 30 -
b¤ r 2  (b  c  a)(4(caabbc)() a  b  c)  4(x xyzy  z )

eKTaj 41r 2  x xyz
yz 1

1
 
yz zx xy
1
( 2)
y  z  2 yz naM[
4 1

( y  z )2 yz
dUcKñaEdr (z 4x)2  zx1 nig (x 4y )2  xy1
eK)an (y 4z )2  (z 4x)2  (x 4y )2  yz1  zx1  xy1 ( 3)
tamTMnak;TMng (1) , (2) & (3) eKTaj)an

a
1
2

b
1
2

1
c 2

1
4r 2
Bi t
dUcenH a12  b12  c12  41r 2 .
- 31 -
lMhat;TI8
eK[ a , b , c CacMnYnBitviC¢manehIyepÞógpÞat;lkçxNÐ½
16(a  b  c)    . cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
1 1 1
a b c
1 1 1 8
  
(a  b  2a  2c)3 (b  c  2a  2b)3 (c  a  2b  2c)3 9
(Vietnam Team Selection Tests 2010)
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
1 1 1 8
  
(a  b  2a  2c)3 (b  c  2a  2b) (c  a  2b  2c) 9
3 3
tamsmμtikmμeKman 1 1 1
16(a  b  c)   
a b c
eK)an ab  bc  ca  16abc(a  b  c) (1)
a2b2  b2c2 b2c2  c2a2 c2a2  a2b2
   ab2c  abc2  a2bc
2 2 2
a 2b 2  b 2c2  c2a 2  ab 2c  abc 2  a 2bc  abc(a  b  c)
EfmGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 2ab2c  2abc2  2a2bc  2abc(a  b  c)
eK)an (ab  bc  ca)2  3abc(a  b  c) (2)
- 32 -
tam (1) nwg (2) eKTaj)an

3
(ab  bc  ca)2  (ab  bc  ca)
16
b¤ ab  bc  ca 
3
16
( 3)
mü:ageTottamvismPaB AM  GM eKman ³
1 1 (a  b )(a  c)
(a  b )  ( 2a  2c )  ( 2a  2c )  3 3
2 2 2
b¤ 27
(a  b  2a  2c )3  (a  b )(a  c)
2
eKTaj)an 1

2
.

1

( 4)
(a  b  2a  2c ) 3 27 ( a b )( a c )
RsaybMPøWdUcKñaEdreK)an ³
1 2 1
 . ( 5)
(b  c  2a  2b )3 27 (a  b )(b  c)
1 2 1
 . ( 6)
(c  a  2b  2c )3 27 (c  a )(b  c)
tag
1 1 1
T  
(a  b  2a  2c)3 (b  c  2a  2b)3 (c  a  2b  2c)3
bUkvismPaB (4) , (5) , (6) eK)an
2 2(a  b  c)
T .
27 (a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
- 33 -
eKman
(a  b  c)(ab  bc  ca )  (a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  abc (7 )
(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  2 ab .2 bc .2 ca  8abc (8)
tam (7) nig (8) eKTaj)an
8
(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  (a  b  c)(ab  bc  ca)
9
abc
naM[ 9
 .
1 9 16
 . 6
(a  b )(b  c)(c  a ) 8 ab  bc  ca 8 3
eRBaH ab  bc  ca 
3
16
.
eKTaj)an 2
T   2 6 
27
8
9
Bit
dUcenH
1 1 1 8
  
(a  b  2a  2c)3 (b  c  2a  2b)3 (c  a  2b  2c)3 9
- 34 -
lMhat;TI9
eK[ x , y , z CacMnYnBitepÞógpÞat; x2y 2  2yx2  1  0 .
cUrkMNt;témøtUcbMput nig FMbMputén
2 1 1
f ( x, y )    y ( y   2)
x2 x x
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;témøtUcbMput nig FMbMputén
2 1 1
f ( x, y )    y ( y   2)
x2 x x
eKman x2y 2  2yx2  1  0
eK)an y 2  2y  12  0 b¤ (y  1)2  12  1 Edl x  0
x x
tag y  1  cos  nig 1x  sin 
enaH (y  1)2  12  1BitRKb; 
x
eKman f (x, y )  22  1x  y(y  1x  2)
x
- 35 -
 2 sin 2   sin   (cos   1)(cos   1  sin   2)

 2 sin 2   sin   cos 2   1  sin  cos   sin 
1 1 1
 sin 2   sin  cos    cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
1 2 
  cos(  2 )
2 2 4
1 2
dUcenH min f ( x, y ) 
2
nig max  1 2 2 .
- 36 -
lMhat;TI10
eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanépÞRkLa S ehIy
K , L , M , N CacMnuckNþalerogKñaén RCug
[ AB] , [BC] , [CD] , [DA].
tag S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 erogKñaCaépÞRkLaénRtIekaNbYn
AKN , BKL CLM , DMN .
cUrRsayfa 3 S1  3 S2  3 S3  3 S3  2 3 S .
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa 3 S1  3 S 2  3 S 3  3 S 3  2 3 S
B
L
C
K M
A N D
eKman K nig N CacMnuckNþalén [AB] nig [AD] enaH [KN]

- 37 -
Ca)atmFüménRtIekaN ABD enaHeK)an S1  14 .S ABD .

dUcKñaEdr S3  14 SBCD , S2  14 SBKL , S4  14 SDMN
eK)an
(S ABD  S BCD )  (S BKL  S DMN )
S1  S 2  S 3  S 4 
4
eday S ABD  SBCD  S nig SBKL  SDMN  S
eK)an S1  S2  S3  S4  S2 .
1
tagGnuKmn_ f (x)  3 x  x3 Edl x  0
2 5
 
eKman f ' (x)  13 x nig f ' ' (x)   92 x
3 3  0 x  0
naM[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_e)a:g .

tamvismPaB Jensen eK)an ³
f (S1 )  f (S 2 )  f (S 3 )  f (S 4 )  S  S 2  S 3  S4 
f 1 
4  4 
S  S 2  S 3  S4
Et f( 1
4
S 1
)  f( )  3 S
8 2
3S 3S 3S 3S
eK)an 1 2
4
3 3 1
 3S
2
dUcenH 3 S1  3 S2  3 S3  3 S3  2 3 S .
- 38 -
lMhat;TI11
eK[ a , b , c CacMnYnBitviC¢manEdl a  b  c  1 .
cUrbgðajfa ab 2  bc 2  ca 2  83
1 c 1 a 1 b
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfa ab 2  bc 2  ca 2  83
1 c 1 a 1 b
eday a  b  c  1 enaH 1  c2  (a  b  c)2  c2
 (a  b )(a  b  2c)
 (a  b )(a  c)  (a  b )(b  c)
eK)an ab

ab
1  c2 (a  b )(a  c)  (a  b )(b  c)
1 1 4
 
(a  b)(a  c) (a  b)(b  c) (a  b)(a  c)  (a  b)(b  c)
a  b  2c 4

(a  b)(b  c)(c  a) (a  b)(a  c)  (a  b)(b  c)
1 c 4

(a  b)(b  c)(c  a) (a  b)(a  c)  (a  b)(b  c)
ab(1  c)
eKTaj ab

2 4(a  b )(b  c )(c  a )
(1)
1 c
- 39 -
bc(1  a )
RsaybMPøWdUcKñaEdreK)an bc

4(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
( 2)
1  a2
ac(1  b )
nig ac

2 4(a  b )(b  c )(c  a )
( 3)
1 b
bUkvismPaB (1) , (2) & (3) eK)an ³
ab bc ac ab(1  c)  bc(1  a )  ac(1  b )
  
1  c2 1  a2 1  b2 4(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
ab bc ac ab  bc  ca  3abc
   ( 4)
1  c2 1  a2 1  b2 4(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
eKman (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  (1  a)(1  b)(1  c)
eRBaH a  b  c  1 .
eday
(1  a )(1  b )(1  c)  1  (a  b  c)  (ab  bc  ca)  abc
 ab  bc  ca  abc
eK)an (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  ab  bc  ca  abc
b¤ (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  4abc  ab  bc  ca  3abc
ab  bc  ca  3abc
b¤ 1  (a  b)(4babc 
 c)(c  a ) (a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
eday (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  8abc
- 40 -
eK)an (aba bbc)(bcac)(c3abca)  1  48  32 ( 5)
tam (4) & (5) eK)an ab 2  bc 2  ca 2  83 Bit .

1 c 1 a 1 b
dUcenH ab 2  bc 2  ca 2  83 .
1 c 1 a 1 b
- 41 -
lMhat;TI12
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYycarwkeRkArgVg; (  ) kaM r .
tag H , K , L CacMnucb:Hrvag (  ) CamYyRCugTaMgbI
[BC] , [CA] , [ AB] erogKña . eKsg;rgVg;bI (CA ) , (CB ) , (CC )
manp©it A , B , C erogKñaehIyb:HKñaBIr² .
tag R A , R B , RC CakaMénrgVg; (CA ) , (CB ) , (CC ) erogKña
cUrRsayfa R AR BRC  3 3 r 3 .
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa R ARBRC  3 3 r 3
A
K
L
C
H
B
- 42 -
tag p CaknøHbrimaRtnig S CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC

eK)an S  pr  p(p  BC)(p  CA)(p  AB)
eday p  AB  BC 2
 CA
 R A  R B  RC
eRBaH AB  R A  R B , BC  R B  RC , CA  R A  RC
eKTaj r  R RARR BRCR
A B C
eday R A  R B  RC  33 R AR BRC
3 R R R
enaH r  3 3 R R R  A 3B C
R ARBRC
A B C
naM[ R A R BRC  ( 3r )3  3 3 r3 Bit .

dUcenH R A R BRC  3 3 r 3
- 43 -
lMhat;TI13
eK[RtIekaN ABC manmMukñúgCamMuRsYc .
P CacMnucmYyenAkñúgRtIekaNenH H , K , L CacMeNalEkgén
H erogKñaelIRCug [BC] , [CA] , [ AB] .
2
cMeBaHRKb;cMnuc P cUrRsayfa AL  BH  CK  3
2 2 2 p
Edl p  BC  CA 2
 AB
Caknø H bri m aRténRtI e kaN ABC .
dMeNaHRsay
p2
Rsayfa AL  BH  CK 
2 2
3
2
K
L
B H C
- 44 -

(AB BC CA)2
AL  LB  BH  HC  CK  KA 
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1)
6
eRBaH AL  LB  BH  HC  CK  KA  AB  BC  CA
tamRTwsþIbTBItaKr½eKman ³
AP 2  AL2  PL2  PK 2  KA 2
BP 2  BH 2  HP 2  PL2  LB 2
CP 2  CK 2  PK 2  HP 2  HC2
bUksmPaBTaMgenHeK)an
AL2  BH 2  CH 2  LB 2  HC2  KA 2 ( 2)
tamTMnak;TMng (1) & (2) eKTaj)an
4p 2
2 ( AL  BH  CK ) 
2 2 2
6
eRBaH AB  BC  CA  2p
2
dUcenH AL  BH  CK  3 .
2 2 2 p
- 45 -
lMhat;TI14
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYyehIy M CacMnucenAkñúgRtIekaNenH .
D , E , F CacMnucRbsBVrvag AM , BM , CM CamYyRCug
BC , AC , AB erogKña .
cUrRsayfaRKb;cMnuc M eKman AM .
BM CM
MD ME MF
. 8 ?
rYcbBa¢ak;TItaMgén M edIm,I[vismPaBenHkøayCasmPaB .
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa AM BM CM
. .
MD ME MF
8
F E
M
B D C
tag S1 , S2 , S3 nig S erogKñaCaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN
- 46 -
MBC , MAC, MAB nig ABC .

eK)an S  S1  S2  S3
AD  MD AD S  S3
eKman AM
MD

MD

MD
1
S
S
1 2
S 1 1
S  S1 CM S1  S 2
RsaydUcKñaEdr BM
ME
 3
S
nig MF

S
2 3
BM CM (S1  S 2 )(S 2  S 3 )(S1  S 3 )
eK)an AM . .
MD ME MF

SS S 1 2 3
S1  S 2  2 S1S 2

tamvismPaB AM  GM eKman S 2  S 3  2 S 2S 3

S1  S 3  2 S1S 3
KuNvismPaBenHGgÁ nig GgÁeK)an
(S1  S 2 )(S 2  S 3 )(S1  S 3 )  8S1S 2S 3
dUcenH AM BM CM
.
MD ME MF
. .
8
vismPaBenHkøayCasmPaBkalNa S1  S2  S3
kñúgkrNIenH AM 
BM CM
MD ME MF
 2
naM[ M CaTIRbCMuTm¶n;én  ABC .
- 47 -
lMhat;TI15
cMeBaHRKb;RtIekaN ABC eKyk D , E , F CacMnucsßitenAelIGgát;
[BC] [CA] , [ AB] erogKña . yk P CacMnucRbsBVrvag [ AD]
nig [EF] .
cUrRsayfa ABAF
 DC 
AC
AE
 DB 
AD
AP
 BC .
(Indonesia National Science Olympiad 2009)
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa AB
AF
 DC 
AC
AE
 DB 
AD
AP
 BC
A
E
P
F I
D
B C
J
sg; (BI ) //(EF ) nig (CJ ) //(EF ) Edl I , J  ( AD) .
- 48 -
eKman  IBD nig  JCD dUcKñaenaHeK)an JD

ID DB

DC
ID JD ID  JD
b¤ DB  
DC DB  DC BC

IJ
b¤ ID 
DB.IJ
BC
nig JD  IJBC
.DC
.
eKman AI  AD  ID  AD  DBBC.IJ
eK)an AIAP
.DC AD.DC DB.IJ .DC

AP

AP.BC
(1)
mü:ageTot AJ  AD  JD Et JD  AD  IJBC .DC
eK)an AJAP.DB  ADAP.DB  DBAP.IJ.BC

.DC
( 2)
bUksmPaB (1) & (2) eK)an ³

AI.DC AJ .DB AD.DC  AD.DB AD.BC
   ( 3)
AP AP AP AP
eRBaH DC  DB  BC .
eKman ABI nig AFP dUcKñaenaHeK)an AB 
AF AP
AI
( 4)
eKman APE nig AJC dUcKñaenaHeK)an AC 

AE AP
AJ
( 5)
yksmIkar (4) & (5) CMnYskñúg (3) eK)an ³

 BC Bit .
AB AC AD
 DC   DB 
AF AE AP
- 49 -
lMhat;TI16
eK[ a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitminGviC¢man nig x , y , z
CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manedaydwgfa a  b  c  x  y  z .
a3 b 3 c3
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³ 2  2  2  a  b  c .
x y z
(Indonesia Indonesia TST 2010)
dMeNaHRsay
a3 b3 c3
RsaybBa¢ak;fa 2
 2
 2
abc
x y z
a3 3
tamvismPaB AM  GM eKman 2
xx 3 3 a
2
.x . x
x x
a3
eKTaj 2
 3a  2x (1)
x
b3 c3
RsaydUcKñaEdr 2
 3b  2y ( 2) nig 2
 3c  2z ( 3)
y z
a3 b3 c3
2
 2
 2
 3(a  b  c)  2( x  y  z )  a  b  c Bit
x y z
a3 b3 c3
dUcenH 2
 2
 2
abc .
x y z
- 50 -
lMhat;TI17
eK[ a , b , c  0 . cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) b  3 4( c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b 3 ) 9
  
bc ca ab 2
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
a  3 4(b3  c 3 ) b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b3 ) 9
  
bc ca ab 2
eKman b  c  (b  c)  3bc(b  c)
3 3 3
tamvismPaB AM  GM eKman b  c  2 bc
eKTaj bc   b 2 c  naM[  3bc(b  c)   43 (b  c)
2
3
eK)an b  c  (b  c)  43 (b  c)  14 (b  c)
3 3 3 3 3
eKTaj b  c  4(b  c )
3 3 3
b¤ a  b  c  a  4(b  c )
3 3 3
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) a
naM[  1 (1)
bc bc
b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) b
dUcKñaEdr  1 ( 2)
ca ca
- 51 -
c  3 4(a 3  b 3 ) c
nig  1 ( 3)
ab ab
edaybUkTMnak´TMng (1) , (2) , (3) eK)an ³
a b c
T  3   Edl
bc ca ab
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b 3 )
T  
bc ca ab
a b c 3
eyIgnwgRsayfa   
bc ca ab 2
 bcm

tag  ca  n
 ab  p

eK)an b  c  c  a  a  b  m  n  p
naM[ a  b  c  m  2n  p
 npm
 a 
2

 mnp
eKTaj  b 
2

 mnp
 c 
2
eK)an
a b c npm mnp mnp
    
bc ca ab 2m 2n 2p
- 52 -
a b c 1  n m   p m   n p  
               3 
b  c c  a a  b 2  m n   m p   p n  
tamvismPaB AM  GM eK)an
n m p m n p
 2;  2;  2
m n m p p n
eK)an b a c  c b a  a c b  1
2
2  2  2  3   3
2
3 9
eKTaj T  3  Bit .
2 2
dUcenH
a  3 4(b3  c 3 ) b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b3 ) 9
   .
bc ca ab 2
- 53 -
lMhat;TI18
cMeBaH a nig b CacMnYnBit smIkar
x 4  ax 3  bx 2  ax  1  0 manb¤sy:agtic
mYyCacMnYnBit.
cUrKNnatémøtUcbMputén a 2  b 2 ?
(International mathematical Olympiad 1973)
dMeNaHRsay
KNnatémøtUcbMputén a 2  b 2
eKman x 4  ax 3  bx 2  ax  1  0
EckGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarenH nwg x 2  0 eK)an ³
a 1
x 2  ax  b   2 0
x x
1 1
x 2  2  a( x  )  b  0
x x
1 1
( x  ) 2  a( x  )  b  2  0
x x
1
tag z  x  smIkarenHGacsresr ³
x
z 2  az  b  2  0 b¤ az  b  2  z 2 (1)
- 54 -

(az  b ) 2  (a 2  b 2 )( z 2  1) ( 2)
tam (1) & (2) eK)an ³
(a 2  b 2 )( z 2  1)  ( 2  z 2 ) 2
(2  z 2 )2
a b  2
2 2
z 1
[3  (1  z 2 )]2
a b 
2 2
z2  1
9
a b  z 5
2 2 2
z2  1
1 x2  1
yk t  z eday z  x  
2
x x
| x 2  1 | | 2x |
enaH | z |   2 ehIy t  z 2 | z |2  4
|x| |x|
9
eK)an a  b  t  5 
2 2
t1
9
tagGnuKmn_ f (t )  t  5 
t1
eK)an f ' (t )  1  9 2  (t  4)(t 2 2)  0 t  4
(t  1) (t  1)
- 55 -
eKTaj)an f (t ) CaGnuKmn_ekInRKb; t  4 .
tamlkçN³énGnuKmn_ekIneK)an f (t )  f (4)
Et f (4)  4  5  9  1  9  4 enaH f (t )  4
41 5 5 5
eKTaj)an a 2  b 2  f (t )  4
5
dUcenH témøtUcbMputén a 2  b 2 esμInwg 4 .
5
- 56 -
lMhat;TI19
eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanRCug AB  x , BC  y
CD  z nig DA  t . épÞRkLarbs;ctuekaNenHKW S EdlkMNt;
eday S  r (x2  y 2  z 2  t 2 ) .
cUrrktémøtUcbMputéncMnYnBit r ?
dMeNaHRsay
rktémøtUcbMputéncMnYnBit r
y C
B
z
x
A D
t
eKman S  S ABD  SBCD  12 x t sin A  12 yz sin C
eday sin A  1 nig sin C  1 eK)an S  12 (xt  yz )
x2  t 2
tamvismPaB AM  GM eKman x .t 
2
- 57 -
y2  z2
nig yz  2
eKTaj)an S  14 (x2  y 2  z 2  t 2 )
EttambRmab; S  r (x2  y 2  z 2  t 2 )
dUcenHtémøtUcbMputéncMnYnBit r KW r  14 .
- 58 -
lMhat;TI20
eK[ctumux OABC EdlmMuRtg;kMBUl O suTæEtEkgKña ehIy OA  a
OB  b , OC  c Edl a , b , c  IN * nig a  b  c  10
cUrrkmaDGtibrmaénctumuxenH ?
dMeNaHRsay
rkmaDGtibrmaénctumuxenH
O
b a
c
B A
tag V CamaDrbs;ctumux OABC

eday mMuRtg;kMBUl O suTæEtEkgKñaenaHeK)an V  16 OA.OB.OC
b¤ V  16 abc eday a  b  c  10 enaH c  10  a  b
1 (10  b )a  a 2
eK)an V(a)  6 a(10  a  b)  6
edrIev V' (a)  10  b6  2a ebI V' (o)  0 enaH 10  b  2a  0
- 59 -
b¤ a  5  b2 EttambRmab; a , b , c  IN * enaHedIm,I[ a  5  b2
CacMnYnKt;viC¢manluHRtaEt b  2 , 4 , 6 , 8 .
-ebI b  2 enaH a  4 , c  4 naM[ abc  (2)(4)(4)  32
témø V  16 abc FMbMputKWRtUvnwgtémøFMbMputén abc  36
dUcenH Vmax  16  36  6 ÉktamaD .
- 60 -
lMhat;TI21
eK[ P(x)  x5  ax2  b manb¤sR)aM x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 nig
f ( x)  x2  3 .
rktémøGb,brmaén f (x1 )f (x2 )f (x3 )f (x4 )f (x5 ) .
dMeNaHRsay
rktémøGb,brmaén f (x1 )f (x2 )f (x3 )f (x4 )f (x5 )
ebI P(x)  x5  ax2  b manb¤sR)aM x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5
5
enaHeK)an P(x)   (x  xk ) .
k 1
5
tag Q  f (x1 )f (x2 )f (x3 )f (x4 )f (x5 )   f (xk )
k 1
Et f (x)  x2  3
5 5
eK)an Q   (xk  3)   (xk 
2
3 )( xk  3 )
k 1 k 1
5
  ( 3  xk )(  3  xk )
k 1
5 5
  ( 3  xk )   (  3  xk )
k 1 k 1
 P( 3 )  P(  3 )
Et P( 3 )  ( 3 )5  3a  b  9 3  3a  b
- 61 -
nig P( 3 )  (  3 )5  3a  b  9 3  3a  b
eK)an
Q  (9 3  3a  b )( 9 3  3a  b )  ( 3a  b )2  243
edIm,I[ Q mantémøtUcbMputluHRtaEt 3a  b  0 .
dUcenH Qmin  243 .
- 62 -
lMhat;TI22
eK[knøHrgVg;mYEdlmanGgát;p©it AB  1 . cMnuc P mYyrt;enAelIknøH
rgVg;xagelI . tag PAB   Edl 0    2 .
cUrrktémøFMbMputén 2 AP  2 3 BP kalNa  bþÚrtémø .
dMeNaHRsay
rktémøFMbMputén 2 AP  2 3 BP kalNa  bþÚrtémø
P
0.5

A O B
eKman APB  90o mMucarwkknøHrgVg;

kñúgRtIekaNEkg PAB eKman
AP
cos    AP  AB cos   cos 
AB
BP
ehIy sin   AB  BP  AB sin   sin 
eK)an 2 AP  2 3 BP  2 cos   2 3 sin 
- 63 -
1 3
 4( cos   sin )
2 2
 
 4(sin cos   sin  cos )
6 6

 4 sin(  )  4
6
dUcenHtémøFMbMputén 2 AP  2 3 BP esμInwg 4 .
smÁal;
eKGacedaHRsaytamrebobmYyeTotdUcxageRkam ³
( 2 AP  2 3 BP )2  ( 22  ( 2 3 )2 )( AP 2  BP 2 )
 16( AP 2  BP 2 )
edayeKman APB  90o mMucarwkknøHrgVg;enaH
APB CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; P
tamRTwsþIbTBItaKr½GnuvtþkñúgRtIekaNEkg APB
eK)an AB2  AP 2  BP 2
eday AB  1 enaH AP 2  BP 2  1
eK)an (2AP  2 3BP )2  16 enaH 2AP  2 3BP  4
dUcenHtémøFMbMputén 2 AP  2 3 BP esμInwg 4 .
- 64 -
lMhat;TI23
eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYycarwkkñúgrgVg; C(O, R )
nigcarwkeRkA rgVg; C ' (I, r ) .
dMeNaHRsay
B
K
C
E
H
I
A
F
D
tag H nig K CacMNucb:HrvagrgVg; (C ' ) CamYyRCug [AB]

nig [BC]ehIy E nig F CacMNucRbsBVrvag ( AI)
- 65 -
nig (CI ) CamYyrgVg; (C) erogKña .

eKman DOF  2 DCF  DCB
nig DOE  2 DAE  DAB
eK)an DOF  DOE  DCB  DAB  180o
naM[ [EF] CaGgát;p©iténrgVg; (C) .
tamRTwsþIbTemdüankñúgRtIekaN EIF eK)an ³
IE 2  IF 2 EF 2 1
OI 
2
  (IE 2  IF 2 )  R 2 (1)
2 4 2
eRBaH EF  2R .
eKman IAB  BAD
2
nig ICB 
DCB
2
BAD  DCB 180o
eK)an IAB  ICB 
2

2
 90o
sg; IH  IK  r .
BIrRtIekaNEkg IAH nig IKC pÁMúKñabegáIt)anCaRtIekaNEkg
Edlman IA nig IC CaRCugmMuEkg nig AH  KC CaGIb:UetnUs .
- 66 -
I
A H ,K C
tamTMnak;TMngmaRtkñúgRtIekaNEkgeK)an 12  1 2  1 2 (2)
r IA IC
tamRTwsþIbTsV½yKuNcMNuc I eFobnwgrgVg; (C)
eK)an IA.IE  IC.IF  R 2  OI 2
R 2  OI 2 R 2  OI 2
naM[ IA  IE (3) nig IC  IF (4)
ykTMnak;TMng (3) nig (4) CMnYskñúg (2) eK)an ³
IE 2  IF 2 ( R 2  OI 2 )2
1
 2 naM[ IE  IF 
2 2
( 5)
r 2
( R  OI ) 2 2
r 2

( R 2  OI 2 )2
OI 
2
 R2
2r 2
b¤ (R 2  OI 2 )2  2OI 2 .r 2  2R 2r 2  0
tag d  OI eK)an (R 2  d 2 )2  2d 2r 2  2R 2r 2  0
- 67 -
b¤ d4  2(r 2  R 2 )d 2  R 4  2R 2r 2  0 tag t  d2
eK)an t 2  2(r 2  R 2 )t  R 4  2R 2r 2  0
DIsRKImINg;bRgYm
 '  (r 2  R 2 ) 2  ( R 4  2 R 2r 2 )  r 2 (r 2  4 R 2 )
eKTajb¤s t1  r 2  R 2  r r 2  4R 2
b¤ t 2  r 2  R 2  r r 2  4R 2
eday d  R enaH t  d2  R 2 .
ehtuenH t  d 2  r 2  R 2  r r 2  4R 2
naM[ OI  d  r 2  R 2  r r 2  4R 2 Bit .
smÁal; ³
tamsmPaB (R 2  d2 )2  2d2r 2  2R 2r 2  0
eKGacsresr ³
( R 2  d 2 )2  2r 2 ( R 2  d 2 )  r 2 [( R  d )2  ( R  d )2 ]
EckGgÁTaMgBIrnwg (R 2  d2 )2 r 2  (R  d)2 (R  d)2 r 2
eK)anTMnak;TMng
1

1

1
.
r 2
(R  d)2
(R  d)
2
- 68 -
lMhat;TI24
eK[ f CaGnuKmn_epÞógpÞat; ³
2001
x
f ( x )  2f ( 2 )  4014  x
x1
cUrkMNt; f (2004) ?
(Costa Rica Final Round 2003 )
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt; f (2004)
2001
x
eKman f (x)  2f ( x  12 )  4014  x
yk x  2004 eK)an
2001
2004 
f ( 2004)  2f ( 2 )  4014  2004
2004  1
b¤ f (2004)  2f ( 32 )  2010 (1)
yk x  32 eK)an f ( 32 )  2f (2004)  8025
2
( 2)
tam (1) & (2) eK)an f (2004)  2005 .
- 69 -
lMhat;TI25
cUrkMNt;plbUkénmMu A nig B ebIeKdwgfa ³
0o  A ; B  180o ehIy
3 1
sin A  sin B  , cos A  cos B 
2 2
(Canadian Open Math Challenge 1996)
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;plbUkénmMu A nig B
eKman sin A  sin B  2 sin A 2 B cos A 2 B (1)
nig cos A  cos B  2 cos A 2 B cos A 2 B ( 2)
EcksmPaB (1) & (2) GgÁ nig GgÁeK)an ³

sin A  sin B AB
 tan  3
cos A  cos B 2
eKTaj)an A 2 B  60o
dUcenH A  B  120o .
- 70 -
lMhat;TI26
eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYycarwkkñúgrgVg; .
AB.BC  AD.DC
cUrRsayfa AC 
BD AB.AD  BC.CD
dMeNaHRsay
AB.BC  AD.DC
RsaybBa¢ak;fa AC 
BD AB.AD  BC.CD
A D
tag R CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkActuekaN ABCD

eKman S ABD  AB.BD 4R
.AD
nig S BCD 
BC.BD.CD
4R
eK)an S ABCD  S ABD  S BCD  BD ( AB.AD  BC.CD)
4R
- 71 -
mü:ageTot S ABC  AB.AC

4R
.BC
nig S ACD 
AC.AD.CD
4R
eK)an S ABCD  S ABC  S ACD  AC
4R
( AB.BC  AD.CD)
eKTaj BD
4R
( AB.AD  BC.CD) 
AC
4R
( AB.BC  AD.CD)
AB.BC  AD.DC
dUcenH AC 
BD AB.AD  BC.CD
.
- 72 -
lMhat;TI27
eKmanbIcMnYnBit x  1 , y  1 , z  1 Edl xyz  27 .
cUrRsayfa log 3 x 3  log 3 y 3  log 3 z 3  3
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
log 3 x 3  log 3 y 3  log 3 z 3  3
tamvismPaB AM  GM RKb; a  0 eKman ³
1  1  a 3  3 1.1.a 3  3a b¤ a 3  3a  2 (*)
3
eday x  1 , y  1 , z  1 enaH log 3 x, log 3 y , log 3 z  0

tamvimPaB (*) eK)an ³
log 3 x  3  log 3 y  3  log 3 z  3  3 log 3 ( xyz )  6
eday xyz  27 enaH log 3 (xyz)  3
eK)an log 3 x  3  log 3 y  3  log 3 z  3  9  6  3
dUcenH log 3 x 3  log 3 y 3  log 3 z 3  3 .
- 73 -
lMhat;TI28
eKeGaybIcMnYnBitviC¢man a , b , c . cUrRsayfa ³
a3 b3 c3 3
  
( b  c ) 3 (c  a ) 3 ( a  b ) 3 8
dMeNaHRsay
a3 b3 c3 3
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³   
( b  c ) 3 ( c  a ) 3 (a  b ) 3 8
tamvismPaB AM  GM eK)an ³
1 1 a3 3a
  
8 8 (b  c)3 4(b  c)
a3 3a 1
b¤  
4(b  c) 4
(1)
(b  c ) 3
b3 3b 1
dUcKñaEdr  
4(c  a ) 4
( 2)
(c  a ) 3
c3 3c 1
nig 

 ( 3)
(a  b ) 3 4( a b ) 4
a3 b3 c3 3 a b c  3
      
(b  c) (c  a) (a  b)
3 3 3 4  b  c c  a a  b  4
eyIgnwgRsayfa 3 a
( 
b

4 bc ca ab 4 8
c
) 
3 3
- 74 -
b¤ b a c  c b a  a c b  32
 bcm

tag  ca  n
 ab  p

eK)an b  c  c  a  a  b  m  n  p
naM[ a  b  c  m  2n  p
 npm
 a 
2

 mnp
eKTaj  b 
2

 mnp
 c 
2
eK)an
a b c npm mnp mnp
    
bc ca ab 2m 2n 2p
a b c 1  n m   p m   n p  
               3 
b  c c  a a  b 2  m n   m p   p n  
tamvismPaB AM  GM eK)an
n m p m n p
 2;  2;  2
m n m p p n
eK)ana

b

bc ca ab
c 1
 2  2  2  3  
2
3
2
Bit
- 75 -
lMhat;TI29
eKykBIr:amIt PABC man)at ABC CaRtIekaNEdlmanRCug
eK]bmafa PAB  PBC  PCA   Edl 0    2
a b c
dMeNaHRsay
k> Rsayfa tan   2 122S 2
a b c P
tag SA  x , SB  y
nig SC  y . z
x
y b

C
a

A c
- 76 -
eKman SPAB  SPBC  SPCA  3 S

eday SPAB  12 c x sin  ; SPBC  12 ay sin  ;
nig SPCA  12 bz sin  enaHeK)an ³
1 6S
2
(cx  ay  bz ) sin   3S b¤ sin   cx  ay  bz
(1)
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUsGnuvtþn_kñúgRtIekaN PAB, PBC, PCA

 y 2  x 2  c2  2xc cos 
 2
eK)an  z  a  y  2ay cos 
2 2
 2
 x  b  z  2bz cos 
2 2
bUksmIkarTaMgenHeK)an ³
0  a 2  b 2  c2  2(cx  ay  bz ) cos 
a2  b 2  c2
eKTaj)an cos   2(cx  ay  bz ) (2)
12S
EcksmPaB (1) & (2) GgÁ nig GgÁ eK)an tan  
a2  b 2  c2
dUcenH tan   2 122S 2 .
a b c
x> kMNt;témø  EdleFVI[ tan  mantémøGtibrma
tamrUbmnþehr:ugeKman S  p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)
Edl P  12 (a  b  c) CaknøHbrimaRténRtIekaN .
- 77 -
3
S2 p  a  p  b  p  c
eK)an  (p  a )(p  b )(p  c)   
p  3 
S2 p3 p2 (a  b  c )2
b¤ 
p 27
naM[ S
3 3

12 3
(a  b  c)2  (12  12  12 )(a2  b2  c2 )  3(a2  b2  c2 )
3(a 2  b 2  c2 ) a 2  b 2  c2
eKTaj)an S  12 3  4 3
eday tan   2 122S 2
a b c
 a2  b 2  c2 
12 

eK)an tan   2 2 2   3  tan 3
 4 3
a b c
dUcenHedIm,I[ tan  mantémøGtibrmaluHRtaEt   3 .
- 78 -
lMhat;TI30
eKykBIr:amIt PABC man)at ABC CaRtIekaNEdlmanRCug
eK]bmafa APB  BPC  CPA   Edl 0    2
ehIy PA 2  PB 2  PC  AB2  BC2  CA2 .
a b c
K> cMeBaHtémø  rkeXIjxagelIRsayfa PABC CaBIra:mItniyt½ .
dMeNaHRsay
12S
k> Rsayfa tan  
a2  b 2  c2
P
A
B
- 79 -
tag PA  x , PB  y , PC  z
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUskñúgRtIekaN PAB , PBC nig PCA eKman
c 2  x 2  y 2  2xy cos 
a 2  y 2  z 2  2yz cos 
b 2  x 2  z 2  2xz cos 
bUksmIkarbIenHGgÁ nig GgÁeK)an ³
a 2  b 2  c 2  2( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  2( xy  yz  xz ) cos 
edaysmμtikmμ x2  y 2  z 2  a2  b2  c2
a2  b 2  c2
eKTaj)an cos   2(xy  yz  zx)
müa:geTottambRmab;eKman ³
S PAB  S PBC  S PAC  3S ABC  3S
6S
( xy  yz  zx ) sin   6S  sin  
xy  yz  xz
sin  12S
dUcenH tan   cos  2
 a b c2 2
.
x> kMNt;témø  EdleFVI[ tan  mantémøGtibrma
tamrUbmnþehr:ugeKman S  p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)
Edl P  12 (a  b  c) CaknøHbrimaRténRtIekaN .
- 80 -
3
S2 p  a  p  b  p  c
eK)an  (p  a )(p  b )(p  c)   
p  3 
S2 p3 p2 (a  b  c )2
b¤ 
p 27
naM[ S
3 3

12 3
(a  b  c)2  (12  12  12 )(a2  b2  c2 )  3(a2  b2  c2 )
3(a 2  b 2  c 2 ) a 2  b 2  c 2
eKTaj)an S  12 3  4 3
eday tan   2 122S 2
a b c
 a2  b 2  c2 
12 

eK)an tan   2 2 2   3  tan 3
 4 3
a b c
dUcenHedIm,I[ tan  mantémøGtibrmaluHRtaEt   3 .
K> cMeBaHtémø  rkeXIjxagelIRsayfa PABC CaBIra:mItniyt½ ³
cMeBaH   3 enaHeK)an a  b  c . ehIy
c 2  x 2  y 2  xy , a 2  y 2  z 2  yz , b 2  x 2  z 2  xz
eKTaj)an a2  b2  c2  2(x2  y 2  z 2 )  (xy  yz  zx)
naM[ x2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx naM[ x  y  z .
eday a  b  c  x  y  z enaH PABC CaBIra:mItniyt½ .
- 81 -
lMhat;TI31
kñúgetRtaEG‘t ABCD mYyman BDC  90o ehIyeCIgéncMeNal
EkgBI D eTAbøg; ( ABC) CaRbsBVénkm<s;én ABC .
cUrRsayfa ( AB  BC  CA)2  6( AD2  BD2  CD2 )
etIeBlNaeTIbeyIg)ansmPaB ?
( IMO 1970 )
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ( AB  BC  CA)2  6( AD2  BD2  CD2 )
D
E
H F
B
- 82 -
sg;km<s; [CE] nig [BF] énRtIekaN ABC ehIytag H CaRbsBV

rvagkm<s;énRtIekaNenH .
eKman (CED)  ( ABC) nig ( AB)  (CE) Edl (CE)
CabnÞat;RbsBVrvagbøg; (CED) nig ( ABC) enaHeKTaj)an
( AB )  (CDE) ehIyeday ( DE)  (CDE) enaHeK)an
( AB )  ( DE) naM[ BED CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; E .
tamRTwsþIbTBItaKr½ BD2  DE2  EB2 (1)
tamsmμtikmμ BDC  90o enaH BDC CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; D
eK)an BC2  BD2  CD2 (2)
yk (1) CYskñúg (2) eK)an BC2  DE2  EB2  CD2
Et BC2  CE2  EB2 enaHeKTaj)an ³
CE2  EB 2  DE2  EB 2  CD2 b¤ CE2  DE2  CD2
naM[ CED CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; D .
eK)an (CD)  (ED) nig (CD)  (BD) enaH (CD)  ( ABD)
eday ( AD)  ( ABD) enaH (CD)  ( AD) naM[ CDA
CaRtIekaNEkgRtg; D .
RsaydUcKñaEdreK)an ( AD)  (BD) naM;[ ADB CaRtIekaNEkg
Rtg; D .
- 83 -
 AB 2  AD2  BD2
 2
tamRTwsþIbTBItaKr½eK)an BC  BD2  CD2
 2
CA  AD  CD
2 2
eKTaj AB2  BC2  CA2  2( AD2  BD2  CD2 ) (3)

( AB  BC  CA )2  3( AB 2  BC2  CA 2 ) (4)
tam (3) & (4) eK)an ³
( AB  BC  CA )2  6( AD2  BD2  CD2 ) Bit
vismPaBenHkøayCasmPaBluHRtaEt AB  BC  CA
kñúgkrNIenaHeK)an ABC CaRtIekaNsmgS½ .
- 84 -
lMhat;TI32
eK[ x  [0 , a ] nig m , n  0 .
mmnn
cUrRsayfa x (a  x) 
m n
mn
. a mn
.
(m  n )
dMeNaHRsay
mmnn
Rsayfa x m
(a  x ) 
n
mn
. a mn
(m  n )
tagGnuKmn_ g(x)  xm(a  x)n Edl x  [0 , a ] nig m , n  0
eK)an g' (x)  mxm 1 (a  x)n  n(a  x)n 1 xm
 xm  1 (a  x )n  1 m(a  x )  nx
 xm  1 (a  x )n  1 ma  (m  n )x
eday x  [0 , a ] nig m , n  0 enaH xm 1 (a  x)n 1  0
ehtuenH g' (x) mansBaØadUc ma  (m  n)x .
ebI ma  (m  n)x  0  x  mma n
.
cMeBaH x  mma
n
 f(
ma
mn
)(
ma m
mn
) (a 
ma n
mn
)
mm nn
 .am  n
( m  n )m  n
- 85 -
taragGefrPaB
ma
x 0 a
mn
f '(x)
ma
f ( x) f( )
mn
tamtaragxagelIRKb; x  [0 , a ] eK)an f (x)  f ( mma

n
)
mmnn
dUcenH x m
(a  x ) 
n
mn
. a mn
.
(m  n )
smÁal; ³ vismPaBenHGacRsaymYyEbbeTotdUcxageRkam ³
tamvismPaBmFümnBVnþ nig mFümFrNImaRteKman ³
a1  a 2  a 3  .....  a k  k k
a1a 2a 3 ......a k
RKb; a1,a 2,......, ak  0
k
b¤ a1 .a 2 .a 3 ......ak   a1  a 2  ak3  .....  ak  .
 
eKman xm  1n ( (mx)( mx )....(mx ))
 
m
n
- 86 -
1  
nig (a  x)  m (n(a x)).(n
n
(a  x ))....(n(a  x ))
 
n  
m
1 1  
x (a  x )  n . m ((mx )(mx )...(mx )).(n(n(a  x ))....(n(a  x ))
m n
m n    

n m
mn
1 1  mx  ...  mx  n(a  x )  ...  n(a  x ) 
x m ( a  x )n  n . m  
m n  m  n 
mn
11  mnx  mn(a  x ) 
x (a  x )  n . m .
m n

m n  mn
11 m m  nn m  nam  n m m .nn mn
x (a  x )  n . m .
m n
 .a
m n ( m  n )m  n ( m  n )m  n
mmnn
dUcenH x (a  x ) 
m n
mn
. a mn
.
(m  n )
- 87 -
lMhat;TI33
RtIekaN ABC mYyman AB  x , AC  1  x ¬0  x  1 ¦
nig BAC  90o .
P CacMnucmYyenAkñúgRtIekaN Edl PAB  PBC  PCA  
ehIy 0    90o .
cUrkMNt; x edIm,I[ tan  mantémøGtibrma .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt; x edIm,I[ tan  mantémøGtibrma
A
 1-x
x
P


B C
eKmanS ABC  S PAB  S PBC  S PCA
1 1
AB.AC  ( PA .AB  PB .BC  PC.CA ) sin 
2 2
- 88 -
eKTaj)an sin   PA.AB  AB .AC

PB .BC  PC.CA
(1)
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUseKman ³
 PA 2  PC 2  CA 2  2PC.CA cos 
 2
 PB  PA  AB  2PA .AB cos 
2 2
 2
 PC  PB  BC  2PB .BC cos 
2 2
bUksmPaBenHGgÁnigGgÁeKTaj)an ³
AB 2  BC2  AC2
cos   ( 2)
PA .AB  PB .BC  PC.CA
EcksmPaB (1) & (2) eK)an ³
AB.AC AB.AC
tan   
AB 2  BC2  AC2 2( AB 2  AC2 )
eRBaH BC2  AB2  AC2 ¬RTwsþIbTBItaKr½ ¦
tamvismPaB AM  GM
AB 2  AC2
eKman AB.AC  2 eK)an tan   14
dUcenHedIm,I[ tan  GtibrmaluHRtaEt AB  AC
eK)an x  1  x b¤ x  12 .
- 89 -
lMhat;TI34
eKyk I Cap©itrgVg;carwkkñúg nig O CargVg;carwkeRkAénRtIekaN ABC
EdlminEmnCaRtIekaNsmgS½ .
cUrbgðajfa AIO  90o luHRtaEt 2BC  AB  AC
(Hong Kong National Olympiad 1999)
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfa AIO  90o luHRtaEt 2BC  AB  AC
B
O
C A
H
tag a , b , c CaRCug nig r , R CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúg kaMrgVg;carwkeRkAén

RtIekaN ABC .
- 90 -
ebI AIO  90o enaH OI 2  IA 2  OA 2 (1)

yk H CacMeNalEkgén I elI [CA]
eK)an IH  r , AH  p  a Edl p  a  b2  c
kñúg   AIH eKman IA 2  (p  a)2  r 2
tamrUbmnþ Euler eKman OI 2  R 2  2rR ehIy OA  R
TMnak;TMng (1) Gacsresr (p  a)2  r 2  R 2  2rR  R 2
 (p  a )2  r 2  2rR
(p  a )(p  b )(p  c) abc
 (p  a ) 2  2 .R
p 4Rp
 2p(p  a )2  2(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)  abc
 2(p  a )[p 2  ap  p 2  (b  c)p  bc]  abc
 (b  c  a )bc  abc
 b  c  2a
dUcenH AIO  90o luHRtaEt 2BC  AB  AC .
- 91 -
lMhat;TI35
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man a , b , c eKkMNt;tag A  a  b3  c
3
G  3 abc nig H  1 1 1
.
 
a b c
3
 A
cUrRsayfa  G   14  43 . HA ?
 
(IMO LongList 1992)
dMeNaHRsay
3
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³  GA   14  43 . HA
 
3
 A
]bmafa  G   14  43 . HA Bit
 
smmUl A3  14 G 3  43 . HA .G 3
abc
abc 3 1 3 3
( )  abc  . .abc
3 4 4 3
1 1 1
 
a b c
27 9abc 1 1 1
(a  b  c)3  abc  (a  b  c)(   )
4 4 a b c
- 92 -
b¤ 4(a  b  c)3  27abc  9(a  b  c)(ab  bc  ca)

tamvismPaB AM  GM eyIg)an
a  b  c  33 abc naM[ (a  b  c)3  27abc (1)
a2  b 2 b 2  c2 c2  a2
   ab  bc  ca
2 2 2
a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca
EfmGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 2ab  2bc  2ca eK)an ³
(a  b  c)2  3(ab  bc  ca)
3(a  b  c)3  9(ab  bc  ca) ( 2)
bUkvismPaB (1) & (2) eK)an ³
4(a  b  c)3  27abc  9(a  b  c)(ab  bc  ca) Bit
3
 A 1 3 A
dUcenH     . .
G 4 4 H
- 93 -
lMhat;TI36
rgVg; C(K ; ) b:HeTAnwgRCug AB nig AC énRtIekaN ABC
Edl A CamMuRsYcehIyp©it K rbs;vasßitenAcm¶ay d BIRCug BC .
k>cUrRsayfa a(d  )  2p(r  ) Edl r CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúg
nig 2p CabrimaRténRtIekaN ABC .
x> bgðajfaebIrgVg; (C) kat;RCug BC Rtg; D nig E enaHeK)an ³
4 r .rA (  r )(rA  )
DE 
rA  r
Edl rA CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúgmMu A énRtIekaN ABC .
(IMO LongList 1992)
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa a(d  )  2p(r  )
tag a , b , c CaRCug nig S CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC
yk H , L , M CacMeNalEkgén K elIRCug BC , CA , AB
erogKñaEdl KH  d , KL  KM  
- 94 -
L

M 
K C
d E
B
eKman S  SKAB  SKBC  SKCA
1 1 1
pr  c  ad  b
2 2 2
2pr  ad  (c  b )
2pr  ad  ( 2p  a )
2p(r  )  (d  )a
dYcenH a(d  )  2p(r   ) .
- 95 -
4 r .rA (  r )(rA  )
x> bgðajfa DE 
rA  r
eKman DE  2DH  2 KD2  KH 2  2  2  d 2 (1)
tamsRmayxagelI a(d  )  2p(r  )
eKTaj)an p  a2((dr  ))
tamrUbmnþ S  pr  (p  a)rA eKTaj)an p  rarA r
A
eK)an a2((dr  ))  rarA r naM[ d  2rrA (rr)   (2)

A A
yk (2) CMnYskñúg (1) eK)an ³
2
 2r (r  ) 
DE  2  2   A  
 rA  r 
 2r (r  )  2r (r  p ) 
 2   A  p    A  p
 rA  r  rA  r 
4 rrA (  r )(rA   )

rA  r
4 r .rA (  r )(rA  )
dUcenH DE 
rA  r
.
- 96 -
lMhat;TI37
eK[ ABCD CaetRtaEG‘tEdlmanplbUkRTnugQmKñaesμI 1 .
cUrRsayfa rA  rB  rC  rD  33
Edl rA , rB , rC , rD CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúgénmuxxagrbs;etRtaEG‘t .
bgðajfasmPaBekItmanluHRtaEt ABCD CaetRtaEG‘tniyt½ .
(IMO Longlists 1986)
dMeNaHRsay
3
RsaybBa¢ak;fa rA  rB  rC  rD  3
tag BC  a , CA  b , AB  c
DA  x , DB  y , DC  z
C
B
- 97 -
]bma rA , rB , rC , rD CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúgerogKña énmuxxag

ABC , BDA , CAD nig DBC rbs;etRtaEG‘t .
tamrUbmnþehr:ugcMeBaHRtIekaN ABC eK)an ³
S ABC  p ArA  p A (p A  a )(p A  b )(p A  c)
Edl p A  a  b2  c CaknøHbrimaRténRtIekaN ABC .
eK)an rA 2  (p A  a)(p Ap  b)(p A  c)
A
(p A  a  p A  b  p A  c ) p A 2
rA 2

27p A 27
eKTaj)an rA  3p A3 .
RsaydUcKña rB  3pB3 ; rC  3pC3 nig rD  3pD3
eK)an rA  rB  rC  rD  p A  pB3  3pC  pD
eday p A  pB  pC  pD  a  b  c  x  y  z
EttambRmab; a  x  b  y  c  z  1
ehtuenH rA  rB  rC  rD  3 3 3  33 Bit .
vismPaBenHkøayCasmPaBluHRtaEt BCD; CDA; DAB; ABC
CaRtIekaNsmgS½ .dUcenH ABCD CaetRtaEG‘tniyt½ .
- 98 -
lMhat;TI38
cUrkMNt;RKb;KUéncMnYnKt;viC¢man (x , y ) edaydwgfa x2y  x  y
Eckdac;nwg xy2  y  7 .
( IMO 1998 )
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;RKb;KUéncMnYnKt;viC¢man (x , y )
tag a  x2y  x  y nig b  xy2  y  7
ebI a Eckdac;nwg b enaHeK)andUcKña ay  bx Eckdac;nwg b .
eKman ay  bx  y(x2y  x  y )  x(xy2  y  7)  y 2  7x
eday x  1 enaH xy2  y 2
naM[ y 2  7x  xy2  7x  xy2  y  7  b .
dUcenH y 2  7x Eckdac;nwg b luHRtaEt y 2  7x  0 .
k> krNITI1 ³ y 2  7x  0 enaH y 2  7x
eday y CacMnYnKt;viC¢manenaHluHRtaEt x  7k 2 ehIy y  7k
RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man k .
x>krNITI2 y 2  7x  0 enaH 7x  y 2  0
edayBinitüeXIjfa 7x  y 2  7x ehtuenHedIm,I[ 7x  y 2 Eck
dac;nwg b  xy2  y  7 luHRtaEt 7x  7x  y 2  xy2  y  7
- 99 -
ehtuenHeKRtUv[ y 2  7 enaH y  1 b¤ y  2 .
-cMeBaH y  1 eK)an 7x  y 2  7x  1 ehIy b  x  8
eKman 7x  1  7(x  8)  57 Eckdac;nwg b  x  8 luHRtaEt
b CatYEckén 57 . eday b  x  8  8 enaH b  19 b¤ b  57
eKTaj)an x  11 b¤ x  49 .
dUcenHeK)an x  11 , y  1 b¤ x  49 , y  1 .
-cMeBaH y  2 eK)an 7x  y 2  7x  4 ehIy b  4x  9
eday GCD(4x  9 ; 4)  1 enaH 7x  4 Eckdac;nwg 4x  9
smmUl 4(7x  4) Eckdac;nwg 4x  9 .
eKman 4(7x  4)  7(4x  9)  79 .
eday 79 CacMnYnbfmenaHedIm,I[ 4(7x  4) Eckdac;nwg 4x  9
luHRtaEt 4x  9  79 enaH x  352 minEmnCacMnYnKt; .
dUcenHkñúgkrNI y  2 KμancemøIy .
srubmkeK)anKUcemøIy ³
(x, y )  { (11, 1 ) , (49 , 1 ) , (7k 2 , 7k ) } , k  1 , 2 , ...
- 100 -
lMhat;TI39
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . eKtag I Cap©iténrgVg;carwkkñúgRtIekaN
knøHbnÞat;BuHkñúgénmMu A , B , C kat;RCugQmerogKñaRtg;
A' , B' , C' .
cUrRsayfa 14  AAAI'..BB BI .CI


'.CC' 27
8
.
( IMO 1991 )
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa 14  AAAI'..BB BI .CI

8
'.CC' 27 A
tag BC  a , AC  b , AB  c
nig r CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúgRtIekaN . C' B'
tag S nig T erogKñaCaépÞRkla I
énRtIekaN ABC nig IBC r

eyIgman ³ B A' I' H C
S  AH .BC nig T  II'.BC
1 1
2 2
eK)an TS  AH I I'
(i )
RtIekaNEkg AA' H nig IA' I' manmMu A' AH  A' I I'

¬mMuRtUvKña¦
- 101 -
CaRtIekaNdUcKña .
IA' AA' AI
eK)an AHII'

AA'

AA'
 1
AI
AA'
(ii )
tamTMnak;TMng (i) nig (ii) eKTaj)an TS  1  AA AI

'
eday T  12 a . r nig S  p r  a  b2  c .r
1
ar
eK)an 2
abc
 1
AI
AA'
.r
2
bc
naM[ AI
AA'
 1
a

abc abc
(1)
ca ab
dUcKñaEdr BI

BB' a  b  c
( 2) nig
CI

CC' a  b  c
( 3)
eFIVviFIKuNTMnak;TMng (1) , (2) nig (3) eK)an ³

AI .BI .CI (a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
 ( 4)
AA'.BB'.CC' (a  b  c ) 3
tamvismPaB AM  GM eK)an ³
(a  b )  (b  c)  (c  a )  3 3 (a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
2(a  b  c)  3 3 (a  b )(b  c)(c  a )
(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  2 
3
eKTaj (a  b  c ) 3
  
 3

8
27
ehtuenH AI .BI .CI
AA'.BB'.CC' 27

8
(*)
- 102 -
müa:geToteyIgsnμtfa (a  (ba)(bbcc)()c  a)  14 Bit

3
eyIg)an 4(a  b)(b  c)(c  a)  (a  b  c) 3
eday (a  b  c)  a  b  c  3(a  b)(b  c)(c  a)

3 3 3 3
4(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  a 3  b 3  c 3  3(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )

(a  b )(b  c)(c  a )  a 3  b 3  c 3  0
(a  b  c)(a  c  b )(b  c  a )  4abc  0
a  b  c

eday a,b,c CaRCugRtIekaNmYyenaH a  c  b
b  c  a

eKTaj (a  b  c)(a  c  b)(b  c  a)  4abc  0 Bit
ehtuenH AAAI'..BB
BI .CI
'.CC' 4
1
 (**)
tam (*) nig (**) eK)an 14  AAAI'..BB

BI .CI

'.CC' 27
8
.
dUcenH 14  AAAI'..BB
BI .CI

8
'.CC' 27
.
- 103 -
lMhat;TI40
eKtag I Cap©iténrgVg;carwkkñúgRtIekaN ABC mYy .
]bmafargVg;carwkkñúgRtIekaN ABC b:HRCug [BC] , [CA],[AB]
erogKñaRtg; K , L , M .
bnÞat;mYyKUsecjBIcMnuc B Rsbnwg (MK ) kat; (LM ) nig (LK )
erogKñaRtg; R nig S . cUrRsayfa RIS CamMuRsYc ?
( IMO 1998 )
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa RIS CamMuRsYc ³ A
L
M
R I
B K C
- 104 -
eKman AML  BMR  90o  A2

dUcKñaEdr CKL  BKS  90o  C2
nig BKM  BMK  90o  B2 .
mü:ageTot LMK  MRS  90o  B2 .
tamRTwsþIbTsIunUsGnuvtþn_kñúgRtIekaN BRM nigRtIekaN BSK
A A
RB sin( 90o  ) cos
eK)an BM 
C
2  2
C
sin( 90o  ) cos
2 2
C A
SB cos cos
ehIydUcKñaEdr BK  2 b¤ BK  2
A SB C
cos cos
2 2
RB BK
eKTaj)an BM 
SB
naM[ BM.BK  RB.SB
eday BM  BK enaH BM 2  RB.SB (1)
eKman (RS) //(MK ) ehIy (IB)  (KM ) enaH (IB)  (RS)
tamRTwsþIbTBItaKr½Gnuvtþn_kñúgRtIekaNEkg RIB nig SIB
eK)an IR 2  RB2  IB2 (2)
nig IS2  SB2  IB2 (3)
- 105 -
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUsGnuvtþn_kñúgRtIekaN RIS eK)an ³

RS 2  IR 2  IS 2  2IR .IS. cos RIS (4)
ykTMnak;TMng (1) , (2) , (3) mkCMnYskñúg (4) eK)an ³
RB 2  SB 2  2IB 2  ( RB  SB )2
cos RIS 
2IR .IS
2IB 2  2RB.SB IB 2  BM 2
 
2IR .IS IR .IS
EtkñúgRtIekaNEkg BIM man IB2  IM 2  BM 2
IM 2
eK)an cos RIS 
IR .IS
0 naM[ RIS CamMuRsYc .
- 106 -
lMhat;TI41
snμtfa O CacMnucmYyenAkñúgctuekaNe)a:g ABCD Edlman
épÞRkla S . eKdwgfa OA 2  OB2  OC2  OD2  2S .
cUrRsayfa ABCD KWCakaer nig O Cap©itrbs;va .
(Balkan MO 1997)
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa ABCD KWCakaer nig O Cap©itrbs;va
B
C
O

A D
tag AOB  COD  

enaH AOD  BOC  180o  
yk OA  x , OB  y , OC  z , OD  t
- 107 -
eK)an S  SOAB  SOBC  SOCD  SODA

1
 (OA .OB  OB.OC  OC.OD  OD.OA ) sin 
2
eday sin   1 enaHeK)an 2S  xy  yz  zt  tx
tambRmab; 2S  x2  y 2  z 2  t 2 enaHeK)an ³
x 2  y 2  z 2  t 2  xy  yz  zt  tx
b¤ (x  y )2  (y  z )2  (z  t )2  (t  x)2  0
eday (x  y )2  (y  z )2  (z  t )2  (t  x)2  0
enaHeKTaj)an x  y  z  t ehIykñúgkrNIenH sin   1
naM[   90o .
dUcenHctuekaN ABCD Cakaer ehIy O Cap©itrbs;va .
- 108 -
lMhat;TI42
sIVúténcMnYnBit (an ) n1 kMNt;eday a1  1 , a2  3
nig an 2  (n  3)an1  (n  2)an , n  IN
cUrkMNt;RKb;témø n edIm,I[ an Eckdac;nwg 11 .
(Balkan MO 1990)
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;RKb;témø n edIm,I[ an Eckdac;nwg 11
eKman an 2  (n  3)an1  (n  2)an , n  IN
b¤ an 2  an1  (n  2)(an1  an )
b¤ aan 2 aan1  n  2
n 1 n
(n  2)  a  ak  1  ( n  2 )
eK)an   k2

   (k  2)
k 1  k 1 k 
a a k 1
an  an  1
a 2  a1
eday a2  a1  2
 3.4.5......n
eKTaj)an an  an1  n!
n n
ehIy  ak  ak 1    k!
k2 k2
an  a1  2!3!....  n! eday a1  1  1!
eK)an an  1!2!3!.....  n! .
- 109 -
-krNITI1 ³ cMeBaH n  11 eKman

a1  1
a2  3
a 3  1!2!3!  9
a4  1!2!3!4!  33  3  11
a5  a4  5!  153
a6  a5  6!  873
a7  a6  7!  5913
a8  a7  8!  46233  4203  11
a9  a8  9!  409113
a10  a9  10!  4037913
eK)an n  4 , n  8 .
-krNITI2³ cMeBaH n  11
n
eK)an an  a10   (k! )
k 11
n
eday  (k! ) Eckdac;nwg 11 ehIy a10 Eckmindac;nwg 11
k 11
enaHcMeBaH n  11 eK)an an Eckmindac;nwg 11 .

dUcenHtémø n EdleFIV[ an Eckdac;nwg 11 manEtBIrKt;KW ²
n4 b¤ n8 .
- 110 -
lMhat;TI43
cUrbgðajfa 2903n  803n  464n  261n Eckdac;nwg 1897
(Eötvös Competition 1899)
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfa 2903n  803n  464n  261n Eckdac;nwg 1897
eKman 1897  271  7 ehIy GCD(271 , 7)  1
tamrUbmnþ ap  bp  (a  b)(ap1  ap 2b  ....  bp1 )
eK)an 2903n  803n  (2903  803)N1  7  300N1
464n  261n  (464  261)N 2  7  29N 2
Edl N1 , N2 CacMnYnKt;viC¢man .
enaH 2903n  803n  464n  261n  7 (300N1  29N2 )
naM[ 2903n  803n  464n  261n Eckdac;nwg 7 .
dUcKñaEdr 2903n  464n  (2903  464)N3  271  9N3
803n  261n  (803  261)N 4  271  2N 4
enaH 2903n  803n  464n  261n  271 (9N3  2N4 )
naM[ 2903n  803n  464n  261n Eckdac;nwg 271 .
dUcenH 2903n  803n  464n  261n Eckdac;nwg 1897 .
- 111 -
lMhat;TI44
eK[etRtaEG‘t SABC man)at ABC CaRtIekaNEdlmanmMukñúg
CamMuRsYc. K , L , M CacMeNalEkgén S elIRCug [BC] , [CA]
nig [AB] erogKña . eKdwgfa SK
BC CA AB
 
SL SM
 d ehIyplbUk
épÞRkLaénmuxxag SAB , SBC, SAB esμInwg 3 dgénépÞRkLa

én)at ABC .
k> Rsayfa d  a2  6bS2  c2 Edl a , b , c CaRCug nig S
CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC .
x> bgðajfa d mantémøGtibrmaluHRtaEt SABCniyt½ .
dMeNaHRsay S
Rsayfa d  a2  6bS2  c2
tag SK  x , SL  y , SM  z
eKman ax  by  zc  d
 x  ad C
 L
enaH  y  bd (1)
 z  cd A
 M K
B
- 112 -
tamsmμtikmμ SSAB  SSBC  SSCA  3S ABC  3S

eK)an 12 cz  12 ax  12 by  3S b¤ ax  by  cz  6S (2)
6S
(a 2  b 2  c 2 )d  6S  d  2 Bit .
a b c
2 2
x>bgðajfa d mantémøGtibrmaluHRtaEt SABC niyt½ ³

tamrUbmnþehr:ugeKman S  p(p  a )(p  b )(p  c)
3
S2 p  a  p  b  p  c
eK)an  (p  a )(p  b )(p  c)   
p  3 
S2 p3 p2 (a  b  c )2
b¤ 
p 27
naM[ S
3 3

12 3
(a  b  c)2  (12  12  12 )(a2  b2  c2 )  3(a2  b2  c2 )
3(a 2  b 2  c2 ) a 2  b 2  c2
eKTaj)an S  12 3  4 3
eK)an d  4 6 3  23 enaH dmax  23 kñúgkrNIenHeFIV[ ABC
smgS½ehIyeday ax  by  zc  d  23  x  y  z  a 2 3 .
dUcenH SABC CaetRtaEG‘tniyt½ .
- 113 -
lMhat;TI45
eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanRCug AB  a , BC  b
CD  c nig DA  d . O CacMnucmYyenAkñúgctuekaNenHEdl
OAB  OBC  OCD  ODA   ¬ 0    90o )
sin B  cd sin D)
k> cUrRsayfa tan   2(ab
a2  b 2  c2  d 2
x> bgðajfatémø tan  GtibrmaluHRtaEt ABCD CakaerehIy
O Cap©itrbs;va .
dMeNaHRsay
sin B  cd sin D)
k> Rsayfa tan   2(ab
a2  b 2  c2  d 2
D
A B
- 114 -
tag OA  x , OB  y , OC  z , OD  t .
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUskñúg OAB , OBC , OCD , ODA ³
y 2  a 2  x 2  2ax cos  (1)
z 2  y 2  b 2  2by cos  ( 2)
t 2  z 2  c2  2zc cos  ( 3)
x 2  t 2  d 2  2td cos  ( 4)
bUksmIkar (1) , (2) , (3) & (4) eKTaj)an ³
a2  b 2  c2  d 2
cos   ( 5)
2(ax  by  cz  dt )
tag S CaépÞRkLaénctuekaN ABCD eK)an ³
1
S  S ABC  S ACD  (ab sin B  cd sin D)
2
mü:ageTot S  SOAB  SOBC  SOCD  SODA
b¤ S  12 (ax  by  cz  dt ) sin 
eK)an (ax  by  cz  dt ) sin   ab sin B  cd sin D
B  cd sin D
b¤ sin   abaxsin
 by  cz  dt
( 6)
EckTMnak;TMng (6) nig (5) GgÁ nig GgÁeK)an ³

2(ab sin B  cd sin D)
tan  
a b c d
2 2 2 2
.
- 115 -
x> bgðajfatémø tan  GtibrmaluHRtaEt ABCD Cakaer ³

eKman sin B  1 nig sin D  1
eK)an tan   a2 2(bab2 ccd2 ) d2
a 2  b 2 c2  d 2 a2  b 2  c2  d 2
ab  cd   
2 2 2
a b c d
2 2 2 2
2( )
eKTaj)an tan   2
a b c d
2
2
2 2
1
dUcenHtémøGtibrmaén tan   1 EdlRtUvnwgmMu   45o

kñúgkrNIenHvismPaBkøayCasmPaBenaH a  b  c  d
ehIy sin B  1 nig sin D  1 enaH B  D  900 .
dUcenH ABCD CakaerehIy O Cap©itrbs;va .
- 116 -
lMhat;TI46
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n nig cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man
a1 , a 2 , ...., a n epÞógpÞat; a1a 2a 3 ....a n  1 cUrbgðajfa ³
n 1 n 1
 4
ai
 
2 a
.
i 1 a i  3 i 1 i
dMeNaHRsay
n 1 n 1
bgðajfa  ai
 
i 1 a i  3 2 i  1 a i
4
CadMbUgeyIgRtUvRsay[eXIjfacMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x  0 eKman
x x
  x4  3  ( x  1)2
x1 x4  3
 ( x  1)2 ( x 2  2x  2)  0
eday (x  1)2  0 nig x2  2x  2  (x  1)2  1  0
naM[ (x  1)2 (x2  2x  2)  0 BitRKb;cMnYnBit x .
n a n
ehtuenH  a  1   a4i (1)
i
i 1 i i 1 ai  3
1 n 1 n
CabnþeToteyIgnwgRsayfa 2  a  
ai
.
i 1 i i 1ai  1
- 117 -
n 1 n
]bmafa   2
ai
Bit
i 1a i i 1a i  1
n a 1 1 n 1 n
smmUl ( i
2 a
 ) 
2 2a
 2  (1 
a
1
 1
)
i 1 i i 1 i i 1 i
n a 1 n n 1 n
smmUl  i     2n 
2

i 1 2ai 2 i 12ai i 1ai  1
n a 1 n 1
smmUl  ( i
2 a

a
2
 1
)   
5n
i 1 i i i 12a i 2
tamvismPaB AM  GM cMeBaH a1 , a2 , ..., an  0 eKman ³
n ai  1 2 n a 1 2
 (  )  2n 2 n  ( i . )  2n
i 1 2ai ai  1 i 1 2ai ai  1
n 1 nn n 1 n
nig     ¬eRBaH
a1a 2a 3 ....a n  1 ¦
i 12ai 2 i 1 a i 2
n a 1 n 1
eKTaj)an ( i 
2
) 
ai  1 i 12ai
 2n  
n 5n
Bit
i 1 2ai 2 2
1 n 1 n a
eKTaj)an    i ( 2)
2 i 1ai i 1ai  1
1 n 1 n
tamTMnak;TMng (1) nig (2) eKTaj)an   
ai
2 i 1ai i 1 a 4  3
i
n 1 n 1
dUcenH  4
ai
  .
i 1 a i  3 2 i 1 a i
- 118 -
lMhat;Gnuvtþn_
!> cUrkMNt;RKb;KU (m , n) EdlepÞógpÞat; ³
1!2!3!4!....  n!  m 2
@> eK[ a nig b CacMnYnKt;viC¢man . edaydwgfa a2  b2 Eckdac;nwg
a2  b2
ab  1 enaHcUrbgðajfa CakaerR)akdéncMnYnKt; .
ab  1
#> eK[ n CacMnYnKt;viC¢man ehIyedaydwgfa 2  2 28n2  1
CacMnYnKt;mYy .
cUrbgðajfa 2  2 28n2  1 CakaerR)akdéncMnYnKt;mYy .
a 2  2b 2  3b  1
$> cUrrkRKb;KU a nig b éncMnYnKt;viC¢manedIm,I[ a  b  1
CacMnYnKt;viC¢man .
%>cUrkMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n edIm,I[ 9n  1 Eckdac;nwg 7n
^> cUrkMNt;RKb;KU (a , b) edIm,I[ a2  b2  3 Eckdac;nwg ab .
&>cUrkMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n edIm,I[ 3n  n Eckdac;nwg 17 .
*> kMNt;témøKt;viC¢man n FMbMputedIm,I[ 2012n
!
CacMnYnKt;viC¢man .
5
(>cUrbgðajfa 34  45 KWCaplKuNénBIrcMnYnKt; EdlcMnYnKt;nImYy²
5 6
FMCag 102002 .
- 119 -
!0> cUrkMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n edIm,I[EpñkKt;én n 111 CatYEck

én 111 .
!!> bgðajfaRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢manxusKña a nig b cMnYn 2a(a2  3b2 )
minGacCaKUbéncMnYnKt; .
!@> cUrkMNt;témøFMbMputén m 2  n2 Edl m nig n CacMnYnKt;epÞóg
pÞat; m , n  {1 , 2 , 3 , .....,1981} nig (n2  mn  m 2 )2  1
!#>eKsmÁal;eXIjfa ³
1 1 4 2
  , 4  32  52
1 3 3
1 1 8 2
  , 8  152  17 2
3 5 15
1 1 12
  , 122  352  37 2
5 7 35
cUrbgðajlkçN³TUeTAtam]TahrN_xagelIenH .
!$>GnuKmn_ kMNt;eday ³
 2k 2k 
(n )    cos  i . sin 
kR n  n n 
Edl Rn  {k  IN / 1  k  n , gcd(k , n)  1 } .
cUrRsayfa (n) CacMnYnKt;viC¢mancMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n .
- 120 -
!%> cUrkMNt;RKb;KUcMnYnKt;viC¢man (x , y ) EdlepÞógpÞat;smIkar ³

y 2  x 3  16 .
!^> cUrkMnt;RKb;cMnYnKt; a edIm,I[ x3  x  a  0 manb¤sbICacMnYnKt;
!&> cUrkMnt;RKb;KU (a , b ) éncMnYnKt;viC¢manedaydwgfa ³
( 3 a  3 b  1)2  49  203 6
!*>cUrkMNt;cMnYnKt;viC¢man a edIm,I[ 3 2  a  3 2  a
CacMnYnKt;mYy .
!(>cUrkMnt;RKb;KUcMnYnKt;viC¢man (x , y , z ) edaydwgfa ³
( x  y )(1  xy )  2z
a1  1
@0> eK[sIVút {an }n1 kMNt;eday 
an  1  2an  3an 2  1
cUrbgðajfa an CacMnYnKt;RKb; n .
a1  1

@!> eK[sIVút {an }n1 kMNt;eday 
a 
an

1
 n  1 2 4a
 n
2
cUrbgðajfa CacMnYnKt;viC¢manRKb; n  1 .
2an  1
2
@@> cUrkMnt;elx x , y , z EdlepÞógpÞat;smPaB ³

xxx
....  yyy
xxx ....yyy  zzz
 .....
 zzz

(n ) (n ) (n )
- 121 -
@#>eK[ a1 , a2 , a3 , ...., an CacMnYnBitviC¢man .

2
n 1  1 
cUrRsayfa  2   a a  4   a  a 

  i j i j  i j i j
@$> cUrbgðajfa tan 730'  6  2  3  2

@%>eKyk M CacMnucmYYyenAkñúgRtIekaN ABC EkgRtg; C edayeK
dwgfa MAB  MBC  MCA   . tag  CammuRsYc
rvagemdüanénRCug AC nig BC .
  )
cUrRsayfa sin(
sin(    )
5 .
@^>ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanRCug AB  a , BC  b , CD  c

nig DA  d ehIymMu DAB   , ABC   , BCD  
nig CDA   . yk p  a  b 2 c  d nig S CaépÞRklaén
ctuekaNenH . cUrRsayfa ³

S 2  (p  a )(p  b )(p  c)(p  d )  abcd cos2
2
@&>eKyk a nig b CaBIrcMnYnKt;xusKña . cUrRsayfaebI k CacMnYnKt;
viC¢manEckmindac;nwg 3 enaH (a  b)2k  ak  b2k Eckdac;nwg
a 2  ab  b 2 .
- 122 -

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át´dMbgéf¶TI 8 mIna 2011

Problems and Solutions

( IMO Shortlist 2009 )

$> eKyk Q Cap©itrgVg;carwkkñúgénRtIekaN ABC . cMeBaHRKb;cMnuc P

%> smIkar x3  ax2  bx  c  0 manb¤bICacMnYnBitviC¢man

&> ebI a , b , c CargVas;RCugénRtIekaNmYy ehIy r CakaMrgVg;

*> eK[ a , b , c CacMnYnBitviC¢manehIyepÞógpÞat;lkçxNÐ½

(>eK[ x , y , z CacMnYnBitepÞógpÞat; x2y 2  2yx 2  1  0 .

!^> eK[ a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitminGviC¢man nig x , y , z

@0> eK[ctumux OABC EdlmMuRtg;kMBUl O suTæEtEkgKña ehIy

@%> cUrkMNt;plbUkénmMu A nig B ebIeKdwgfa ³

#0> eKykBIr:amIt PABC man)at ABC CaRtIekaNEdlmanRCug

##> RtIekaN ABC mYyman AB  x , AC  1  x ¬0  x  1 ¦

#^> rgVg; C(K ; ) b:HeTAnwgRCug AB nig AC énRtIekaN ABC

#(>eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy .

cUrRsayfa 14  AAAI'..BB BI .CI

$!> snμtfa O CacMnucmYyenAkñúgctuekaNe)a:g ABCD Edlman

$@> sIVúténcMnYnBit (an ) n1 kMNt;eday a1  1 , a2  3

SAB , SBC, SAB esμInwg 3 dgénépÞRkLaén)at ABC .

k> Rsayfa d  a2  6bS2  c2 Edl a , b , c CaRCug nig S

$%> eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanRCug AB  a , BC  b

( Turkey National Olympiad 2010 )

tag A(2m , 2n) , B(0 , 0 ) C( 2p , 0) H( 2m , y H )

sg;km<s; [AE] nig [BF] énRtIekaN ABC .

yksmIkar (2) CYskñúg (1) bnÞab;BIedaHRsaymkeKTTYl)an ³

eK)an PM  (xp  p)2  y p 2

( IMO Shortlist 2009 )

bUkvismPaB (1) , (2) nig (3) eK)an ³

eRCIserIs A(0 , 0 ) , B(c , 0 ) , C(b cos A , b sin A)

EfmGgÁTaMgBIrnwg 2uvw(u  v  w ) eK)an

tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwarz eKman ³

tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwarz eK)an ³

2(a  b  c)2[9(a2  b2  c2 )  3(ab  bc  ca)

x  2(a  b  c)2 , y  9(a 2  b 2  c2 )  3(ab  bc  ca)

b¤ r 2  (b  c  a)(4(caabbc)() a  b  c)  4(x xyzy  z )

tamTMnak;TMng (1) , (2) & (3) eKTaj)an

tam (1) nwg (2) eKTaj)an

 2 sin 2   sin   (cos   1)(cos   1  sin   2)

eKman K nig N CacMnuckNþalén [AB] nig [AD] enaH [KN]

Ca)atmFüménRtIekaN ABD enaHeK)an S1  14 .S ABD .

naM[ f (x) CaGnuKmn_e)a:g .

eK)an (aba bbc)(bcac)(c3abca)  1  48  32 ( 5)

tam (4) & (5) eK)an ab 2  bc 2  ca 2  83 Bit .

tag p CaknøHbrimaRtnig S CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC

naM[ R A R BRC  ( 3r )3  3 3 r3 Bit .

tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwarz eK)an ³

tag S1 , S2 , S3 nig S erogKñaCaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN

MBC , MAC, MAB nig ABC .

naM[ M CaTIRbCMuTm¶n;én  ABC .

sg; (BI ) //(EF ) nig (CJ ) //(EF ) Edl I , J  ( AD) .

eKman  IBD nig  JCD dUcKñaenaHeK)an JD

mü:ageTot AJ  AD  JD Et JD  AD  IJBC .DC

eK)an AJAP.DB  ADAP.DB  DBAP.IJ.BC

bUksmPaB (1) & (2) eK)an ³

eKman APE nig AJC dUcKñaenaHeK)an AC 

yksmIkar (4) & (5) CMnYskñúg (3) eK)an ³

tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwarz eKman ³

tag V CamaDrbs;ctumux OABC

eKman APB  90o mMucarwkknøHrgVg;

eK)an 2 AP  2 3 BP  2 cos   2 3 sin 

tag H nig K CacMNucb:HrvagrgVg; (C ' ) CamYyRCug [AB]

nig (CI ) CamYyrgVg; (C) erogKña .