Math 7

2
 n

 xk 
2    xk 
 k 1 
n
    n
k 1  yk 
  yk 
k 1
KN³kmμkarniBnæ nig eroberog
lwm plÁún nig Esn Bisidæ
KN³kmμkarRtYtBinitübec©keTs
elak lwm qun elak Gwug sMNag
elak nn; suxNa elakRsI Tuy rINa
elak RBwm sunitü elak pl b‘unqay
elak Titü em:g
KN³kmμkarRtYtBinitüGkçraviruTæ
elak lwm miKÁsir
karIkMuBüÚTr½
kBaØa lI KuNÑaka elak Gwug sMNag
i
Garmáfa
esoePAKNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelakPaKTI7 EdlGñksikSakMBugkan;
enAkñúgédenH EckecjCabIEpñkEdlEpñkTI1 CakRmglMhat;eRCIserIs
EpñkTI2 CaEpñkdMeNaHRsay nig EpñkTI3 CalMhat;Gnuvtþn_ .
ral;bRbFanlMhat;nImYy²enAkñúgesovePAenH eyIgxJúM)aneRCIserIsykEt lMhat;
NaEdlmanlkçN³Bi)ak mkeFVIdMeNaHRsayKMrUy:agek,aHk,aybMput .
eKalbMNgénkareroberogcgRkgKWedIm,ITukCaÉksarCMnYysRmab;Gñk
sikSakñúgRKb;mCÄdæan nig müa:geTotedIm,IcUlrYmelIksÞÜyvisy½KNitviTüakñúg
RbeTskm<úCaeyIg[kan;EtrIkceRmInqab;rhs½Rsbtamsm½yviTüasaRsþTMenIb.
esovePAenHminl¥hYseKhYsÉgenaHeT . kMhusqÁgedayGectnaR)akd
CamanTaMgbec©keTs nig GkçraviruTæ . ehtuenHeyIgxJMúCaGñkniBnæ rgcaMCanic©nUv
mtiriHKn;EbbsßabnaBIGñksikSaRKb;mCÄdæanedaykþIrIkrayedIm,IEklMGesovenH
[kan;EtmansuRkitüPaBRbesIreLIgEfmeTot .
CaTIbBa©b; xJMú)aTGñkniBnæsUmeKarBCUnBrGñksikSaTaMgGs;mansuxPaBl¥
manR)aCJaQøasév nig TTYl)aneCaKC½yCanic©kñúgkarsikSa .
)at;dMbg éf¶TI 25 ExFñÚ qñaM2010

GñkniBnæ nig RsayRCav lwm plÁún
Tel : 017 768 246
Email: lim_phalkun@ymail.com
Website: www.mathtoday.wordpress.com
ii
KNitviTüaCMuvijBiPBelak
kRmglMhat;
!> cMeBaHRKb; x  IR cUrRsayBa¢ak;fa ³
| a cos x  b sin x | a 2  b 2
@> cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
  ; (a  0 , b  0 )
a b ab
#> eK[GnuKmn_
f ( x )  4(tan 2 x  cot 2 x )  12(tan x  cot x )  9
Edl x  ( 0 ,  ) .
2
cUrrktémøtUcbMputénGnuKmn_ f ( x ) .
3 cos x
$> eK[GnuKmn_ y 
5  4 sin x
cUrrktémøtUcbMput nig témøFMbMputénGnuKmn_ y .
%> eK[GnuKmn_
f ( x , y )  x 2 y 2  3 x 2  4 y 2  12( xy  x  2 y )  89
cUrkMNt; x nig y edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f ( x, y) mantémøtUcbMput
-1-
rYckMNt;témøtUcbMputenaH .
^> eKmansmIkar x 2  x  3  0 manb¤stageday x1 nig x2
cUrKNnatémø A  19 x13  4 x2 5
&> eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x )  ax 2  bx  c
Edl a  0 , a , b, c  IR .
cUrRsayfaebIsmIkar f ( x )  x Kμanb¤skñúgsMNMucMnYnBitenaH
smIkar f [ f ( x )]  x k¾Kμanb¤skñúgsMNMucMnYnBitEdr .
*> edaHRsaysmIkar ³
x 2  x  4  2 3 x 3  6 x 2  12 x
(> edaHRsaysmIkar ³
3
10( 3 x  1) 2  3 4( 3 x  1) 2 3 x
 9 1
2 53
!0> eK[smIkar x 9  9 x  999  0

cUrbgðajfasmIkarenHmanb¤s x0 CacMnYnBitEtmYyKt; rYcRsayfa
x0 CacMnYnGsniTan .
!!> eKdwgfa tan x  b
a
.
cos 4 x sin 4 x
cUrRsayfa a

b

1
ab
-2-
!@> eKdwgfa cos a  nm p , cos b  p nm , cos c  mp n

cUrKNnakenSam ³
sin 2 a sin 2 b sin 2 c
M  
2  2cos a  sin 2 a 2  2cos b  sin 2 b 2  2cosc  sin 2 c
!#> eKmanRtIekaN ABC mYyEdl BC  a , AC  b , AB  c .
tag R nig S erogKñaCakaM nig épÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC enH .
cUrRsayfa ³
cos A cos B cos C R(sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C)
  
a b c 4S
!$> kñúgRKb;RtIekaN ABC cUrRsayfa ³
(sin A  sin B  sin C)2
(1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C) 
2
!%> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy .
a2
k> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa 1  cos A 
2bc
Edl a , b , c CaRCugRtIekaN ABC .
x> TajbBa¢ak;fa (1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C)  18
!^> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy .
k> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa sin A  sin B  sin C  2sin B sin Ccos A
2 2 2
A  sin B  sin C
2 2 2
x> TajbBa¢ak;fa cot A  cot B  cot C  sin2sin A sin B sin C
-3-
!&> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMu A ,B ,C CamMuRsYcEdlepÞógpÞat;

smPaB
1 1 1 
cot A  cot B  cot C  
1

2  sin A sin B sin C 
.
cUrRsayfa ABC CaRtIekaNsmgS½ ?
!*> tag R CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúg nig S CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC mYy .
2
k> cUrRsayfa (cot A  cot B)(cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A)  2RS
x> ebI ABC CamMuRsYcenaHcUrTaj[)anfa ³ cos A cos B cosC  18 .
!(> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug BC  a , AC  b , AB  c
carwkkñúgrgVg;mYymanp©it O nig kaM R .
tag S nig S CaépÞRkLaén OBC nig ABC erogKña .
OBC
snμtfa A ,B ,C CamMuRsYc .
k> cUrRsayfa S  14 a cot A .
OBC
2
x> cUrTajbgðajfa a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S .

2 2 2
K> cUrTajbgðajfa a cos A  b cos B  ccos C  2Rabc

2
.
-4-
@0> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . D CacMNucmYYénRCug [BC] Edl

BAD   nig DAC   .
BC sin  sin 
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa AD  
sin B sin C
?
@!> bgðajfaebI a , b , c tagerogKñaCatYTI p , q , r
énsIVútnBVnþmYyenaHeK)ansmPaB
(q  r )a  (r  p )b  (p  q )c  0 .
@@> eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanépÞRkLaesμI 1 .

cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
AB  BC  CD  DA  AC  BD  4  8 ?
¬Austria-Poland, 1985¦
@#> eK[RtIekaNBIrmanRCug a ,b ,c knøHbrimaRt p  a  b2  c
nigkaMrgVg;carwkeRkA R .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa 52  2aRpR bc  12
-5-
@$> eKyk I nig O Cap©itrgVg;carwkkñúg nig carwkeRkAén ABC .

rgVg;  carwkkñúgmMu A vab:HeTAnwg AB , AC nig BC erogKña
A
Rtg;cMnuc K ,M nig N erogKña .

ebIsinCacMnuckNþal P énGgát; KM sßitenAelIrgVg;carwkeRkA
énRtIekaN ABC enaHcUrbgðajfabIcMnuc O , I , N rt;Rtg;Kña ?
@%> cUrRsayfakaerénRKb;cMnYnKt;RtUvmanTRmg; 4k b¤ 4k  1
RKb; k  IN * .
@^> cUrRsayfaebI a 2  b 2 Eckdac;nwg 3 enaH a Eckdac;nwg 3
nig b Eckdac;nwg 3 .
@&> cUrbgðajfa n4  4 CacMnYnbzmEtkñugkrNI n  1 .
@*> eKdwgfa 1002004008016032 manktþabzm
p  250000 . cUrkMNt;ktþabzmenaH .
106
 1 
@(> cUrkMNt;EpñkKt;én   ?
k 1  k 
#0> cUrkMNt;KUmYyéncMnYnKt;viC¢man a , b edaydwgfa ³

( i ) : ab(a  b ) Eckmindac;nwg 7
( ii ) : (a  b ) 7  a 7  b 7 Eckdac;nwg 7 7 (IMO 1984 )
-6-
1
#!> eKGnuKmn_ f ( x) 
1  21 2 x
1 2 n1
cUrKNna S  f ( )  f ( )  ...  f ( )
n n n
#@> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn ³ A  113  168  141  427
n n n n
Eckdac;nwg 7 Canic©RKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .
##> eK[ m nig n CaBIrcMnYnKt;viC¢manEdl 1  m  n .
cUrkMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n edIm,I[cMnYn 22 nig 22
m n
manelxBIrxÞg;cugeRkaydUcKña .
#$> eK[ f (n)  4n  7n  34 Edl n  IN *
2
cUrbgðajfaKμan n EdleFIV[cMnYn f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 eT.

#%>eK[ f (a)  16a  50a  13 Edl a  
2
kMNt;RKb;témø a EdleFIV[cMnYn f (a) Eckdac;nwg 49

#^> kMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x edIm,I[ x  10x  115x  237
3 2
Eckdac;nwg 343 .
#&> cUrRsayfaRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n eK)an f (n)  4n  13
7 n  23
CaRbPaKsRmYlmin)an ?
-7-
#*> eKdwgfa tan 3


b
a
. cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
cos 4  sin 4  1
 
3
a2 3
b2 3
a2  3 b2
#(> eKmansIVútcMnYnBit (a ) kMNt;eday ³ n
1 1 1
an  (1  )(1  ) ....(1  n )
2 4 22
cUrKNnalImIt lim an
n  
.
$0> eK[plbUk
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Sn          
n  n 2 (n  1) 2 
1 1 .... 1
22 32 32 42
cUrKNna lim S .
n  
n

$!> eKmanes‘rIGnnþmYy  ( n2 )  12  22
2 2 2
32 n2
n 2
 3  .....  n  ....
n1 2 2
cUrRsayfaes‘rIxagelIenHCaes‘rIbRgYm .
$@> cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * eKmanplbUk ³
5 7 9 2n  3
Sn     .... 
1.3.22 3.5.23 5.7.24 ( 2n  1)( 2n  1).2n  1
k> kMNt;cMnYnBit a nig b edIm,I[eK)ansmPaB
2n  3 a b
 
( 2n  1)( 2n  1).2n  1 ( 2n  1).2n ( 2n  1).2n  1
x> KNna S nig lim S .
n
n  
n
-8-
$#> cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * eKmansIVútcMnYnBit (a ) kMNt;eday ³

n
a0  3 nig a   1  1  a  1

n1 2n n 2n
 3  3
k> KNna a CaGnuKmn_én n .
n
x> KNnalImIt lim a .

n  
n
$$> eK[ a nig b CaBIrcMnYnBitEdl 0  a  b  2

ba ba
cUrRsayfa cos a
 tan b  tan a 
2
cos b 2
$%> KNnaplbUk ³
n!
Sn  C1n  4Cn2  9Cn3  .....  n 2Cnn Edl C p

p! (n  p )!
n
$^> eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  x  2

k> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab (c) énGnuKmn_ f .
x> eKBinitü n cMnuc A1 , A 2 , A 3 , ..., An sßitenAelIRkab (c) Edl
A ( 2 , 2  2 ) nig An (an , an 1 ) RKb; n  IN * .
1 
cUrkMNt;kUGredaenéncMnuc An .
K> cUrKNna OAn CaGnuKmn_én n rYcKNna lim OA . n  
n
-9-
$&> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . emdüanénRtIekaNEdlKUsecj

BIkMBUl A , B , C kat;rgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaNerogKñaRtg;
M , N , P . tag a , b , c CaRCug nig ma , mb , mc
Caemdüanén ABC .
cUrRsayfa
4 4 4
ma mb mc 16
 4  4 
a  2b c
4 2 2
b  2a c
2 2
c  2a b
2 2
9
$*> eK[ M CaTIRbCMuTm¶n;énRtIekaN ABC .
ebIbnÞat; AB b:HeTAnwgrgVg;carwkeRkAénRtIekaN AMC
enaHbgðajfa sin 1CMA  sin 1CBM  2 3
$(> eK[ a , b , c  0 .
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b 3 ) 9
  
bc ca ab 2
%0> eK[ a  1 , b  1 nig x  1 .
cUrRsayfa log a x  log b x  2 log a  b x
2
- 10 -
- 11 -
lMhat;TI1
cMeBaHRKb; x  IR cUrRsayBa¢ak;fa ³
| a cos x  b sin x | a 2  b 2
dMeNaHRsay
RsayBa¢ak;fa ³
| a cos x  b sin x | a 2  b 2

 

tagviucTr½ u  (a , b ) nig v  (cos x , sin x )

 

yk  CamMurvagviucTr½ u nig v .
tamniymn½yplKuNsáaEl ³

 
 
 

u . v  | u | . | v | cos

 

u . v
eKTaj cos  
 

| u |.| v |

 

eKman u . v  a cos x  b sin x

 

| u | a  b ; | v | 1
2 2
- 12 -
eK)an cos  a cos x2 b sin x

a b2
cMeBaHRKb;mMu   IR :  1  cos  1
b¤ | cos |  1
eK)an a cos x2 b sin x
1
a b 2
dUcenH | a cos x  b sin x |  a 2  b 2 .
- 13 -
lMhat;TI2
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnBit x cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
  ; (a  0 , b  0 )
a b ab
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
 
a b ab
tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwarz eK)an ³
sin 4 x cos 4 x (sin 2 x ) 2 (cos 2 x ) 2
  
a b a b
sin 4 x cos 4 x (sin 2 x  cos 2 x ) 2
 
a b ab
eday sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1
dUcenH   .
a b ab
- 14 -
lMhat;TI3
eK[GnuKmn_

Edl x  ( 0 , ) .
2
cUrrktémøtUcbMputénGnuKmn_ f ( x ) .
dMeNaHRsay
rktémøtUcbMputénGnuKmn_ f ( x )
eKman
tag t  tan x  cot x  2 tan x cot x  2
eK)an t 2  (tan x  cot x )2  tan 2 x  cot 2 x  2
b¤ tan 2 x  cot 2 x  t 2  2
eK)an f ( x )  4(t 2  2)  12t  9  (2t  3)2  8
eday t  2 enaH 2t  3  4  3  1
eK)an f ( x )  1  8  7
dUcenHtémøtUcbMputén f ( x ) esμInwg  7 .
- 15 -
lMhat;TI4
3 cos x
eK[GnuKmn_ y 
5  4 sin x
cUrrktémøtUcbMput nig témøFMbMputénGnuKmn_ y .
dMeNaHRsay
rktémøtUcbMput nig témøFMbMput
3 cos x
eKman y 
5  4 sin x
eK)an 5 y  4 y sin x  3 cos x
b¤ 3 cos x  4 y sin x  5 y (1)
| 3 cos x  4 y sin x | 9  16 y 2 ( 2)
tam (1) nig (2) eK)an | 5 y | 9  16 y 2
b¤ 25 y 2  9  16 y 2
9 y2  9
y2  1
eKTaj)an  1  y  1 .
dUcenH ymin   1 ; ymax  1 .
- 16 -
lMhat;TI5
eK[GnuKmn_
f ( x , y )  x 2 y 2  3 x 2  4 y 2  12( xy  x  2 y )  89
cUrkMNt; x nig y edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f ( x, y) mantémøtUcbMput
rYckMNt;témøtUcbMputenaH .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt; x nig y
f ( x , y )  x 2 y 2  3 x 2  4 y 2  12( xy  x  2 y )  89
GnuKmn_enHGacsresr ³
f ( x , y )  ( xy  6) 2  3( x  2) 2  4( y  3) 2  5
edIm,I[GnuKmn_ f ( x, y) mantémøtUcbMputluHRtaEt ³
 xy  6  0

x  2  0 naM[ x  2 , y  3
y  3 0

dUcenH x  2 , y  3 ehIytémøtUcbMputén f ( x , y ) KW 5 .
- 17 -
lMhat;TI6
eKmansmIkar x 2  x  3  0 manb¤stageday x1 nig x2
cUrKNnatémø A  19 x13  4 x2 5
dMeNaHRsay
KNnatémø A  19 x13  4 x2 5
eKman x1 nig x2 Cab¤sénsmIkar x 2  x  3  0
eK)an x12  x1  3  0 (1) nig x2 2  x2  3  0 (2)
tam (1) eK)an x12  x1  3
x1  x1  3 x1
3 2
x1  ( x1  3)  3 x1  4 x1  3
3
tam (2) eK)an x2 2  x2  3

x 2  ( x 2  3) 2
4
x 2  x 2 ( x 2  6 x 2  9)
5 2
x 2  x 2 ( x 2  3  6 x 2  9)
5
x 2  x 2 (7 x 2  12)
5
x 2  7 x 2  12 x 2  7( x 2  3)  12 x 2
5 2
x 2  19 x 2  21
5
- 18 -
yk x13  4 x1  3 nig x2 5  19 x2  21
CMnYskñúgkenSam A  19 x13  4 x2 5 eK)an ³
A  19(4 x1  3)  4(19 x 2  21)
 76 x1  57  76 x 2  84
 76( x1  x 2 )  141
eday x1  x2  1
eK)an A  76  141  217
dUcenH A  19 x13  4 x2 5  217 .
- 19 -
lMhat;TI7
eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x )  ax 2  bx  c
Edl a  0 , a , b, c  IR .
cUrRsayfaebIsmIkar f ( x )  x Kμanb¤skñúgsMNMucMnYnBitenaH
dMeNaHRsay
karbgðaj
eKman f ( x )  x smmUl ax 2  bx  c  x
b¤ ax 2  (b  1) x  c  0 ( E1 )
smIkar ( E1 ) Kμanb¤skñúgsMNMucMnYnBitluHRtaEt ³
 1  (b  1) 2  4ac  0 (1)
mü:ageToteKman ³
f [ f ( x )]  x  af 2 ( x )  bf ( x )  c  x
 a[ f 2 ( x )  x 2 ]  b[ f ( x )  x]  f ( x )  x
 [ f ( x )  x][af ( x )  ax  b  1]
smIkar f [ f ( x )]  x smmUl ³
[ f ( x )  x ][af ( x )  ax  b  1]  0
- 20 -
eday f ( x )  x  0 CasmIkarKμanb¤s ¬ smμtikmμ ¦

eK)an af ( x )  ax  b  1  0
a (ax 2  bx  c )  ax  b  1  0
a 2 x 2  a (b  1) x  ac  b  1  0 ( E 2 )
DIsRKImINg;énsmIkar ( E 2 ) KW ³
 2  a 2 (b  1) 2  4a 2 (ac  b  1)
 a 2 [(b  1) 2  4ac  4b  4]
 a 2 [(b  1) 2  4ac  4] ( 2)
tam (1) nig (2) eKTaj)an  2  0
dUcenHebIsmIkar f ( x )  x Kμanb¤skñúgsMNMucMnYnBitenaH
- 21 -
lMhat;TI8
edaHRsaysmIkar ³
x 2  x  4  2 3 x 3  6 x 2  12 x
dMeNaHRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar x 2  x  4  2 3 x 3  6 x 2  12 x
smIkarmann½yluHRtaEt 3 x 3  6 x 2  12 x  0
smmUl 3 x( x 2  2 x  4)  0
smmUl 3 x[ ( x  1)2  3]  0 naM[ x  0 .
tag a  3 x , b  x 2  2 x  4
eK)an a  b  x 2  x  4 .
smIkarGacsresr a  b  2 ab
elIkCakaer (a  b)2  4ab
a 2  2ab  b 2  4ab
(a  b) 2  0
ab
eKTaj 3 x  x 2  2 x  4 b¤ x 2  5 x  4  0
eday a  b  c  0 dUcenH x1  1 ; x2  4 .
- 22 -
lMhat;TI9
edaHRsaysmIkar ³
3
10( 3 x  1) 2  3 4( 3 x  1) 2 3 x
 9 1
2 53
dMeNaHRsay
edaHRsaysmIkar ³
3
10( 3 x  1) 2  3 4( 3 x  1) 2 3 x
 9 1
2 53
smIkarGacsresr ³
3
10( 3 x  1) 2  ( 2  3 5 )3 9 x  1  3 4( 3 x  1) 2  0
EckGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarnwg 3 (3 x  1)2 eK)an ³
2
 3 x
 1  3 x
1 3
3
10 . 3  x   ( 2  3 5 )3 x  40
 3  1 3 1
tag t  3 x  1 eK)an 3 10t 2  ( 2  3 5 )t  3 4  0

x
3
3 1
  ( 2  3 5 ) 2  43 10 .3 4
 4  43 5  3 25  83 5
 4  43 5  3 25  ( 2  3 5 ) 2
- 23 -
2 3 5 23 5 2 4
eKTajb¤s t1  3
3  3
2 10 10 5
2 3 52 3 5 3 5 3 1
t2  3
3 
2 10 10 2
4 3 x
1 3 4
-cMeBaH t  5 eK)an x 
3 3
3 1 5
b¤ 5(3 x  1)  4(3 x  1)
3x  9 b¤ x  2 .
1 3x  1 3 1
-cMeBaH t  3 eK)an 3 
2 3 1
x
2
b¤ 2(3 x  1)  3 x  1
3x  3 b¤ x  1 .
dUcenH x  1 ; x2 .
- 24 -
lMhat;TI10
eK[smIkar x 9  9 x  999  0
cUrbgðajfasmIkarenHmanb¤s x0 CacMnYnBitEtmYyKt; rYcRsayfa
x0 CacMnYnGsniTan .
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfasmIkarmanb¤sEtmYyKt;
tagGnuKmn_ f ( x )  x 9  9 x  999 Edl x  IR
eK)an f ' ( x )  9 x 8  9  9( x 8  1)  0 x  IR
naM[ f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_ekInCanic© .
dUcenHRkab (c ) tag f kat;GkS½ x' ox EtmYycMnucKt; .
dUcenHsmIkar x 9  9 x  999  0 manb¤s x0 EtmYyKt;.
bgðajfa x0 CacMnYnGsniTan
]bmafa x0 CacMnYnsniTanenaH xo  p Edl GCD ( p, q )  1
q
p 9 p
eK)an ( q )  9( q )  999  0 b¤ p 9  9q 8 (111q  p)
edayGgÁTIBIrEckdac;nwg q enaH p Eckdac;nwg q ¬pÞúyBIkarBit¦
dUcenH x0 CacMnYnGsniTan .
- 25 -
lMhat;TI11
eKdwgfa tan x  b
a
.
cos 4 x sin 4 x
cUrRsayfa a

b

1
ab
dMeNaHRsay
cos 4 x sin 4 x
Rsayfa a

b

1
ab
eKman tan x 
b
a
naM[ tan 2 x 
b
a
eday tan x 
cos x
sin x
sin 2 x b cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x
eK)an cos 2 x a
 b¤ a

b

ab

1
ab
2 4
eKTaj cos x
a

1
ab
naM[
cos
a

a
(a  b)2
(1)
sin 2 x sin 4
ehIy b
 naM[
1
ab b

b
(a  b)2
(2)
bUksmPaB (1) nig (2) GgÁ nig GgÁeK)an ³

cos 4 x sin 4 x a b ab 1
    
a b (a  b)2 (a  b)2 (a  b)2 a  b
cos 4 x sin 4 x
dUcenH a

b

1
ab
.
- 26 -
lMhat;TI12
eKdwgfa cos a  nm p , cos b  p nm , cos c  mp n
cUrKNnakenSam ³
sin 2 a sin 2 b sin 2 c
M  
2  2cos a  sin 2 a 2  2cos b  sin 2 b 2  2cosc  sin 2 c
dMeNaHRsay
KNnakenSam ³
eKman sin a  1  cos a  (1  cosa)(1  cos a)
2 2
nig 2  2cos a  sin a  1  2cosa  cos a  (1  cos a)

2 2 2
2
(1  cos a)(1  cosa) 1  cos a
eK)an 2  2cos
sin a
a  sin a
2
(1  cos a)2

1  cos a
sin 2 b 1  cosb
ehIy 
2  2cos b  sin 2 b 1  cos b
sin 2 c 1  cos c
nig 
2  2cosc  sin 2 c 1  cosc
1  cosa 1  cos b 1  cos c
eK)an E  
1  cos a 1  cosb 1  cos c
m n p
1 1 1
np pm mn
  
m n p
1 1 1
np pm mn
npmpmnmnp
 1
mnp
- 27 -
lMhat;TI13
eKmanRtIekaN ABC mYyEdl BC  a , AC  b , AB  c .
tag R nig S erogKñaCakaM nig épÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC enH .
cUrRsayfa ³
  
a b c 4S
dMeNaHRsay
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUs nig sIunUsGnuvtþn_kñúgRtIekaN ABC eK)an ³
cos A b  c  a
2 2 2
a  b  c  2bccos A b¤
2 2 2

a 2abc
a  2R sin A

a

b

c
sin A sin B sin C
 2R b¤ b  2R sin B nig S  abc
4R
c  2R sin C

cos A 4R 2 (sin 2 B  sin 2 C  sin 2 A)
eK)an a

8RS
cos A R(sin 2 B  sin 2 C  sin 2 A)
b¤ a

4S
(1)
cos B R(sin A  sin 2 C  sin 2 B)

2
dUcKñaEdr b

4S
(2)
cos C R(sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C)

nig c

4S
(3)
bUksmPaB (1),(2) &(3) eK)an ³

a

b

c

4S
Bit .
- 28 -
lMhat;TI14
kñúgRKb;RtIekaN ABC cUrRsayfa ³
(1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C) 
2
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa
(1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C) 
2
abc
tagRCug BC  a , AC  b , AB  c nig
p
2
CaknøHbrimaRt
yk R CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkA nig S CaépÞRkLarbs; ABC .
tamRTwsþIbTkUsuInUseKman a  b  c  2bccos A
2 2 2
eK)an a  (b  2bc  c )  2bc(1  cos A)

2 2 2
eKTaj 1  cos A  (b  2bcc)  a (b  c  a)(b  c  a)

2 2

2bc
eday p  a  b2  c enaH a  b  c  2p nig b  c  a  2(p  a)
eK)an 1  cos A  4p(p2bc a)  2p(pbc a)
dUcKñaEdr 1  cos B  2p(pac b) , 1  cosC  2p(pab c)
eK)an (1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cosC)  8p .p(p (abc)
a)(p  b)(p  c)
2
2
(1)
tamrUbmnþehr:ug S  p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c) 

abc
4R
- 29 -
eKTaj p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)

(abc) 2

1
16R 2
(2)
ykTMnak;TMng (2) CMnYskñúg (1) eK)an ³

2
8p 2 1 p
(1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C)  
16R 2 2  R 
. (3)
tamRTwsþIbTsIunUs a

b

sin A sin B sin C
c
 2R
a  b  c 2p p
eKTaj sin A  sin B  sin C 
2R

2R R
 (4)
tam (3) nig (4) eK)anTMnak;TMng ³

(1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C) 
2
Bit .
smÁal; ³ eKGacsYrbEnßmeToteday[RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
2
cos A  cos B  cos C 
3
  sin A  sin B  sin C 
 1     
 3   2 
edayeRbIvismPaBmFümnBVnþ mFümFrNImaRteK)an ³
3
 1  cos A  1  cos B  1  cos C 
(1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C)   
 3 
cos A  cos B  cosC 
3

b¤ (1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C)   1  
 3 
(sin A  sin B  sin C) 2
eday (1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cosC) 
2
2
cos A  cos B  cos C 
3
  sin A  sin B  sin C 
dUcenH 1   
 3   2 
- 30 -
lMhat;TI15
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy .
2
k> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa 1  cos A  2bc
a
Edl a , b , c CaRCugRtIekaN ABC .

dMeNaHRsay
a2
k>RsaybBa¢ak;fa 1  cos A 
2bc
tamRTwsþIbTsIunUseKman a  b  c  2bccos A
2 2 2
tamvismPaBmFümnBVnþ mFümFrNImaRteKman b  c  2bc

2 2
eKTaj a  2bc  2bccos A  2bc(1  cos A)

2
2
dUcenH 1  cos A  2bc
a
.
2
tamsRmayxagelIeKman 1  cos A  2bc a
(1)
2 2
RsaydUcKñaEdr 1  cos B  2ac
b
(2) nig 1  cosC 
c
2ab
(3)
KuNvismPaB (1) , (2) , (3) GgÁ nig GgÁeKTTYl)an ³

(1  cos A)(1  cos B)(1  cos C) 
1
8
Bit .
- 31 -
lMhat;TI16
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy .
k> cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa sin A  sin
2 2
B  sin 2 C  2sin B sin Ccos A
x> TajbBa¢ak;fa ³
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C
cot A  cot B  cot C 
2sin A sin B sin C
dMeNaHRsay
k>RsaybBa¢ak;fa sin A  sin B  sin C  2sin B sin Ccos A
2 2 2
tag a , b , c CaRCugRtIekaN ABC

nig R CakaMrgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaN.
tamRTwsþIbTsIunUs sina A  sinb B  sinc C  2R
a  2R sin A

eKTaj b  2r sin B (1)
c  2R sin C

tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUs a  b  c
2 2 2
 2bccos A (2)
yk (1) CMnYskñúg (2) eK)an ³

4R 2 sin 2 A  4R 2 (sin 2 B  sin 2 C  2sin B sin Ccos A)
sRmYl 4R kñúgGgÁTaMgBIrénsmPaBeK)an ³
2
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C  2sin B sin Ccos A Bit
- 32 -
dUcenH sin A  sin

2 2
B  sin 2 C  2sin B sin Ccos A .
x> TajbBa¢ak;fa ³
2sin A sin B sin C
tamsRmayxagelIeKman
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C  2sin B sin Ccos A
sin 2 B  sin 2 C  sin 2 A
eKTaj cos A 
2sin B sin C
eday cot A 
cos A
sin A
sin B  sin C  sin A
2 2 2
eK)an cot A 
2sin A sin B sin C
(i)
sin 2 A  sin 2 C  sin 2 B

RsaydUcKñaEdreKTTYl)an cot B 
2sin A sin B sin C
(ii)
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C

nig cot C 
2sin A sin B sin C
(iii)
eFIVplbUksmPaB (i) , (ii) & (iii) eK)an ³

2sin A sin B sin C
Bit
dUcenHcot A  cot B  cot C 
2sin A sin B sin C
.
- 33 -
lMhat;TI17
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMu A ,B ,C CamMuRsYcEdlepÞógpÞat;smPaB
1 1 1 
cot A  cot B  cot C   
1

2  sin A sin B sin C 
.
cUrRsayfa ABC CaRtIekaNsmgS½ ?
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa ABC CaRtIekaNsmgS½
tag a , b , c CaRCug nig S CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC
eKman S  12 bcsin A  12 acsin B  12 ab sin C
eKTaj)an sin A  2S bc
, sin B 
2S
ac
, sibC 
2S
ab
b 2  c2  a2
b 2  c2  a2
eK)an cot A 
cos A
sin A
 2bc
2S

4S
bc
a c b
2 2 2
a2  b 2  c2
ehIy cot B 
4S
, cot C 
4S
a  b  c2
2 2
eK)an cot A  cot B  cot C 
4S
(1)
bc  ca  ab
mü:ageTot 1

1

sin A sin B sin C
1

2S
(2)
1 1 1 
tamsmμtikmμ cot A  cot B  cot C   
1

2  sin A sin B sin C 
(3)
- 34 -
yksmIkar (1) & (2) CMnYskñúg (3) eK)an ³

a 2  b 2  c 2 ab  bc  ca

4S 4S
b¤ a  b  c  ab  bc  ca
2 2 2
TMnak;TMngenHsmmUl (a  b)  (b  c)
2 2
 (c  a)2  0
a  b  0

eKTaj b  c  0 naM[ a  b  c .
c  a  0

edayRtIekaN ABC manRCugbIesμIKñavaCaRtIekaNsmgS½ .
smÁal; ³
A  sin B  sin C
2 2 2
eKGacRsayfa cot A  cot B  cot C  sin2sin A sin B sin C
ehIysmμtikmμ cot A  cot B  cot C  12  sin1 A  sin1 B  sin1 C 
 
eKTaj)ansmIkar ³
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C 1  1 1 1 
   
2sin A sin B sin C 2  sin A sin B sin C 
sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C  sin A sin B  sin B sin C  sin Csin A
(sin A  sin B)2  (sin B  sin C)2  (sin C  sin A)2  0
sin A  sin B  0

eKTaj sin B  sin C  0 naM[sin A  sin B  sin C
sin C  sin A  0

b¤ ABC enaH ABC CaRtIekaNsmgS½ .
- 35 -
lMhat;TI18
tag R CakaMrgVg;carwkkñúg nig S CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC mYy .
2
k> cUrRsayfa (cot A  cot B)(cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A)  2RS
x> ebI ABC CamMuRsYcenaHcUrTaj[)anfa ³ cos A cos B cosC  18 .
dMeNaHRsay
2R 2
Rsayfa (cot A  cot B)(cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A) 
S
A
B A' C
KUskMBs; AA'  h én ABC . tag BC  a , AC  b , AB  c .

a
kñúgRtIekaNEkg ABA' & AA'C eKman

BA' A'C
cot B  ; cot C 
AA' AA'
eK)an cot B  cot C 
BA' A 'C a
AA'
 
a2
h a 2S
. S CaépÞRkLa ABC
b2 c2
dUcKñaEdr cot C  cot A 
2S
, cot A  cot B 
2S
- 36 -
a 2b 2c 2
eK)an (cot A  cot B)(cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A) 
8S 3
eday S enaH
abc
4R
abc  4RS
16R 2S 2
eK)an (cot A  cot B)(cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A) 
8S 3
2R 2
dUcenH (cot A  cot B)(cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A) 
S
.
x> Taj [)anfa ³ cos A cos B cosC 
1
8
2R 2
man (cot A  cot B)(cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A) 
S
(i)
ebI ABC CamMuRsYcenaH cot A  0 , cot B  0 , cot C  0

tamvismPaB mFümnBVnþ mFümFrNImaRteKman ³
cot A  cot B  2 cot A cot B , cot B  cot C  2 cot B cot C
cot C  cot A  2 cot Ccot A
KuNvismPaBxagelIenH GgÁ nig GgÁ eK)an
(cot A  cot B)(cot B  cot C)(cot C  cot A)  8cot Acot Bcot C (ii)
2R 2
tam (i)&(ii) eKTaj)an 8cot A cot B cot C 
S
3
Et S
abc 8R sin A sin B sin C
4R

4R
 2R 2 sin A sin B sin C
2R 2
eK)an 8cot A cot B cot C 
2R 2 sin A sin B sin C
dUcenH cos A cos B cosC 
1
8
- 37 -
lMhat;TI19
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanRCug BC  a , AC  b , AB  c
carwkkñúgrgVg;mYymanp©it O nig kaM R .
tag S nig S CaépÞRkLaén OBC nig ABC erogKña .
OBC
snμtfa A ,B ,C CamMuRsYc .
k> cUrRsayfa S  14 a cot A .
OBC
2
x> cUrTajbgðajfa a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S .

2 2 2
K> cUrTajbgðajfa a cos A  b cos B  ccos C  2R

abc
2
.
dMeNaHRsay A
k> Rsayfa S OBC

1
 a 2 cot A
4
O
B K C
tag K CacMNuckNþalénRCug [BC] enaH [OK]  [BC] .

eKman BOK  BOC2
 BAC  A .
- 38 -
kñúgRtIekaNEkg OBK eKman ³

OK 2OK 2OK
cot BOK  cot A   
BK BC a
eKTaj OK  12 a cot A .
RkLaépÞénRtIekaN OBC KW S  12 BC.OK  14 a cot A Bit
OBC
2
dUcenH S  14 a cot A .
OBC
2
x> Tajbgðajfa a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S

2 2 2
tamsRmayxagelIeKman S  14 a cot A OBC

2
dUcKñaEdr S  14 b cot B nig S  14 c cot C

OCA
2
OAB
2
eday S  S  S  S
OBC OCA OAB
eK)an S  14 (a cot A  b cot B  c cot C)

2 2 2
dUcenH a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S .

2 2 2
K> Tajbgðajfa a cos A  b cos B  ccos C  2R

abc
2
eKman a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S  abc

2 2
R
eRBaH
2
S
abc
4R
eday a cot A  sina A .acos A  2Ra cos A , b cot B  2Rb cos B
2 2
enaHeK)an a cos A  b cos B  ccos C  2R

abc
. 2
- 39 -
lMhat;TI20
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . D CacMNucmYYénRCug [BC] Edl
BAD   nig DAC   .
BC sin  sin 
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa AD  
sin B sin C
?
dMeNaHRsay
BC sin  sin 
RsaybBa¢ak;fa AD  
sin B sin C
A
tamRTwsþIbTsIunUsGnuvtþn_  
kñúg ABD& ADC
eKman sinBD

 sin B
AD
sin 
b¤ BD  sin B
.AD (1) B D C
ehIy sin
DC

 sin C
AD
sin 
b¤ DC  sin C
.AD (2)
sin  sin  
bUkTMnak;TMng (1) & (2) eK)an BD  DC   sin   .AD
 B sin C
 sin  sin  
eday BD  DC  BC enaH BC     .AD
 sin B sin C 
BC sin  sin 
dUcenH AD  
sin B sin C
.
- 40 -
lMhat;TI21
bgðajfaebI a , b , c tagerogKñaCatYTI p , q , r
énsIVútnBVnþmYyenaHeK)ansmPaB
(q  r )a  (r  p )b  (p  q )c  0 .
dMeNaHRsay
karbgðaj
ebI a , b , c tagerogKñaCatYTI p , q , r énsIVútnBVnþ (u ) enaHeK)an
n
a  u p  u 1  (p  1)d , b  u q  u 1  (q  1)d , c  u r  u 1  (r  1)d
eKman (q  r)a  (r  p)b  (p  q)c  0

b¤ aq  ar  br  bp  cp  cq  0
c  b  (r  q )d

b¤ p( c  b )  q( a  c )  r ( b  a )  0 eday a  c  (p  r )d
b  a  (q  p )d

enaH pd(r  q)  qd(p  r)  rd(q  p)  0
b¤ d(pr  pq  pq  qr  qr  pr )  0
00 Bit
dUcenH (q  r)a  (r  p)b  (p  q)c  0 .
- 41 -
lMhat;TI22
eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanépÞRkLaesμI 1 .
AB  BC  CD  DA  AC  BD  4  8 ?
¬Austria-Poland, 1985¦
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
AB  BC  CD  DA  AC  BD  4  8
C
B
I
A D
tag AB  a , BC  b , CD  c , DA  d
nigGgát;RTUg AC  m , BD  n .
tagmMu AIB  CID   .
- 42 -
RkLaépÞénctuekaN ABCD kMNt;eday ³

1 1
S ABCD  S ABC  S ACD  ab sin B  cd sin D (1)
2 2
b¤ 1 1
S ABCD  S ABD  S BCD  ad sin A  bcsin C (2)
2 2
bUkTMnak;TMng (1) nig (2) eK)an ³
1
2S ABCD  (ad sin A  ab sin B  bcsin C  cd sin D)
2
edayeKman sin x  1 RKb;cMnYnBit x enaHeKTaj)an
1
2S ABCD  (ad  ab  bc  cd)
2
b¤ 1
S ABCD  (a  c)(b  d)
4
eday S ABCD
1
eKTaj)an (a  c)(b  d)  4
tavismPaB AM  GM eKman ³
a  b  c  d  2 (a  c)(b  d)
b¤ a  b  c  d  4 (i)
müa:geTot ³
- 43 -
S ABCD  S IAB  S IBC  S ICD  S IAD
1
 (IA.IB  IB.IC  IC.ID  ID.IA)sin 
2
1
 (AC.IB  AC.ID)sin 
2
1 1
 AC.BDsin   AC.BD
2 2
eK)an 1
S ABCD  mn
2
eday S ABCD  1
eK)an mn  2 EttavismPaB AM  GM eKman ³

m  n  2 mn  2 2  8 (ii)
bUkvismPaB (i) nig (ii) eK)an ³
abcdmn 4 8 Bit
dUcenH AB  BC  CD  DA  AC  BD  4  8 .
- 44 -
lMhat;TI23
eK[RtIekaNBIrmanRCug a ,b ,c knøHbrimaRt p  a  b2  c
nigkaMrgVg;carwkeRkA R .
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa 52  2aRpR bc  12
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa 52  2aRpR bc  12
A
c b
B H C
a
tamvismPaBRtIekaNeKman ³
AB  AC  (AH  BH)  (AH  HC)  2AH  BC
AB  AC  BC b  c  a
eKTaj)anAH 
2

2
pa
- 45 -
tag S CaépÞRkLaénRtIekaN ABC enaHeK)an ³

S  BC.AH  a.AH b¤ AH 
1 1 2S
2 2 a
eKTaj)an 2Sa  p  a b¤ 2S  a(p  a) Et S  abc
4R
ehtuenH 2. abc
4R
 a(p  a)
b¤ bc  2pR  2aR
b¤ bc  2aR  2pR naM[ bc pR2aR  12 (i)
mü:ageTot]bmafa 2aRpR bc  52 Bit
eK)an 4aR  2bc  5pR (1)
eday S  abc
4R 2
 a.AH b¤ bc  2R.AH
1
tam (1) eK)an 4aR  4R.AH  5pR

b¤ a  AH  5p4 (2)
kñúgRtIekaNEkg ABH nig AHC eKman ³
AB  AH  BH nig AC  AH  HC
2 2 2 2 2 2
b¤ c  AH  BH nig b  AH  HC
2 2 2 2 2 2
enaH b  c  AH  HC  AH  BH
2 2 2 2
- 46 -
tamvismPaB Minkowsky eKman ³

x12  y 1 2  x 2 2  y 2 2  (x1  x 2 )2  (y 1  y 2 )2
ehtuenH b  c  4.AH  (BH  HC)  4.AH
2 2 2
 a2
b¤ a  b  c  a  4AH  a 2 2
b¤ p  a  4AH a
2 2
(3)
2
tam (2) nig (3) eyIgnwgRsay[)anfa ³
5 a  4AH  a 2 2
a  AH  ( ) Bit
4 2
b¤ 3a  8.AH  5 4.AH  a 2 2
b¤ 9a  48a.AH  64.AH  100.AH  25a

2 2 2 2
b¤ 16a  48a.AH  36.AH  0

2 2
b¤ (4a  6AH)  0 Bit

2
ehtuenH 2aRpR bc  52 (ii)

tamTMnak;TMng (i) nig (ii) eK)an ³
 Bit
2 pR 1

5 2aR  bc 2
- 47 -
lMhat;TI24
eKyk I nig O Cap©itrgVg;carwkkñúg nig carwkeRkAén ABC .
rgVg;  carwkkñúgmMu A vab:HeTAnwg AB , AC nig BC erogKña
A
Rtg;cMnuc K ,M nig N erogKña .

ebIsinCacMnuckNþal P énGgát; KM sßitenAelIrgVg;carwkeRkA
énRtIekaN ABC enaHcUrbgðajfabIcMnuc O , I , N rt;Rtg;Kña ?
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fabIcMnuc O , I , N rt;Rtg;Kña
A
I
B O
C
N M
Q
P
K
-848 -
yk Q CacMnucRbsBVTIBIrrvagbnÞat; PM CamYyrgVg; (ABC)

tag KP  PM  x nig PQ  y .
eyIgman KB  p  c nig MC  p  b .
tamRTwsþIbTsV½yKuNéncMnuc K nig M eFobnwgrgVg; (ABC)
eKman KP.KQ  KA.KB nig MP.MQ  MC.MA
b¤ x(x  y)  p(p  c) nig x(x  y)  p(p  b)
bUksmIkarBIrenHeK)an 2x  p(2p  b  a)  pa
2
b¤ x  12 pa ehtuenH MK  4x  2pa .
2 2 2
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUsGnuvtþn_kñúgRtIekaN AKM eKman ³

MK 2  MA 2  KA 2  2MA.KA cos A
eday MA  KA  p nig MK 2
 2pa enaHeK)an ³
2pa  2p 2  2p 2 cos A  4p 2 sin 2
A
2
b¤
a  2p sin 2
A
2
(p  b)(p  c)
Et A
sin 
2 bc
2p(p  b)(p  c)
eK)ana
bc
b¤ abc  2p(p  b)(p  c) (1)
- 49 -
yk D CacMeNalEkgén I elI BC ehIysnμtfa N' CaRbsBV

rvag (OI) CamYy [BC] nig tag E CacMnuckNþalén BC .
]bmafa N'  N enaHeK)an N'C  NC  p  b
eday BD  p  b enaHeK)an ED  EN' b¤ E CacMnuckNþal
énGgát; [DN'] .
RtIekaNEkg N'DI nigRtIekaNEkg N'EO manmMu DN'I
rYmvaCaRtIekaNdUcKña .
ehtuenHeK)an EO DI DN' 2DE
 
EN' EN'
 2 b¤ DI  2.EO
eKman BAC  BOC 2

 EOC .
kñúgRtIekaNEkg EOC eKman cos EOC  cos A  OC OE
eKTaj OE  OC.cos A naM[ DI  2.OC cos A

yk DI  r nig OC  R ¬kaMrgVg;carwkkñúg nig eRkA ABC ¦
eK)an r  2R cos A b¤ cos A  2Rr
tamrUbmnþépÞRkLaén ABC eKman S  abc 4R
 pr
nigRTwsþIbTkUsIunUs cos A  b 2bc

c a
2 2 2
- 50 -
S
b 2  c2  a2 2S 2
eK)an 2bc

p
abc

abcp
2S
b¤ 4S  ap(b  c  a ) Et S  p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)
2 2 2 2
eK)an 4p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)  ap(b  c  a ) 2 2 2
b¤ 4(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)  a(b  c  a )

2 2 2
eday b  c  a  (b  c)  a  2bc
2 2 2 2 2
 2bc  (b  c  a)(b  c  a)
 2bc  4(p  b)(p  c)
enaH 4(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)  2abc  4a(p  b)(p  c)
b¤ abc  2(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)  2a(p  b)(p  c)
b¤ abc  2p(p  b)(p  c) (2)
tamTMnak;TMng (1) nig (2) bBa¢ak;fakar]bma N'  N Bit
dUcenHbIcMnuc O , I , N rt;Rtg;Kña .
- 51 -
lMhat;TI25
cUrRsayfakaerénRKb;cMnYnKt;RtUvmanTRmg; 4k b¤ 4k  1
RKb; k  IN * .
dMeNaHRsay
karbgðaj
eyIgdwgfaRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man manrag 2n b¤ 2n  1 , n  1
eK)an (2n)2  4n 2 manrag 4k Edl k  n 2
ehIy (2n  1)2  4n 2  4n  1  4n(n  1)  1
manrag 4k  1 Edl k  n(n  1) .
dUcenHkaerénRKb;cMnYnKt;RtUvmanTRmg; 4k b¤ 4k  1
RKb; k  IN * .
- 52 -
lMhat;TI26
cUrRsayfaebI a 2  b 2 Eckdac;nwg 3 enaH a Eckdac;nwg 3
dMeNaHRsay
karbgðaj
snμtfa a nig b CacMnYnEckmindac;nwg 3 enaHcMnYnBIrenHRtUvman
rag a  3 p  1 , a  3 p  2 , b  3q  1 , b  3q  2
Edl p  0 , 1 , 2 , ...; q  0 , 1 , 2 , ... .
eK)an a 2  (3 p  1)2  3 p(3 p  2)  1
ehIy a 2  (3 p  2)2  3[ p(3 p  2)  1]  1
eKTaj)anfa a 2  3 x  1 , x  0 nig b 2  3 y  1, y  0
eK)an a 2  b 2  3( x  y )  2 Eckmindac;nwg 3 EdlpÞúyBI
smμtikmμ .
dUcenHeKGacsnñidæanfaebI a 2  b 2 Eckdac;nwg 3 enaH a Eckdac;
nwg 3 nig b Eckdac;nwg 3 .
- 53 -
lMhat;TI27
cUrbgðajfa n4  4 CacMnYnbzmEtkñugkrNI n  1 .
dMeNaHRsay
karbgðaj
eKman n4  4  (n 2  2)2  4n 2
 ( n 2  2  2n)( n 2  2  2n)
 [( n  1) 2  1][( n  1) 2  1]
cMeBaHRKb; n  1 eKman (n  1)2  1  1
nig (n  1)2  1  1 enaH n4  4 minEmnCacMnYnbzm .
ebI n  1 enaH n4  4  5 CacMnYnbzm .
dUcenH n4  4 CacMnYnbzmEtkñugkrNI n  1 .
- 54 -
lMhat;TI28
eKdwgfa 1002004008016032 manktþabzm p  250000
cUrkMNt;ktþabzmenaH .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;ktþabzm
edayeRCIserIs a  1000 , b  2 eK)an ³
1002004008016032  a 5  a 4 b  a 3 b 2  a 2 b 3  ab 4  b 5
a 6  b6

ab
 (a  b )(a 2  ab  b 2 )(a 2  ab  b 2 )
 (1002)(1002004)(998004)
 42.1002.250501.k
Edl k  250000 enaH p  250501 .
- 55 -
lMhat;TI29
106
cUrkMNt;EpñkKt;én   1 
 ?
k 1  k
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;EpñkKt;
1
1 
tag f ( x )   x 2 , x  0
x
3
1 2
eK)an f ' ( x )   x  0 , x  0
2
enaH f ( x ) CaGnuKmn_cuH .
k 1
1 dx 1
cMeBaH k  0 eK)an   
k 1 k x k
6
106 1 1 10 1 k 1 dx 10 dx
6
eKTaj    
k k 1 k x 1 x
 
k 1
6
106 1 1 10 1 6 10
dx
ehIy     
k 1 k  1 k 2 k 1 x
6
106 1 10 dx 10 1 1
6
eKTaj  k   x   k
k 2 1 k 1
106 1 10 6 1
eday   1  
k 2 k k 1 k
- 56 -
106 1 1 1 10 1 6
ehIy   
k 1 k 1000 k 1 k
106
nig   2 x 1  2(103  1)  1998
dx 106
1 x
106 1 1 106 1
eK)an  1    1998   
k 1 k 1000 k 1 k
1 106 1
b¤ 1998    1999
1000 k 1 k
106
 1 
dUcenHEpñkKt;én   k  KW 1998 .
k 1  
- 57 -
lMhat;TI30
cUrkMNt;KUmYyéncMnYnKt;viC¢man a , b edaydwgfa ³
( i ) : ab(a  b ) Eckmindac;nwg 7
( ii ) : (a  b )7  a 7  b 7 Eckdac;nwg 7 7 .
(IMO 1984 )
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;KUmYyéncMnYnKt;viC¢man a , b ³
tamrUbmnþeTVFajÚtuneK)an ³
(a  b ) 7  a 7  b 7  7ab(a  b )(a 2  ab  b 2 ) 2
tambRmab;eKman (i ) : ab(a  b) Eckmindac;nwg 7
dUcenHedIm,I[ (ii ) : (a  b)7  a 7  b 7 Eckdac;nwg 7 7
luHRtaEt a 2  ab  b 2 Eckdac;nwg 7 3 .
eKman (a  b)2  a 2  ab  b 2  7 3 enaH a  b  19
edayeFIVkarsakl,gCMnYs a  1 , b  18 enaHeK)an ³
a 2  ab  b 2  12  1  18  18 2  343  7 3
dUcenHKU a  1 , b  18 CacemøIy.
- 58 -
mü:ageTottamRTwsþIbTGWEl ³
ebI GCD(a , n)  1 enaH a ( n)  1 ( mod n ) .
eKman a 3  b 3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b 2 )
ehtuenHedIm,I[ a 2  ab  b 2 Eckdac;nwg 7 3 luHRtaEt
a 3  b 3 (mod 7 3 ) nig a  b Eckmindac;nwg 7 .
eKman  (7 3 )  7 3  7 2  6  7 2  3  98 .
ebI c CacMnYnKt;viC¢manEckmindac;nwg 7 enaHeK)an
(c 98 ) 3  1 (mod 7 3 ) .
dUcenHedIm,I[ a 3  1 (mod 7 3 ) luHRtaEt a  c 98
]TahrN_ ³
-ebIeKyk c  2 enaH 298  18 (mod 7 3 )
ehtuenH 2   183  1 (mod 7 3 )
 98 3
dUcenH a  18 , b  1 CacemøIymYy .
-ebIeKyk c  3 enaH 398  324 (mod 7 3 )
ehtuenH 3   3243  1 (mod 7 3 )
98 3
dUcenH a  324 , b  1 CacemøIyepSgmYyeTot .
- 59 -
lMhat;TI31
1
eKGnuKmn_ f ( x ) 
1  21 2 x
1 2 n1
cUrKNna S  f ( )  f ( )  ...  f ( )
n n n
dMeNaHRsay
KNna S
CadMbUgeyIgRtUvRsayfa ebI p  q  1 enaH f ( p)  f (q )  1
eKman f ( p)  11 2 p ; f (q )  1
1 2 1  21 2 q
1 1
f ( p)  f (q )  1 2 p

1 2 1  21 2 q
2  21 2 p  21 2q

(1  21 2 p )(1  21 2 q )
2  21 2 p  21 2q

1  21 2 p  21 2 q  2 2  2 p  2q
ebI p  q  1 enaH 2  2 p  2q  2  2( p  q )  0
2  21 2 p  21 2 q
f ( p)  f (q )  1 2 p 1 2q
1
2 2 2
- 60 -
1 2 n1
eKman S  f ( )  f ( )  ...  f ( ) (1)
n n n
b¤ S  f ( n  1)  f ( n  2 )  ...  f ( 1 ) (2)
n n n
bUksmIkar (1) nig (2) eK)an ³
1 n1 n1 1
2S  [ f ( )  f ( )]  .....  [ f ( )  f ( )]
n n n n
2 S  11 1 .....1  n  1
( n  1)
dUcenH S  n  1 .
2
- 61 -
lMhat;TI32
cUrRsaybBa¢ak;facMnYn ³ A  113  168  141  427
n n n n
Eckdac;nwg 7 Canic©RKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa A Eckdac;nwg 7
tamrUbmnþ a  b  (a  b)(a  a b  ...  b )
n n n 1 n 2 n 1
eK)an A  (427  168 )  (141  113 )

n n n n
 (427  168)m1  (141  113)m 2

 259m1  28m 2  7(37m1  4m 2 )
dUcenH A Eckdac;nwg 7 RKb; m 1 , m 2  IN * .
- 62 -
lMhat;TI33
eK[ m nig n CaBIrcMnYnKt;viC¢manEdl 1  m  n .
cUrkMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n edIm,I[cMnYn 22 nig 22 manelx
m n
BIrxÞg;cugeRkaydUcKña .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;témøtUcbMputén m  n ³
edIm,I[cMnYn 22 nig 22 manelxBIrxÞg;cugeRkaydUcKñaluHRtaEt
m n
22  22 Eckdac;nwg 100 .
n m
eKman 22  22  22 (22  1)
n m m nm
eday 22 CacMnYnKU nig 22  1 CacMnYness .

m n m
ehtuenH 22 (22  1) Eckdac;nwg 100  4  25 luHRtaEt

m nm
22 Eckdac;nwg 4 nig 22
m
 1 Eckdac;nwg 25 .
n m
cMnYn 22 Eckdac;nwg 4 luHRtaEt m  2 .

m
müa:geToteKman 22  96  5  4
2
elIkCakaereK)an 22  (96  5  4)
4 2
224  (96  5)2  2(96  5).4  42

 (962  154)  25  6
 25a  6 , a  962  154
- 63 -
eK)an 22  (25a  6)  25q  6

4p p p
, q  IN
eday 6  5  1 enaHeK)an ³
p
6  (5  1)   C(p,k)5k
p p
k 0
p
 1  5p   C(p,k)5k
k 2
p
eKTaj 22 4p
 1  5p  25q   C(p,k)5k
k 2
p
b¤ 22 4p
 1  5p  25q   C(p,k)5k
k 2
p
eday 25q   C(p,k)5 Eckdac;nwg 25 ehtuenH 22  1
k 4p
k 2
Eckdac;nwg 25 luHRtaEt 5p Eckdac;nwg 25 eBalKWeKRtUv[

p  5k , k  IN * .
dUcenH 22  1 Eckdac;nwg 25 luHRtaEt n  m  4p  20k
n m
eday m  2 enaH m  n  (n  m)  2m  20k  4  24

dUcenHtémøGb,brmaén m  n KW 24 .
- 64 -
lMhat;TI34
eK[ f (n)  4n  7n  34 Edl n  IN *
2
cUrbgðajfaKμan n EdleFIV[cMnYn f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 eT.

dMeNaHRsay
karbgðaj
eKman f (n)  4n  7n  34
2
 (4n 2  4n  1)  (11n  33)

 (2n  1)2  11(n  3)
eyIgeXIjfaedIm,I[ f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 luHRtaEt n  3 nig
2n  1 Eckdac;nwg 11 naM[eKman q ,q  IN * Edl
1 2
n  3  11q nig 2n  1  11q .

1 2
eK)an 2(n  3)  (2n  1)  22q  11q 1 2
b¤ 11(2q  q )  7 CasmIkarKμancemøIykñúgsMNMu IN * BIeRBaH

1 2
GgÁTImYyénsmIkarEckdac;nwg 11 EtGgÁTIBIrminEckdac;nwg 11 .
dUcenH Kμan n EdleFIV[cMnYn f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 eT.
- 65 -
lMhat;TI35
eK[ f (a)  16a  50a  13 Edl a  
2
kMNt;RKb;témø a EdleFIV[cMnYn f (a) Eckdac;nwg 49

dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;RKb;témø a
eKman f (a)  16a  50a  13
2
 (16a 2  8a  1)  (42a  14)

 (4a  1)2  7(6a  2)
edIm,I[ f (a) Eckdac;nwg 49 luHRtaEteKman p , q   Edl
4a  1  7p nig 6a  2  7q .
eK)an 3(4a  1)  2(6a  2)  21p  14q
7  7(3p  2q)
b¤ 3p  2q  1
eKGacsresr 3(p  1)  2(q  1)
eKTaj p  1  2k nig q  1  3k RKb; k  
b¤ p  2k  1 , q  3k  1
eKTaj)an 4a  1  7(2k  1) naM[ a  7k2 3
- 66 -
eday a   enaH 7k2 3   .

edIm,I[ 7k2 3   luHRtaEt k CacMnYnKt;essKW ³
7(2  1)  3
k  2  1 ,    enaHeK)an a   7  2
2
dUcenH a  7  2 ,    .
- 67 -
lMhat;TI36
kMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x edIm,I[ x  10x 3 2
 115x  237
Eckdac;nwg 343 .
dMeNaHRsay
kMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man x
tag f (x)  x  10x  115x  237
3 2
 (x  1)3  7(x  1)2  49(2x  5)

 (x  1)2 (x  8)  49(2x  5)
edIm,I[ f (x) Eckdac;nwg 343 luHRtaEt ³ x  1 nig 2x  5
Eckdac;nwg 7 b¤ x  8 Eckdac;nwg 343 nig 2x  5 Eckdac;nwg 7 .
-krNI x  1 nig 2x  5 Eckdac;nwg 7 enaHeKman q , q  IN * 1 2
Edl  x2x157q7q 1
 2
eK)an 2(x  1)  (2x  5)  14q  7q 2

1
7  7(2q1  q 2 )
1  2q1  q 2
2(q1  1)  (q 2  1)
1 k  q1  k  1
eKTaj qq 1
 1  2k
b¤ 
 2 q 2  2k  1 , k  IN
- 68 -
eKTaj)an x  1  7(k  1) b¤ x  7k  6 , k  IN
dUcenH x  7k  6 , k  IN CacemøIy .
-krNI x  8 Eckdac;nwg 343 nig 2x  5 Eckdac;nwg 7
 x  8  343m
eK)an  2x  5  7m , m ,m  IN *
1
 2 1 2
eKman 2(x  8)  (2x  5)  686m  7m 2

1
21  686m1  7m 2
3  98m1  m 2
eKGacsresr 98(m  1)  m
1 2  95
m  1  k m  k 1
naM[ m  95  98k b¤ m
1 1
 98k  95 , k  IN
 2  2
dUcenH x  343(k  1)  8  343k  335 RKb; k  IN .
- 69 -
lMhat;TI37
4n  13
cUrRsayfaRKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man n eK)an f (n) 
7 n  23
CaRbPaKsRmYlmin)an ?
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfa f (n) CaRbPaKsRmYlmin)an
tag d  GCD(4n  13 , 7n  23)
eK)an 4n  13  x .d , 7n  23  y.d
Edl GCD( x , y )  1 .
eK)an 4(7n  23)  7(4n  13)  4 yd  7 xd
28n  92  28n  91  (4 y  7 x ).d
1  (4 y  7 x ).d
eKTaj)an d  1 enaH GCD(4n  13 , 7n  23)  1
)ann½yfa 4n  13 nig 7n  23 CacMnYnbzmrvagKñaRKb; n  1
dUcenH f (n)  4n  13 CaRbPaKsRmYlmin)an .
7 n  23
- 70 -
lMhat;TI38
eKdwgfa tan 3   ba . cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
cos 4  sin 4  1
 
3
a2 3
b2 3
a2  3 b2
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
cos 4  sin 4  1
 
3
a2 3
b2 3
a2  3 b2
sin  3 b
eKman tan 3   ba naM[ tan  
cos 

a
 sin 
eKTaj cos
3
 3
b a
cos  sin  cos 2   sin 2 
2 2
b¤ 3 2  3 2  3 2 3 2  3 2 1 3 2
a b a  b a  b
cos 2  sin 2 
eKTaj 3 2  3 2 3 2 nig 3 2  3 2 1 3 2
1
a a  b b a  b
cos 4  3
a2 sin 4  3
b2
eKTaj  nig 
3
a 2
( a  b )
3 2 3 2 2 3
b 2
( 3 a 2  3 b 2 )2
cos 4  sin 4  1
bUksmIkarBIenHeKTTYl)an   Bit .
3
a 2 3
b 2 3
a  b
2 3 2
- 71 -
lMhat;TI39
eKmansIVútcMnYnBit (a ) kMNt;eday ³
n
1 1 1
an  (1  )(1  ) ....(1  n )
2 4 22
cUrKNnalImIt lim an
n  
.
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt lim a n  
n
yk q  12 eK)an ³
n
an  (1  q )(1  q 2 )......(1  q 2 )
x2  y 2
edayeRbIsmPaB xy 
xy
eK)an ³
n 1
1  q2 1  q4 1  q2
an  . ....
1  q 1  q2 1  q2
n
2n  1
1
2n  1 1    1  2n  1 
1q  2
an    2 1    
1q 1
1   2  
2
2n  1
kalNa n   enaH  12  xitCitsUnü

 
dUcenH lim a  2 .
n  
n
- 72 -
lMhat;TI40
eK[plbUk
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Sn          
n  n 2 (n  1) 2 
1 1 .... 1
22 32 32 42
cUrKNna lim S .
n  
n
dMeNaHRsay
KNnalImIt lim S
n  
n
k 2 (k  1)2  (k  1)2  k 2
eKBinitü 1  k1  (k 1 1)
2 2

k 2 (k  1)2
k 2 (k  1)2  k 2  2k  1  k 2

k 2 (k  1)2
k 2 (k  1)2  2k (k  1)  1

k 2 (k  1)2

k (k  1)  1 
2
 1
1 
2
k 2 (k  1)2  k (k  1) 

2
 1 1 
 1   
 k k  1
1 n  1  1
eK)an Sn    1  
n k 1 
1
 
k k  1 n
( n  1 
1
n1
)  1 
1
n1
 1 
dUcenH lim Sn  lim  1   1
n  1
.
n   n  

- 73 -
lMhat;TI41

n 2 12 22 32 n2
eKmanes‘rIGnnþmYy  ( 2n )  2  22  23  .....  2n  ....
n1
cUrRsayfaes‘rIxagelIenHCaes‘rIbRgYm .
dMeNaHRsay
12 22 32 n2
plbUkedayEpñkrbs;es‘rIenHKW S n   2  3  ...  n
2 2 2 2
BinitüGnuKmn_ f (k )  ak 2  bk  c EdlRKb;
k  IN * eKman ³
k 2 f (k ) f (k  1)
 k 
2k 2 2k  1
k 2 ak 2  bk  c a(k  1)2  b(k  1)  c
b¤ 2 k

2 k

2k  1
b¤ 2k 2  2ak 2  2bk  2c  ak 2  2ak  a  bk  b  c
2k 2  ak 2  (b  2a )k  c  a  b
eKTaj a  2 ehIy b  2a  0  b  4 nig c  a  b  6
ehtuenH k2  2k 24k  6  2k 28k  12
2 2 2
k k k 1
2k 2  4k  6 2k 2  8k  12 n 2  4n  6
eK)an n
Sn   (  k 1
)  6
k 1 2 k
2 2n
 n 2  4n  6 
eday lim Sn  lim  6  n
  6
n   n  
 2 
dUcenHes‘rIGnnþxagelICaes‘rIbRgYm .
- 74 -
lMhat;TI42
cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * eKmanplbUk ³
5 7 9 2n  3
Sn     .... 
1.3.22 3.5.23 5.7.24 ( 2n  1)( 2n  1).2n  1
2n  3 a b
 
( 2n  1)( 2n  1).2n  1 ( 2n  1).2n ( 2n  1).2n  1
x> KNna S nig lim S .
n
n  
n
dMeNaHRsay
2n  3 a b
 
( 2n  1)( 2n  1).2n  1 ( 2n  1).2n ( 2n  1).2n  1
eK)an 2n  3  2a(2n  1)  b(2n  1)
2n  3  (4a  2b )n  2a  b
4a  2b  2
eKTaj 
 
naM[ a  1 , b  1
 2a b 3
dUcenH a  1 nig b  1 .
x> KNna S nig lim S
n
n  
n
tamsRmayxagelIenHcMeBaH a  1 nig b  1 eK)an ³

2n  3 1 1
 
( 2n  1)( 2n  1).2n  1 ( 2n  1).2n ( 2n  1).2n  1
- 75 -
b¤ (2p  12)(p2p 3 1)2 

p1
1

1
( 2p  1)2p ( 2p  1)2p  1
n
 2p  3 
eK)an Sn    p1 
p  1  ( 2p  1)( 2p  1).2 
n
 1 1 
  
p  1  ( 2p  1)2
p
( 2p  1)2p  1 
1 1
 
2 ( 2n  1).2n  1
1 
dUcenH Sn   1 
2
1
( 2n  1).2n 
.
  1
ehIy 1
lim S n  lim 1 
1
n
 .
n   2 n  
 ( 2n  1).2  2
- 76 -
lMhat;TI43
cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * eKmansIVútcMnYnBit (a ) kMNt;eday ³ n
 1 
a  3 nig a   1 
1
0 n1  a  n
2n 2n
 3  3
k> KNna a CaGnuKmn_én n .
n
x> KNnalImIt lim a . n  

n
dMeNaHRsay
k> KNna a CaGnuKmn_én n
n
eKman a  ( 1  1 ) a 
n1 n n
1
n
32 32
1 1
an  1  1  (1  ) an  (1  )
2n 2n
3 3
1
an  1  1  (1  ) (an  1)
2n
3
an  1  1 1
 1 n
an  1 32
n 1
 ak  1  1  n  1  1 
eK)an   a  1     1  k 
k 0  k  k 0  32 
tamsmPaB     (  )(  )
2 2
  2 2
b¤ 

edayyk   1 nig   3 2k
- 77 -
1
1 k 1
eK)an 1  1 2
 3
k
32 1
1 k
32
1
1
n 1
 1  n 1 2k  1
ehtuenH   1  2k    ( 3
1
)
k 0  3  k  0
1 k
32
1
1 n
3 2 3 1 
   1  n 
1 2 32 
1
3
n 1
 ak  1  1  an  1 an  1
ehIyeday   a  1   a  1  2
k 0  k  0
an  1 3
eKTaj 2
 (1  n )
2
1
b¤
an  4  n
3
32 32
dUcenH an  4  n
3
32
x> KNnalImIt lim an
n  
eK)an lim a  lim (4  3 )  4 eRBaH lim 3

n  
n
n   2n n   2n
0
3 3
dUcenH lim a  4 .
n  
n
- 78 -
lMhat;TI44
eK[ a nig b CaBIrcMnYnBitEdl 0  a  b  2
ba ba
cUrRsayfa cos a
2
cos b 2
dMeNaHRsay
ba ba
Rsayfa cos a
2
cos b 2
tagGnuKmn_ f (x)  tan x Edl x  [0 , 2 )

eK)an f ' (x)  cos1 x .
2
eday f (x) CaGnuKmn_Cab; nigmanedrIevelIcenøaH x  [0 , 2 )

enaHtamRTwsþIbTtémømFüm enaHman c  (a , b ) Edl ³
f (b )  f (a ) tan b  tan a
f ' (c )   (1)
ba ba
ehIycMeBaH x  [a , b ] Edl 0  a  b  2
eKman cos b  cos x  cos a enaHeKTaj cos1 a  f ' (x)  cos1 b
2 2
yk x  c eK)an cos1 a  f ' (c)  cos1 b

2 2
( 2)
ba ba
tam (1) nig (2) eKTaj cos a
2
cos b
. 2
- 79 -
lMhat;TI45
KNnaplbUk ³
n!
Sn  C1n  4Cn2  9Cn3  .....  n 2Cnn Edl C p
n 
p! (n  p )!
dMeNaHRsay
KNnaplbUk ³
Sn  C1n  4Cn2  9Cn3  .....  n 2Cnn
tameTVFajÚtun (1  x)n  Cn0  C1nx  Cn2 x2  Cn3 x3  ...  Cnn xn
eFVIedrIevelIGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarenHeK)an ³
n(1  x )n 1  C1n  2Cn2 x  3Cn3 x 2  ....  nCnn xn 1
KuNGgÁTaMgBIrnwg x eK)an ³
nx (1  x )n 1  C1n x  2Cn2 x 2  3Cn3 x 3  ....  nCnn xn
eFVIedrIevelIGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarenHeK)an ³
n(1  x)n 1  n(n  1)x(1  x)n  2  C1n  4Cn2 x  ...  n 2Cnn xn 1
yk x  1 CYskñúgsmPaBenHeK)an ³
n.2n 1  n(n  1).2n  2  C1n  4Cn2  9Cn3  ...  n 2Cnn
[2n  n(n  1)]2n  2  C1n  4Cn2  9Cn3  ...  n 2Cnn
dUcenH Sn  n(n  1).2n  2
- 80 -
lMhat;TI46
eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  x  2
k> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab (c) énGnuKmn_ f .
x> eKBinitü n cMnuc A1 , A 2 , A 3 , ..., An sßitenAelIRkab (c) Edl
A ( 2 , 2  2 ) nig A n (an , an  1 ) RKb; n  IN * .
1
cUrkMNt;kUGredaenéncMnuc An .
K> cUrKNna OAn CaGnuKmn_én n rYcKNna lim OA .
n  
n
dMeNaHRsay
k> sikSaGefrPaB nig sg;Rkab (c) énGnuKmn_ f
eKman f (x)  x  2 mann½yluHRtaEt x  2
> EdnkMNt; D  [2 ,   )
> TisedAGefrPaB
-edrIev f ' (x)  2 x1 2
RKb; x  2 eK)an f ' (x)  2 x1 2  0
naM[ f CaGnuKmn_ekInRKb; x    2 ,    .
-lImIt lim f (x)  lim x  2  
x   x  
- 81 -
-taragGefrPaB
x 2 
f ' (x)
f ( x) 
-sMNg;Rkab (c) : y  x2

Y
4
3 (c ) : y  x  2
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 X
-1
x> kMNt;kUGredaenéncMnuc An
eday An (an , an 1 )  (c) : y  x2
- 82 -
enaHeK)an an 1  an  2
eKman A (a , a )  A( 2 ,
1 1 2 2 2 )
eK)an a1  2  2 cos 22

 
a 2  2  2  2  2 cos  2 cos
22 23

]bmafavaBitcMeBaHtYTI n KW an  2 cos 2n1

eyIgnwgRsayfavaBitdl;tYTI n  1 KW an 1  2 cos 2n  2
eKman an 1  an  2 eday an  2 cos 2n1
enaH an 1  2 cos 2n1  2  2 cos 2n 2 Bit
dUcenH An (2 cos 2n1 , 2 cos 2n 2 )
K> cUrKNna OAn CaGnuKmn_én n rYcKNna lim OAn n  
eK)an OA  a  a
n n
2
n 1
2
eday an  2 cos 2n1 nig an  1  2 cos


2n  2
 
dUcenH OA n  2 cos 2
2 n 1
 cos 2
2 n 2
nig lim OA n  2 2
n  
- 83 -
lMhat;TI47
eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . emdüanénRtIekaNEdlKUsecj
BIkMBUl A , B , C kat;rgVg;carwkeRkARtIekaNerogKñaRtg;
M,N,P.
tag a , b , c CaRCug nig ma , mb , mc Caemdüanén ABC .

cUrRsayfa
4 4 4
ma mb mc 16
  
a 4  2b 2c 2 b 4  2a 2c 2 c 4  2a 2b 2 9
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa ³
4 4 4
ma mb mc 16
  
a 4  2b 2c 2 b 4  2a 2c 2 c 4  2a 2b 2 9
(ma  mb  mc )2
4 4 4 2 2 2
ma mb mc
 4  4 
a  2b c b  2a c c  2a b
4 2 2 2 2 2 2
( a 2  b 2  c 2 )2
ma  mb  mc
2 2 2
4
eyIgnwgRsayfa 
a 2  b2  c 2 3
- 84 -
A'
B C
M
eyIgman ABC  AMC
¬mMusáat;edayFñÚrrYm AC ¦
ehIy AA' B  MA' C ¬mMuTl;kMBUl ¦
eKTaj)an AA' B nig MA' C CaRtIekaNdUcKña .
2
eK)an CAAA' A' B

' A' M
 A' M 
A' B.CA'
AA'

a
4m a
a2
ehIy AM  AA' A' M  m a 
4m a
b2 c2
RsaydUcKñaEdrBN  m b 
4m b
nig
CP  m c 
4m c
.
tag T  AM 2
 BN 2  CP 2
- 85 -
a2 2 b2 2 c2 2
T  (m a  )  (m b  )  (m c  )
4m a 4m b 4m c
a 2  b 2  c 2 1  a 4 b4 c 4 
 ma  mb  mc    2 
2 2 2
m c 
2 2
2 16  m a mb
eday m a
2 3 2
 mb  mc 
4
( a
2
 b 2
 c
2
2
)
1  a 4 b4 c 4 
eK)an 5 2
T  (a  b  c )   2 
4
2 2
16  m a mb
2

m c 
2
tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwart eK)an

a4 b4 c4 (a 2  b 2  c 2 ) 2 4 2
    (a  b 2  c 2 )
ma  mb  mc
2 2 2 2 2 2
ma mb mc 3
eKTaj)an ³
5 2 1 4
T (a  b 2  c 2 )  (a 2  b 2  c 2 )  (a 2  b 2  c 2 )
4 12 3
naM[ ma 2 mb2  m2 c  43 Bit

2 2 2
a b c
4 4 4
ma mb mc
dUcenH 4 2 2  4 2 2  4 2 2  169
a  2b c b  2a c c  2a b
- 86 -
lMhat;TI48
eK[ M CaTIRbCMuTm¶n;énRtIekaN ABC .
ebIbnÞat; AB b:HeTAnwgrgVg;carwkeRkAénRtIekaN AMC
enaHbgðajfa sin 1CMA  sin 1CBM  2 3
dMeNaHRsay
bgðajfa 1  1  2 3
sin CMA sin CBM
G
M'
M
B
C
tamvismPaB Cauchy  Schwarz

1 1 4
 
sin CMA sin CBM sin CMA  sin CBM
- 87 -
eyIgnwgRsayfa sin CAM  sin CBM  23

yk G CacMNuckNþalénRCug [AB] .
tag a , b , c CaRbEvgRCug BC , CA , AB ehIy m , m , m a b c
CargVas;emdüanKUsBIkMBUl A , B , C erogKña .
eday A CacMnucb:HrvagbnÞat; ( AB) CamYyrgVg;p©it M'
enaHeKman GA  GM.GC  13 GC ¬ eRBaH GM  13 GC ¦
2 2
2
eday GA  AB 2
 , GC  m eK)an
c
2
c
4 3
1
 m c c
2
tamRTwsþIbTemdüaneKman m  a 2 b  c4
2 2 2
2
c
eKTaj c4  13 ( a 2 b  c4 ) b¤ a  b  2c .
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
ehtuenH m  22c  c4  34c b¤ m  23 c
c
2
c
ehIy m  b 2 c  a4  2b  24c  a  3b4

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
a
naM[ m  23 b ehIy m  23 a .
a b
tag S CaRkLaépÞénRtIekaN ABC ehIy AA' , BB'

Caemdüan . eK)an ³
- 88 -
1 1
SCAM  AM .AC sin CAM  AA'.AC sin CAM
2 4
b¤ 1 1
SCAM  mab sin CAM  S AA'C  S
4 2
1
4
eKTajJ)an sin CAM 
S
m ab
sin CBM  ehIy
S
m ba
eK)an sin CAM  sin CBM 
S

m ab m ba
S
Et 1
S  ab sin C
2
ehIy
ma 
2
3
b nig
mb 
2
3
a
a b
2 2
eK)an sin CAM  sin CBM 
3ab
sin C (1)
tamRTwsþIbTkUsIunUs c  a  b  2ab cos C

2 2 2
eKTaj a 2 b  a  b  2ab cos C eRBaH a

2 2
2 2 2
 b 2  2c 2
ehtuenH a  b  4bc cos C (2)

2 2
ykTMnak;TMng (2) CMnYskñúg (1) eK)an ³

4 sin C cos C 2 2
sin CAM  sin CBM   sin 2C 
3 3 3
sin CAM  sin CBM 
2
3
Bit
dUcenH sin 1CMA  sin 1CBM  2 3 .
- 89 -
lMhat;TI49
eK[ a , b , c  0 . cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b 3 ) 9
  
bc ca ab 2
dMeNaHRsay
RsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b 3 ) 9
  
bc ca ab 2
eKman b  c  (b  c)  3bc(b  c)
3 3 3
tamvismPaB AM  GM eKman b  c  2 bc
eKTaj bc   b 2 c  naM[  3bc(b  c)   43 (b  c)
2
3
eK)an b  c  (b  c)  43 (b  c)  14 (b  c)
3 3 3 3 3
eKTaj b  c  4(b  c )
3 3 3
b¤ a  b  c  a  4(b  c )
3 3 3
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) a
naM[  1 (1)
bc bc
b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) b
dUcKñaEdr  1 ( 2)
ca ca
- 90 -
c  3 4(a 3  b 3 ) c
nig  1 ( 3)
ab ab
edaybUkTMnak´TMng (1) , (2) , (3) eK)an ³
a b c
T  3   Edl
bc ca ab
a  3 4(b 3  c 3 ) b  3 4(c 3  a 3 ) c  3 4(a 3  b 3 )
T  
bc ca ab
a b c 3
eyIgnwgRsayfa   
bc ca ab 2
 bcm

tag  ca  n
 ab p

eK)an b  c  c  a  a  b  m  n  p
naM[ a  b  c  m  2n  p
 npm
 a 
2

 mnp
eKTaj  b 
2

 mnp
 c 
2
npm mnp mnp
eK)an a

b
bc ca ab

c

2m

2n

2p
- 91 -
a b c 1  n m   p m   n p  
               3 
b  c c  a a  b 2  m n   m p   p n  
tamvismPaB AM  GM eK)an
n m p m n p
 2;  2;  2
m n m p p n
eK)ana

b

bc ca ab
c 1
 2  2  2  3  
2
3
2
3 9
dUcenH T  3  Bit .
2 2
- 92 -
lMhat;TI50
eK[ a  1 , b  1 nig x  1 .
cUrRsayfa log a x  log b x  2 log a  b x
2
dMeNaHRsay
Rsayfa log a x  log b x  2 log a  b x
2
1 1
eKman log a x  nig log b x 
log x a log x b
4
log a x  log b x 
log x a  log x b
4
eyIgnwgRsayfa  2 log a  b x
log x a  log x b 2
ab
b¤ log x a  log x b  2 log x
2
cMeBaH a  1 nig b  1
eyIgman a  b  2 a.b ( vismPaB AM  GM
b¤ a 2 b  a.b
- 93 -
naM[ log x ( a  b )  1 ( log x a  log x b )

2 2
ab
b¤ log x a  log x b  2 log x ( ) (1)
2
mü:ageToteKman ³
log x a  log x b  2 log x a . log x b
2(log x a  log x b )  log x a  2 log x a . log x b  log x b
2(log x a  log x b )  ( log x a  log x b )2
1
log x a  log x b  ( log x a  log x b ) 2 ( 2)
2
tamTMnak;TMng (1) nig
( 2) eyIgTaj ³
1 ab
( log x a  log x b ) 2  2 log x ( )
2 2
ab
( log x a  log x b ) 2  4 log x ( )
2
ab
log x a  log x b  2 log x ( )
2
dUcenH log a x  log b x  2 log a  b x
2
- 94 -
!> eK[ 0   ,    .
2
sin 4  cos 4 
cUrbgðajfa 2  2  1 ?
sin  cos 
1  sin x  cos x
@> eK[GnuKmn_ f ( x ) 
2  sin x
RKb; x  IR bgðajfa 1  f ( x )  1 .
3
#> eK[ a , b , c  1 . cUrRsaybBa¢ak;fa ³
log b a 2 log c b 2 log a c 2 9
  
ab bc ca abc
$> edaHRsaysmIkar ³
3
( x 2  x  1)2  33 x4  x 2  1  23 ( x 2  x  1)2  0
%> eKmanGnuKmn_ ³
f ( x )  tan 2 x  cot 2 x  2(tan x  cot x )  9
Edl 0  x   . cUrrktémøtUcbMputénGnuKmn_enH ?
2
- 95 -
^> cUrbgðajfaebI k CacMnYnKUenaH k  1 Eckdac;nwg 2n  2

2n
cMeBaHRKb;cMnYnKt;FmμCati n .
&> cMnYnKt; n mYynwgehAfa Good ebIeyIgGacsresr ³
n  a1  a2  ....  ak Edl a1 , a2 , ...ak CacMnYnKt;
viC¢man ¬mincaM)ac;xusKña ¦ EdlepÞógpÞat; ³
1 1 1
  ....  1 .
a1 a2 ak
bgðajfaebI n KW Good enaH 2n  8 nig 2n  9 k¾ Good .
4n 2n !
*> RKb; n  1 bgðajfa  .
n1 2
n!
(> cUrbgðajfaebI n CacMnYnKt;FmμCatimYyenaHeK)an ³
n5 n4 n 3 n
   k¾CacMnYnKt;FmμCatiEdr .
5 2 3 30
1 1 1 13
!0> bgðajfa   ....   RKb; n  1 .
n1 n 2 2n 24
!!> cUrbgðajfa n5  5n3  4n Eckdac;nwg 120 RKb; n  IN
!@> cUrbgðajfa n9  6n7  9n5  4n3 Eckdac;nwg 8640
RKb; n  IN .
- 96 -
!#> eK[ n CacMnYnKt;viC¢man . cUrbgðajfa ³

( n  1)( n  2)....( 2n) Eckdac;nwg 2n ?
!$> bgðajfa 4  2  1 Eckdac;nwg 7 Canic©RKb; n  IN
2n 2n
!%> bgðajfaebI a 2  b 2 Eckdac;nwg 7 enaH a Eckdac;nwg 7

!^> cUrkMNt;RKb;cMnYnKt;viC¢man a nig b ebIeKdwgfa ³
a 2  b 2  85113 nig LCM (a , b )  1764
!&> RKb; n  1 cUrRsayfa ³
GCD( n 3  3n  1 , 7 n 3  18n 2  n  2)  1
!*> ebI GCD(m , n)  1 cUrRsayfa (m  n  1)!
m!.n!
CacMnYnKt; .
( 2n  4)!
!(> ebI n  1 nig GCD(n , 6)  1 enaHbgðajfa
n! ( n  2)!
CacMnYnKt; .
n9  n3
@0> cUrRsayfa CacMnYnKt;ebI n  IN .
504
- 97 -
@!> RKb;cMnYnBit x nig y cUrRsayfa ³

1 1 1
 
1 4 1 4 x y
1  2x y
@@> RKb; x  IR bgðajfa ³
1 1 4
 
1  sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x 3
@#> RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMukñúgCamMuRsYc .
cUrRsayfa 1  1  1  6
cos A cos B cos C
@$> kñúgRKb;RtIekaN ABC cUrRsayfa ³
1 1 1
2
 2
 2
4
sin A sin B sin C
@%> RKb;cMnYnBitviC¢man a , b , c cUrRsayfa ³
a b c 1
 2  2 
a  8bc b  8ca c  8ab a  b  c
2
@*> eK[ a , b , c CaRCugrbs;RtIekaNmYy . cUrRsayfa ³

1 1 1 3
  
a 2 (b  b  a ) b 2 (c  a  b ) c 2 (a  b  c ) abc
(1  a 2 ) sin x  2a cos x
@(> bgðajfa  1 RKb; x  IR .
1 a 2
- 98 -
#0> cUrRsayfa 1  sin   7

3 9 20
1 1
#!> RKb; x  (1 , 1 ) bgðajfa 4 4 2
1 x 1 x
#@> eK[ x , y , z CacMnYnBitviC¢man .
x y z 3
cUrRsayfa   
x y yz xz 2
##> eK[ a , b , c CaRCugrbs;RtIekaNmYy . cUrRsayfa ³
1 1 1 1
  
8abc (a  b  c)3 8abc (b  c  a)3 8abc (c  a  b)3 3abc
#$>ebI a , b , c CabIcMnYnBitviC¢manEdl ab  bc  ca  1
cUrRsayfa ³
1 1 1 1
3  6b  3  6c  3  6a 
a b c abc
- 99 -

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Math 7

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2

)at;dMbg éf¶TI 25 ExFñÚ qñaM2010

!0> eK[smIkar x 9  9 x  999  0

!@> eKdwgfa cos a  nm p , cos b  p nm , cos c  mp n

!&> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYymanmMu A ,B ,C CamMuRsYcEdlepÞógpÞat;

x> cUrTajbgðajfa a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S .

K> cUrTajbgðajfa a cos A  b cos B  ccos C  2Rabc

@0> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . D CacMNucmYYénRCug [BC] Edl

@@> eK[ctuekaNe)a:g ABCD mYymanépÞRkLaesμI 1 .

@$> eKyk I nig O Cap©itrgVg;carwkkñúg nig carwkeRkAén ABC .

Rtg;cMnuc K ,M nig N erogKña .

#0> cUrkMNt;KUmYyéncMnYnKt;viC¢man a , b edaydwgfa ³

cUrbgðajfaKμan n EdleFIV[cMnYn f (n) Eckdac;nwg 121 eT.

kMNt;RKb;témø a EdleFIV[cMnYn f (a) Eckdac;nwg 49

#*> eKdwgfa tan 3

$#> cMeBaHRKb; n  IN * eKmansIVútcMnYnBit (a ) kMNt;eday ³

a0  3 nig a   1  1  a  1

x> KNnalImIt lim a .

$$> eK[ a nig b CaBIrcMnYnBitEdl 0  a  b  2

$^> eK[GnuKmn_ f (x)  x  2

$&> eK[RtIekaN ABC mYy . emdüanénRtIekaNEdlKUsecj

eK)an cos  a cos x2 b sin x

dUcenH | a cos x  b sin x |  a 2  b 2 .

tam (2) eK)an x2 2  x2  3

eday f ( x )  x  0 CasmIkarKμanb¤s ¬ smμtikmμ ¦

tag t  3 x  1 eK)an 3 10t 2  ( 2  3 5 )t  3 4  0

bUksmPaB (1) nig (2) GgÁ nig GgÁeK)an ³

nig 2  2cos a  sin a  1  2cosa  cos a  (1  cos a)

cos B R(sin A  sin 2 C  sin 2 B)

cos C R(sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C)

bUksmPaB (1),(2) &(3) eK)an ³

eK)an a  (b  2bc  c )  2bc(1  cos A)

eKTaj 1  cos A  (b  2bcc)  a (b  c  a)(b  c  a)

tamrUbmnþehr:ug S  p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c) 

eKTaj p(p  a)(p  b)(p  c)

ykTMnak;TMng (2) CMnYskñúg (1) eK)an ³

tam (3) nig (4) eK)anTMnak;TMng ³

Edl a , b , c CaRCugRtIekaN ABC .

tamvismPaBmFümnBVnþ mFümFrNImaRteKman b  c  2bc

eKTaj a  2bc  2bccos A  2bc(1  cos A)

KuNvismPaB (1) , (2) , (3) GgÁ nig GgÁeKTTYl)an ³

tag a , b , c CaRCugRtIekaN ABC

yk (1) CMnYskñúg (2) eK)an ³

sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C  2sin B sin Ccos A Bit

dUcenH sin A  sin

sin 2 A  sin 2 C  sin 2 B

sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C

eFIVplbUksmPaB (i) , (ii) & (iii) eK)an ³

yksmIkar (1) & (2) CMnYskñúg (3) eK)an ³

KUskMBs; AA'  h én ABC . tag BC  a , AC  b , AB  c .

kñúgRtIekaNEkg ABA' & AA'C eKman

ebI ABC CamMuRsYcenaH cot A  0 , cot B  0 , cot C  0

x> cUrTajbgðajfa a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S .

K> cUrTajbgðajfa a cos A  b cos B  ccos C  2R

k> Rsayfa S OBC

tag K CacMNuckNþalénRCug [BC] enaH [OK]  [BC] .

kñúgRtIekaNEkg OBK eKman ³

x> Tajbgðajfa a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S

tamsRmayxagelIeKman S  14 a cot A OBC

dUcKñaEdr S  14 b cot B nig S  14 c cot C

eK)an S  14 (a cot A  b cot B  c cot C)

dUcenH a cot A  b cot B  c cot C  4S .

K> Tajbgðajfa a cos A  b cos B  ccos C  2R