Cces - Foundation

Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering
Mr.SIENG Peou, Mcs of Geotechnical engineering , Tel. (855) 11 874 974,Email: sieng_2000@yahoo.fr
esckþIepþIm
cMNat;fñak;rbs;RKwH
EdlehAfaRKwH KWCaEpñkmYyEdlenAxageRkambMputénsMNg;mantYnaTITTYlnUvbnÞkú TaMg Gs;rbs; sMNg;
tamry³srsr rW CBa¢aMg bBa¢ÚneTAeGaydIEdlenAxageRkam rW CuMvji )atRKwH .
eKetagEckRKwHecjCa 3 RkúmFM²KW ³
1-RKWHrak; Shallow foundation³ EdlehAfaRKwHrak;KWCaRbePTRKwHEdlbgáb;enAEk,répÞdIxagelI.
EdlCaTUeTAva manpleFob dB  4 .
RKwHrak;man 3 RbePTKW ³
1-1 RKwHeCIgtag Spread footing ³
kñúgkrNIEdllkç½NvÐ isVkmµPUKBÖsaRsþénépÞdIEpñkxagelImanlkçN³l¥ RbesIreKEtgEteRbIRKwHeCIgtag.
RKwHeCIgtagGacmanRKwHragkaer rW ctuekaNEkg rW mUl Edl TTYlbnÞúkBIsMNg;tamry³srsr .
CaTUeTApleFob BL  10 .
1-2 RKwHRTEvg Strip footing ³
KWCaRbePTRKwHrak;EdleKeRbIR)as;eTAelIdIEdlmanlkç½NvÐ isVkmµ PUKBÖsaRsþmFüm. RKwHRTEvg TTYl
kbnÞkú BIsMNg;tamry³CBa¢aMg. CaTUeTAeKcat;TukfaRKwHenaHCaRKwHRTEvgluHRtaNaEtpleFob BL  10 .
1-3 RKwHcak;eBj Mat foundation ³
kñúgkrNIEdllkç½NvÐ isVkmµPUKBÖsaRsþénépÞdIxagelImanlkçN³Gn;EdlminGnuBaØatieGay eKeRbIRKwH eCIg
tag rW RKwHRTEvg )anenaHeKnwgeRbIRKwHkMral . b:uEnþkareRbI R)as;RKwHEbbenHcuH fvikar xøaMgNas;. dUecñHeK KYrEt
eRCIserIsRKwHRbePTepSgeTotEdlcuHfvikartic.
xageRkamenHKWCarUbPaB RbePTRKWHrak;TaMg 3 RbePTxagelI EdlTMnak;TMngxageRkam B KWCaTTwgRKwH /
L KWCabeNþayRKwH / d KWCaCMerAbgáb;RKwH .
និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page1 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

d
L
L
B
RKwHeCIgtag B B
RKwHcak;eBj RKwHRTEvg
2-RKwHCMerAmFüm Semi-profound foundation ³
kñúgkrNIEdldIEpñkxagelImanlkçN³Gn;EdlminGnuBaØatieGayeKeRbIRKwH rak;²)aneKcaM)ac;RtÚveRbI RKwH
CMerAmFümEdlswgEtdUcKñaebHbiTnwgRKwHrak; EdlxusKñaRtg;CMerA bgáb; man CMerAeRCA . CaTUeTA vaRtÚv
eKarBTMnak;TMng 4  dB  10 .
3-RKwHCMerA Pile foundation ³ kñúgkrNIEdldIenAEpñkxagelIminGnuBaØatieGayeKeRbI)anTaMgRKwHrak;
nig RKwHCMerAmFüm enaHeKcaM )ac;RtÚveRbIRKwHCMerA . eKEckRKwHCMerAecjCa 3 RkumKW ³
B B
qf
qp qp
B B
fµ rW RKYs dITn; rW xSac;
dIRCay
RKwHCMerAQrelI fµ RKwHCMerAkkit RKwHCMerAbENþt
3-1 RKwHCMerAQrelIfµ End bearing pile³ CaRbePTRKwHCMerAEdlQrelIfµ rW RKÜs xSac;Edlman lkçN³
hab; xøagM sßit enACMerAeRCA . RKwHRbePTenHeFVIkarEter:suIsgþ ;enAEpñkxagcugRKwHEtb:ueNÑaH .
3-2 RKwHCMerAkkit Combined end & friction bearing pile ³ KWCaRbePTRKwHCMerAEdlQrelIdI Tn; rW
xSac;EdlmanlkçN³RtsuH² . RKwH RbePTenHlT§PaBRTRTg;EckecjCa 2 KW enAcugRKwHpg nig kMlaMgkkitépÞ
xagpg .
3-3 RKwHCMerAbENþt Floating pile ³ KWCaRbePTRKwHCMerAEdlgaybgðab;dI Ed;;lkñúgkrNIEdl dIenaHva
RCayxøaMg edayKMlatBIRKwHmYyedImeTARKwHmYyedImesµI B .
4-TMgn;lImIt Ultimate strength
RbsinebIeyIgmanRKwHmYymanTTwg B nig CMerAbgáb; d QrelIdIEdlmanlkçN³minpøas;brþÚ enaHeyIg nwg
segáteXIjkrNIdcU xageRkamenH ³
(KPa)
dIFmµta
a'
a'' 1
dIsuIm:gt_
dIRCay
a
a
3 2
a
ExSekagtageGaysMrut
S(mm)
-RbsinebIeyIgmankUnbnÞúkmYyd¾EsntUcsgáte; TAelIdIenaHdIeyIgnwgRsutkñúglkç½NÐ yWt KW)anesc kþIfa

ebIeyIgdkbnÞúkecjvijdInwg Fak;mkrksPaBedImvij .
-ehIyRbsinebITMgn;enaHkan;EtekIneLIgdIEdlenAxageRkamenaHmanlkçN³esÞIryWt .KW)an esckþIfa
RbsinebIeyIgdkbnÞúkenaHecjvijenaHdIeyIgnwgFak;ecjmkvijEtvaminmkrksPaB edIm eLIy .
- ehIyebITMgn;enaHkan;EtekIneLIg ² dIxageRkamRKwHnwgmanlkçN³)øasÞic . KW)anesc kþI faenA eBl
EdleyIgdkbnÞúkecjvij dIEdlenAeRkam RKwHFak;fyeRkay vijticbMputEdlswg Et esµIsUnü.
- ebIdIenAxageRkammansPaBENnrwgenaHExSekag sMrutman lkçN³dUcrUbTI 1 ehIycMNuc a’ CaTMgn;
lImItEdldIenAeRkamRKwHGacTTYl nUvTMgn;sMNg;)an .
- ebIdIenAxageRkammanlkçN³rwgR sÜyenaHExSekag sMrutman lkçN³dUcrUbTI 2 ehIycMNuc a CaTMgn;

lImItEdldIenAeRkamRKwHGacTTYl nUvTMgn;sMNg;)an .
- ebIsinCadIenAeRkamRKwHmanlkçN³Tn; RCayenaHExSekagsMrutmansPaBdUcrUbTI 3 ehIy cMNuc a''
KWCaTMgn;lImItEdldIGacTTYlBITMgn;sMNg;)an.
 sUmeFVIkarkt;sMKal;faTMgn;lImItkñgú EpñknimYy²xagelIenH vamanTMnak;TnM gy:ageRcIneTot eTA CamYynwg
vimaRténRKwHenaHnwg CMerAEdleyIgbgáb;va .
5-RbePTénkar)ak;Rsut ³ Type of settlement
enAmuneBlEdleyIgdak;bnÞkú eTAelIRKwHdIEdlenAxageRkamRKwHmanlkç½x½NÐlnM wg rhUt Tal;EteyIgpÞúk
bnÞkú eTAelIva enaHeyIgnwgeXIjfa³
-CadMbUgdIenAeRkamRKwH vak¾ERbRbÜlenAkñúglkç½NÐ)øasÞci KW)aneskþIfaebIeyIgdkbnÞúkecjvijdI GacFak;mkrk
PaBedImvij.
-RbsinebIlkçN³emkanicrbs;dIERbRbÜlRTg;RTayedaytMéld¾EsntUcmuneBlEdlvadac; ecj BIKña krNI
dIhab;.enaHRKwHrbs;eyIgswgEtKñanRsutesaH KWkñúgxN³EdldIeyIgminTan;qøgputRBMEdn)aøsÞic.kñúg krNIenH enA
CuMvji RKwHmansñameRbHtictYcbMput b:uEnþdEI dlenACuMvijRKwH RtÚveBIgeLIgeday sar kMlaMgrujRcan rbs;RKwH
(General shear failure condition).
RKwH
nIv:UdIFmµCati épÞe)a:geLIgCuvM ijRKwH
ExSrGilrbs;dI
RKwHQrelIdIrwg ¬sñameRbHdac;CuMvijRKwH¦
lkç½NeÐ nHvaeqøIytbeTAnwgExSekagelx 1 nig 2 kñúgrUbxagmux .
-pÞúyeTAvijebIlkçN³emkanicrbs;dIcab;epþIm)aøsÞicPøam²eRkayeBlBIeKsgáte; naH dITn;. épÞdxI agelI
e)a:g eLIg tictYcswgEtmincab; GarmµN¾EdlkñúgkrNIenHeKBi)ak kMNt;enAsñameRbHdac;edaysarkMlaMg sgát.;
dUecñH eKsegáteXIjfaExSrGilrbs;dIenAEtEk,r²RKwHb:eu NÑaH (Local shear failure condition). RkahVicTI 3
bBa¢ak; GMBIlkçN³ RbePT rbs;deI nH .
ExSe)a:geLIgtictUc
RKwHQrelIdITn; ¬sñameRbHdac;enAEk,rRKwH¦ ExSrGilrbs;dIswgemIlmineXIj
-RbsinebIdIxageRkamRKwHCaRbePTxSac;RtsuH rW dIEdlmanlkçN³RCayxøaMgenaHsMrutrbs;RKwHKµan
TMnak;TnM gCamYynwgdIEdlenACuMvji RKwHeLIy(Punching shear failure codition) .
kñúgkrNIenHeKmineXIjmanExSrGilrbs;dIeT ehIy TMnak;TnM grvagsMrut nig kMlaMgsgát;dUcRkahVic TI 3 .
RKwHQrelIdIRCay ¬KµansñameRbHdac;CuMvijRKwH¦


CMBUk 1
lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHrak;
Bearing capacity for shallow foundation
eyIgcab;epþImsikSa GMBIRKwHEdlmanlkçN³samBaØCaTIbMput KWCaRbePTRKwHRTEvgEdlman pl eFob
L/B> 10 rW 5.
EdlRKwHenaHQrelIRbePTdIesµIsac;manépÞrabesµIehIyrgnUvkMlaMgsgát;EkgcMG½kSrbs;RKwH. RKwHEdl
manTTwg BRtÚv)anbgáb;enAkñúgdIkñgú CMerA D. kñgú rUbEdlP¢ab;mkCamYyeyIgeXIjman tMbn; 3 Edl sßitenAeRkam
RKwH . tMbn;elx I KWCatMbn;tlu üPaBkñúgkarrujcuHEdlsikSaedayelak Rankine. tMbn;elx II KWCatMbn;tulü
PaBénkarrGilrbs;dIEdlenAeRkamRKwH ehIyRtÚv)ansikSa edayelak Prandtl. FñÚ BC KWCa tMbn;vildac;rbs;
dI . tMbn;elx III KWCatMbn; tulüPaB énkMlaMg Tb; EdlsikSa eday elak Rankine. eyIg GaceFVkI arkt; sM
Kal;)anfakñgú tMbn; elx I & III ExSekagrGil rbs;dICabnÞat;Rtg; pÞúyeTA vijkñúg tMbn; elx II ExSekagrGilCa
GnuKmn¾ LÚkarIt . enABIelIRKwHtamExS AA' EdlCa)atrbs;RKwH RtÚvrg nUvbnÞúkefr E;kg mYy EdlmanGaMgtg;
suIetesµInwg sD ehIyeyIg )anbMePøc ecalnUvkMlaMgsMBaF kat;pþac; kñgú RsTab; dIEdlsßit enABIelI bnÞat;AA'.
kñúglkç½NÐenH eyIgGac sikSa GMBlI T§PaBRTRTg;lmI It q kñúgsßan PaBBIr epSgKña ³
d
1- lkç½NEÐ dl sD  0 ehIydIEdlenAeRkamRKwHKWCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkç½NÐ = 0 ; C 0 &  0

enaHeyIgnwg)anTMnak;TMng³
q1= CNc + sDNq
Edl q1³ lT§PaBRTRTg;lImIt (KN/m2)

C³ CaPaBs¥itrbs;dI (KN/m ) 2
Nq ³ CaemKuNGaRs½ynwgCMerAbgáb;RKwH
  
Nq = tg2    e  tg 
 4 2
s ³ TMg;maDrbs;dEI dlbgáb;RKwH (KN/m3)
D ³ CaCMerAbgáb;RKwH (m)
Nc ³ CaemKuNGaRs½ynwgPaBs¥itrbs;dI
Nc = (Nq – 1 ) . Cotg
kñúglkç½NÐenHlT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHEckecjCa 2 ³
- CNc : EdlCalT§PaBRTRTg;GaRs½ynwgPaBs¥itrbs;dI

- sDNq :CalT§PaBRTRTg; GaRs½ynwg CMerAbgáb;RKwH

2-lkç½NÐEdldIenAxageRkamRKwH C= 0 ;  0 ;  0 nwg sD = 0 enaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMng ³
1
q2 = BN
2
Edl q CalT§PaBRTRTg;lImItEdl  0 ; C =0 ;   0 & sD = 0

2
 KWCaTMgn;maDrbs;dEI dlenAeRkamRKwH (KN/m³)
B KWCaTTwgrbs;RKwH (m)
N KWCaemKuNGaRs½ynwgTTwgrbs;RKwH (KN/m³)
N = 2(Nq + 1)tg
enAkñgú qñaM 1943 elak Terzaghi & elak Caquot )aneFVIkarsikSa nig eGayrUbmnþsMrab;eFVkI ar KNna
lT§PaBRTRTg;lmI Itrbs;RKwHRTEvgsMrab;RbePTdI Edlmanlkç½NÐ  0 ; C 0 ;  0 & sD  0 EdlCapl
bUkrvag q &q1 2
qd = q1 + q2
1
qd = CNc + sDNq + BN
2
sMrab;emKuN Nc ; Nq ; N eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaehIybBa©ÚleTAkñúgtaragEdlP¢ab;mkCamYy enH .

elak TerzaqhiRtÚv)aneKRbsiTin§ amfaCabitaemkanicdI nig RKwH mansBa¢atiedImCaCnCati eqkU ekIt enATIRkug
R)ak (1883 – 1963).elak Caquot CavisVkrsMNg;CnCati)araMgEdlmanekrþ_ eQµaH l,Il,aj xagsagsg;
TMnb;Tkw (1881 – 1976) .elak RanKine viskV rCnCatisáútLg;Edl sikSaGMBI kMlaMg ruj Rcanrbs;dImun eK
bg¥s; (1820 – 1872).
manGñk®)aCJCaeRcInnak;eTot )aneFVIkarsikSabnþ BIelak Terzaghi GMBIlTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;dI nig )an
beBa©j nUvemKuNlTæPaB RTRTg;rbs;dIepSg²Kña. b:Eu nþkúñgeBlcugeRkayenH eKsMerc yk³
emKuN Nq tam karrkeXIj rbs;elak Reissner(1924) Nq =tg2  4  2  e  tg 
emKuN Nc tam karrkeXIj rbs;elak Prandtl(1921) Nc = (Nq – 1 ) . Cotg
emKuN N tam karrkeXIj rbs;elak Caquot and Kerisel(1953) N = 2(Nq + 1)tg
b:uEnþeTaHCa y:agNak¾edayk¾eKenAEteRbIrUbmnþrbs;elak Terzaghi dEdl edayRKan;Etman kar ERb
RbÜlxøHnUvemKuNmYycMnYn EdlnWgmanbBaðajenAkñúgCMBUkxagmux.
sMrab;emKuNlT§PaBRTRTg; nig manbgðaj enAkñgú taragEdlP¢ab; mkCamYyenH .

kñúgeBl bc©úb,nñ enH edIm,IgayRsYldl; karKNnalT§PaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwH eKGac sageLIgnUv kmµviFI

kñúg Computer(Soft ware) Edl kñgú krNIenH GnuBaØati eGayeK eFVIkarKNna)any:agelOnbMput nUv lT§PaB





RTRTg; rbs; RKwH k¾dUc Ca karKNnasMrut EdlekIteLIgedaybnÞúkrbs;RKwH .

sUmbBa¢ak;fakñúgkrNIEdleyIigyk C &  mkeRbIR)as;sMrab;eFVIkarKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH eyIg
RtÚvemIllkç½NÐxageRkam enH ³
-RbsinebIdIeyIgCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkçN³hab;xøaMg rW rwgxøagM (N>30 sMrab;dI\dæ rW N >50sMrab;dI xSac;)
enaHeyIgGacyk C & mkeRbIR)as;Etmþg .
-pÞúyeTAvijRbsinebIdeI yIgCadImanlkçN³Tn;rWminsUvhab;enaHeyIgRtÚvyktMélxageRkamenHmkeRbI
R)as;.
2 2
 C' = C & tg '  tg
3 3
dUecñHkareRCIserIsyk C & mkeRbIR)as;eGay)anRtwmRtUvenaHKWCakarmYycaM)ac;bMput edIm,IeFVI eGay
karKNnarbs;eyIgmanPaBRtwmRtÚv nig eKcputBIeRKaHfñak; .

Bearing factor emKuNlTæPaBRTRTg;

 Nc Nq N Nq/Nc tg
0 5.14 1 0 0.19 0.00
1 5.38 1.09 0.07 0.20 0.02
2 5.63 1.20 0.15 0.21 0.03
3 5.90 1.31 0.24 0.22 0.05
4 6.19 1.43 0.34 0.23 0.07
5 6.49 1.57 0.45 0.24 0.09
6 6.81 1.72 0.57 0.25 0.11
7 7.16 1.88 0.71 0.26 0.12
8 7.53 2.06 0.86 0.27 0.14
9 7.92 2.25 1.03 0.28 0.16
10 8.34 2.47 1.22 0.30 0.18
11 8.80 2.71 1.44 0.31 0.19
12 9.28 2.97 1.69 0.32 0.21
13 9.81 3.26 1.97 0.33 0.23
14 10.37 3.59 2.29 0.35 0.25
15 10.98 3.94 2.65 0.36 0.27
16 11.63 4.34 3.06 0.37 0.29
17 12.34 4.77 3.53 0.39 0.31
18 13.10 5.26 4.07 0.40 0.32
19 13.93 5.80 4.68 0.42 0.34
20 14.83 6.40 5.39 0.43 0.36
21 15.81 7.07 6.20 0.45 0.38
22 16.88 7.82 7.13 0.46 0.40
23 18.05 8.66 8.20 0.48 0.42
24 19.32 9.60 9.44 0.50 0.45
25 20.72 10.66 10.88 0.51 0.47
26 22.25 11.85 12.54 0.53 0.49
27 23.94 13.20 14.47 0.55 0.51
28 25.80 14.72 16.72 0.57 0.53
29 27.86 16.44 19.34 0.59 0.55
30 30.14 18.40 22.40 0.61 0.58
31 32.67 20.63 25.99 0.63 0.60
32 35.49 23.18 30.21 0.65 0.62
33 38.64 26.09 35.19 0.68 0.65
34 42.16 29.44 41.06 0.70 0.67
35 46.12 33.30 48.03 0.72 0.70
36 50.59 37.75 56.31 0.75 0.73
37 55.63 42.92 66.19 0.77 0.75
38 61.35 48.93 78.02 0.80 0.78
39 67.87 55.96 92.25 0.82 0.81
40 75.31 64.20 109.41 0.85 0.84
41 83.86 73.90 130.21 0.88 0.87
42 93.71 85.37 155.54 0.91 0.90
43 105.11 99.01 186.53 0.94 0.93
44 118.37 115.31 224.63 0.97 0.97
45 133.87 134.87 271.75 1.01 1.00
46 152.10 158.50 330.34 1.04 1.04
47 173.64 187.21 403.65 1.08 1.07
48 199.26 222.30 496.00 1.12 1.11
49 229.92 265.50 613.14 1.15 1.15
50 266.88 319.06 762.86 1.20 1.19

lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;lmI Itrbs;RKwHRTEvgEdlmanTTwg 2 m nigbgáb;nUvCMerA 1/5 m. eyIg
snµt;fadITMrRKwHCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkçN³esµIsac; .  = 18KN/m ; C = 4KN/m
3 2
 = 30o
D = 1,5m
B = 2m
dIl,ay
dMeNaHRsay
edaydIxageRkamRKwHCaRbePTdIl,ayehIymanlkçN³minhab;xøagM ( = 18KN/m )enaH eyIgmin Gac 3
yktMél C & mkeRbIR)as;)aneT . dUecñH C' = 23 C  4. 23  2,66KN / m ehIy 2
tg' tg  tg 30  0.38   '  21 .

2 2 o
3 3
tamry³taragkñgú krNI ' = 21  NC = 15,82 ; Nq = 7,07 nig N = 6,20 . dUecñHeyIg)an TMnak;TnM g ³
o
1
qd  CNc  sDNq  BN 1
2 1
1
qd = 2,66 x 15,82 + 18 x 1,5 x 7,07 + x 18 x 2 x 6,20 = 344,57KN/m²
2
sMrab;RKwHRTEvgvaCaRbePTRKwHEdlTTYlbnÞúktamry³CBa¢aMg . dUecñHRbsinebIeyIgcg;dwgfaetIkñúg CBa¢aMg
1m vaRT)anTMgn;bu:nµanenaHeyIgnwg manTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH ³
Q = qd x B
Q = 344,57 x 2 = 669,14KN/m
dUecñH )anesckþIfasMrab;CBa¢aMgRbEvg 1mRKwHeyIgGacTTYl)annUvbnÞúklImIt 669,14KN/m.
kñúgkrNIEdl eyIgKµansmµtki mµRKb;RKan;kñúgkarBiesaFn¾rk C & edayeyIgeRbIEtkar BiesaFn¾ eTAelI
dI\dætam]bkrN¾sgátb; M)ak;dIenaHeyIgTTYl)annUvtMél Cu PaBs¥itrbs;dñIúgkrNImin bgðrÚ TwkenaH eyIgnwg)an
u = 0. EdlkñúgkrNIenHeyIgnigTTYl)an Nc = 5,14 ; Nq =1 & N = 0. dUecñH rUbmnþxag elIng w eTACa ³
qd = 5,14 x Cu + sD 2

sMrab;BBYkdI\dærUbmnþTI 2 enHeKniymeRbIR)as;CaTIbMput .
I - lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHeCIgtag nig RKwHkMral ³
kñúgkarKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;lmI Itrbs;RKwHeCIgtag nig RKwHcak;eBjva)anCYbnUvbBaðaenARbB½n§G½kS 3.
)anesckþIfaeKmindwgbegáItnUvRTwsþINaeGay)anRtwmRtÚv 100% elIkElgEtRKwHeCIgtagenaHman rag mUlEdl
manlkçN³suIemRTI eFVIeGaykMlaMgrujRcaneTAeRkammanlkçN³eTogTat; .
pÞúyeTAvijebIRKwHeyIgmanragCactuekaNEkgenaHeyIgnwgGaceRbIR)as;nUvrUbmnþTI1 kñúgkarKNna lT§
PaBRTRTg;lImItrbs;RKwHRTEvgedayRKan;EteKbBa©ÚlnUvemKuNkMENxøH² edIm,IeGaykarKNnaman suvtþiPaB .
elak Terzaghi )aneGaynUvrUbmnþmundMbUgeKbg¥s;sMrab;RKwHmUlEdlmanGgát;p©itesµI Bnig RKwHkaer:Edlman
RCug esµI B . sMrab;RKwHmUleyIgmanTMnak;TnM g ³
qd = 1,3CNc + sDNq + 0,3 BN 3
sMrab;RKwHkaer: eyIgmanTMnak;TMng ³
qd = 1,3CNc + sDNq + 0,4 BN 4
kñúgkarsikSafµI²eRkayenH eyIgsegáteXIjfarvagRKwHkaer: mUl rW ctuekaNEkg EdlQrelI Rb ePTdI

dUcKñaebHbiTmanlkçN³ swgEtRbhak;RbEhlKña rvaglT§PaB RTRTg;rbs;RKwHTaMg 3 enaH . dUecñH elak
Terzaghi, Vesic(1973)& de Beer(1967-1970))anbegáItnUvrUbmnþfIm µ YyedIm,I GnuBaØatieGay eKKNna
)annUvlT§PaBRT RTg; sMrab;RKwH RKb;RbePT mUl kþI kaer kþI ctuekaNEkgkþI ³
qd = 1  0,2. CNc  sDNq(1  tg )  1  0,4.  N
B B B B
 L L  L 2
5
4
sMrab;rbU mnþenHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNna)anrhUtdl;RKwHRTEvgeTot . eyIgsegátemIlkenSam
 B  B
1  0,2  & 1  0,4  RbsinebIRKwHeyIgCaRKwHRTEvgenaH L RtÚvFMCag 10B. dUecñH
 L  L
B
L
y:agehacNas;k¾tUcCag 0,1. dUecñHkenSam 1  0,2 BL  esµnI wg 1+ 0,2 x 0,1 = 1,02  1,00
cMENkÉkenSam 1  0,4 BL  = 1- 0,4 x 0,1 = 0,96  1 .
lMhat;
cUreFVIkarKNnaGMBIlT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHkaer:mYyEdlmanRCúg B = 1,5m bgáb;kñúgCMerA 2m QrelI
dI\dæmanlkçN³Tn; ³
 = 20KN/m³ ; C = 15KN/m² ;  = 20o & bgáb;edaydIEdlman s = 18,5KN/m³
D=2m
B=1,5m
kMEN
edaydITMrRKwHCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkçN³Tn;enaHeyIgnwg)an C' = 23 C ; C' = 153 2  10KN / m 2
& tg'= tg = tg20 = 0,24 dUecñHeyIg)an ' = 13  Nc = 9,81 ; Nq = 3,26 ; N = 1,97
2 2 o o
3 3
tamrUbmnþelx 5 eyIgGacsresr)an ³
 1,5  1,5  1,5  1,5
qd = 1  0,2. .10.9,81  18,5.2.3,26(1  tg13)  1  0,4. .20. .1,97  283,91KN/m²
 1,5  1,5  1,5  2
sUmbBa¢ak;falT§PaBRTRTg;vaGaRs½yeTAnwg TTwgrbs;RKwH B ebI B mantMélFMenaH lT§PaBRTRTg;
k¾ekIntamenaHEdr . dUecñHcMeBaHlMhat;dEdlRbsinebI B=2m enaHeyIgnwgTTYl)anlT§PaBRTRTg;
qd = 1  0,2 .10.9,81  18,5.2.3,26(1  tg13)  1  0,4 .20. .1,97 
2 2 2 2 289,82KN/m²
 2 2  2 2


II- lTÐPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHeCIgtag nig RKwHcak;eBjQrelIdI\dæ³
sMrab;d\I dæEdlmanlkçN³s¥itxøagM enaHeKGaceFVIkarKNnatamsmµitkmµrbs; Cu (PaBs¥it rbs;
dIkgñú krNIminbgðÚrTwk)EdlkñúgkrNIenH u=0 enaHeyIg)an Nc = 5,14 ; Nq = 1 & N = 0
dUecñHeyIgnwgTTYl)annUvTMnak;TnM g ³
qd = 1  0,2 .5,14.Cu  sD
B
6
 L 4

b:uEnþenAeBlfµI²enHelak Skempton & Mayerhof )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavrkeXIjfa lT§PaB

RTRTg; rbs;dI ekIn eLIgtamCMerAbgáb; DsMrab; BBYkRKwHEdlQrelIdI\dæ . elak Skempton & Mayerhof
)anbgðajnUvTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH ³
qd = 1  0,2 1  0,2 .5,14.Cu  sD
D B
7
 B  L 4
rUbmnþmantMéleRbIR)as;)ansMrab;EtpleFob DB < 2,50 KWeyIgyk 2,50 mkeRbIEtmþg ebI DB >2,5

KW)anesckþIfa cab;BpI leFob DB  2,50 cuHeTAeRkamlT§PaBRTRTg;ElgekIneTotehIy . CMerAenaHeK
eGayeQµaHehAfa CMerAvinicä½y .
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaGMBIRKwHeCIgtagmYyEdlQrelIdI\dæbgáb;enAkñúgCMerA D = 1,5m ;  = 20KN/m³ dITMrRKwHman 
= 19,5KN/m³ ; Cu = 65KN/m² ; B = 2m ; L = 2,5m
s = 20KN/m³ D = 1,5m
B = 2m
Cu = 65KN/m² ;  = 19,5KN/m³
bMNkRsay
sMrab;lMhat;RbePTenH u =0 ehIyeyIgGacyktMél Cu mkeRbIR)as;Etmþg .b:uEnþeBl xøH eKyk tMél
2/3Cu mkeFVIkarKNna edIm,IsuvtþiPaBrbs;eKsMrab;krNIdIRCay. dUecñHeyIgmanTMnak;Tn
M gdUcxageRkamenH ³
qd = 1  0,2 1  0,2 .5,14.Cu  sD
D B
 B  L
1,5  2 
qd = 1  0,2. .1  0,2. .5,14.65  20.1,5
 2  2,5 
qd = 475,69 KN/m²
enAkñgú qñaM 1951,1953,1963 elak Mayerhof )aneGaynUvTMnak;TMngsMrab;karKNnarklT§PaB RTRTg;

rbs; RKWHrak;dUcxageRkamenH
-sMrab;lkç½NkMlaMgsrub(Total stress analysis TSA)
B D
qd  5,14.Cu.(1  0,2 )(1  0,2 )   s D 8
L B
-sMrab;lkç½NkMlaMgBit(Effective stress analysis ESA)
qd   s .D.Nq .Sq .dq  0,5. .B.N .S .d
9
xageRkamenHCaemKuNlT§PaB RTRTg; rbs;elak Mayerhof


N q  e .tg .tg 2 (45  )
2
N  ( Nq  1).tg(1,4 )
B
S q  S  1  0,1.K p .
L
D
d q  d  1  0,1. K p .
B
 1  Sin
K p  tg 2 (45  ) 
2 1  Sin

III- krNIRKwHQrelIdIEdlmanTwk ¬xSac;CaMTwk¦³

1/RKwHQreRkamnIv:UTwkeRkamdI³
-sMrab;lMhat;RbePTenH karsikSamanlkçN³sµkú sµajeyIgnwgedaHRsaymYytMNak;kalmþg ².
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaRKwHRTEvg EdlQrelIdIxSac;tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkamenH ³
1m
1,5m
mm
nIv:UTwkeRkamdI
2m
xSac;RKab;tUc
 = 17,0KN/m³ ' = 9,0KN/m³ sat = 19,0KN/m³  = 36o
dMeNaHRsay
eyIgsegáteXIjfadIrbs;eyIgCaRbePTdIEdlminhab;deU cñHeyIgRtÚveRbIR)as; 'mkeFVIkarKNna³
2 2
tg  tg '  tg 36  0,484   '  26o
3 3

dUecñH Nc = 22,25 ; Nq = 11,85 ; N = 12,54 sMrab;dIEdleyIgeXIjkñúgrUbPaBxagelIvaCa RbePTdI

EdlmanRbePTEtmYyKWxSac;RKab;tUc. b:uEnþdIEdlenAelInIv:UTkw eRkamdI vaCaRbePTdIs¶ÜtdUecñH  = 17KN/m³.
enAeRkamnIv:UTkw eRkamdICaRbePTxSac;CaMTwkEdl sat = 19KN/m³. edayxSac;Edl enAeRkamnIv:UTkw eRkam
dIvargnUvkMlaMg tMeNal GaksuIEm:Rt . dUecñHdg;suIetEdlmanBitkñgú FmµCati ³
' = sat - (H20)
' = 19 KN/m³ - 10 KN/m³ = 9 KN/m³
 (H20) = 10KN/m³
eday C = 0 eyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH ³
qd = sDNq + 
B
N
2
edaydIEdllubRKwHCadIBIrRbePT enaHeyIgGacEbgEck
sD = ( x 1+' x 0,5)
dUecñH qd = ( x 1 + ' x 0,5) Nq + ' B N
2
2
qd = (17 x 1+9 x 0,5) x 11,85 + 9. .12,54
2
qd = 367,63KN/m²
2/ TwkeRkamdIenABIeRkam)atRKwH³
edIm,IsikSaGMBlI kç½NeÐ nHeKetageFVkI arsikSark cal EdlRtÚvykmkeFVI karKNnaeKcaM)ac;RtÚveFVIkar
BIPakSaGMBI Zw & B
- ebI Zw  B enaHeyIg)an calcul = ' + ZwB (  - ')
Zw
B
nIv:UTwkeRkamdI
Edl  KWCadg;suIetEdlmanBitenACab;nwg)atRKwH
- ebI Zw > B enaH calcul =  KW)anesckþIfaTwkeRkamdIKµan\T§iBleTAelIRKwHeT .
lMhat;³ sUmeFVIkarKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHRTEvg tamrUbPaBxageRkamenH³
 = 18KN/m³ sat = 20KN/m³ ' = 10KN/m³  = 38o C=0

D=1,5m
Zw=1m
B=2m
dMeNaHRsay
2
 = 38o  tg  tg '  0,52   '  27 o
3
dUecñH Nc = 23,94 ; Nq = 13,20 ; N = 14,47
eday Zw =1m < B = 2m   calcul = 10 + 12 ( 18 – 10 ) = 14 KN/m 2
tamTMnak;TMng qd = sDNq +  B2 N
2 = 558,98KN/m²
qd = 18 .1,5 . 13,20 + 14. .14,47
2


IV emKuNsnþisux nig lT§PaBRTRTg;GnuBaØati³
lT§PaBRTRTg;lmI ItEdleyIgeXIjenAkñúgemeron TaMgb:unµan xagelIKWeFVeI LIgkñúglkç½NlÐ ImIt .
eBalKWebIeyIgsagsg;kñúglkç½NÐenH dIEdlenAxageRkamRKwHnwg)ak;RsutedaytMélGtibrma dUecñH
eKRtÚveRbIR)as;emKuNsnþisuxedIm,IeGayRKwHrbs;eKQrelIdIEdl sßit kñgú lkçx½NÐyWt Condition elastic.
enAmanbBaðamYyeTotKWenAkñúgkrNIEdleyIgCIkreNþAbBa©úHRKwHenaH TMgn;rbs;ebtugvaF¶n;Cag TMgn;rbs;dI
¬TMgn;maDrbs;dRI bhak;RbEhlnwg 20KN/m³ÉTMgn;maDrbs;ebtugRbhak;RbEhlnwg 25KN/m³ ¦ dUecñH
eyIgRtÚvKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;edaydknUvTMgn;maDrbs;deI cjenaHKWlT§PaBRTRTg; Net.
qnet= qd - s.D 10
qnet - lT§PaBRTRTg; Net :

dUecñHsMrab;RkumdIxSac;Edlman C = 0enaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TnM gdUcxag eRkamenH ³
qnet = sD(Nq -1) (1  tg ) + 1  0,4  N
B B B 11
L  L 2
sMrab;RkumdIs¥itEdlsikSatamry³eBlEvg enaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH
qnet= CNc 1  0,2   sD( Nq  1)(1  tg )  1  0,4  N
B B B B
12
 L L  L 2

edayELksMrab;BBYkdI\dæEdlsikSatamry³eBlxøIenaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH³
qnet = CNc 1  0,2 1  0,2  + sD - sD
D B
 B  L
qnet = 5,14Cu 1  0,2 1  0,2 

D B
 B  L 13
dUecñHkñúgkareRbIR)as;rUbmnþTaMgLayeyIgKYreRCIserIsyklT§PaBRTRTg; Net mkKNnaeRBaHva

mansuvtþi PaBCag .
RKb;rbU mnþTaMgb:unµanxagelI RtÚvykmkEcknwgemKuNsnþsi ux EdlCaTUeTAeKyk esµInwg 3 enAkñúg lkçNÐ½
Ultimate & esµIng w 2 sMrab;lkçN½Ð Service.b:uEnþCakarBiteTA emKuNsnþisuxGactUcCag 3 rW FMCag3ehIyem
y = 1.0803x + 0.6085
Safety factor chart
R2 = 1
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
Safesty factor
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Depth of footing
KuNsnþisuxenaHva manTMnak; TMngeTAnwgCMerA bgáb;RKwH D ¬emIlrUbEdlP¢ab;mkCamYy¦sMrab; RKwH mUl.
lMhat;³sUmeFVIkarKNnarkCMerAEdlRtÚvbgáb;RKwHbøg;rabdUcrUbEdlP¢ab;nUvxageRkamenH Edlman
emKuNsnþisuxesµI 3.
q = 120KN/m² D

36,0 x 60,0m
sat = 18,4KN/m³
 = 0o
C = 30KN/m²
kñúgkrNIEdldIxageRkam)atRKwHmanlkçN³Gn;;enaHeKcaM)ac;RtÚveRbIRKwHrabEdlbgáb;nUvkñúgCMerA eRCA
edIm,IykEpñkxageRkamrbs;dIenaHeRbIR)as;eFVICacMNtrfynþ. enAkñúglMhat;eyIgenH eyIgmansmµitkmµR Kb;
RKan;edIm,IeFVIkarKNna eRBaHeyIgsÁal;y:agc,as;nUvkMlaMgrayesµIelI)atRKwH q = 120KN/m² KWeyIgyk bnÞúk
rbs;GaKarTaMgmUlmkEckeGayépÞ)atRKwH .sMrab;lkç½NeÐ nHeyIgsegát eXIjfaeyIgCIk dIecjy:ag eRcIn
EdleFVIeGaysl;RbehagedayKµanlubRKwHvijeT .
kñúgkrNIenHlT§PaBRTRTg; RtÚvbUk edayTMgn;maDrbs;dEI dleyIgdkecj enaHeyIgnwgman TMnak; TMng ³
qnet
qbrut =  sD
3
q = .CNc 1  0,2 1  0,2  + sD

1 D B 14
3  B  L
1  D  36 
120 = .30.5,141  0,2 1  0,2.   18,4.D
3  36  60 
 D
120 = 57,568 1  0,2  + 18,4.D
 36 
120 = 57,568 + 0,3198 .D + 18,4D = 51,411 + 18,72 .D
120  57,568
D =  3,33m
18,72
dUecñHedIm,IeGaysMNg;manlMnwg)aneKcaM)ac;RtÚvbgáb;RKwH rbs;eKkñgú CMerA ³ 3,33m
kñúgkrNIEdleKcg;eGayRKwHrbs;eKmansuvtßPi aB 100% KWeKeGayRKwHeKGENþtelIdIEtmþg enaHeK
eGay TMgn;dEI dleKCIkecjesµInwgTMgn;sMNg;EtmþgenaHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TnM gdUcxageRkamenH ³
120
q = sD 120 = sD D=  6,52m
18,4
dUecñH kñgú krNIenHRKwHeKRtÚvbgáb;enAkñúgCMerA ³
D = 6,52m
 rUbmnþ TI 14 enHmantMéleRbIR)as;)ansMrab;EtRKwHbøgr; abEdlmanRbehagBIxagkñúgEtb:ueNÑaH . sMrab;

RKwHEdleKlubdIbgáb;vij rUbmnþenH KµantMéleRbIR)as;eLIy .
 edayELkkñúgkarKNnaRKWHeKEtgeFVkI arepÞógpÞat;lkç½NlÐ Mnwg dUcxageRkamenH ³
sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;CMh‘andMbUg eKGnuvtþn_tamlkç½NÐ ³
q all
net
Q
B
sMrab;RKWHRTEvg
net
q all
net
Q
BL
sMrab;RKWHeCIgtag
net
bnÞab;mkeKKNnark B&L
eKyktMél B&LeTAKNnark q & q  q   .D all
net
all
brut
all
net s
sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;cugeRkaybMput eKGnuvtþn_tamlkç½NÐ ³
Qbrut
all
qbrut 
BL
Qbrut=Qnet+Qf +Qs
Qf =  V & Q = V
f f s s s
Edl Q ³ CabnÞúkrbs; srsr rujeGayRKwH

net
Q ³ CabnÞk
fú EdlekIteLIgedayTMgn;RKwHxøÜnÉgpÞal;
Q ³ CabnÞk
s ú EdlekIteLIgedayTMgn;dsI gát;elIRKwH
V ³ CamaDrbs;RKwHEdlplitBIebtug
f
V ³ CamaDrbs;dEI dlsgát;elIRKwH
s
 ³ CaTMgn;maDrbs;ebtug
f
 ³ CaTMgn;maDrbs;dEI dlsgát;elIRKwH
s
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarepÞógpÞat;RKwHxageRkamenH EdlmankMras;eCIgtag d=0,3 TTwgsrsr b=0,25m
CMerAbgáb;RKwH D=2,0m er:suIsþg;s¥itCab;rbs;dI kñúgkrNIminbgðrÚ Twk Cu=100KN/m TMgn;maD dIEdl lubRKwH
2
 =20KN/m TMgn;maDebtug =25KN/m . Q =600KN. B=L=1,8m

s
3
f
3
net
Qnet
D
d
B=L
dMeNaHRsay
KNnark lT§PaBRTRTg;lImIt
B D 1,8 2
qnet  5,14Cu (1  0,2 )(1  0,2 )  5,14 *100(1  0,2 )(1  0,2 ) =753,86 KN/m2
L B 1,8 1,8
q
all
qnet  net  251,28KN / m 2
3
sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;CMh‘andMbUg ³
q 
all
net
Q
BL
sMrab;RKWHeCIgtag
net
600
2
 185,18KN / m 2  qnetall
 251,28KN / m 2 OK
1,8
all
qbrut  qnet
all
  s D  251,28+20*2=291,28KN/m2
KNnarkmaDeCIgtag
Vf =1,8*1,8*0,3+0,25*0,25*(2-0,3)=1,078m3
KNnarkmaDdIlubRKWH
Vs =1,8*1,8*2-1,078=5,402m3
KNnarkTMgn;eCIgtag
Qf =25*1,078=26,95KN
KNnarkTMgn;dlI ubRKWH
Qs =20*5,402=108,04 KN
dUecñH Q =600+26,95+108,04=734,99KN
brut
karepÞógpÞat;cgu eRkay ³
Qbrut
all
qbrut 
BL
Qbrut 734,99
 2
 226,85KN / m 2 < qbrut
all
 291,28KN / m2 OK
BL 1,8
kñúgkrNIenHRKWHeyIgmansuvtþiPaB.


V-RKwHEdlrgnUvbnÞúkmincMp©it rW bnÞúkeRTt³
1/RKwHrgnUvbnÞk
ú EkgmincMp©it ³
kñúgeBlxøHsrsr TTYlrgnUvbnÞkú bBa¢ÚneTAeGayRKwHmincMp©itrbs;RKwH enaH(manm:mU :g;kac;elI k ssr).
kñúgkrNIenH rUbmnþ Edl eyIgeRbIR)as;mkBImunTaMgb:unµanKWminRtwmRtUveLIy. elak Meyerhof )aneFVkI arsikSa
mundMbUgeKbg¥se; TAelIRKwHRTEvgEdlCaerOy²EtgEtCYbRbTHnUvehtukarN¾enH .
kñúgkrNIenHeKRtUvsikSarkTMhM RKwHBit ¬ emIlrUbxageRkam ¦ .
eB
Q
A A'
B'
tamrUbxagelIenHTMhMRKwHBitR)akd EdlTTYlrgbnÞúkrbs;sMNg; KW RKwHEdlmanTTwg B' minEmn RKwH

EdlmanTTwg B enaHeT .
B' = B –2eB
dUecñHedIm,IKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHRTEvgenaH ³
1
qnet = CNc + sD (Nq – 1) +  B'N 15
2
''
dUecñHlT§JPaBRTRTg;GnuBaØatisMrab;krNIenH
qallowable = lT§PaBRTRTg;GnuBaØati
qallowable =
qnet qd =lT§PaBRTRTg;lm
I It
F
F = emKuNsnþisux

sMrab;BBYkRKwHeCIgtag rUbxageRkamenHbgðajGMBIkMlaMgEdlsgát;EkgmincMp©it 0. kñgú krNIenH RKwHEdl

rgnUvbnÞúkBitR)akdKWRKwHEdlmanvimaRt L' & B' kñúgkrNIenHrUbmnþsMrab;RKwHeCIgtagTaMg b:unµan BImunmkGac
ykmkeRbIR)as;dEdledayRKan;EtbþrÚ BI Bmk B' nig L eTA L' . kñgú krNIEdl L' < B' enaHrUbmnþ RtÚv
bþÚrkEnøg BI B' eTA L' nwg kEnøg L' eTACa B'.
o'
B B' eB
o
eL
L'
qnet = 1  0,2 CNc  sDNq  1(1  tg )  1  0,4  N
B' B' B' B'
 L'  L'  L'  2 16
qnet
qallowable =
F
sMrab;krNITaMg 2 xagelIbnÞkú rbs;RKwHEdlGacTTYlRTRTg;)an ³

sMrab;RKwHRTEvgkarepÞógpÞat;RtÚveFVItamviFIxageRkamenH
-RbsinebI 6e <B B
Q
q = (1 
max
B
6e
B
) B
` -dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  qall

net max
-sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q = QB brut

max
brut
(1 
6eB
B
)
-dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  qall

brut
brut
max

-RbsinebI 6e >B B q =
4
max
Q
3 ( B  2e )
B
` -dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  q

all
net max
-sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q brut

max =
4 Qbrut
3 ( B  2 eB )
-dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  q
all
brut
brut
max
sMrab;RKwHeCIgtag karepÞógpÞat;RtÚveFVItamviFxI ageRkamenH

-RbsinebI 6e <B B q = max
Q
BL
(1 
6e
B
B
)
` -dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  q

all
net max

max =
Qbrut
BL
6e
(1  B )
B
all
brut
brut
max
-RbsinebI 6e >B B q =
4
max
Q
3 L ( B  2e )B

all
net max

max =
4 Qbrut
3 L ( B  2 eB )
all
brut
brut
max
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarepÞogpÞat;GMBITMhRM KwHeCIgtagxageRkamEdlTTYlrgnUvbnÞúk Q = 1780KN EdlrgnUvm:Um:g;
kac;tamTisedA B KW M = 270KN.m . eKykemKuNsnþsi ux F = 3 kñgú CMerAbgáb; 1,8meTAkñúgRbePTdIl,ay
B
dI\dæ .
Q = 1780KN
MB = 270KN.m
1,8m
= 18KN/m³
1,8 x 1,8m  = 36o ; C = 9,5KN/m²
dMeNaHRsay
m:Um:g;KWCaplKuNrvagbnÞúk nig édXñas; . dUecñHsMrab;TisedA B eyIgmanTMnak;TMng
M B = Q x eB  eB =
MB
Q

270
1780
 0,15 kñúgkrNIdUcKñaenHeyIgnwg)an
B' = B – 2eB = 1,80 – 0,30 = 1,50m
edaydIrbs;eyIgCadIminhab;xøaMg ( = 18KN/m³) enaHeyIg)an
2 2
C' = C = 9,5 x = 6,33KN/m²
3 3
2 2
tg = tg' = tg36 = 0,48  ' = 26o
3 3
sMrab; ' = 26 eyIg)an Nc = 22,25 ; Nq = 11,85 ; N = 12,54 dUecñHeyIgnwgmanTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH ³
o
qnet = 1  0,2 CNc  sDNq  1(1  tg )  1  0,4 . N
B' B' B' B'
 L L  L 2
 1,5   1,5 
qnet = 1  0,2 6,33  22,25  18  1,811,85  1(1  tg 26)  1  0,4 .18   12,54
1,5 1,5
 1,8  1,8  1,8  2
qnet = 771,59 KN/m²
qnet 771,59
qall(net) =   257,20KN / m 2
3 3
- 6e =6*0,15=0,9m<B=1,8m
B q =
Q
BL
(1 
max
6e
B
)=
1780
B
1,8
(1 
6 * 0,15
2
1,8
)  824KN / m 2
` -dUecñHeyIgman q  257,2KN / m  q  824KN / m

all
net
2
max
2
kñúgkrNIenHRKWHeyIgmin epÞógpÞat;eLIy.
` edayELkkñúgkarKNna lMGitGMBIRKwH rgnUvm:Um:g;kac; eyIgetageFVIkarsikSalMGitdUcxageRkamenH³
-karEbgEckkMlaMgenA)atRKwHKµanlkçN³rayesµeI LIyemIlrUb V-1
kñúgkrNIenHkMlaMgenA)atRKwHEbgEckCaBIRbePTKW
q  max
Q 6M

BL B L 2
ni g q 
Q 6M
min 
BL B L 2

rUb V-1
eday e  MQ enaHeyIg)an q max 
Q
BL
(1  ) nig
6e
q 
B
Q
BL
6e
(1  )
B
min
tamTMnak;TMngxagelIRbsinebI
e
B
6
enaH q =0min
e > enaH q <0

B
min
6
kñúgkrNIenHeyIg)an q  3L(B4Q 2e) kñúgkrNIenHeyIgGaceRbIrUbmnþdEdlsMrab;KNnalTæPaBRTRTg;
max
rbs;RKwH edayRKan;EtbþÚrBI B eTA B'=B-2e B
eyIgmanTMnak;TnM g Q  q B' L' ult net
-kñúgkrNIRKwHeCIgtagEdlmanm:mU :g;tamTis 2 epSgKñaemIlrUb V-2 enaHeyIgmanTMnak;TnM g

e 
B
M
Q
B
ni g e 
M
Q
L
L
kñúgkrNIenHeyIgmanTMnak;TnM g Q  q A' ult d
edayRKan;EtbþrÚ BI B eTA B'=B-2e nigbþÚrBI L eTA L'=L-2e

B L
karKNnarkmuxkat;BitR)akd A' tam4krNIepSgKña³

-krNI eL  16 & eB  16 emIlrUb V-3
L B

rUb V-2
sMrab;krNIenHeyIgGacKNna muxkat; BitR)akd tamTMnak;TnM g³
A'  B L Edl ) nig L  L(1.5 
1 3e 3e
1 1 B  B(1.5 1
B
1 )L
2 B L
tMél L' KWCatMélEdlFMCageKrvag B & L enaH B'  LA''
1 1
-krNI eL 0.5 & 0 eB  16 emIlrUb V-4

L B
rUb V-3
rUb V-4
1
A'  ( L1  L2 ) B
2
tMél L' KWCatMélEdlFMCageKrvag L & L enaH B'  LA'' tMél L & L GacKNna)ankñúgrUb
1 2 1 2 V-4b
-krNI eL  16 & 0 eB 0.5 emIlrUb V-5

L B

A'  ( B  B ) L Edl B '  tMél B & B GacKNna)ankñúgrUb V-5b
1 A'
1 2 1 2
2 L
-krNI eL  16 & eB  16 emIlrUb V-6
L B

A'  ( B  B )(L  L )  L B Edl B '  tMél L & B GacKNna)ankñúgrUb V-6b
1 A'
2 2 2 2 2
2 L
rUb V-5
rUb V-6
2/bnÞk
ú eRTtcMp©itrbs;RKwH³
RbsinebIeyIgmankMlaMg RmYysgáte; RTtcMp©itrbs;RKwHbegáIt)anCamuM  CamYynwg G½kS rbs;RKwH
¬emIlrUbxageRkamenH ¦
R R V
 D 
elak Meyehof)aneGayrUbmnþmnu dMbUgeKbg¥s;sMrab;karKNnarklT§PaBRTRTg; lImIt sMrab;

RKwHRTEvg tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH ³
2 2 2
 o   o   o  B
qnet = 1   CNc  1   sDNq  1  1  o   N 17
 90   90     2
qnet
qall(net) =
F
dUecñHbnÞúkEdlGnuBaØatisMrab;RKwHRbEvg 1m esµnI wg ³
R  Cos
qall(net) =
B
kñúgkrNIEdlkMlaMgrujeRTtEbbenHeFVIeGayRKwHeyIgGacrMkileTAxag dUecñHvabegáIt)ankMlaMg kkit

rvag)atRKwH nig dI .RbsinebImuM CamuMEdldIkkit nig )atRKwHehIy Ca KWCaPaBs¥itCab;rvagdI nig)atRKwHenaH.
edIm,I eGaymanlkç½NÐtulüPaBeyIgRtÚvmanTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH ³
R Sin  RCos .tg + Ca.B 18
rW
H  Vtg + Ca.B 19
sMrab;eGaykarsagsg;mansuvtßiPaB 100% enaHeKRtUveRbIemKuNsnþisux

1
Hវ ិស្វ
= កម្មស្
( Vtg + Ca.B ) 20
និស្សិត F ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page28 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student
Edl Ca=2/3C & =2/3

 dUecñHeyIgKörmanTMnak;TMng R Sin  RCos .tg(2/3 + 2/3.C.B
emKuNsnþisuxEdlykmkeRbIkñgú krNIenH F = 2.
sMrab;RbePTRKwHeCIgtageyIgmanTMnak;TMng³
qnet = ci 1  0,2 CNc  qi.sD( Nq  1)(1  tg )  i1  0,4 . N
B B B B
 L L  L 2 21
sMrab;lkç½NÐd¾éTeTotKWdUcKñaebHbiT nig RKwHRTEvgEdr .

ci = 1  90 
o 2
 

2
 o 
qi = 1  
 90 

2
 o 
i = 1  
  
sMrab;klM aMgeRTtmincMp©itkarKNnaenAdEdledayRKan;EtkñúgrUbmnþTaMgGs;xagelIeKRtÚvbþrÚ ³
B  B' = B –2eB
L  L' = L –2eL
lMhat;:sUmeFVIkarKNnaGMBIlT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHeCIgtagmYyEdlTTYlrgnUvbnÞkú rbs;srsreRTt
begáIt)anCamuM  nig G½kSQrrbs;RKwH  = 30 .RKwHCaRbePTctuekaNEkgEdl B = 2m nig L = 3m.bnÞúk
o
EdlrujcuHrbs;srsreRTtKW 1000KN.kñúgkrNIenHeyIgykemKuNsnþisuxesµI 2,5. CMerAbgáb;RKwHesµI D =2m.
R = 1000KN
D = 2,00m
s = 20KN/m³
60o
 = 19,5KN/m³
C'= 15KN/m2 ; Cu = 150KN/m²
' = 28o

dMeNaHRsay
edayRKwHeyIgrgnUvbnÞúkeRTt R =1000KN
dUecñHeyIgmankMlaMgedk ³
H = RSin = 1000 x Sin30 = 500KN
nigkMlaMgQrEkg
V = RCos = 1000 x Cos30 = 866KN
sMrab;karKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;eyIgmanTMnak;;TMngxageRkamenH
qd = ci 1  0,2 CNc  qi.sDNq  1(1  tg )  i1  0,4 . N
B B B B
 L L  L 2
   30 
2 2

qi = ci = 1    1    0,44
 90   90 
2
 
2
 30 
i = 1    1    5,1.10 3
   28 
 B  2
1  0,2   1  0,2.   1,13
 L  3
 B  2
1  0,4   1  0,4.   0,73
 L  3
' = 28  Nc = 25,8 ; Nq = 14,72 ; N = 16,72
o
2
qnet = 0,44 .1,13.15.25,8+0,44 . 20 . 2(14,72 –1)(1+2/3.tg28)+5,1.10-3 . 0,73.19,5. . 16,72 =
2
520,69KN/m2
dUecñHlT§PaBRTRTg;GnuBaØat ³
qnet 520,69
qall(net) =   208,28KN / m2
F 2,5
kareRbobeFob ³
-kñúgkrNIenHeyIgeXIjlTÐPaBRTRTg;GnuBaØat qallowableFMCagkMlaMgsgát; V³
V 866
qallowable = 208,28 KN/m² > =  144,33KN / m 2
BL 2 * 3
dUecñHcMeBaHkar)ak;RsutKµanbBaðaeLIyKWRKwHeyIgGacTTYlRTRTg;)an ³
-müa:gvijeToteyIgGaceFVIkarepÞogpÞat;)ankñgú krNIeRbIrbU mnþry³eBlxøI ³
 B  D
qnet= ci 1  0,2 1  0,2 .5,14.Cu
 L  B
qd = 0,44 x 1,36 x 5,14 x 150 = 461,36KN/m²
qd 461,36
qallowable =   184,54KN / m 2
F 2,5
V
qallowable = 184,54 KN/m² > = 144,43KN/m²
BL

dUecñHkrNITaMg 2 enHepÞógpÞat;dUcKña . b:Eu nþRKwHeyIgminRsutminEmn Calkç½NRÐ Kb; RKan;sMrab; eGaysM

Ng;eyIgmanlMnwgenaHeT.eRBaHkMlaMgEdlbukeTAelIRKwHCakMlaMgeRTt dUecñHvabegáIt)an Ca kMbs:U g;én kMlaMg 2
KWklM aMgEkg V nwg kMlaMgedk H. dUecñHkMlaMg H vabegáIt)anCakMlaMgrujtambøg; edkEdlCYnkaleFVI eGay RKwH
eyIgGacrMkil)an .
edIm,IsikSaGMBItlu üPaBrbs;RKwHkñgú krNIenH eyIgsikSaGMBkI MlaMgkkitEdlekItmaneLIgrvag )atRKwH nig
dI . dUecñHeyIgRtUveRbITnM ak;TnM gdUcxageRkamenH . edIm,IKNnarkkMlaMgkkitrvag)atRKwH nig dI ³
 = vtg + Ca ,Edl v = V  144,43KN/m²
BL
 eyIgGacKNna)antamtarag ³
edayRbePTRKwHeyIgCaebtug eyIgTTYl)an  = 32 
2
= x 28o = 18,67o
3
Ca GacKNna)antamTMnak;TMng ³
-kñúgkrNIsikSatamry³eBlEvg eyIgGacTaj)an Ca=2/3C=2/3*15=10
dUecñH  =144,43 . tg18.67 +10=58,80KN/m²
o
dUecñH allowable = F  582,8  29,4KN / m 2
kñúgkrNIenHeyIgsegáteXIjfa  allowablemantMéltUcCag BL
H
;
H
allowable = 29,4 KN/m²<  83,33 KN/m²
BL
-kñúgkrNIsikSatamry³eBlxøI eyIgGacTaj)an³
Ca
= ;  = 16,715 x Cu– 0,7765
Cu
rWeyIgGacKNna)antamrUbEdlP¢ab;mkCamYykñúgkrNIenHeyIgman Cu = 150KN/m² enaHeyIg
TTYl)an  = 0,34  Ca =  x Cu = 0,34 x 150 = 51KN/m² kñúgkrNIenH u= 0 dUecñHeyIgman TMnak; TMng
 = Ca = 51KN/m²
allowable =  
51
 25,5 KN / m 2
F 2
dUecñH sMrab;krNITaMgBIrxagelIenHRKwHeyIgKµanlMnwgeTehIyvaGacrMkiledaysarkMlaMgeRTt. Edlkñúg
krNIenHGaceFVeI GaysMNg;eyIgdYlRbsinebIeyIgxVHkarRbugRby½tñ .
sMrab;sMNg;RbePTenH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarepÞógpÞat;elIkrNI TaMg 2 KW ³
- lMnwgtulüPaB nig kar)ak;Rsut
- lMnwgtulüPaB nig karrGilrbs;RKwH

sMrab;lMhat;dcU krNIxagelI eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvcak;ebtugeFVIesñótBIxageRkam)atRKwHedIm,IbegánI nUvkMlaMg
Tb;kMueGayRKwHeyIgGacrMkileTAmux)an.EdlviFIsa®sþ nig karKNna RKwHRbePTenH nwgmanerobrab;y:agBisþar
kñúg CMBUkTI 3 KWkarKNna GMBICBa¢agM Tb;dI.
- sMrab;krNIenHeyIgnwgsikSalMGit kñúgEpñkCBa¢aMgTb;dIkñúg CMBUkxagmux eRBaHeyIgRtÚvsikSabEnßm GMBIktþa
énkMlaMgTb; EdlkñúgEpñkenHeyIgcat;Tuk favaesµI 0.


VI-RKwHQrelICMral ³
kñúgkrNIEdlRKwHeyIgQrelICMralenaHkarKNnaGMBlI T§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH RtUvEckecj Ca 2 krNI KW
RKwHEdlQrenAelIEpñkelIbMputénCMral nig RKwHEdlQrenAtamCMral . lT§PaB RTRTg; rbs; RKwHEdlQr
tamCMral nig EpñkxagelIénCMralEdleKKNnaeXIjCaTUeTAmantMéltUc CagRKwHEdl Qr elIRKwHFmµta .
kñúgkrNIenHrUbmnþTaMgb:nu µanEdleyIgsÁal;BIxagmuxGacykmk eRbI)anTaMgGs;eday RKan;EteyIgbþÚremKuN Nc
; Nq ; N ; eTACa N'c ; N'q ; N' tMélemKuN N'c & N'q eyIgGacKNna )antamtaragEdlP¢ab;mkCamYy
sMrab; N' eyIgGaceRbIR)as;tMél N Etmþg .

dUecñHeyIgmanTMnak;TMngsMrab;RKwHRTEvg ³
1 22
qnet = CN'c + (N'q – 1) sD +  BN
2
ehIysMrab;RKwHeCIgtageyIgman ³
qnet = 1  0,2 CN ' c  ( N ' q  1)(1  tg )sD  1  0,4  N
B B B B
 L L  L 2 23
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaRKwHEdlQrenAelICMralRbePTRKwHRTEvg tamrUbmnþxageRkamenH ³
b = 4m Q = 200KN
D = 2m  = 20KN/m³
H = 20
C = 100KN/m
60o  = 0o
B = 2m
dMeNaHRsay
sMrab; =0 nig =60
o o
b 4
 2  N'c = 5,14 ; N'q = 1,03 ; N = 0
B 2
D 2
 1
B 2
dUecñH qd = 100. 5,14 + (1,03 –1) 20.2
 qd = 515,2KN/m²
kñúgkrNIenHemKuNsnþsi uxesµI 3 eyIg)an
qd 515,2
3 3
dUecñH edIm,IeGayRKwHeyIgmanlMnwgenaHeyIgcaM)ac;eRbIRKwHEdlmanTTwg ³
Q 200
B=   1,15m
qallowable 171,73
kñúgkrNIenHeyIgGnum½tykRKwHEdlmanTTwgesµI 1,2m .
lMhat;
eyIgeRbI®)as;RKwHdEdl EteyIgbþÚrTItaMgva eGayQrtamCMralvijmþg.
Q = 200KN
60 o  = 20KN/m³
 = 0o
D=2m C = 100KN/m²
H = 20m
B=2m
dMeNaHRsay
sMrab; =0 nig =60
o o
b 0
 0  N'c = 4,70 ; N'q = 0,37 ; N = 0
B 2
D 2
 1
B 2

dUecñH qd = 100. 4,70 + (0,37 –1) 20.2

 qd = 444,8KN/m²
kñgú krNIenHemKuNsnþsi uxesµI 3 eyIg)an
qd 444,8
3 3
dUecñH edIm,IeGayRKwHeyIgmanlMnwgenaHeyIgcaM)ac;eRbIRKwHEdlmanTTwg ³
Q 200
B=   1,34m
qallowable 148,26
dUecñH eyIgGnum½tykRKwHEdlmanTTwgesµI 1,40m .
KMlatBIRKwHmYyeTARKwHmYyEdlQrelICMral ³
tarag³emKuNRTRTg;RKwHQrelICMral
Bearing – Capacity N'c,N'q for footings on or adjacent to a slope:
 D/B=0 , b/B=0 D/B=0.75, b/B=0

 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
0 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20
10 N'c 4.89 7.80 13.37 26.80 64.42 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.92 1.95 4.43 11.16 33.94
20 N'c 4.63 7.28 12.39 23.78 55.01 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 66.81
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.94 1.90 4.11 9.84 28.21
25 N'c 4.51 7.02 11.82 22.38 50.80 5.14 8.35 14.83 28.76 62.18
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.92 1.82 3.85 9.00 25.09
30 N'c 4.38 6.77 11.28 21.05 46.88 5.14 8.35 14.83 27.14 57.76
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.88 1.71 3.54 8.08 21.90
60 N'c 3.62 5.33 8.33 14.34 28.56 4.70 6.83 10.55 17.85 34.84
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 0.37 0.63 1.17 2.36 5.52
 D/B=1.5 , b/B=0
 0 10 20 30 40
0 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 5.85 18.40 64.20

10 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 5.65 14.13 40.81
20 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 5.39 12.93 35.14
25 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 73.57
N'q 1.03 2.47 5.39 12.04 31.80
30 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 68.64
N'q 1.03 2.47 5.04 10.99 28.33
60 N'c 5.14 8.34 12.76 21.37 41.12
N'q 0.62 1.04 1.83 3.52 7.80
 D/B=0 , b/B=0.75 D/B=0.75, b/B=0.75

 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
10 N'c 5.14 8.33 14.34 28.02 66.60 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.34 5.34 13.47 40.83
20 N'c 5.14 8.31 13.90 26.19 59.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 71.11
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.04 14.39 40.88
25 N'c 5.14 8.29 13.69 25.36 56.11 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 67.49
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 1.82 6.27 14.56 40.06
30 N'c 5.14 8.27 13.49 24.57 53.16 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 64.04
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 14.52 38.72
60 N'c 5.14 7.94 12.17 20.43 39.44 5.14 8.35 14.83 23.94 45.72
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 5.14 10.05 22.56
 D/B=0 , b/B=1.50 D/B=0.75, b/B=1.50

 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
10 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 29.24 68.78 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.01 15.39 47.09
20 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 28.59 63.60 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 53.21
25 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 28.33 61.41 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 72.80
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 55.20
30 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 28.09 59.44 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 70.32
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 56.41
60 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 26.52 50.32 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.03 56.60
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 64.20 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 46.18
 D/B=1.50, b/B=0.75 D/B=1.50, b/B=1.50
 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
10 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 15.79 45.45 1.03 2.47 6.40 17.26 49.77
20 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 16.31 43.96 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 52.58
25 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 16.20 42.35 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 52.97
30 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 74.92 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 75.31
N'q 1.03 2.47 6.40 15.85 40.23 1.03 2.47 6.40 18.40 52.63
60 N'c 5.14 8.35 14.83 27.46 52.00 5.14 8.35 14.83 30.14 62.88
N'q 1.03 2.47 4.97 9.41 20.33 1.03 2.47 6.40 16.72 36.17


VII-RKwHQrelIdIeRcInRsTab;³
kñúgkar erobrab;EdleyIg)aneFVmI kkñgu EpñkTaMg6BIxagmuxmk.eyIg)aneFVkI arKNna edaysnµt; fa RKwH
eyIgQr elIdImYyRbePTminERbRbYlBIelIrhUtdl;C; MerAxageRkam .
b:uEnþkñúglkç½NÐFmµCatideI RcInEtmanTMrg;kekItCaRsTab;².EdlCakarTMlak; cuHrbs;silakMeTckMNr .
dUecñH RbsinebIRKwHeyIgCYbkrNIEbbenHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarBiPakSa dUcxageRkamenH³
RsTab;dxI Sac; B
rW dI rwg B
h
RsTab;dTI n; rW RCay
kñúgkrNIxagelIenHeyIgsegáteXIjfadIxagelICaRbePTRsTab;dlI ¥ EdlmanlT§PaBRTRTg;x<s; É dI
RsTab;TI 2 CaRbePTdIGn; . dUecñHRbsinebI dIRsTab;TI 1 RTrYcminEmn)anesckþIfa dIRsTab;TI 2 GacRTrYc enaH
eLIy . dUecñH RtÚveyIgeFVkI arBiPakSadUcxageRkamenH ³
kñúgeBlfµ²I enHelak Brown & Meyerhof(1969) )anbegáItnUvTMnak;TMng fµeI dIm,I KNnalTæPaB RTRTg;
rbs;RKwHQrelIdIeRcInRsTab;dcU xageRkamenH³
Q
1 c1 1
D

1 c1 1
Bx L d1
1-sMrab;dI\dæsikSatam Cu (TSA):
CatMbUgeyIgRtÚveFVIkarKNnarkCMerA H EdlCakMras;dIEdl RKwHGackat;pþac;edaykMlaMgrbs;va³
1
H  0,5  B  tan( 45  )
2
 ebI H<d enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaedaycat;TukfaRKwHeyIgQrelIdIRsTab;EtmYy.
1
 ebI H >d enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnatamviFIxageRkam³

1
CatMbUgeyIgRtÚveFVIkarKNnarkpleFob C =Cu /Cu R 2 1
1- ebI C < 1 enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnatamviFIxageRkam

R
-sMrab;RKwHRTEvg Nc  1,5Bd  5,14C < 5,14

1
R
-sMrab;RKwHmUl Nc  3Bd  6,05C < 6,05

1
R
kñúgkrNI C > 0,7 enaHtMél NcRtÚvbnßy10PaKry

R
2- ebI C > 1 enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnatamviFIxageRkam

R
-sMrab;RKwHRTEvg N1  0,d5B  4,14

1
1,1B
N2   4,14
d1
-sMrab;RKwHmUl N1 
0,33B
d1
 5,05
0,66B
N2   5,05
d1
N1  N 2
Edl Nc 
N1  N 2
2
1-sMrab;dIsikSatam C &  (general equation):

 ebI H<d enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaedaycat;TukfaRKwHeyIgQrelIdIRsTab;EtmYy.
1

 ebI H >d enaHeyIgGaceFVIkarKNnatamviFIxageRkam³

1
KNna rktMél C' & ':

d11  ( H  d1 ) 2 d1c1  ( H  d1 )c2
' c' 
H H
bnÞab;mkeyIgeFVIkarKNnaRKwH edayeRbI tMél C' & '
RbsinebI RsTab;TI1CaRbePTdIRCayeyIgRtÚveFVIkarKNna eday eRbI C & 1 1
RbsinebI RsTab;TI1CaRbePTdIxSac; RsTab;TI2 CaRbePTdI\dæ rW dI\dæenABIelIxSac; .eyIgRtÚveFVkI ar

epÞógpÞat;dUcxageRkam³
-KNnalTæPaBRTRTg;RsTab;TI1 edayeRbI C & 1 1
qnet1 = 1  0,2 C1 Nc  sD( Nq  1)(1  tg1 )  1  0,4 . 1 N
B B B B
 L L  L 2
-KNnalTæPaBRTRTg;RsTab;TI2 edayeRbI C 2 & 2 tamrUbmnþ

qnet2 = 1  0,2 C2 Nc  (sD   1.d1 )( Nq  1)(1  tg2 )  1  0,4 . 2 N
B B B B
 L L  L 2
bnÞab;mkeyIg KNnalTæPaBRTRTg;RsTab;TaMg2 edayeRbI rUbmnþ³

P  PV K s tan 1 Pd1C1
qnet  qnet 2   < qnet1
Af Af
Edl
P = 2(B+L)
Pv = 0.5 1 d12+ s D d1
Ks =1-sin1
Af =BL
edayELk dIGacmaneRcInRsTab; dUecñHeKcaM)ac;RtÚvKNna tMélmFümrbs;)a:ra:EmRtdI edayEckeGaydI
manEt 2 RsTab;Etb:ueNþaH KW xSac; nig dI\dæ tamTMnak;TnM gxageRkam³
Cav 
 CiHi
 Hi
 av  arctg
 Hi  tg i
 Hi
lMhat;³ cUrKNnaGMBIlTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHxageRkam
Cu1=77KPa, 1= 0,1=17,26KN/m2

D=1,83

d1=1,22
B x L= 3 x 6 m2
-KNnark kMras; H=0,5B tg 2  45 =0,5x3x tg45 =1,50m

Cu 2 115
CR=   1,5 >1
Cu1 77
N1=4,14+0,5x 3/1,22=5,37
N2=4,14+1,1x 3/1,22=6,84
5,37  6,84
Nc=  2  6,02
5,37  6,84
eday C >0,7 R Nc=6,02*0,9=5,418
dUecñH q  Nc.C
net U1  5,418* 77  417,186KN / m2
qnet 417,186
all
qnet    139KN / m 2
3 3
lMhat;³ cUrKNnaGMBIlTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHxageRkam
C1=0KPa, 1= 34,1=17,25KN/m2

D=1,50
d1=0,6
BxL =2 x2 m2
Cu2=75KPa, 2= 0, 2=17,25KN/m2
-KNnark kMras; H=0,5B tg  2  45 =0,5x2x tg62 =1,88m

1
KNnarklTæPaBRTRTg; rbs;dxI Sac;

=34,B=2m,L=2m,D=1,5m
eyIgman  cal=arctg(2/3tg),cal=arctg(2/3. tg34)=24,210
qnet1 = 1  0,2 C1 Nc  sD( Nq  1)(1  tg1 )  1  0,4 . N
B B B B
 L L  L 2

  
emKuN Nq =tg2    e  tg  =9,81
 4 2
emKuN Nc = (Nq – 1 ) . Cotg =19,60
emKuN N = 2(Nq + 1)tg =9,72

qnet1=17,25*1,5*8,81*(1+tg24,21)+0,6*17,25*1*9,72=431,05KN/m2
qall 1= 431,05/3=143,68 KN/m2
KNnarklTæPaBRTRTg; rbs;dI\dæ
=0,B=2m,L=2m,D=2,10m
eyIgman C cal= 2/3C=2/3x 75= 50KPa
qnet2= 1  0,2 1  0,2 .5,14.Cu

D B
 B  L
qnet2=5,14.50.1,2.1,21= 373,164KN/m2
qall2=373.164/3=124,39 KN/m2
Ks=1-sin34=0,44
P =2(B+L)=8m
Pv=0.5 1 d12+ s D d1= 1,5x 17,25x 0,6+17,25x 0,62/2=18,63 KN/m
8  18,63  0,44  tg 34
qnet= 373,164+ =384,22 KN/m2 < 431,05 KN/m2
2 2
dUecñHlTæPaBRTRTg; GnuBaØat sMrab;RKwHeyIg KW³
qall=384,22/3=128,07 KN/m2
 

VIII-karsMeyaKrUbmnþedIm,IdMeNIkarKNnaRKwHrak;³
qøgkat;karBiesaFn¾fµI²Edl)aneFVeI T,Igedayelak De Beer (1970), elak Hansen (1970) nigelak
Mayerhof (1953) eFVIeGaymankarEkERby:ageRcIn kñúgkareRbI®)as;rUbmnþedIm,I
KNnaGMBIlTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHrak;tamTMnak;TnM gxageRkamenH³
1
qd= C.cs.cd.ci..Nc+.D.qs.qd.qi..Nq+ s.d.i. .B.N
2
CaTUeTAeyIgGacKNna rkemKuN  tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH³
1-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TnM g eTAnwg RTg;RTayrbs;RKwH³ Shape factors
cs=1+ B . Nq
L Nc

qs=1+ B . tg
L
s=1- 0.4 B
L
2-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg CMerAbgáb; RKwH³ Depth factors DB  1
qd=1+2 tg.(1- sin)2 D
B
1  qd
cd=qd -
Nq.tg
d=1
3-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg CMerAbgáb; RKwH³ Depth factors DB >1
qd=1+2 tg.(1- sin)2.arctg( D )
B
1  qd
cd=qd -
Nq.tg
d=1
4-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TnM g eTAnwg CMerAbgáb; RKwH³ Depth factors DB  1 and =0
cd=1+0.4 D
B
5-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TMng eTAnwg CMerAbgáb; RKwH³ Depth factors DB >1 and =0
cd=1+0.4arctg( D )
B
6-emKuNEdlmanTMnak;TnM g eTAnwg TMertrbs; RKwH³ Inclination factors
2
ci= 1   o 
o

 90 
2
qi= 1   o 
o

 90 
2
i= 1   o 
o

  

IX-karKNnaRKwHtamlT§plBiesaFn¾elIkardæanpÞal;³
Bearing capacity from in situ test
1/ lT§plkarBiesaFn¾cak;TMluHdIedaykMlaMgsþaTic³By Static Cone Penetration test
tamkarBiesaFn¾eKsegáteXIjfalT§PaBRTRTg;GnuBaØatitamer:suIsþg;RbqaMg nwg k,al ekaNsþaTic

Edlcak;TMluHeTAkñúgdIxSac;tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH ³
qc
qallowable = 24
sMrab; B<1,22m 15
sMrab; B>1,22m qallowable =

qc 3,28B  1
 2
25 3,28B
tMél qc EdleRbIkñúgrUbmnþxagelIenHRtÚvyktMélmFüm kñúgCMerA 2B Kitcab;B)I at RKwHcuHeTA eRkam

KitCa KPa.
sMrab;d\I dæ eyIgRtÚveFVIkarKNna tam):ar:aEm:Rt Cu Edl Cu GaceFVkI arKNnatamTMnak; TMngxag eRkam
enH³
qc
Cu=
10
sMrab;k,alekaNEdlKµanépÞkkitxag
qc
Cu=
15
sMrab;k,alekaNEdlmanépÞkkitxag
2/ tamlT§plkarBiesaFn¾bukTMluHdIedaykMlaMgDINamic³By Dynamic Cone Penetration test
tamkarBiesaFn¾eKsegáteXIjfa lT§PaBRTRTg;GnuBaØatitamer:suIsþg;RbqaMgnwgk,al ekaN DINamic

EdlbukTMluHeTAkñúgdIxSac; GacKNnatamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH ³
kñúgkrNIEdl DB 1 ehIyRKwHeyIgQrXøatqJayBInIv:UTwkenAeRkamdI ³
qallowable = Rd 25
20
kñúgkrNIEdldIeyIgCaRbePTdIxSac;hab;enaHeyIg)an ³
qallowable = Rd 26
15
- qc = er:suIsþg;RbqaMgnwgk,alekaNsþaTic mFüm kñúgCMerA 2B Kitcab;BI)atRKwH cuH eTAeRkam KitCa

KN/m²
- Rd = er:susI þg;RbqaMgnwgk,alekaNDINamic mFüm kñúgCMerA 2B Kitcab;BI)atRKwH cuH eTA eRkam KitCa
KN/m²

b:uEnþkñúgeBlfµI²enHelakSchmertmann(1978) )aneGayrUbmnþfµI edIm,IKNna lTæPaB RTRTg; rbs;RKwH

rak; tamlTæpl er:susI þg;RbqaMgnwgk,alekaNsþaTictamTMnak;TnM gxageRkam enHkñgú krNI D/B1,5³
sMrab;dxI Sac;³
1-RKwHRTEvg³q =28- 0,0052(300-q ) KitCa (kgf/cm )
d c
1,5
27
2
2-RKwHkaer: ³q =48 - 0.009(300-q ) KitCa (kgf/cm )

d c
1.5 2
sMrab;d\I dæ³;
1-RKwHRTEvg³q =2+0.28q
d c KitCa (kgf/cm2) 28
2-RKwHkaer: ³q =5+0.34q
d c KitCa (kgf/cm ) 2
sMrab;krNIenHeyIgyk emKuNsnþisux esµInwg 3 eTA 6.

3/ tamlT§pl SPT:
mankarbkRsayepSg²KñaedIm,IeFVIkarKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHtamlT§plénkar BiesaFn¾
SPTdUcCa
q ( KPa )  11,98N
all cor sMrab;krNI B<1,22 nigsMrut 25 mm
2
 3,28B  1 
q ( KPa )  7,99N 
all cor  sMrab;krNI B>1,22 nigsMrut 25 mm
 3,28B 
enAqña1M 977elak BOWLES)aneFVkI arEkERbrUbmnþxagelICafµI
 D  S 
q  19,16 N 1  0,33  
all cor
 B  25 
sMrab;krNI B<1,22
2
 3,28B  1   D  S 
qall  11,98  N cor 1  0,33  
 B  25 
sMrab;krNI B>1,22
 3,28B 
 D
EdltMél 1  0,33   1,33
 B
S nig CasMrut KitCa ¬mm¦
Ncor = Nfield.CN
1
CN= 9,78 <2
 '0
b:uEnþ bMNkRsayd¾ l¥RbesIrbMputcugeRkayRtUv)aneroberogeLIg edayGñk R)aCJbInak;KWelak GIBBS ,
HOLTZ ,TENG
និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page43 Da Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

qo
CMh‘andMbUgbMputedIm,IeFVIeGaykarKNnamantMélRtwmRtUv)aneKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkMEN snÞsSn¾ SPT N
valuetamkrNIdUcxageRkamenH ³
RbsinebIxSac;eyIgCaRbePTxSac;CaMTwkenaH tMél N EdlRtUvbBa©ÚlmkkñúgkarKNna KW³

1
N'=15+ (N-15)
2
RbsinebI N>15
N'=N RbsinebI N<15 29
edayELkeKenAmankMENtamCMerAEdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgkMlaMgsgát;Kñarbs;dI q'oEdl KitCa

Kgf/cm².
3.50 30
N' = N. N
q ' o 0.70
kñúgkrNIEdlmanTwkpgeKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkMENBIrdgKWkEM NTI1 tamrUbmnþ TI 1tamrUbmnþTI 29 ehIy

lT§plEdl)anBIkMENenaHykmkeFVIkMENtamCMerAmþgeTottamrUbmnþTI 30 . dUecñH N' CatMélEdl RtUv bBa©Úl
eTAkñúgkarKNna .eyIgmanTMnak;TMngxageRkamenHedIm,IeFVkI arKNnaRKwH ³
29
31
qd = 0.48.N² . B.R'w + 0.80 (100 + N²).D.Rw(KN/m²)
Rw KWCaemKuNkñúgkrNIEdlRKwHeyIgsßitenAeRkamnIvU:Tkw eRkamdI
R = 1-
w
Da
2D
sMrab; Da < D
ehIy R = 0,50 kñúgkrNI Da  D
w
R' KWCaemKuNkñg
w ú krNIEdlTwkeRkamdIEdlsßitenABIeRkam)atRKwH
R' = 1 sMrab; Db > B
w
ehIy R' = 0,50 1  DbB  sMrab; Db < B

w
 

lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaRKwHtamlT§plBiesaFn¾ SPTkñgú CMerA 2m eyIgman N = 25
=19 KN/m³
2m
1m
3m
sat=21KN/m³
KN/m³
dMeNaHRsay
GaRs½yedaymanTwkeRkamdIeyIgcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkMEN
1
N' = 15 + (25 + 15) = 20
2
kMENtamCMerA ³ eyIg)an
q'o = 19 . 1+ ( 20-10) .1 =30  q'o = 30 KN/m² = 0,3Kgf/cm²
3,5
N' = 20. = 20 x 3,5 = 70>N
0,3  0,7
kñúgkrNIenHeyIgyk N' = 20 mkeRbIEtmþg .
R eyIg)an Da < D dUecñH R = 1-
1
w  0,75
w
2,2
 0
R'w eyIg)an Db < B dUecñH R'= 0,5 1    0,5
w
 3
qd = 0,48 x 20² x 3 x 0,5 + 0,8 (100 + 20²)x 2 x 0,75 = 888KPa
qd =888KPa
dUecñHeyIg)anlTæPaBRTRTg; GnuBaØat
qd 888
qallowable =   296KPa
3 3


X- karKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwH³ Thickness of foundation

kñúgkarKNnaRKwHEdleyIgeFVIBmI unmk GacGnuBaØatieGayeyIgKNnark TTwg RKwH)an. b:uEnþedIm,I rk
kMras;rbs;RKwHvamankarBak;B½n§ y:ageRcIn eTAnwg kMlaMgsgát;cHu . RbsinebIkrM as;RKwH eyIg esþIgeBkvaGac
bNþaleGay srsr eyIgbukeTAFøHú RKwH . pÞúyeTAvij ebIRKwH eyIgmankMras; Rkas;eBk vaGacbegáInnUv bnÞúk
EdlekIteT,IgedayRKwHxøÜnÉgpÞal; sgáte; lIRKwH EdleFVIeGay sMrut mantMélFM .
RbsinebI RKwHeyIgeFVIBI ebtug Fmµta enaH karKNnakMras;rbs;RKwHvagaybMput KW eyIgebIk muM 45o
tamrUbPaBxageRkamenH ³
h2
H
45o 45o h1
krNIRKwHeFVI BI ebtug Fmµta

sMrab;krNIenH kMras;rbs; fñak;nimYy² rbs;RKwH RtUv Rbtibtþi tamtarag dUcxageRkamenH³
H (cm) h1 (cm) h2 (cm) h3 (cm)
30 30 - -
45 45 -
60 30 30 -
75 30 45 -
90 30 30 30
105 30 30 45
120 30 45 45

150 45 45 60
b:Eu nþRbsinebIeyIgeFVRI KwHRbePTenH enaHTMgn; EdlekIteLIgeday RKwHxøÜnÉgpÞal;mantMél FM hYs ehtu.
EdlkñúgkrNIenHeyIgminGacTTYl)aneLIy dUecñHeyIgKYreRbIR)as;RKwHeFVI BI ebtug Gaem: ¬RbePTebtug man
srésEdk¦ . EdleyIg EckkarsikSaCatMNak;kar² dUcxageRkamenH ³
Q
Ho
45o 45o
RKwHeFVIBIebtugGaem:
1/ RKwHRTEvgeFVBI IebtugFmµta
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenHkarKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwHRtUveFVItamTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH ³
Bb
h  0,050m 32
4
kMBs; h caM)ac;RtUvEtFMCag 15cm , e  15cm .

b
]TahrN¾ TI1³ sUmeFVIKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwH RTEvgeFVIGMBeI btugFmµta EdlQrelIdI EdlmanlT§PaB RTRTg;

GnuBaØati 100KN/m² nigTTYlrgnUv bnÞúk 300KN/m tamry³CBa¢aMgEdlmankMras; esµnI wg 30cm.
cMelIy
eyIgGacKNnarkTTwgrbs;RKwH tamrUbmnþ dUcxageRkamenH ³

Q 300
B   3m
qallowable 100
kñúgkrNIenHeyIgmanTMnak;TnM g
Bb 3  0,3
h  0.05m   0,05  0,725m
4 4
KNnark maDebtugrbs;RKwHtamry³beNþayCBa¢aMg 1 Em:Rt³
Vb = B x 1 x 0,725 = 3 x 0,725 = 2,175m³
dUecñH TMgn; ebtug rbs;RKwHtamry³beNþayCBa¢agM 1 Em:RtesµInwg ³
Mb = b x V = 25 KN/m³ x 2,17m³ = 54,375 KN
b-TMgn;maDrbs; ebtug CamFüm esµnI wg 25 KN/m³
dUecñH sMrab;RbEvg CBa¢aMg mYy Em:Rt RKwHTTYl bnÞkú bEnßm 54,375KN/m
kñúgkrNIenH bnÞúksrubrbs;RKwH KW 300KN/m + 54,375 KN/m = 354,375 KN/m
edaybnÞúksrubrbs;RKwHmankarEkERb. eyIgRtÚveFVIkarKNnark TTwgRKwHCafµIeT,Igvij ³
Q 354,375
B1 =   3,55m
qallowable 100
eyIg yktMél B enH eTAeFVIkarKNnaRKwHmþgeTot tamrUbmnþdUcxageRkamenH³
1
1
qd = CNc + sD (Nq – 1) + BN
2
bnÞab;mkeyIgeFVIkarKNna rkkMras;RKwH CafµIehIyeFVkI arepÞógpÞat; rvagbnÞúkrbs;RKwHEdl sgát;eTAelI
eTAnwglTæPaBRTRTg;GnuBaØatrbs;dI rhUtTal;EtRKwHeyIg mantulüPaB .
sMKal;³GaRs½yedaykarKNna RKwHrbs;eyIg RtUveFVIeLIgkñúglkçN ½ Ð Net eday eyIgeRbIkenSam
(Nq –1).enaHCaTUeTA TMgn;rbs;RKwHeKGaceKGacecal)anedaymincaM)ac;eFVIkar epÞóg pÞat;eLIy.
2/RKwHRTEvg eFVB
I IebtugGaem:³ sMrab;RKwHeCIgtageyIgGacKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwHtamTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH³
Q Bb
B d C  3cm 33
qall 4
 6  6cm  
e  Max  or 
15cm;   34
 12  6cm  

6  6cm kñgú krNIEdl srés EdkKµankac;CaTMBk;


12  6cm kñgú krNIEdl srés Edkmankac;CaTMBk;
b
d h
e
 B c
RKwHRTEvgeFVIBIebtugGaem: srés Edkmankac;CaTMBk;

]TahrN¾ TI2³ sUmeFVKI NnarkkMras;rbs;RKwH RTEvgeFVIGMBeI btugFmµta EdlQrelIdI Edlman lT§PaB
RTRTg;GnuBaØati 100KN/m² nigTTYlrgnUv bnÞúk 300KN/m RTRTg; GnuBaØati 100KN/m² nigTTYlrgnUv bnÞúk
300KN/mtamry³CBa¢aMgEdlmankMras; esµInwg 30cm.
cMelIy
eyIgGacKNnarkTTwg rbs;RKwH tamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH ³
B  b 3  0,3
 3m dUecñH d 
Q 300
B   = 0,68m
qall 100 4 4
KNna rkkMras;rbs;RKwH³
h= d + c = 0,68+0,03=0,71m
ÉrebobKNna bnþeTAeTot eFVIdUcKñaebHbiT eTAnwg ]TahrN¾ TI1 .
3-RKwHeCIgtageFVIBIebtugGaem:³
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenH eyIgGacKNnarkkMras; rbs;RKwH tamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH ³

A a

B b
Q b Q a Q 35
AB  :B . orA  .
qall a qall b qall
B b  6  6cm  
 (d a & d b )  A  a e  Max15cm  
4  12  6cm  
Edl B CabeNþay RKwH KitCaEm:Rt
A CaTTwg RKwH KitCaEm:Rt
b CabeNþay ssr KitCaEm:Rt

a CaTTWg ssr KitCaEm:Rt

b a
db da
B A
RKwHeCIgtageFVBI I ebtugGaem: sésEdkminBt;CaTMBk;
]TahrN¾ TI3³ sUmeFVIkarKNnarkkMras;rbs;RKwH kñgú krNI EdlbnÞúksgát; eTAelIRKwH eCIgtag
300KN. lT§PaBRTRTg; GnuBaØati rbs;dI EdleK KNnaeXIj KW 100KN/m² . ssr manTMhM 30cm x 30cm
RKwHCaRbePT RKwH kaer: .

cMelIy
RKwHeyIgCaRKwHkaer naMeGay A=B dUecñH eyIgmanTMnak;TMng B  qall
Q

300
100
 3  1,73m
dUecñH eyIgGnum½t ykRKwHEdlman TTwg 1,75m

eyIgKNna rkkMras;rbs;RKwHtamTMnak;TMng³
B  b 1,75  0,3
  0,3625m
4 4
nigtamTMnak;TMng ³
A – a = 1,75 – 0,3 = 1,45m
dUecñH kMras;RKwH RtUveqøIytbeTA nwg TMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH
0,3625 < d < 1,45 kñúgkrNI enH eyIgGnum½tyk kMras;RKwH d = 0,5m.
KNnarkmaD ebtug rbs;RKwH³

V = B² x d = 9 x 0,5 = 4,5m³
KNnarkTMgn;rbs;ebtug ³
Mb =
 b .V  25 4,5  112,5m3
dUecñHbnÞúksrub Edlsgát; eTAelIRKwH KW ³

Q=300x112,5=412,5 KN
KNnarkTTwgRKWHfµIsMrab;KMeragenH³
Q 412,5
B1    2,03m
qall 100

dUecñHeyIgGnum½tykTTwgRKwHfµI B =2,03m bnÞab;mkeyIgeFIkV arKNnarklTæPaBRTRTg; RKwHCafµI

1
tamrUbmnþxageRkamenHedayyktMél B1mkeRbI®)as;kñgú karKNna³

B1 B B B
qd  (1  0,2 )CNc  ( Nq  1)(1  1 tg )s.D  (1  0,4 1 ) 1 N
L1 L1 L1 2
ÉviFIKNnaepÞógpÞat;bnþeTAeTotKWeFVIdUcKñaebHbit nwg]TahrN¾TI 1 rhUtTal;EtRKwHrbs; eyIg

mantulüPaB.
Q
M
RKwHeCIgtagkñúgkrNIkMlaMgmincMp©it³
4/
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenHeyIgmanTMnak;TMng
-sMrab;krNI eo  B6
m = 1  6 e  Q
 o
and eo
 B  AB
M = 1  6 eo  Q m
 B  AB
-b:uEnþkñúgkrNIEdl eo > B
6
enaHeyIg)anTMnak;TMng
Q M
M =  B 
2Q
3 A  eo 
2  B
M
- kñúgkrNIEdl e  B6 o
X/3
eyIgmanTMnak;TnM g 1  3 eB  AB
Q
 qall
o
M
 
eo

Q
X
- kñúgkrNI Edl eo > B6 eyIgmanTMnak;TMng
2Q
M =  B  EdlkñúgkrNITeU TA  M< 1.33 .qall
3 A  eo 
2 
rW  < q kñgú krNI Edlm:Um:g; ekIteLIgedaysarxül; bk;.
M all
sMrab;krNIRKwHRTEvg eyIg manTMnak;TMng ³

- krNI e  B6 : B  1  3 eB  qall
o
Q o
 
- 1,33 qall kñg

ú krNI TUeTA
- kñúgkrNI e o >
B
: 2Q 
6 B 
3  eo 
2  - qall krNI m:mU :g; ekItedayxül;bk;
sMrab;krNIenH eyIg mincaM)ac; man]TahrN¾ eT KW rebobeFVIdcU KñaebHbiTkñúg ]TahrN¾ TImYy .

enAkñgú CMBkU enH eyIgRKan;EteFVIkarerobrab;xøH²GMBI karKNna rkkMras;rbs;RKwHtamviFgI ayRsYl Etb:ueNÑaH .
RbsinebIeyIgcg;dwglMGitGMBIerOgenH eyIg RtUvemIlemeron ebtug Gaem: . Edlkñúgemeron manniyay y:ag
lMGit GMBI viFIsaRsþ kñúgkarKNnark kMras; rbs; RKwH nig TMhM srésEdk EdlcaM)ac; sMrab;PaB rwgmaMrbs; RKwH .

XI- RKwHCab; rW RKwH kMral ³ Combined footing and mat foundation
sMrab; RKwHRbePTenH bBaðaEdlsMxan;minEmnsßitenA elIlT§PaBRTRTg; rbs;dI EtmYymuxenaHeT.
eRBaHCaTUeTA eKKNnarklT§PaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwHFmµta dUcEdleyIg)anniyay enA CMBUk xagmux .
ÉbBaðasMxan;enaH edayRKwHeyIgCab;tKña ehIyrgnUvbnÞúksrsreRcIn vaeFVeI GayekIt eLIg nUv kMlaMgkat;
pþac;eTAelIebtug)atRKwH.dUecñHRbsinebIeyIg KNnarkkMras; rbs;RKwH min)anRtwmRtUveTenaHvaeFVI»y RKwH
eyIgeRbH)ak; . karKNnark RbePT ebtug rW kMras; RKwH KWCatYnaTI rbs; GñkKNna GMBI RbB½n§ nig TMrg; rW eRKag
rbs; ebtug Structure Analysis¬ Edl Epñk enH sßitenAkñgú emeron ebtugGaem: ¦ . b:uEnþ edIm,I
KNnarkebtug)anenaH eK caM)ac; RtUvsÁal; BI ktþa m:mU :g; rW kMlaMgkat;pþac; EdleyIgnwg sikSakñúgemeron enH.

minefr minefr
Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
RKw Cab;Fmµta RKwHCab;manragERbRbYl
RKwHP¢ab;edayFñwmRkv:at;
lMhat;
sUmKNnarkTMhMrbs;RKwH nig ktþaénkMlaMgkat;pþac; RBmTaMgm:mU :g;TaMgGs;Edl ekItman elI)atRKwH enaH
RbsinebIlTæPaBRTRTg;GnuBaØat esµInwg 150KN/m . 2
Q1=827KN Q2=1365KN
srs 0,3x0,3m 4,57m srs 0,38x0,38m

X=2,85m 1,28m
L=6,0m
qall=150KPa

q= qall x B=366KN/m
Shear diagram
1000
900.11
800
600
Shear stength(KN)
400
200
0 0 54.89 0 0
-200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-400
-465.89
-600
-800 -772.11
-1000
Distance(m)
düaRkamkMlaMgkat;pþac;
dMeNaHRsay³
tamlkçx½ NÐtulüPaB eyIgGacmanTMnak;TnM g³
(Q1+Q2)X = Q2 x 4,57m
4,57  Q 2 4,57  1365
X=   2,85m
(Q1  Q 2) (827  1365)
Or
Q1 Q2 Q
 
L2 L1 L
L=L1+L2 =4,57m And Q=Q1+Q2=2192KN
eyIgGacKNnarkRbEvgrbs;RKwH tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH³
 0,30   0,30  
L= 2    X  = 2     2,85  6,0m
 2   2  
eyIgGacKNnarkTTwgrbs;RKwH tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH³
Q1+Q2=BxLxqall

Moment diagram
400.00
296.59
200.00
4.12
0.00 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Moment(KN.m)
-200.00
-400.00
-600.00
-800.00 -810.50
-1000.00
Distance(m )
düaRkamm:mU :g;
Q1  Q 2 2193
B   2,44m
L  qall 6  150
KNnarkkMlaMgkat;pþac; nig m:Um:g;
-KNnarkkMlaMgFak;rbs;dIeTAelIG½kSsrsTI1³
0,3 0,3
F1=q x  366   54,9 KN
2 2
dUecñHkMlaMgesssl; EdlsrsTI1 rujcuHeTAdI KW³
Fa = F1-Q1 = 54,9-827 = -772,1KN
-KNnarkkMlaMgFak;rbs;dIeTAelIG½kSsrsT I2³
F2 = -q x1,28 = 366 x 1,28= - 468,48KN
dU ecñHkMlaMgesssl; EdlsrsTI2 rujcuHeTAdI KW³
Fb = Q2+F2 = 1365-468,5 = 897,5 KN
-KNnarkm:Um:gR; tg;G½kSsrsT I1³
q  l 2 366  0,152
M1    4,12KN .m
2 2
-KNnarkm:Um:gR; tg;G½kSsrsT I2³
q  l 2 366  1,282
M1    300KN .m
2 2
-KNnarkRbEvgédXñas; sMrab;krNI Q=0
Fa 772,1
Q(x)= Fa+q X , Q = 0  X=  =  2,11
q 366
-KNnarkm:Um:gG; tibrimar³
X2 2,112
Mmax = M1-Fa x X+ q = 4,12-772,1x2,11+ 366   810,3KN.m
2 2
bnÞab;BIKNna)anlTæplTaMgGs;xagelIrYcehIy eyIgGacQaneTAeFVkI arKNnark kMras; RKWH
nigTMhMsésEdk.EdlrebobKNna manerobrab;kñugemeronebtugGarem:.
☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺
lMhat;
sUmKNnark rkTMhMrbs;RKwHeTAtamrUbPaBxageRkamenH edayKNnarkkMlaMgkat;pþac; nig m:Um:g;
EdlekItmaneLIgenA)atRKwH. lTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;dI Edlsßti enAeRkamRKwH qall=100KPa srsmanTMhM
0,40x0,40m
Q1=578KN S=6,10m Q2=890KN

q1=100.B1=288KN/m q2 =100.B2
C/2 =279KN/m
R1=691KN R2=777KN
e
L1 =2,40m 2,51m B2=2,79m
Shear diagram
600
500.8
400
Shear strength(KN)
200 113.2
111.6
57.6
0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-200
-400 -389.2
-520.4
-600
Distance(m)

Moment Diagram
400
300
271.5
200
100
Momemt(KN.m)
5.8
0
-100 0 2 4 6 8 10
-155.7
-200
-300
-400
-442
-500
-465.2
-600
Distance(m)
edIm,I edaHRsaylMhat; RbePTenH eyIgRtUveFVIkarsnµt; Camun sin nUvRbEvg e = 1,0m dUecñH eyIg )an
S' = S – e = 6,10 – 1 = 5,10m
eyIgeRbIlkç½NÐtulüPaB  MQ = 0
-dUecñH eyIg)an R = Q . SS'  578 65,,10
1 1
10
 691KN
Q1e 1,0
R2= Q2 -  890  578.  777KN
S' 5,10
eyIgepÞógpÞat; F = 0: R = Q + Q - R =777KN OK
V 2 2 1 1
sMrab; RKwH TI1 ³ eyIgman A = R /qallowable = 691/100 = 6,91m²

1 1
C
L1= 2(e + )= 2(1,00 + 0,20) = 2,40m
2
B1= A / L1= 6,91 /2,40 = 2,88m
sMrab; RKwHTI 2 : eyIgman A = R /qallowable = 777/100 = 7,77m²
2 2
B2 = A2  7,77  2,79m
eyIgGacKNna rknUv bNþakMlaMg kat;paþ c; nig m:Um:g; EdlmanTaMgGs; enA eRkam)at RKwH
tamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH .
-sMrab;RKwHTI2 eyIgmanTMnak;TnM g³
q2 = qall x B2 =100 x 2.79=279KN/m
dUecñHeyIg KNnarkkMlaMgFak;rbs;deI TAelIG½kSsrsTI2tamTMnak;TMng³

f2 = -q2 x B2 /2=-279KN/m x 2,79/2= -389,2KN

F2= Q2+ f2 =890-389,2=500,8 KN
-sMrab;RKwHTI1 eyIgmanTMnak;TMng³
q1 = qall x B1 =100 x 2,88=288 KN/m
dUecñHeyIg KNnarkkMlaMgFak;rbs;deI TAelIG½kSsrsTI1tamTMnak;TMng ³
f1 = q1 x C/2=288KN/m x 0,4/2= 57,6KN
F1= - Q1+ f1= - 578+57,6= -520,4 KN
-sMrab;EKmRKwHTI2 EpñkxagkñúgeyIgmanTMnak;TMng³
fc2 = F2- f2 =500,8-389,2 =111,6 KN
Or
fc2 = Q2- q2 x B2=890-279 x 2,79 =111,6 KN
-sMrab;EKmRKwHTI1 EpñkxagkñúgeyIgmanTMnak;TMng³
fc1 = q1 x L1 – Q1=288 x 2,4 – 578 =113,2 KN
-sMrab;karKNna rkm:mU :g; eyIgmanTMnak;TMng³
KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;G½kSsrsT I2³
2 2
1 B  1  2,79 
M2= q2  2   279   271,50KN .m
2  2  2  2 
KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;EKmRKwHT 2I Epñkxagkñúg³
B  2,79
Mc2  Fc2   2   111,6   155,7 KN .m
 2  2
KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;EKmRKwHT 1I Epñkxagkñúg³
B   2,79 
Mc1  Fc1   2  2,51  113,2    2,51  442KN .m
 2   2 
KNnarkm:Um:g;Rtg;G½kSsrsT I1³
2 2
1 C  1  0,4 
M1= q1    288   5,76KN .m
2 2 2  2 
-KNnarkm:Um:gG; tibrimar³
1.81 1,81
Mmax=F1x  M 1  520,4  -5,80=465,2KN.m
2 2
bnÞab;BIKNna)anlTæplTaMgGs;xagelIrYcehIy eyIgGacQaneTAeFVkI arKNnark kMras; RKWH
nigTMhMsésEdk.EdlrebobKNna manerobrab;y:aglMGit kñugemeronebtugGarem:.

XII- karKNnasMrut rbs; RKwH: Calculate the settlement of foundation

kñúgkarsikSaGMBsI Mrut eKEckecjCa3 KW³ sMrutPøam² Si ;sMrtu dMbUg Sc nig sMrutbnÞab; Ss.
dUecñH sMrut srub KW ³ S = Si + Sc + Ss Edl Sc : CasMrtu dMbUg nig Ss : CasMrut bnÞab; . sMrab;
BBYkdIxSac; eKsegáteXIj manEtsMrut Pøam² Si (Immediate settlement)Etb:ueNÑaH sMrab; sMrutdMbUg nig bnÞab;
man tMél tic tYc EdlGacecal )an . sMrab; BBYkdI\dæ nig dIl,ay sMrutEdlmansar³sMxan; enaH KW sMrut dMbUg
Sc(settlement of consolidaion) Edlkñg ú krNI enH sMrut Pøam² mantMéltictYc EdlGacecal)an . dUecñH
sMrab; BBYk dI\dærW dIl,ay sMrut srub KW Sc. sMrab; BBYk dI CIvsaRsþ eRkA BI sMrut dMbUg eKsegát eXIj
mansMrut bnÞab; Ss(Secondary settlement) EdlmantMél FM EdlkñúgkrNI enH sMrtu srub S = Si + Sc + Ss .
KNnasMrut rbs; BBYk dIxSac; elak Boussinesq )aneGaynUvrUbmnþ mun eKbg¥s; sMrab; karKNna rk
sMrut rbs; RKwH EdlQrelI dIxSac; .
Edl q : kMlaMgrayesµI eRkam)atRKwH  q  QS 
B : TTwgRKwH
1 
2
Si = q  B   Cf
 : emKuN Poisson
36
E
E : m:UDul PaByWtrbs; dI
C : emKuN manTMnak;Tn
F M g eTAnwg TMrg; nig RbePTRKwH
taragKNnarkemKuN Poisson
RbePT dI 
dI\dæ Eq¥tTwk 0,40 – 0,50
dI\dæ esIm 0,10 – 0,30
dI l,ay 0,30 – 0,40
dI xSac; 0,15 – 0,40
fµ 0,10 – 0,40
ebtug 0,15

tarag KNna rkemKuN C F
TMrg; RKwH RKwH EdlmanlkçN³ rlas; RKwHmanlkçN³rwg

kNþal RCúg mFüm
mUl 1,00 0,64 0,85 0,79
kaer 1,12 0,56 0,95 0,82
ctuekaN - - - -
L 1,36 0,68 1,15 1,06

 1,50
B
5,00 2,10 1,05 1,83 1,70
10.00 2,54 1,27 2,25 2,10
CaTUeTAkarKNnarkm:UDulénPaBywtRtÚveFIVeLIgkñúgmnÞIBiesaFn¾.b:uEnþeBlxøHeyIgKµansmµtki mµRKb; RKan;

dUcCasMrab;BBYkdIxSac;.kñúgeBlfµI²enHeKGacrkTMnak;TMngedIm,IKNnarkm:DU ulénPaBywttamrUbmnþxag
eRkamenH
E ( KN/m²)=766Nf Edl Nf CasnÞsSn¾ SPT EdleKkt;)anelIkardæanpÞal;
E ( MN/m²)=2qc Edl qc CatMélekaNer:suisþg;rbs; Static Penetration Test EdleKkt;)anelI
kardæanpÞal;
E ( KN/m²)=250 Cu Edl Cu CaPaBs¥itrbs;dIkñúgkrNIminbgðÚTwk
taragKNnarkm:UDl PaByWt rbs;dI

RbePT dI E ( MN/m²)
dI\dæ RCay 2,00 – 4,00
dI\dæ Bak;kNþalrwg 4,50 – 9,00
dI\dærwg 7,00 – 20,00
dIxSac; RtsuH 10,00 – 25,00
dIxSac; hab; 50,00 – 100,00
RKYs RtsuH 50,00 – 150,00
RKYs hab; 80,00 – 200,00

]TahrN¾ ³ sUmKNnark sMrut rbs; RKwH EdlQrelI dIxSac; tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkamenH³

Q = 780 KN
s = 20KN/m³
D = 1,50m
RKwH kaer
B =L=2,00m
qallowable = 200KPa
sat = 22 KN/m³
E = 35000 KPa dIxSac; Eq¥t Twk 4,50m
dI\dæ 2,00m
edIm,I edaHRsay lMhat; RbePTenH kñúg CMha‘an dMbUg eyIgRtUvKNnark CMerA lkç½NÐ Camun sin
eRBaHeyIg cg;dwg fa etI RKwH eyIg man\T§iBl dl; dI\dæ rW Gt; .
lkç½NÐ sMrab; KNnark CMerA lkç½NÐ enaH KW ³   0,20 '
v o
Edl  (effective pressure) KWCakMlaMgesssl; eday kMlaMgruj Rcan rbs; RKwH dl;Rtg; CMerA Z.
v
' (effective stress) CakMlaMgsgát; t Kña rbs;dI Rtg; CMerA Z

o
dUecñH kMlaMgruj Rcan eTAdl; RsTab; dI\dæ KW ³

 = v
Q
B'
Edl B' = B + 4,50 = 2 + 4,50 = 6,50m
2
780
v =  18,4 KPa
6,52
KNnarkkMlaMgruj t Kña rbs; dI
'o =   i Di = 20 1,50 + 12  4,50 = 84 KPa
dUecñH 0,20' = 16,80KPa

o
eyIgsegáteXIjfa ' swg EtesµI

o v
v = 18,4  'o = 16,80

dUecñH dI\dæEdlenAxageRkamTTYlrg\TæBi l tictYcbMputGMBIRKwHEdlGacecal)an.
KNnarksMrutrbs;RKwHEdlQrelIdIxSac;enaH³

1  2
Si=q x B x  Cf
E
edayxSac;eyIgminhab;enaH  =0,4
RKwHeyIgCaRbePTRKwHrwg nigmanragkaer: enaH C =0,82 f
TTwgRKwH B=2,0m
Q 780
q=   195Kpa
B2 4
1  0,42
Si = 195 x 2 x  0,82 =0,0077m Or 7,70mm
35000
dUecñH Si=7,70mm
kñúgkrNIEdlCMerAlkçx½NÐRtÚvqøgkat;dIeRcInRsTab; Edlmanm:UDulPaByWtxus²Kña.enaH karKNna

sMrutRtÚvRbtibtþitamviFIsa®sþxageRkam³
eyIgRtÚvEbgEckdIEdlenABIxageRkamRKwH CakUnRsTab;tcU ²EdlmankMras; RbEhl 0,4B Edl B Ca
TTwgRKwH. dUecñHRbsinebIRKwHeyIgman TTwg B=2,0m enaHkUnRsTab;RtUvEckCa kMras; 0,80m.
edIm,IKNnasMrutsMrab;krNIenHeyIgRtÚvGnuvtþn¾tamrUbmnþxageRkamenH³
Settlement of shallow foundation

Immediate settlement
Z hi  zi Q B L B/2Z L/2Z V V1 I2 p 'o 0.2x'o E S

(m) (m) KN/m3 KN/m2 KN (m) (m) M N M2+N2+1 (MN)2 Kpa Kpa Kpa cm
1.5 0 20 30 - - - - 1.00 195.00 30 6 0
2.3 0.8 12 9.6 1.25 1.25 4.13 2 0.200 155.95 39.6 7.92 35000 0.3289
3.1 0.8 12 9.6 0.63 0.63 1.78 0.153 0.112 87.60 49.2 9.84 35000 0.2282
3.9 0.8 12 9.6 0.42 0.42 1.35 0.030 0.064 50.07 58.8 11.76 35000 0.129
4.7 0.8 12 9.6 0.31 0.31 1.20 0.010 0.040 31.26 68.4 13.68 35000 0.0762
5.5 0.8 12 9.6 780 2 2 0.25 0.25 1.13 0.004 0.027 21.08 78 15.6 35000 0.049
6 0.5 12 6 0.22 0.22 1.10 0.002 0.022 16.99 84 16.8 35000 0.0223
6.8 0.8 19 15.2 0.19 0.19 1.07 0.001 0.016 12.51 99.2 19.84 25000 0
7.6 0.8 19 15.2 0.16 0.16 1.05 0.001 0.012 9.58 114.4 22.88 18000 0
8.4 0.8 19 15.2 0.14 0.14 1.04 0.000 0.010 7.56 129.6 25.92 18000 0
9.2 0.8 19 15.2 0.13 0.13 1.03 0.000 0.008 6.11 144.8 28.96 18000 0
IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT 0.834

  v  h
S
E
Edl S KWCasMrutKitCa m
=Cf KWCaemKuN
v KWCakMlaMgsMBaFmFümsßitenAcMkNþalRsTab;KitCa KPa
p1  p2
v 
2
h KWCakMras;kUnRsTab; KitCa m
E KWCam:UDulPaByWtrbs;dIKitCa KPa
 = 4Ic x  CakMlaMgsMBatsßitenACMerA 2 Em:Rt

p1 1 p
 = 4Ic x  CakMlaMgsMBatsßitenACMerA 3 Em:Rt

p2 2 p
 2MN V V  1
1  2MN V 
Ic    arctg 

4
 V  V1 V  V  V1 
M 
B
2Z
/ N
L
2Z
/ V=M2+N2+1 , V =(MN) 1
2
]TahrN¾ ³ tamrUbEdleyIg P¢ab;mkCamYy enH enAkñúgCMerA 1,8m eyIg segát eXIjfa

 = 155,95KPa ;  = 87,60KPa ; kMras; kUnRsTab;dI h = 0,8m ; m:UDl
P1 P2 u PaByWt esµI 25000KPa
.
dUecñH eyIg)an  =  2   155,952 87,60  121,775KPa
V
P1 P2
 = C = 0,82 dUecñH eyIgGacKNnarkkUn RsTab;dI EdlmankMras; 1m tamrUbmnþ ³

F
  V  h 0,82  121,775  0,8

S=   0,00319m  0,319cm
E 25000
kñúgkarKNnarksMrut tamviFIenH eKcaM)ac; RtUvKNnarkCMerA lkçN
½ Ð Edlkñgú krNIenH eKeFVI karepÞógpÞat;
edayél y:agNaeGay ³
P = 0,2 ' Edl ' KW CakMlaMgsgát; tKñarbs; dI sMrab; ]TahrN¾ eyIg . eyIgeXIjfa sMrab;CMerA
O O
5.5m :
P = 16,99 KPa ehIy 0,2' = 16,08KPa O
dUecñH kñgú krNIenH manCMerAlkç½NÐ rbs;eyIg sßitenA kñúgCMerA 5,5m. kñgú krNI enH mandI 1 RsTab;
EdlRTRTg;RKwH ehIy eyIgRtUv eFVIkarKNnarksMrut sMrab;kUnRsTab; TaMgGs; EdlenA eRkamRKwH rhUt dl;CMerA
5,5mtamviFI saRsþ EdleyIg )aneFVI kñúg ]TahrN¾ / ehIy eyIgeFVI plbUksMrut EdleyIg KNna eXIj sMrab;
kUn RsTab; TaMgGs; sMrut Edl KNnark eXIj enaHKWCasMrut Pøam ²srub .

-karKNnasMrut sMrab;dI\dæ ³
karKNna sMrutPøam²rbs;dI\dæ RtÚvGnuvtþtamrUbmnþxageRkamenH
SAA
qB
E
1EdlemKuN A A manP¢ab;enAkñúgtaragxageRkamenH
2 1 2
A1
L/B
H/B Circle 1 2 3 4 5
1 0,36 0,36 0,36 0,36 0,36 0,36
2 0,47 0,53 0,63 0,64 0,64 0,64
4 0,58 0,63 0,82 0,94 0,94 0,94
6 0,61 0,67 0,88 1,08 1,14 1,16
8 0,62 0,68 0,90 1,13 1,22 1,26
10 0,63 0,70 0,92 1,18 1,30 1,42
20 0,64 0,71 0,93 1,26 1,47 1,74
30 0,66 0,73 0,95 1,29 1,54 1,84
D/B 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
A2 1 0,9 0,88 0,875 0,87 0,865 0,863 0,86 0,856 0,854 0,85
b:uEnþsrM ab; BBYk dI\dæsMrut EdlmantYnaTI sMxan; bMput KW sMrut dMbUg . KW)anesckþIfa eBlEdleyIgeFVIkar
sagsg; Pøam² sMrutmanbrimaN tictYc b:uEnþ qøgkat;tamry³ eBld¾ yUrsMrut )anekIneLIgy:agxøaMg .
karsikSaGMBI sMrut dI\dæ eKEckecj Ca 3 KW ³
1-dI\dæsßitenAkñúglkç½NÐ Fmµta EdllkçN½Ð enH '  ' O P
sMrab;krNIenH eyIgGacKNnarksMrut tamrUbmnþ ³ S  Cc  H . log.    o
1  eo o
-S KWCa sMrut KitCa m ; Cc KWCasnÞsSn¾énPaBhab;rbs;dI

- H kMras; RsTab;dI KitCa m
-e emKuN es<at FmµCatirbs;dI

o
-'O TMgn; sgát; tKña rbs;deI nAcMkNþalRsTab; KitCa KPa

-'p CakMlaMgsMBatrbs;dIkñgú dMNak;kaldMbUg KitCa KPa
 'P  22I P 0.48Cu By Mayne & Mitchell
 'P  7.04Cu 0.83
By Michell(1988)

0.689
N
 'P  0.193 0 '.  By Mayne & Kemper(1988)  0 ' MPa 
 0 ' 
- KWCakMlaMg sMBaFmFümEdlenA sl; Rtg; Bak;kNþal RsTab; ¬kMlaMgsMBaFmFümsl; BIkarruj
Rcan rbs; RKwH ¦
1
  ( t  4 m   b )
6
Edl t CakMlaMgsMBatenAEpñkxagelIrbs;RsTab;dI
m CakMlaMgsMBatenAcMkNþalRsTab;dI
b CakMlaMgsMBatenA)atrbs;RsTab;dI
eyIgGacKNnark snÞsSn¾ énPaBhab; rbs;dI CctamkarBiesaFn¾én mnÞIrBiesaFn¾ rbs; GUdEU m:Rt .
b:uEnþ Rbsin ebIeyIg min)aneFVkI arBiesaFn¾enHeTeyIg Gacrk CctamTMnak;TnM gCaeRcIn enAkñgú qñaM 1985
elak Nagaraj nig elak Mourthy )aneGayTMnak;TMng xageRkamenH rk Cc :
W (%) 
Cc  0.2343 L .s
 100 
2-krNIEdldI\dæeyIgsßitenA eRkA sMBaF ³¬tMbn;sagsg;eTIbEtCIkdIecjfµI²¦

'O  'P EdlkñúgkrNI enHkarsikSaEckecjCa 2 ³
- 'O +   'P enaHeyIgnwg)anTMnak;TMngdUcxageRkamenH³
Cs.H   
S log o
1  eo o
Edl Cs KWCasnÞsSn¾ PaBehIm rbs;dI EdlGacKNnatam mnÞIrBiesaFn¾ rW tamTMnak;TnM g

dUcxageRkamenH ³
W (%) 
Cs  0,0463 L .s
 100 
- 'O +  > 'P enaHeyIgnwgman TMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH
Cs.H ' Cc.H   '   

S . log P  . log o 
1  eo  o 1  eo   'P 
b:uEnþ kñúgeBlcugeRkayenH eKsegáteXIjfa sMrut EdlKNnatamrUbmnþ TaMgb:unµanxagelI sMrab;dI\dæ

mantMél FMxusBI karBit EdltamBiteTA sMrut BitR)akd man RbEhl 80% b:ueNÑaH énsMrut EdlKNna
rkeXIj sMrab;dI\dæFmµta .

lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnarksMrut Pøam² nig sMruttMbUgdMbUg rbs;RKwH EdlQrelI dI\dæ Edlsßti enA kñúg lkç½NÐ
Fmµta kñgú CMerA 3Em:Rt .tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkam enH ³
Q = 1000KN
 = 19KN/m³ D = 1,5m
2 x 3m²
dI\dæ  = 20KN/m E=25000KPa H=3m

WL = 45%
 d  1,70g / cm3 ;  s  2,70g / cm3
KNnarksMrutPøam² rbs;dI\dæ
qv B
Si  A1 A2
E
H 3 L 3
  1,5 &   1,5  A1  0,47
B 2 B 2
D 1,5
  0,75  A2  0,9625
B 2
Q 1000
qv    166,66KPa
BL 2  3
166,66  2
Si  0,47  0,9625  0,00603m  0,603Cm
25000
sMrutPøam² rbs;d\I dækñúgkrNIenHmantMéltUcbMput
KNnark sMruttMbUgrbs;dI \dæ
WL (%) 
Cc = 0,2343   s
 100 
 45(%) 
.2,70
Cc = 0,2343  100 
Cc = 0,2847
KNnark ' = 19  1,5 + 20  1,5 = 58,50KPa

o
KNnarkemKuN es<at eo
 s   d 2,70  1,70
eo =   0,59
d 1,70
KNnark kMlaMg sMBaF 
1000
t=  166,66KPa
6
1000
m=  63,49KPa
(2  1,5)(3  1,5)
1000
b=  33,33KPa
(2  3)(3  3)
1666,66  4  63,49  33,33
 =  75,66KPa
6
Cc.H  '  
S= log o
1  eo  'o
0,2847 3 58,5  75,66
S= log  0,193m
1  0,59 58,5
edaysMrut BitR)akd manEt 80% enaHeyIg)an³
0,193 80
S=  0,154m
100
dUecñH sMrutmYy GayuCIvitsMNg;KW ³ S = 0,154m
kMNt;sMKal;³ sMrab;sMrut GnuBaØati sMrab; mYyGayuCIvit sMNg; KW manRtwmEt 8cm b:ueNÑaH . dUecñH
sMrab;RKwH eyIgenH minGnuBaØati eGay sg;eT .
kñúgkrNI Edl dI\dæ eyIg sßitenA BIeRkamdIxSac;enaH karKNnaeFVI dUcKña ebHbiT KWmundMbUg eyIg KNna
rk sMrut Pøam² bnÞab; mkeyIgeFVkI arKNnarksMrut dMbUg sMrab;dI\dæ ehIy eyIgyk sMrtu TaMg BIr enaHbUk cUlKña
enaH eyIg nwg )ansMrut srub .
]TahrN¾ eyIgman dI\dæ EdlsßitenA BI xageRkamRsTab; dIxSac; dUcrUbxageRkamenH ³
Q = 1000K
 = 19KN/m³ 1,5m
2 x 3m²
3m
dIxSac;  = 18KN/m
3m
dI\dæ dEdldUc rUbTI 1
KNnark ' = 19 x 1,5 + 18 x 3 + 20 x 1,5 = 112,50

o
KNnark kMlaMg sMBaF 

t= 1000
 33,33KPa
(2  3)(3  3)
m= 1000
 20,51KPa
(2  4,5)(3  4,5)
b= 1000  13,89Pa
(2  6)(3  6)
 = 33,33  4  20,51  13,89  21,54KPa
6
0,2847  3 112,5  21,54
dUecñH sMrut
S
1  0,59
. log
112,5
 0,04m
0,039m  80
dUecñH sMrut BitR)akd KWS
100
 0,032m
S = 3,20cm
-sMrutGnuBaØat³
dUceyIg)anniyayBIEpñkxagedIm GMBIsMruteyIgsegáteXIjfakarKNnaGMBIlTæPaBRTRTg;EtmYymux
minGacFana)annUvPaBKg;vgSrbs;sMNg;eyIgeLIy.eRBaHebIsMrutmantMélFMeBkvaGacbNþaleGaysMNg;
eyIgeRbH )ak; rhUtGacbNþaleGaymanmhnþray.
kñúgEpñkenHeyIgnwgeFVIkarerobrab; GMBsI MrutGnuBaØatEdl)aneFVIkarsikSaeday Bjerrum(1963),
Burland & Worth(1974),Polshin & Tokar(1957),Wahls(1981)
xageRkamenHCatMél):ar:aEmRtsMrab;eFVIkarKNnaGMBItulüPaBrbs;sMrut³
i=RbEvgbMlas;TIcuHeRkamrbs;RKwHRtg;cMNcu i
ij= sMrutxusKñarvagcMNcu i &j
= kMeNagrbs;RKwH
= mMuep¥ógrbs;RKWHkñúgkrNIsMrt
u rbs;EKmRKwHTaMgBIrmandMélxusKña

ij=   sPaBénmMxu UcRTg;RTayrbs;RKwH
ij
l ij

L
pleFobxUcRTg;RTayrbs;RKwH

-taragbgøajGMBlI Imit sPaBénmMuxUcRTg;RTayrbs;RKwHesñeI LIgeday Bjerrum nigerobrageday

Wahls(1981)
cMNat;fñak;énlTæPaBbMpøicbMpøaj 
eFVIeGaym:asinu nig]bkrN¾Bi esaFn¾)at;bg;;nUvsuRkitPaB 1/750
eFVIeGayeRKagrbs;sMNg;cab;epþImmansñameRbH 1/600
suvtþiPaBlImItsMrab;GaKareCosvagsñameRbH 1/500
eFVIeGayCBa¢agM mansñameRbH 1/300
eFVIeGayk,aldgsÞÚcmanbBaða 1/300
eFVIeGaysMNg;x<s;²ep¥ógedayGackMNt;nwgEPñkTeT)an 1/250
eFVIeGayCBa¢agM erobBI\dæmansñameRbH 1/150
mhnþraysMrab;sMNg;RKb;RbePT 1/150
suvtþiPaBlImItsMrab;CBa¢aMgEdleFVI\dæEdlmanlkçN³rlas; L/H>4
1/150

-taragbgøajGMBsI MrutGnuBaØatrbs;RKwHesñIeLIgedayGtItshPaBkñgú qñaM 1955 nigerobrageday

Wahls(1981)
RbePTsMNg; xSac ;rW dI\dærwg dI\dæTn;


sMNg;sIvu il rW ]sSahkmµ Qr elIRKwHeCIgtag
eFVIBEI dknigRbePTebtugBRgwg 0,002 0,002
ssrerobeLIgeday\dæ 0,007 0,001
sMrab;eRKagsMNg;EdlmanCMnYyTb;Tl;nwgkarxUcRTg;RTaykñúgxN³
RKwHmansMrutminesµIKña 0,005 0,005
PaBep¥ógrbs;bMBg;EpSg rW Gg;Etn 0,004 0,004
pøvÚ rt;rbs;dgsÞÚc 0,003 0,003
/L
RKwHRTCBa¢aMgerob\dæ ³RKwHRTEvg
sMrab;GaKareRcInCan;
L/H<3 0,0003 0,0004
L/H>5 0,0005 0,0007
sMrab;GaKarmYy Can; 0,001 0,001
-taragbgøajGMBsI MrutGnuBaØatrbs;RKwHsMrab;sMNg;svIu ilesñeI LIgeday Wahls(1981)

RbePTsMNg; sMrutGnuBaØat ¬mm¦
GaKarEdlCBa¢aMgerobBI\dæ
L/H>2.5 80
L/H<1.5 100
GaKarEdlsagsg;eLIgeday\dænigebtugBRgwg 150
GaKarEdlsagsg;eLIgedayeRKagEdk 100

RKwHeFVIBeI btugBRgWgénbMBg;EpSg]sSahkmµ rW Gg;Etn 300

CMBUk 2
RKwH CMerA
Pile foundation
niymn½y³ Definition EdlehAfa RKwH CMerA KWCaRbePT RKwH EdlmanPar³ TTYlnUvbnÞkú rbs;
I-
sMNg;rju Rcan eTAeGaydIEdl manlkçN³ rwg rWhab; EdlsßitenAkñgú CMerA d¾EsneRCA .

eKeRbIR)as;RKwHRbePTenH kñúgkrNI EdldIEpñkxagelI manlkçN³Gn; minGac TTYlrgnUvbnÞúk rbs;
sMNg; )an . sMrab; karKNna lT§PaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwHRbePTenH manlkçN³ xusKña BI RKwH rak; EdlsMrab;RKwH
CMerA lT§PaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwH Eckecj Ca 2 KW lT§PaBRTRTg; rbs; cugRKwH nig lT§PaBRTRTg;edaykMlaMg kkit
épÞ xag .
sMrab; RKwHCMerA eK)anbeBa©j nUvTinñn½y CMerA lImIt (Critical depth) EdlkñúgCMerA enaH RKwH eFVIkarenA
EtEpñk xagcug RKwH b:eu NÑaH . dUecñH EdlehAfa RKwH CMerA KW CaRbePT RKwHEdlbBa¢Ún eTA kñgú dI elIs CMerA lImIt
enH .
eKGacKNnark CMerA lImItenH tamrUbmnþdUcxageRkamenH³
2
B.Nq 3
Dc 
4
Edl Dc CaCMerA lImIt

B CaGgát; p©it rW TTwgRKwH
Nq CaemKuN lTæPaBRTRTg;
Nq  103.04tg  e 7tg

Caniymn½y EdleKehAfa RKwH CMerA enaHcaM)ac;eKRtUvmanpleFob DB  10 . EdlenA cenøaH RKwH CMerA

nig RKWHrak; eyIgmanRKwH CMerA mFüm Edl pleFob 4  DB  10 Edlkñgú krNIenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvKit BIkMlaMg
kkit épÞ xagrbs;RKwH bEnßm eTA elIlT§PaB RTRTg; rbs;cug RKwH .

rUbPaBxagelIenH bgðaj GMBI RbePT RKwH CMerA EdleKEtgEteRbIR)as; .

- RbePTRKwHCMerA³ RKwHCMerA RtUv)anplit eLIg edayeQI / ebtugGaem: rW Edk EdlGacmanRTg;RTay
epSg² Kña mUl/ kaer/ ctuekaNEkg/ BhuekaN rW rag GkSr I. sMrab;RbEvg nig RkLaépÞ rbs;cugRKwH RtUv)an
KNna eLIg tam)a:ra:Em:Rt dIEdl eyIgTTYl)an .
eKEckRbePT RKWHCMerA Ca 2 RbePT sMxan;² KW RKwHCMerA Edlcak;ehIy CaeRsc BIeragcRk nig RKwHCMerA
EdleKcak; enA elITlI ansagsg;pÞal; .
1-RKwHCMerAEdlcak;rYcCaeRscBIeragcRk³
RKwHCMerARbePTenH RtUv)anbBa¢nÚ eTAkñúgdI edaykardMBenøc / edaysgát; edaykarxYgehIyTMlak;; rW
edaykarGRgn; rMj½r . RKwHRbePTenHCaTUeTAmanépÞ muxkat; efr .
2-RKwHCMerAEdlplitenAelITlI ansagsg;pÞal;³
eyIgKYrEbgEckCa 2 RbePTsMrab;RKwH RbePTenH ³
-KWCaRbePTRKWHEdleyIgxYgehIyrYccak;ebtugeTA kñúgreNþAxYg .
-cMENkÉmYyRbePTeTot eyIg xYg ehIyeTIbeyIgTMlak;bMBg;TIbcUlkñúgreNþAxYgehIy eyIg cak;ebtug
eTAkñúgbMBg;TIbenaH eTIbeyIg dk bMBg; TIbecjmkvij . sUmemIlrUbxageRkamenH ³

3-cMNat;fñak;rbs;RKwHCMerA³ Pile classification

eyIgeFVkI arEbgEck RKwHCMerA tamRbePT dUcxageRkamenH ³
a-RKwHCMerAbENþt³ RKwHCMerARbePTenH eFVIkary:agsMxan; eTAelIkMlaMgkkit eRBaHkñúgkrNI enH dIEdl
manPaBrwgxøagM sßitkñúgCMerA d¾ Esn eRCA ³
Q
dITn;
RKwHCMerA
dIrwg
b-RKwHCMerAQrelIdIrwg³
dITn;
dITn;

dIrwg
dITn;
dIrgw xøaMg
dIrgw
RKwHCMerARbePT enH Eckecj Ca 2 kñúgkrNIEdlvaQrelIdI FmµtaEdlminrwgxøaMgvamanlT§ PaB RTRTg;

2 KW lT§PaB RTRTg;cugRKwH nig kMlaMgkkit xag . kñúgkrNI EdlvaQrelI RKYsrW fµ enaHva manEt lT§PaB
RTRTg; cugRKwH b:eu NÑaH Edlkñúg krNIenH eKehAfaRKwH CMerA QrelIdrI Wg .

II- KNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHCMerAenAelIkardæan³
Pile bearing capacity in situ method
eKGacKNnalT§PaB RTRTg; rbs;RKwHCMerA tamviFI epSg² Kña .eyIgetagEckkarsikSatamrebobxag
eRkamenH³
1-RKwHCMerA QrelIfµ³ End bearing pile
sMrab;RKwHCMerA RbePTenH karKNnamanlkçN³gayRsYl bMput KW ³
R
qp 
F
Edl R KWCaer:suIsþg; rbs;ebtug esµInwg 20000KPa

F KWCaemKuNsnþisux esµI 4
dUecñH ebIeKcg;KNnarkbnÞúkEdlRKwH mYyedIm GacTTYlRTRTg; )antamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH³

R
QP  .A
F
Edl A KWCaRkLaépÞ muxkat;rbs;RKwHCMerA

2-RKwHM CMerAQrelIdFI mµta
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenHeyIg manviFICaeRcIn edIm,IKNna
2-1 rUbmnþhULg;³ Dutch formula
RKwHCMerA CaeRcIn RbePTEtgEtbBa¢Ún eTAkñgú dIeday kardMBenøc . CnCati hULg; )aneFVIkarsikSa

eXIjfa RbsinebI M CaTMgn; jjÜr/ H CakMBs;EdljjÜrFøak;esrI/ M' CaTMgn; rbs;RKwHCMerA/ e CaCMerAlic
sMrab;mYyjjÜr enaHeKnwg )anlT§PaBRTRTg; GnuBaØati KNnatamrUbmnþ dUcxageRkamenH ³
1 MgH 1
Qallowable   
F e M'
1
M
sMrab;krNIenH emKuNsnþisux F=6

M
M'
dI
lT§plEdlKNna)an tamrUbmnþ xagelIenHmantMél 100% swg EtRtwmRtUv sMrab;dFI mµta b:uEnþ sMrab;
fµ rW dI EdlmanlkçN³ rwg xøaMg rUbmnþenH minRtwmRtUveLIy . CaBiess sMrab;dI\dæ rUbmnþ enHeXIj
lT§pltUcNas; Edlxusq¶ay BIkarBit . niyay CarYmrUbmnþ enH Gnuvtþn¾ )ansMrab;Et xSac; nig RKYs Edl
manlkçN³hab;b:eu NÑaH .
2-2-rUbmnþesñeI LIgeday ENR(Engineering News Record)
WR h
Qu 
S C
Edl Qu- CabnÞkú lImItrbs;RKWH
W CaTMgn;jujuÜr KitCa N
R-
S-CaCMerAlickñúg1jjÜr KitCa cm
C=2.54cmsMrab;jjÜr TMlak;esrI xñatdUc S & C( h KitCa cm)
C=0.254cmsMrab;jjrÜ eRbIedaycMhay xñatdUc S & C( h KitCa cm)

kñúgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtþiPaB esµnI ig 6.
sMrab;jjÜr Guk2dgeKmanTMnak;TnM g
E .H E
Qu 
S C
Edl E-CaemKuNRbsiTPæ aBrbs;jjÜr
H CafamBlrbs;jjÜr emIlkñúgtaragm:asIn
E- u xageRkam
RbePTjjÜr E- CaemKuNRbsiTæPaBrbs;jjÜr
jjÜr Guk2dg 0,7-0,85
jjÜr eRbIm:asIunm:as‘Ut 0,8-0,9
jjÜr elIkGukFmµta 0,7-0,9
kñúgeBlcugeRkayenH ENR )aneGaynUvTMnak;TMngfµI

EWR h WR  n 2WP
Qu 
S  C WR  WP
Edl CaTMgn;jujuÜr
WR-
S-CaCMerAlickñúg1jjÜr
C=0.254cmsMrab;jjrÜ eRbIedaycMhay xñatdUc S & C
E CaemKuNRbsiTæPaBrbs;jjÜr
-
W CaTMgn;RKWH
P-
n CaemKuNTMnak;TMngrvagjjÜr nig kÇalRKWH

-
kñúgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtþiPaB esµnI ig 4 eTA 6

RbePT jjÜr nig kÇalRKWH n CaemKuNTMnak;TMngrvagjjÜr nig kÇalRKWH
-
RbePT jjÜr Edk nig kÇalRKWHebtug 0,4-0,5
RTnab; kÇalRKWHedayeQI elIRKWHEdk 0,3-0,4
RKWHeQI 0,25-0,3
enAkñgú qñaM (1965)The Michigan State Highway Commission)aneFVkI arBiesaFn¾elIRKWH88 edIm

edayTTYl)anlTæpl dUcxageRkamenH

1,25H E WR  n 2WP
Qu 
S  C WR  WP
Edl WR- CaTMgn;jujuÜr
S-CaCMerAlickñúg1jjÜr
C=0.00254m xñatdUc S & C
-
W CaTMgn;RKWH
P-
n CaemKuNTMnak;TMngrvagjjÜr nig kÇalRKWH

-
H CafamBlrbs;jjÜr emIlkñúgtaragm:asIn
E- u xageRkam
kñúgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtþiPaB esµnI ig 6
edayELkelak Danish)aneGaynUvTMnak;TMngsMrab;KNnaRKWHdMBnøicdUcxageRkamenH
EH E
Qu 
EH E L
S
2 AP EP
Edl S- CaCMerAlickñúg1jjÜr
-
H CafamBlrbs;jjÜr emIlkñúgtaragm:asIunxageRkam
E-
E Cam:UDúlPaByWtrbs;RKWH
P-
A Camuxkat; rbs;RKWH
P-
L CaRbEvg rbs;RKWH
-
kñúgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtþiPaB esµnI ig 3 rW 6
kñúgsnñsi iTGnþrCatisþIBsI MNg;GaKarqñaM(1982)Pacific Coast Uniform Building Code)aneGay nUv
TMnak;TnM gsMrab;KNnaRKWHdMBnøci dUcxageRkamenH
 W  nWP 
( EH E ) R 
 WR  WP 
Qu 
QL
S u
AP E P
n- CaemKuNTMnak;TMngrvagjjÜr nig kÇalRKWH n=0,25 sMrab;RKWHEdknig n=0,1sMrab;RKWHepSg
kñúgkrNIenHeKeRbIemKuNsuvtþPi aB esµInig 4
taragRbePTm:asInu jjÜredIredaycMhay
Maker of Model Type of hammer Rated energy Blows per minute Ram weight
hammer* no. (kN-m) (kN)
V 3100 Single acting 407 58 449

MKT OS-60 Single acting 244 55 267
V 400C Differential 154 100 178
R 8/0 Single acting 110 35 111
MKT S-20 Single acting 82 60 89
R 5/0 Single acting 77 44 78
V 200-C Differential 68 98 89
R 150-C Differential 66 95-105 67
V 140C Differential 49 103 62
MKT 11B3 Double acting 26 95 22
MKT C-5 Double acting 22 110 22
V 30-C Double acting 10 133 13
taragRbePTm:asInu jjÜredIredaym:as‘tU
Maker of Model Rated energy Blows per minute Piston weight
hammer* no. (kN-m) (kN)
K K150 379.7 45-60 147
M MB70 191.2-86 38-60 71
K K-60 143.2 42-60 59
K K-45 123.5 39-60 44
M M-43 113.9-51.3 40-60 42
K K-35 96 39-60 34
MKT DE70B 85.4-57 40-50 31
K K-25 68.8 39-60 25
V N-46 44.1 50-60 18
L 520 35.7 80-84 23
M M-14S 35.3-16.1 42-60 13
V N-33 33.4 50-60 13
L 440 24.7 86-90 18
MKT DE20 24.4-16.3 40-50 9
MKT DE-10 11.9 40-50 5
L 180 11.0 90-95 8
taragRbePTRKWHCMerAniglTæPaBRTRTg;GnuBaØatlImitrbs;va
Design bearing
Area of Minimum capacity (kN)
cross Number of strands effective Section Concrete strength
Pile D section Perimeter 12.7-mm 11.1-mm prestress modulus (MN/m²)
Shape* (mm) (cm²) (mm) diameter diameter force (kN) (m³ x 10-3)
34.5 41.4

S 254 645 1016 4 4 312 2.737 556 778

O 254 536 838 4 4 258 1.786 462 555
S 305 929 1219 5 6 449 4.719 801 962
O 305 768 1016 4 5 369 3.097 662 795
S 356 1265 1422 6 8 610 7.489 1091 1310
O 356 1045 1168 5 7 503 4.916 901 1082
S 406 1652 1626 8 11 796 11.192 1425 1710
O 406 1368 1346 7 9 658 7.341 1180 1416
S 457 2090 1829 10 13 1010 15.928 1803 2163
O 457 1729 1524 8 11 836 10.455 1491 1790
S 508 2581 2032 12 16 1245 21.844 2226 2672
O 508 2136 1677 10 14 1032 14.355 1842 2239
S 559 3123 2235 15 20 1508 29.087 2694 3232
O 559 2587 1854 12 16 1280 19.107 2231 2678
S 610 3658 2438 18 23 1793 37.756 3155 3786
O 610 3078 2032 15 19 1486 34.794 2655 3186
cMeBaHRbePTm:asuIn sMrab;bBa©úHRKwH CMerA mandUcxageRkamenH ³

- jjÜr Føak;esrI ³ CaRbePTm:asuIn eyagjjÜr eLIgeday ExS kabehIyTMlak;cuHmkvij. eKeRbIjjÜr RbePT
enH sMrab;RKwHCMerA Edlmanmuxkat;tUc² B  0,2m
- jjÜrelIk TMlak;eday cMhay eKniymeRbIjjÜr RbePTenHNas; KW eKbBa©Úl cMhay eTAkñgú suILaMgedIm,I

elIkjjÜr eLIg bnÞab;mkeKbn§rÚ cMhay ecj eFVIeGay jjÜr Føak;cuH . m:asuIn
RbePTenHmanRbsiT§iPaBsMBg 60blows/mn EdljjÜrmanTMgn; BI 3000Kg  10000Kg Føak;kúñgry³
kMBs; efr 0,50m  1,20m.
- jjÜrelIk TMlak;eday sMBaFxül; EdleKalkarN¾eFVk I ardUcKña ebHbiT nwg RbePTxagelI edaybþÚr BIcM
hay mkxül; ehIymanRbsiTi§PaB eFVkI ar BI 100  300jjÜr/naTI EdljjÜrmanTMgn; BI 350Kg 
500Kg.
- jjÜredIredaykMlaMgm:as‘Ut ³ ]bkrN¾ RbePTenH manRbsiT§iPaBCaTIbMput ehIyTan;sm½y EdleKkMBug
eBjniymeRbIR)as; .
- jjÜr eRbIkMlaMgGRgn;rjM ½r]bkrN¾ RbePTenHmanRbsiT§iPaB bMput sMrab;xSac; nig RKÜs ehIyeKGac eRbI
vasMrab;dk ykRKwH CMerA ecjBIkúñgdI )aneTotpg .
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnaGMBIlT§PaBTTYlbnÞúkrbs;RKwH mYyedIm eFVIBIebtug EdlmanTMgn;maD  = 25KN/m³
b
manRbEvg 8m nig B = 0,3m EdlRtUvbBa¢ÚneTAkñúgdI edayjjÜrEdlmanTMgn; 3000Kg Føak;kñúgkMBs; 0,5m

vayeTAkñúgdIxSac;lic )anCMerA 0,05m sMrab; 10 jjÜr .
cMelIy
KNnarkTMgn; rbs;RKwH ³
M' = b  B²  L = 25  0,3²  8 = 18KN
KNnarkCMerA lic sMrab;mYyjjÜr
0,05
e  0,005 m
10
rkbnÞúkGnuBaØati sMrab;RKwHmYyedImenH ³
1 MgH 1
Qallowable   
F e M'
1
M
1 3000 9,81 0.5 1
Qallowable     306562,5 N  306,5 KN
6 0,005 1800
1
3000
Qallowable = 306,5KN
2-3 RKwHCMerA bBa¢nÚ eTAkñúgdIeday kMlaMgsgát;³

RKwHCMerARbePTenH RtUv)anbBa¢nÚ eTAkñúgdI edaykMlaMg sgát; dUecñH eKGackMNt; )annUv bnÞkú EdleK sgát;
eTAelIRKwHenaH. bnÞab;mkeKGac sg;)annUvRkahVci eTAtambnÞúkepSg² KñaEdleK)ansgáte; TAelIRKwH EdlenAelI
RkahVci enaHeKGacKNna)annUv bnÞúkGnuBaØati rbs;RKwHEdleKsgát; eTAelIdIenaH. CaTUeTAkar vas; sMrut man
tYnaTI y:agsMxan; bMput kñúgry³ eBlEdleKsgát; enaHehIyeKGac KNna)anlT§PaBRTRTg; GnuBaØati sMrab;
sMrut 25mm KW ykbnÞúk EdleKsgát; enaH ¬ rhUtdl;RKwH Elg cuH eTA eRkam ¦tamrUbmnþ
dUcxageRkamenH³
Q
Qallowable =
F
Q bnÞkú Edlsgát; eTAelIRKwH ;F:emKuNsnþisux esµI 2.5 ey³eBlEdl eyIgrgcaMsMrtu enaH KW mYyEx .

III - karKNnalT§PaB RTRTg;RKwHCMerA tamrUbmnþ sþaTic³

Pile bearing capacity by statically formula:
eyIgsnµt;fa eyIgmanRKWHmYyedImsMrab;vay Benøc cYleTAkñúg dIkgñú CMerA D Edl RKWH CMerA enaHrg nUv
bnÞkú sgát; Q enaHnwg manehtukarN¾ BIr krNI )anekIteLIg ³
- enAEpñkxagcugRKwH mankMlaMger:suIsþg; RbqaMg nwg cugRKwH q EdlCaer:ssuI þg; ekIteLIg eday kMlaMg RbqaMg
P
rbs;dI enAcugRKwH.
- enACMuvji RKwHmankekIteLIg nUvkMlaMg kkit rvag dI nig ebtug 
Q
:kMlaMgkkitépÞxag
D dI
qP : er:suIsgþ ;cugRKwH
dUecñH eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnark bnÞúk EdlRKWH mYyedIm GacRT)an tamTMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH ³
QP QF
Qallowable = 
2 3
Edl Q P = q P  AP ;; Edl A KWCaRklaépÞ rbs;cugRKwH

P

Edl A KWCaRklaépÞxagrbs;RKwH
QF =   AF ; F
III-1-KNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHCMerA sMrab;dI\dæ ³Pile stand on clayey soil(TSA)
qøgkat;tamkarKNnarkPaBs¥itrbs;dIkñúg krNI minbgðrÚ Twk Cu enaHeyIg nwg GaceFVIkarKNna

lTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwHCMerAtam TMnak;TMng dUcxageRkamenH ³
kñúgkrNI enH u = 0 dUecñH eyIgGacKNnark er:ssuI þg; enAcugRKwH
qP = 9 Cu + D
kñúgkrNI EdleyIgcg;KNnatamlkç½NÐ Net enaHeyIg manTMnak;TMng tamxageRkamenH ³

q'P = ( 9Cu + D ) - D = 9  Cu
dUecñH eyIg)anlT§PaB RTRTg; enAcugRKwH Net
Q'P = q'P  AP
sMrab; karKNnakMlaMg kkit eyIgGac eFVIeTA tamkarKNnark C & tamkarTajpþac;dI. kñúgkrNI

enH eyIgmanTMnak;TMng³  = C ;(C RtUvtUcCag 100KPa) kñúgkrNI C FMCag 100KPaeyIgyk
100KPamkeRbIEtmþg.
kñúgkrNI EdlkarBiesaFn¾ Gnuvtþn¾tamkarsgát; bM)ak; dI ( Cu ) enaHeyIgGacKNnark kMlaMg kkit

tamrUbPaB Edl P¢ab;mkCamYyxagelI³
 =Ca = Cu  
 = 16.715  Cu-0.7765 <1
dUecñH Q F =   AF = Ca  AF
lMhat;
sUmeFVIkarKNnark bnÞúk GnuBaØati sMrab; RKwH CMerA mYyedIm EdlmanRbEvg 8m nig muxkat;
0,3  0,3m Edl vayBnøic eTAkñúg dI tamrUbPaBdUcxageRkamenH ³
 = 19KN.m³
7m Cu = 30KPa
1m
0,3m
 = 20 KN/m³ ; Cu = 150KPa
dMeNaHRsay
KNnark er:susI þg; cugRKwH ³
qP = 9 Cu = 9  150 = 1350 KPa
bnÞkú cugRKwH
QP = qP  AP = 1350  0,3  0,3 = 121,5 KPa
KNnark kMlaMgkkit ³
Ca = Cu   = Cu  16,715  Cu –0.7765
Ca1 = 30  16,715  30 – 7765 = 35,74 KPa
kñúgkrNIenH eyIg yk Ca = 30KPa 1
sMrab;RsTab;TI 2 enaHeyIg)an
Ca2 = 150  16,715  150 –7765 = 51,22KPa
dUecñH eyIg)an
QF = 30  0,3  4  7 + 51.22  0,3  4  1 = 313,46KN
dUecñH eyIg)an lT§PaBRTRTg; srub GnuBaØati
QP QF 121,5 313,46
Qallowable =     165,23KN
2 3 2 3
b:uEnþ ebIsinNaeyIg niyay GMBI CMerA lImIt ³

2
D =  Nq enaH kMlaMg kkit RtUvkat;CMerA enH ecaleday Nq = e

B 3 7tg
C
4
 = 0 dUecñH Nq = 1  D = 0,075m C
dUecñH eKGacKNnark kMlaMg kkit mFüm q . F

.Cai.hi
qF =
H
Edl Cai : KWCaPaBs¥it rvag dI nig RKwH sMrab;RsTab;nimYy²
hi : KWCakMras; RsTab;nimy
Y ²
H : RbEvg RKwH
sMrab;krNIenH eyIg)an
30  7  51.22  1
qF =  32.65KPa
8
dUecñH sMrab;klM aMg kkit srub eyIg)an
QF = qF ( H – Dc ) P = 32.65 ( 8 – 0.075 ).0.3  4 = 310.50KPa
dUecñH lT§PaBRTRTg; srub ³
QP QF 121.5 310.5
Q=     164.25KN
2 3 2 3
ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
KNnalT§PaBRTRTg;RKWHCMerA QrelIdIxSac; ³;Pile stand on sandy soil

III-2-
sMrab;lT§PaBRTRTg;RKwH RbePTenH eyIgeFVI karKNnark lT§PaB RTRTg; enAcugRKwH tamrUbmnþ xag

eRkamenH ³
qP = 50Nq.tg + 1.3CNc
Edl Nq = e ; Nc = ( Nq – 1) tg1
7tg
edayELkkarKNnark kMlaMgkkit RtUv RbRBwtþ eTAtamviFI xageRkamenH ³
h = Z  K
 = h  tg
D D
D Z=
2 2
QF =   AF

h
]TahrN¾ ³ sUmeFVkI arKNna GMBIRKwHCMerA mYyedImEdlQrelI dI xSac;tamrUbPaB dUcxageRkamenH .
 = 20 KN/m³ ;  = 35 . o
dMeNaHRsay
kñúgkrNI enH eyIgeFVI karKNnatamviFI xageRkamenH ³
2
eyIgKNnark CMerA lkç½NÐ lImIt Dc = B4 .Nq 3
Nq = e7tg = 134.48
dUecñH Dc = 2.62m
KNnalT§PaB RTRTg; cugRKwH q P = 50  134.48tg 35 = 4708,37 KPa
Dw = 5m  = 18KN/m3
B=0,4 m
D = 12m
 = 35o
sat = 20KN/m3
dUecñHbnÞúk cugRKwH Q = q  A = 4708.37  0.4 = 753.34 KN

P P P
2
- KNnark kMlaMg kkit ³

eday manvtþman TwkeRkamdI enaHeyIg EckdI eyIg ecjCa 2 RsTab; epSg²Kña EdldI RsTab;T1I
mankMras; 5m CadIs¶Üt nig RsTab; TI2 mankMras; 7m CaRbePTxSac; CaMTwk . dUecñH sMrab; RsTab;TI 1 eyIg
man³
h1=   Z1  K

Edl  = 18 KN/m³ ;
Dw
Z1=  2 .5 ;
2
K kMNt;enAkñúg tarag
dUecñH eyIgGacKNna)an ³
 =   tg Edl  CamuMkkit rvagRKwH nig dI KNnatam tarag .
1 h1
sMrab; RsTab; TI 2 eyIgman ³

h2 = (  Dw+ '  Z 2 ) K
2 = h2  tg  Edl  CamuMkkit rvagRKwH nig dI KNnatam tarag .
' CaTMgn; maD rbs;dI dk Twk ecj = sat – 10
1
Z2= ( D – Dw ) = 3.5m
2
K kMNt; tamtarag
RbePTRKwH  tMél K
<30o ; N< 10 > 36o ; N > 30
Edk 20o 0.50 1.00
ebtug 3
4

1.00 2.00
eQI 2
3

1.50 4.00
sMrab; muM  = 35  K = 1.83 ;  = 26.25

o o
enaHeyIg TTYl)an ³
1 = 18  2.5  1.83  tg 26.25 = 40.61 KPa
2 = (18  5 + 10  3.5) x 1.83 x tg 26.25 = 112.8 KPa
eyIg KNnark kMlaMg kkit mFüm
 1.h1   2 .h2
qF =
h1  h2
40.61 5  112.8  7
qF =  82.72KPa
12
dUecñH bnÞkú ekIteLIg edaykMlaMgkkit
QF = (D – Dc) .P .qF
QF = (12 – 2.62) x 4 x 0.4 x 82.72 = 1241.5KN

dUecñH bnÞkú srub EdlRKWH GacTTYl RTRTg; )an³
Qp QF 753.34 1241.5
Q=     790.50 KN
2 3 2 3

KNna lT§PaBRTRTg; RKwHCMerA qøgkat; dIeRcInRsTab; ³ Pile in layered soil

III-3-
CaTUeTA eKeRbIRKwHCMerA enAkñgú krNI EdldI xagelImanlkçN³ Gn;ehIy minGnuBaØati eGay eKeRbI RKwH
rak; )an . dUecñH RKwHCMerA CaTUeTA RtUvbBa¢Ún eGayqøgkat;dI eRcInRsTab; epSg² Kña eTA QrelIdI rwg kñúgCMerA d¾
Esn eRCA .
kñúgkrNIenH RKwH rbs;eyIgRtUv TTYlrgnUvkMlaMg kkitepSg²Kña tamCMerA . dUecñH karKNna lT§PaB
RTRTg; enAcugRKWH KµankarEkERb eLIy edayeyIg RKan;EteFVI karEkERb EtlT§PaB RTRTg; EdlekIt eLIg eday
kMlaMg kkit b:ueNÑaH . sUmemIl ]TahrN¾ xageRkamenH ³
B =0.3
dIcak;bMeBj 2.00m =19KN/m³
xSac; RtsuH 1.00m  = 19KN/m³ ; =26o
 = 20 KN/m³;C= 15KPa
dI\dæRCay 5.00m 12.00m =11o
xSac;RKab;FM 4.00m sat= 21 KN/m³ ; =35o
hab;mFüm
dMeNaHRsay
1-KNnalT§PaBRTRTg; cugRKWH ³
qP = 50Nq tg
 = 35o  Nq = e7tg = 134.48
2
B
Dc = Nq 3  Dc  1.97m
4
qP = 50  134.48 tg35 = 4708.2 KN/m²
Qp = qP  Ap = 4708.2  0.32 = 423.74 KN
2-KNnalT§PaBRTRTg;EdlekIt eLIg edaykMlaMgkkit³
-sMrab; RsTab;TI1 EdlCadI cak;bMeBj enaHeyIgcat;TukkMlaMg kkitesµI sUnS   = 0 1

- sMrab; RsTab;TI2 EdlCadIxSac;RtsuH eyIg)an ³

 = 26o   = 19.5o ; K = 1
enaHeyIg)an³
2 = ( 19  2 + 19  0.5 )  1  tg19.5o
2 = 16,82KPa
- sMrab; RsTab;TI3 EdlCadI\dæ manlkçN³RCay enaH kMlaMg kkitmantMél esµnI wg
C = 15KPa  3 = 15 KPa
- sMrab; RsTab; TI4 EdlCadI xSac;RKab;mFüm hab;CaMTwk ³
 = 35o  K = 1.83 ;  = 26.25o
enaHeyIg )an
4 = ( 19  2 + 19  1 + 20 5 + 11  2 )  1.83  tg26.25o
4 = 161.54 KPa
3-KNnark kMlaMgkkitmFüm³
0  2  16.82 1  15  5  161.54  4
qf =  61.49KPa
12
dUecñH bnÞkú EdlekIt eLIgeday kMlaMgkkit ³
Qf = ( D – Dc )  P  qf
Qf = ( 12 – 1.97 )  0.3  4  61.49 = 740.09 KPa
bnÞkú srub EdlRKWH GacTTYlRTRTg;)an ³
Qf Qf 423.74 740.09
Q=     458.56KPa
2 3 2 3
Q = 458.56 KN
III-4-KNnakMlaMgkkit bRBa©as; ³ Negative friction

sMrab;RKwH CMerA EdlbBa¢nÚ qøgkat; dI EdlmanlkçN³ RCayenaHKW CaRbePTdI EdlminTan;)anbBa©b;
nUvsMrut EdlekIteLIg edaybnÞúkrbs;dI xøÜn ÉgpÞal;edaykarcak;bMeBj fµI ². enaHkarGUsbnøay énsMrut )an
TajyktameTA CamYy nUvRKwH CMerA BenøceTAkñúgdI . dUecñH vaGacekIteLIg nUvkMlaMg kkitbRBa©as; Edl
eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvEtKit bBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarKNna . dUecñH RbsinebI RKwH eyIgQrelI dIEdlmanlkçN³ minhab; xøagM
( N < 50blows/30cm )rW dIEdlminrwgbMput ( N < 30blows/30cm ) enaHkarKNnacaM)ac; nUv mankarpøas;brþÚ
tamrUbmnþ xageRkamenH ³
- sMrab; lT§PaBRTRTg;cugRKWH KW KµankarEkERbeLIy
- sMrab; lT§PaB RTRTg;ekIteLIg eday kMlaMg kkitRtUv eFVIkarEkERbtamrUbmnþ dUcxageRkamenH ³
CadMbUg eyIg eFVIkarKNnark kMlaMg kkit bRBa©as; tamrUbmnþdUcxageRkamenH ³
1-krNIcak;dI \dælubelIdIxSac;
dI \dæ Hf dIxSac; Hf
L1
dIxSac; L
dI \dæ
rUbkrNITI1 rUbkrNITI2
sMrab;krNITI1eyIgsegáteXIjfaedaydI\dæ vaRtÚvkarry³ eBlyUredImÇIbBa©b;nUvsMrutrbs;va.

dUecñHkñúgeyIgcak;lubdIPøamenaHdIenACMuvji RKWHvaenAEtbnþRsútehIybegáItCakMlaMgkkitbRBa©as; EdleyIg
GacKNnatamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
f n  K ' 0 ' tg
Edl K’CaemKuNrujRcanrbs;dI K '  1  sin
CamMk
u kitrvagdI nigRKWH   23 
CamMukkitkñúg rbs;dI\dæ Edlcak;lbu fµ²I
 ’CakMlaMgsMBatrbs;dI\dæ Edlcak;lb u fµI²  '   Hf
0 0 clay
2
 CaTMgn;maD rbs;dI\dæ Edlcak;lb
clay u fµ²I
-dUecñHbnÞúkkkitbRBa©as;
h
Qfnegative = 4B  f dZ  4BH
0
n f . fn
]TahrN¾ ³ebIeyIgman H =2.5m, f clay=19.5KN/m

3
, B=0,30m, enaHeyIg)an
K '  1  sin =1-sin30=0,5
2
   =2/3*30o=20o
3
Hf
 0 '   clay =19,5*2,5/2=24,375KN/m2
2
=
f n  K ' 0 ' tg 0,5*24,375*tg20=5,522KN/m2
h
Qfnegative = 4B  f dZ  4BH
0
n f . f n =4*0,3*2,5*5,522=16,57KN

1-krNIcak;dI xSac; lubelIdI\dæ

sMrab;krNITI2eyIgsegáteXIjfaedayRtUvdIxSac;sgátB; IelIdI \dæ vaRtÚvkarry³ eBlyUredImÇIbBa©b;
nUvsMrutrbs;va.
dUecñHkñúgeyIgcak;lubdIPøamenaHdIenACMvu ijRKWHvaenAEtbnþRsútehIybegáItCakMlaMgkkitbRBa©as; EdleyIg
GacKNnatamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH
f n  K ' 0 ' tg
Edl K’CaemKuNrujRcanrbs;dI K '  1  sin
CamMk
u kitrvagdI nigRKWH   23 
CamMukkitkñúg rbs;dI\dæ
 ’CakMlaMgsMBatrbs;dI\dæ bUknigdIxSac; Edlcak;lubfµI²  '  

L1
0 0 sand H f   clay
2
 CaTMgn;maD rbs;dIxSac; Edlcak;lubfµI²
sand
 CaTMgn;maD rbs;dI\dæ

clay
L CakMras;\TæB
1 i l L  L LH  L 2H    H   2  H
1
f f sand f sand f
1  clay  clay
L CaRbEvgRKWH
Qfnegative = 4 BL1. f n
]TahrN¾ ³ebIeyIgman H =2.5m, f clay=19.5KN/m
3
, B=0,30m,L=9m, sand=18KN/m3
enaHeyIg)an
K '  1  sin =1-sin30=0,5
2
   =2/3*30o=20o
3
9  2,5  9  2,5 18 * 2,5  2 * 19,5 * 2,5
L1   
L1  2 19,5  19,5
L12  5L1  65,377  0
  286,508  16,93
 5  16,93
L1   5,96m
2
L
=
 0 '   sand H f   clay 1 18*2,5+19,5*5,96/2=103.11KN/m2
2
f n  K ' 0 ' tg =0,5*103,11*tg20=18,76KN/m2

Qfnegative = 4 BL1. f n =18,76*5,96*0,3*4=134,2KN
III-5-lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RkumRKwHCMerA Bearing capacity for pile groupe

karKNnaEdleyIg )aneFVIBImunmk sMrab;RKwHCMerA KW eFVI eLIg sMrab; EtRKWH CMerA 1 edIm ¬RKwHÉeka¦.
b:uEnþkñúgkrNI eRbIR)as; RKWH CMerA eyIg segát eXIjfa EtgEt mancMnYn eRcIn edIm . dUecñH Gñksagsg;Etg
Etmankaryl;RcLM fa cMnYn srsrRKwHCMerA esµI nwg pl Eckrvag bnÞúkrbs; sMNg; nwg lT§PaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwH
CMerA mYyedIm ³
Q
n= ;
Qallowable
n= cMnYn srsrRKwHCMerA
Q = bnÞúksMNg
Q = lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH CMerA 1 edIm

allowable
b:uEnþ GVI EdleK)anKit dUcxagelIenH KW vaminRtwmRtUv eT . eyIgetag eFVIkarsegát dUcxageRkamenH ³

- Rbsin ebI dI TMr eyIgCaRbePT dIxSac; RtsuH ² enaHeBlEdleyIgvay sMBg bBa©ÚlRKwH eTAkñúgdI vaeFVI
eGaydI EdlenA xageRkamRKwH køayeTACa dIhab; . dUecñH lT§PaBRTRTg; RtUv ekIneLIg tamcMnnY srsr RKwH
Edl eyIg )anvaybBa©Úl EdlkñúgkrNIenH rUbmnþ EdleyIgsresr xagelI Gacxus . b:uEnþ edIm,I suvtßiPaB
eyIg GaceRbIva)an .
- RbsinebIvaysMBgbBa©úH srsrRKwH rbs;eyIgmanKMlatesµI 8B KitBIG½kSrbs;srsrRKwHenaH RKwHnimYy²
Kµan\T§iBleTAelIKñaeTAvij eTAmkeLIy. kñúgkrNIenHrUbmnþ xagelIKWRtwmRtUv .
- RbsinebIRKwHrbs;eyIgvaysMBgBenøckñgú dIxSac;hab; .enaHrUbmnþxagelI GacGnum½teGayeRbIR)as;)an .
- b:uEnþsrM ab;RKwHCMerAEdlRtUvbBa¢ÚnedaykarxYgTMlak;eTAkñúg dIxSac;hab; enaHlTæPaBRTRTg;CaRkúmrbs;RKWH
CMerA Q  34  Q
gu u
1-kareRbIrUbmnþ Los Angeles:

kñúgkrNIEdlRKWHCMerAeyIgeFVIkarnigkMlaMgkkit QQ *100  80% enaHenArdæ LosAngeles eK)an
f
begáItnUvrUbmnþ edIm,IeFVIkarKNnarkemKuNsuvtßPi aB rbs;RkumRKwHCMerAtamviFI xag eRkamenH ³

Ce = 1 - 
B 1
S  .m.n
mn  1  nm  1  2 m  1n  1
Edl Ce: CaemKuNsuvtßiPaBrbs;RkumRKwHCMerA
B: CaTTwgRKwH
S: KMlatrvagRKwHTaMg2 KitBIG½kS
m: cMnYn CYrrbs;RKwHCMerA
n: cMnYnsrsr RKwHCMerA kñúgmYyCYr
]TahrN¾³ sUmKNnarkemKuN rbs;RkumRKwHCMerA xageRkamenH ³
1m
sMrab;krNIenH m=2 ; n=3
S=1m ; B=0.3m
1m a b
0.3m
Ce = 1-
0.3

1
1  2  3
 
23  1  32  1  2 2  13  1
Ce = 0.843
dUecñH ebIRKwH 1edIm GacRT)an Qallwable = 50KN enaHRKwH 6 edImGacRT)an
252.9KN
Q = 6 Ce  Qallowable = 6  0.843  50 =
2-KNnark Ce tamrUbmnþ Converse – Labarre :
kñúgkrNIEdlRKWHCMerAeyIgeFVIkarnigkMlaMgkkit QQ *100  80%
f
Ce = 1 -  .
n  1m  m  1n
90m.n
 
Edl  = artg  
S
B
KitCadWeRk
 0 .3 
dUecñH
 = artg 
 1
  16.7

o
Ce = 1- 16.7o
 3  1   2  2  1  3  0.78
90  2  3
dUecñH sMrab;krNIxagelIenHeyIg)an³
Q = 6  0.78  50 = 234 KN
3-karKNnark Ce tamTMnak;TMngrbs;elak Feld :

kñúgkrNIEdlRKWHCMerAeyIgeFVIkarnigkMlaMgkkit QQ *100  80% eyIgGaceFVIkar KNnark)an Ce kñúg

f
krNI S = 3B. KWsMrab;srsrRKwHmYyedImEdl sßitenAEk,rsrsrRKWHd¾éTeTotRtUvfy cuHlT§PaB RTRTg;

1
16
nigsMrab;RKwH1edIm.
 sMrab;RKwH a manRKwH 3 Edl sßit enAEk,rva dUecñH lT§PaBRTRTg;vaRtUvfycuH cMnYn 3 dg
1
16
KWfyenAsl; RtwmEt 1613
én lT§PaB RTRTg;rbs;va KW 81%.
 sMrab;RKwH bmanRKwH 5 enAEk,rva dUecñH lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;vaRtUv fycuH cMnYn 5 dg KWfycuH
1
16
enAsl; RtwmEt 16
11
énlT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;va Kw 69%.
eyIgGacKNnark Ce tamTMnak;TnM gxageRkam enH ³
4  81  2  69
Ce =  0.77
6  100
dUecñH sMrab;krNIenH eyIg)an ³ Q = 6  0.77  50 = 231 KN
-sMrab;RKWHCMerAvaykñgú dI\dæeKeFVIkarsikSaeRbobeFobdUcxageRkamenH
CadMbUgeKKNna Q  m.n.Q  Q  u1 p f
Q p  Ap 9.Cu
Q f   .P.Cu .L
 Q  m.n.A .9.C   .P.C .L

u1 p u u
bnÞab;mkeKKNnark  P C L   2(L  B )C L
g u g g u
Ap q p  5,14. ApCu  5,14.Cu Lg Bg
Q u2  5,14.C u .L g Bg   2( Lg  Bg ).Cu L
bnÞab;mkeyIgeRCIserIstMélNaEdltUcCageKmkeRbI
esckþsI nñdi æan ³
- rUbmnþ TaMgb:nu µanxagelIKw Ce < 1 EdleBlxøHsMrab;xSac;EdlRtsuH Ce > 1 ehIyeKykesµImYy .
- sMrab;RKwHCMerA QrelIdIxSac;Edlhab;xøaMg Ce = 1
- karKNnark Ce tamrUbmnþ xagelIKw Gnuvtþn¾)ansMrab;Et RKwHCMerAEdlekIt eLIgeday kMlaMg
kkitEtb:ueNÑaH
- rUbmnþxagelIeFVIeGayeKrk)an Ce xus²Kña.dUecñHkñg ú eBlfµI²enH eK)anbegátI nUvTMnak; TMngkñgú kar KNnark
Ce tam viFIxageRkamenH ³
1- sMrab;KMlat S' = 3 B enaH Ce = 0.70

2- sMrab;KMlat S' = 8 B enaH Ce = 1

3- sMrab;KMlat 3B < S' < 8B enaHeyIgRtUveFVIviFanéRtfan .
4- kñúgkrNI S' < 3B ; karKNnaRtUveFVeI LIgtamviFIvaybgðab;dI Edl Tergaghi nig Peck )anesñeI LIg .
o o o o o o o o o o oo
o o o o o o o o o o o
D
B
L
eyIgGacKNnarklT§PaBRTRTg;tamrUbmnþxageRkamenH ³
1 2
QG = B.L qP + ( L + B )  D .Cu
2 3
qp = 5.14  Cu  1  0.2

D  B
Edl 1  0.2 
 B  L
CaTUeTA eKeRbIR)as;RKWHRbePTenH kñúgkrNIEdldIxagelICadIRCay ehIydIrwg sßitenA kñgú CMerAd¾EsneRCA .

]TahrN¾ ³ sUmKNnarklT§PaBRTRTg;srub rbs;RKWHCMerA bENþtEdlvayKMlat S' = 2d kñúgCMerA
4.00m ehIyman L = 1.90m ; B = 1.10m eTA kñúgdIEdlmanlkçN³RCay Cu = 15 KPa .
cMelIy
kñúgkrNI enHeyIgykTTwgRKwH d = 0.1m ; S = 0.2m
eyIgKNnark q p
qP = 5.14  15  1  0.2

4  1.10 
1  0.2   148.59
 1.10  1.90 
1 2
QG = B.L . qP + ( L + B )  D  Cu
2 3
1 2
QG =  1.10  1.90  148.59 + ( 1.9 + 1.10 )  4  15
2 3
QG = 275.28KN

IV- KNnalT§PaBRTRTg;RKwHCMerA tamkarBiesaFn¾elIkardæanpÞal;³

Calculate the bearing capacity by in situ test:
1- karBiesaFn¾ eb:eNRtUEm:RtsþaTic ³
sMrab;karKNnarkkMlaMgRTRTg;cugRKwH eKRtUvRbtibtþi tamviFIxageRkamenH ³
eKRtUvrktMélmFümrbs;er:suIsgþ ;k,alekaN kñgú RbEvg 8B
Kitcab; BIcugRKwHeLIgmkelI nig rktMélmFümrbs;er:suIsgþ ;
k,alekaNkñúgCMerA 3.75B Kitcab;BcI ugRKwH cuHmkeRkam³
eTIbeyIgyktMélTaMg2 mkrkmFümPaK.EdltMélenaHKW
CalTæPaBRTRTg;lmI itrbs;cugRKwH.
8B
B 3.75B
]TahrN¾³ RKwH rbs;eyIgmanTTwg B = 0.2m vaykñgú CMerA 4m . enaH 8B = 1.6m & 3.75B = 0.75m
taragénkarBiesaFn¾
Z (m) qc (MPa) Z (m) qc (MPa) Z (m) qc (MPa)
2.00 3.00 2.90 1.50 3.80 5.00
2.15 2.00 3.05 1.70 3.95 5.70
2.30 1.00 3.20 1.80 4.10 4.20
2.45 1.00 3.35 1.90 4.25 3.50
2.60 1.00 3.50 2.00 4.40 5.50
2.75 1.00 3.65 2.50 4.75 5.00
1  1  1  1.5  1.7  1.8  1.9  2  2.5  5  5.7
krNIenH qc1=
11
qc1= 2.28 MPa
4.2  3.5  5.5  5
qc2 =  4.55MPa
4
qc2 = 4.55MPa
q q 2.28  4.55
dUecñH lT§PaBRTRTg;cugRKwHKW ³ qp = c1 c 2 
2 2
 3.415MPa
q
lT§PaBRTRTg;GnuBaØati ³ qpall = p
F
Edl F CaemKuNsnþisux esµI 2.50
3.1415MPa
qpall =  1.365MPa
2 .5
dUecñH bnÞkú cugRKwH EdlGacTTYlRTRTg;)anKW
Qall = qall  Ap = 1.365  0.2² = 0.05464 MN

Qpall = 54.64 KN
cMeBaHkarKNnarkkMlaMgkkiteK RtUvRbtibtþidUcxageRkamenH³
cMeBaH RbePTdIPk; q < 10Kg/cm² eyIg)an qf = 30
c
q c
cMeBaH BBYkdI\dæ 10 < qc < 100Kgf/cm² eyIg)an qf = 50 q c
cMeBaH dIxSac; qf =
q
100
c
dUecñH sMrab;krNIxagelI¬dIxSac;¦eyIgmankMlaMgkkit
3  2 1
qc =  2MPa
3
q 2000KPa
qf = c   20KPa
100 100
Qf = qf x ( D – 8B )  B  4
Qf = 20 ( 4 – 1.6 )  0.2  4
Qf = 38.4KN
dUecñH lT§PaBRTRTg;srub Qall = Qp + Qf
Qall = 54.64 + 38.4 Qall = 93.04KN
karBiesaFn¾ eb:eNRtUEm:Rt DINamic³

2-
karBiesaFn¾ EbbenH GnuBaØati eGayeKeRbI)anCamYydIxSac; Etb:ueNÑaH . ÉrebobKNnadUcKñaebHbiT nwg

eb:eNRtUEm:RtsþaTic edayRKan;EtxusKñakñúgkare®bIemKuN snþsi ux Etb:eu NÑaH .
Rd
qpall =
6
b:uEnþeKGacmanTMnak;TnM grvagkarBiesaFn¾ TaMg 2 ³
 0.6 sMrab;dxI Sac;
q c
Rd
 1 sMrab;d\
I dæFmµta
q c
Rd
3-karBiesaFn¾ eb:eNRtUEm:Rtsþg;da³
KWCakarBiesaFn¾ EdlniymbMputkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ KWGacGnuBaØatieGayeK KNna)annUvlT§PaBRT RTg;

rbs;dxI Sac;)any:agRtwmRtUvbMput . eKKNna rk)an lT§PaBRTRTg;tamTMnak;TMngxageRkamenH ³
Qp = 400N.Ap
Qf = 2 N.Af
1

Q = 400N . Ap  2 N . Af
4

]TahrN¾ ³ sUmKNnarklT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH CMerA mYyedImEdl)anmkBIkarBiesaFn¾ S.P.T.

N=1
N=2 3.00m
N=5
12.00m N=6 5.00m
N=8 2.00m
N=14 2.00m
0.3m N = 16
kñúgkrNIenH 8B = 2.4m & 3.75B = 1.125m
kñúgkrNIenH tMél N EdlRtUvykmkKNnaRtUvyktMélmFüméntMélelI nwg eRkam .
14  16
N=  15
2
1 2  56
 3    5  8  2  14  2
 2   2 
rktMél N
12
= 6.3
N  6.3
dUecñH 
Q = 400  15  0.3 2  2  6.3  0.3  4  12  2.4
1
4

Q = 171.3KN
CaTUeTA eKcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkMENtamCMerA nwg TwkeRkamdIdcU manEcgkñúg CMBUkTI1 emeron RKWHrak; .

xageRkamenHCatarag sMrab;KNnalTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKWHCMerAEdlesñeI LIgedayGñkR)aCJ epSg² kñúg
kMLúgeBlcugeRkayenH
1- emKuNkMlaMgkkit  and sMrab;RKWHCMerAdMBnøictamlTæplmnÞBI iesaFn¾ :

u

RbePTdI smIkar emKuNkMlaMgkkit Éksareyag

dI\dæ ƒs u = 1.0 (Cu  25 kPa) API (1984)
usu u = 0.5 (Cu  70 kPa)
 C  25 
u = 1-  u  for 25 kPa < Cu < 70kPa
 90 
u = 1.0 (Cu  35kPa) Semple and
u = 0.5 (Cu  80kPa) Rigden (1984)
 C  35 
u = 1-  u  for 35 kPa < Cu < 80kPa
 90 

ƒs =  'z sin ' tan  ' OCR Burland (1973)
dIxSac; ƒs =  'z 0.15-0.35 (compression) McClelland (1974)
= 0.10-0.24 (tension)
0.44 for  ' =28o   Meyerhof (1976)
     0.75 for  ' =35o 
     1.2 for  ' =37o 
    
dIxSac;mins¥it ƒs =  'z      Poulos (1988)
2- emKuNkMlaMgkkit  and sMrab;RKWHCMerAxYgTMlak; tamlTæplmnÞBI iesaFn¾ :

u
RbePTdI smIkar emKuNkMlaMgkkit Éksareyag

dI\dæ ƒ s
s= u u  = 0.45(dI\dæTIRkugLúg)
u Skempton (1959)
 = 0.7 dgénRKWHdMBnøc
u i Fleming et al.(1985)
u = 0 for Z  1.5m Rease and O’Neill
and Z > L – D (1988)
u = 0.55 sMrab;krNIepSgBIenaH
dIxSac; ƒs =  'z =0.1 for  ' =33o Meyerhof (1976)

0.2 for  ' =35o
0.35 for ’=37o
dIxSac;mins¥it ƒs =  'z     Poulos (1988)

60 kPa  ƒs  100kPa
3- lTæPaBRTRTg;cugRKWH tamlTæplmnÞBI iesaFn¾ :

RbePTdI smIkar lTæPaBRTRTg;cugRKWH Éksareyag

dI\dæ qp = Nc.Cu(b) Nc=9 for L/B>3
Nc=6(1+0,2L/B)< 9
qp<3,8 MPA Skempton (1959)
( 2 ptg )
qp=Nq.’z Nq=(tg 1  tg 2  e
 p  /3sMrab;dRI Cay
  0,58 sMrab;dIrWg Janbu (1976)
dIxSac; qp= Nq.’z Nq=40 API (1984)
kMlaMgkkit sMrab;RKWHCMerA tamlTæplBiesaFn¾ SPT: f =A+BN

4- s
RbePTRKWH RbePTdI A B kMNt;sMKal; Éksareyag

RKWHdMBnøic dIxSac; 0 2 NCatMél SPTmFüm Mayerhof (1956)
Shioi & Fukui(1982)
dIxSac; laydI\dæ 10 3,3 50<N<3
fs<170KPa Decourt(1982)
dI\dæ 0 10 Shioi & Fukui(1982)


RKWHcak;enAkEnøg dIxSac; 30 2 fs<200KPa Yamashita et al.(1987)
0 5,0 Shioi & Fukui(1982)
    dI\dæ 0 fs<150KPa Yamashita et al.(1982)
       Shioi & Fukui(1982)
    
RKWHxYgTMlak; dIxSac; 0 1,0   Shioi & Fukui(1982)
Findlay(1984)
 Wrigth & Reese(1979)
 dI\dæ 0 5,0 Shioi & Fukui(1982)
10 3,3 50<N<3 Decourt(1982)

fs<170KPa
4- lTæPaBRTRTg;cugRKWHsMrab;RKWHCMerA tamlTæplBiesaFn¾ SPT: qp=C.N(MPa)

RbePTRKWH RbePTdI C kMNt;sMKal; Éksareyag

RKWHdMBnøic dIxSac; 0,45 NCatMél SPTmFüm
kñúgtMbn;cugRKWHeFVkI ar Matin et al. (1987)

0,40 Decourt(1982)
L
0,04 s
B
Ls RbEvgRKWHlickñgú dIxSac;
C<0,40 Mayerhof(1976)
dIlÆayxSac; 0.35 Matin et al. (1987)
dI\dæ 0,20 Matin et al. (1987)
dI\dæ 0,12 Decourt(1982)
RKWHcak;enAkEnøg dIxSac; 0,15 qp< 3.0MPa Shioi & Fukui(1982)

 qp< 7.5MPa Yamashita et al.(1982)
 dI\dæ 0,15  Yamashita et al.(1982) 
    
RKWHxYgTMlak; dIxSac; 0,1   Shioi & Fukui(1982)
 dI\dæ 0,15 Shioi & Fukui(1982)

V- karKNnasMrutrbs;RKwHCMerA ³
(Calculate the settlement of pile foundation)
V-1- KNnasMrutPøam²rbs;RKwHCMerA
sMrab;karKNnasMrutPøam²rbs;RKwHCMerARtÚvGnuvtþtamrUbmnþxageRkam
Si  Si1  Si2  Si3
Edl Si sMrutEdlekIteLIgedayPaBywtrbs;ebtug
1
Si sMrutEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgcugRKwH
2
Si sMrutEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgkkit
3
(Q pall  Q all
f )L
Si1 
Ap E p
Edl Q CabnÞkú GnuBaØatEdlcugRKwHTTYlRTRTg;

p.all

CabnÞúkGnuBaØatEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgkkit
Qf.all
A muxkat;cugRKwH
p
E Cam:UDulPaByWtrbs;ebtug
p
 CaemKuNEdlCaTUeTAeKykesµI 0/50
q all
p B
Si2  0.85 (1   2 )
E
Edl q Caer:sIusþg;EdlcugRKwHTTYlRTRTgGnuBaØat
p.all
 CaemKuN Poisson
BTTwgcugRKwH
E Cam:UDulPaByWtrbs;dc I ugRKwH
enAkñgú qñaM1977elak Vesic )anesñIeLIgnUvrUbmnþedIm,IKNnark Si 2
Q C
Si 
2
Bq
Edl q Caer:sIusþgc; ugRKwH cugeRkaybMput
p p
u
u
C CaemKuNKNnatamtaragxageRkam
p
RbePTdI RKwHdMBnøic RKwHxYgTMlak;

xSac;BhI ab;eTARtsuH 0/02-0/04 0/09-0/18
dI\dæBIrwgeTARCay 0/02-0/03 0/03-0/06
dIl,aym:dæ 0/03-0/05 0/09-0/12
Q all B
Si3  f
(1   2 ) I f
PL E
Edl Q CabnÞkú GnuBaØatEdlekIteLIgedaykMlaMgkkit
f.all
 CaemKuN Poisson
BTTwgcugRKwH
E Cam:UDulPaByWtrbs;dc
I ugRKwH
P CabrimaRtcugRKwH
L CaRbEvgRKwH
L
I f  2  0.35
B
enAkñgú qñaM1977elak Vesic )anesñIeLIgnUvrUbmnþedIm,IKNnark Si 3
Q C
Si 
3
Lq
f
Edl C  (0.93  0.16
s L
s
B
)C p
u
sMrab;karKNnasMrutPøam²rbs;RkúmRKwHCMerA RtUveFVIeLIgtamrUbmnþxageRkam
Bg
Sig  Si
B
0.92q Bg
sMrab;karBiesaFn¾ SPT Sig (mm) 
Ncor
I
q
Qg
Lg B g
nig I  1
L
8
Bg
sMrab;karBiesaFn¾eb:eNRtÚEm:RtsþaTic Sig 
qBg I
2q c
Edl qc CatMélekaNer:ssIu þg;
9999999
V-2- KNnasMruttMbUgrbs;RkúmRKwHCMerA
sMrab;karKNnasMruttMbUgrbs;RkúmRKwHCMerA RtUveFVIeLIg dUcKñaebHbiTeTAnwg RKwHrak;edayRKan;EteyIg
bMElg BI RKwHCMerA eTACaRKwHrak;dUcrUbxageRkamenH ³
Q
2
D D
3
B
B'
RsTab; dI Tn; rW RCay
fµ rWdI rwg hab; enACMerA eRCA

)anesckþIfaeyIgTTYl)anRKwHrak;fµI edayRKan;EtecjBI CMerA 23 D eyIgKUsebIkmuM 1edk 2 Qrecj

BIEKmRKwH eyIgTTYl)an B' nig L' rbs;RKwHrak;snµt;. kñúgkrNIenHbnÞúkrayesµIeTA)atRKwHesµI nwg q  BQ'.L' .
karKNnasMrutRtÚvKitcab;BICMerA 23 D
]TahrN¾³ KNnarksMrutrbs;RkúmRKwHCMerAxageRkamenaH.RKwHmancMnYn 9 edIm manmuxkat; 0/30m
vaybBa©ÚleTAkñúgdIkñúgKMlat 3B QrelId\I dærwgkñúgCMerA 8/0m.bnÞab;BIeFVIkarKNna eyIgTTYl)anCMerA
lkçN½esµInwg 3/0m.cMeBaHsmµtki mµepSg²eTotmanerobrab;dUxageRkamenH³
Qp=110 KN, Qf =60KN, qp=1223KPa, qu = 2446KPA, Ep=21000000KPa, E=25000KPa,
L=8.0m,Qg=1500KN,WL= 40.50,e0= 0.65,s=2.70, = 2.0g/cm3, =0.30
Q = 1500KN
WL=25
e0=0.89
E=2000KPa
s=2.65 B= 0.3m 8.00m
=1.8
2.0m
0.9m 0.9m
3.0m
2.1m
KNnarksMrutPøam²rbs;RKwHmYyedIm
(Q p  Q f ) L (110  0.5  60)  8
Si1    0.6mm
Ap E p 0.32  21000000
qpB 1223 0.3
Si2  0.85 (1   2 )  0.85 (1  0.3 2 )  11.35mm
E 25000
Qf B 60  0.3
Si3  (1   2 ) I f  (1  0.3 2 )  3.81  0.26mm
PL E 1.2  8  25000
L 8
I f  2  0.35  2  0.35  3.81
B 0.3
dUecñHsMrutPøam²sMrab;RKwHmYyedIm
Si=0.6+11.35+0.26=12.21mm
KNnarksMrutPøam²rbs;RkúmRKwH 9 edIm
Bg 2.1
Sig  Si 
 12.21  33.06mm
B 0.3
Bg =2x3B+B=6x0.3+0.3=2.10m
Sig=33.06mm
KNnarksMruttMbUgrbs;dI\dæ
sMrab;krNIenH 23 .D  23 .8  5.33m dUecñH )atRKwHsnµt;RtÚvKitcab;ecjBICMerA 5/33m)anesckþIfa
RKwHeyIgQrelIdIPk;EdlmankMras; h = 6.0 –5.33 =0.67m
-sMrab;RsTab;TmI YyEdlCadIPk;eyIgman³
WL 25
C c  0.2343  s  0.2343 2.65  0.155
100 100
KNnarkkMlaMgsMBatmFümenAkNþalRsTab;T1I ³
1500
t   340.14KPa
2.12
1500
m   252.98KPa
(2.1  0.335) 2
1500
b   195.50KPa
( 2.1  0.67) 2
340.14  4  252.98  195.5
   257.92KPa
6
KNnarkkMlaMgsgát;tKñarbs;deI nAkNþalRsTab;TI1
0.67
 0  18  (5.33  )  101.97KPa
2
dUecñHsMruttMbUgsMrab;RsTab;TI1KW³
 CcH   0     0.155  0.67  101.97  257.92 
Sc   lg   0.80   lg   0.8  2.40Cm
1  e 0  0   1  0.89  101 .97 
Sc1=2.40Cm
-sMrab;RsTab;TI2EdlCadI\dærwg
WL 40.50
C c  0.2343  s  0.2343 2.70  0.2562
100 100
KNnarkkMlaMgsMBatmFümenAkNþalRsTab;TI2³
1500
t   195.50KPa
(2.1  0.67) 2
1500
m   70.89KPa
(2.1  2.5) 2
1500
b   29.75KPa
(2.1  5) 2

195.50  4  70.89  29.75

   84.80KPa
6
KNnarkkMlaMgsgát;tKñarbs;deI nAkNþalRsTab;TI2
 0  18  6  20  2.5  158KPa
dUecñHsMruttMbUgsMrab;RsTab;TI2KW³
 CcH   0     0.2562 5  158  84.80 
Sc   lg   0.80   lg   0.8  11.59Cm
1  e0   0   1  0.65  158 
Sc2=11.59Cm
dUecñHsMruttMbUgsrubsMrab;RKwHrbs;eyIg KW Sc=Sc +Sc =2.4+11.59=13.99 Cm
1 2
eyIgsegáteXIjfa sMrutkñúgkrNIenHmantMélFMCag 8 sm EdlCatMésMrutGnuBaØat.EdlkñúgkrNIenHeyIg

caM)ac;RtÚvbEnßmcMnYnRKwH edIm,IkuMeGaysMNg;eyIgmankareRbHRsaM.
sMrab;karKNnasMrutdMbUg eyIgEckecjCa3lkçN½
- lkçN½TI1 sMrab; lkçN½enHRKWHeyIgQrelIdIRCay dUecñHecjBIRbEvg 2/3LeKebIkmMu 1edk 2 Qr.
EdlecjBIcMNucenaHeyIgKitfaRKWHeyIgQrelIdIRCayEdlmankMras;Z . 1
- lkçN½TI2 sMrab; lkçN½enHRKWHeyIgQrelIdIrgW edaybukcUldIrWgkñúgCMerAL dUecñHecjBIRbEvg 2/3L

2 2
eKebIkmMu 1edk 2 Qr. EdlecjBIcMNucenaHeyIgKitfaRKWHeyIgQrelIdI rWgEdlmankMras;Z . 2
- lkçN½TI3 sMrab; lkçN½enHRKWHeyIgQrelIdIrgW xøagM dUecñHecjBIRbEvg L eKebIkmMu 1edk 2 Qr.

EdlecjBIcMNucenaHeyIgKitfaRKWHeyIgQrelIdI rWgxøaMgEdlmankMras;Z.
2/3L
dIRCay L1
L dIRCay
dIRCay
2/3L2
L2
dIrgW
Z1
dIRCay Z2 dIrgW xøaMg Z


VI-RKwHCMerAeRTt³ (Inclination pile)

kñúgkrNIEdlkMlaMgeyIgCakMlaMgeRTt . enaHsMrab;BBYkRKwHCMerA kMlaMgFak;eTAxagEdl GnuBaØati eGay
eRbI)anKW ³
RbePTRKwH k,alRKwH RbePTdI Q (KN) H
eQI (B=0.3m) esrI xSac; 6.70
dI\dæ 6.70
eQI (B=0.3m) bgáb; xSac; 18.00
dI\dæ 18.00
ebtug (B=0.3m) esrI nig bgáb; xSac; 27.00
dI\dæ 22.00
1- eyIgcat;Tk u fa k,alRKwHeyIgbgáb;kñúgkrNI EdlvaliccUleTAkñúg ebtug rbs;KMrbRKwHy:agehac

Nas; 50cm.
2- sMrab;d\ I dæEdlmanlkçN³RCayxøaMgenaHGacmanRtwmEt Q = 5KN . H
3- RKwHebtug EdlBenøceTAkñúgdIRCay ehIymankMlaMgrujeTAxag Q > 5KN vamanbNþaleGay

H
RKwHenaHekag .
4- karrGileTAxagsMrab;sMNg;TUeTA GnuBaØatieGaybMlas;T)I anRtwmEt 6mm Etb:ueNÑaH .
5- kñúgkrNIEdlkMlaMgFak;eTAxagmantMélFM ehIyelIstMél GnuBaØatieKcaM)ac;RtUveRbIRKwHCMerAeRTt
.EdlRKwHeRTtenaHrgnUvbnÞúk Q EdlmankMb:Usg; bnÞúk Ca Q & Q .

R H V
QV QR
QH
CaTUeTAkñúglkçN
½ Ð tulüPaBeyIgmanTMnak;TnM g ³
QV
QR   QN
Cos

rWQ
V  QN.Cos
B

sMrab; Q eyIgeFVIkarKNnadUcRKwHEkgFmµta .sMrab;muM  EdlRtUveRCIserIsmkeRbIenaHeyIgRtUv

N
Gnuvtþn¾tamviFIdUcxageRkamenH ³
1- RKwHEdlcak;eTAkardæan³
- ebI B > 1.20 eyIgmincaM)ac;bBa©ÚnvaeRTteT
- ebI 0.8  B < 1.20 enaH  = 12 o
- ebI B < 0.8 enaH  =12 sMrab;xSac;CaMTwk nig  = 18 xSac;sÜ¶t.

o o
2- RKwHCMerAdMsMBgBenøc³
sMrab;RKwHRbePTenHryIgykmuM  = 20 o
 kñúgkrNIEdlkMlaMgrujeTAxagmantMélFMenaH nwgmanRKWHCMerAmYy cMnYneFVIkarsNþkecj BIdI begáIt)an
CakMlaMgkkit . EdlkñúgkrNIenH RKWHrbs;eyIgeFVIkarnwg kMlaMgkkitTaMgRsug .

QH QV

99999
CMBUk 3
CBa¢aMgTb;dI
Retaining wall
Fa
FP W
T
N
I- kMlaMgruj nig kMlaMgTb;³
eRkABITgM n;pÞal;énCBa¢aMgTb;dI tamrUbPaBxagelIenH ¬TMgn;pÞal;enaHKW W¦ eyIgmankMlaMgepSg² eTot
EdleyIgGtßaFib,aydUcxageRkam ³
1- enAEpñkxagmuxCBa¢aMg (in front of the wall) dIEdleyIgbMeBjenATIenaH begát I nUvkMlaMg
mYyEdlFak;CBa¢aMgRTeyIgeGayRkLab;.kMlaMgFak;enaHeyIgehAfakMlaMgrujEdleyIgsresr
faCa Fa ( Pushing strength)ehIy a KWCa active ¬skmµ¦ .
2- enAxageRkayCBa¢aMg (behind of the wall) EdleKbMeBjdI bnþicbnÞÜckMlaMg dIenaH man ekIt
eLIgedIm,I Tb;CBa¢aMgeyIgkuM eGayRkLab;tamkMlaMg Fa. eyIgsresrkMlaMgpÞb; Fp (retaining)

P mann½yfaCa Passive ¬Gskmµ¦ .
3- enA)atCBa¢aMgeyIgmankMlaMg 2 ³
1-CakMlaMgRTéndI (N)

2- CakMlaMgEdlekIteLIgGMBIkarkkitrvag)atCBa¢aMg nig dI . eyIgehAfa T CakMlaMgedIm,ITb;

kuMeGayCBa¢aMgeyIgrMkil)an (Resistance of friction)
Z Soil ; 
V
M h
v = Z
h
h = Ko V ; Ko =
V
eyIgKitfa épÞdIEdleyIgmanykmksikSa manTMhMTUlMTUlay (no limit) manPaBdUcKña (smooth)
ehIyGuIsURtUbeTot (isotropy) enARtg;cMnuc M EdlmanCMerA Z eyIgmankMlaMgmYyFak;bBa¢ÚnRtg; BIelIeTAeRkam
. kMlaMgenaHesµInwg  = Z. enARtg;cMNcu M dEdlebIeyIgsnµt;famanépÞbBaÄrRtg;mYy enaH
V
eyIgmankMlaMgmYyeTot EdlFak;Rtg;eTAelIépÞbBaÄrenaH tammuM 90 ehIykMlaMgepþkesµIenaH mantMél

o
h = Ko.V
h
Ko =
V
CaktþasMBaFépÞTTwg (Coefficient of stress lateral)
 esckþIkt;sMKal; ³ kareFVIkarKNnaKWsMrab;EtkarKNnaCa Pressure effective )ann½yfa eyIg RtUv
EckCakMlaMg 2 ³
1- kMlaMgdI
2- kMlaMgTwk
kMlaMgEdlbegáItmkBI dI KWRtUveFVIKNnatam sat - w ebIRbsinNaCa u CakMlaMgsMBaF begáIt eLIg

edayTwk enAkñgú dI ehIyebI Ko =  '' h ( 'h & 'v CakMlaMgFak;pÞal; effective enAkñúgdI )enaHeyIg)an ³
V
h = u + 'h = u + Ko.'V
V = u + 'V
tMél Ko CaFmµtatUcCag 1 EdlmantMélesµnI wg Ko = 1- Sin' ¬ CamuéM nkarkkitkñúgéndI internal friction
angle ¦
dIxSac;RtsuH Ko = 0.45 – 0.50
dIxSac;ENnhab; Ko = 0.40 – 0.45

dI\dæFmµta Ko = 0.50
dI\dæEdlrwghYsehtu Ko > 0.50

KwxøHEdlrwghYtEhg ENnNab; over consolidated Ko GacmantMéFMCag 1 .

II- PaBnwgnr lImIt Rankine

Equilibrium limit of Rankine
dIRtsuH : Cohesionless soil ( C=0 ; 0 ) eyIgdwgehIy fa enAcMNuc MmYyenAkñgú dIeyIgGac man
kMlaMgsMBaF rW kMlaMgFak;pÞal; h EdlmantMélesµnI wg h = Ko. V = Ko.Z . ebIRbsinNaCakMlaMgsMBaF
enaH rW kMlaMgFak;pÞal; enaHCakMlaMgrujéndIeTAelICBa¢aMgeyIg .
enaHeyIgnwg )an   Ko ha
dUecñH tamkarBiesaFn¾ énelak Rankine tMél Ko enHesµInwg Ko=KaCaktþa énkMlaMg sMBaFskmµ

épÞTTwg EdlmantMélesµInwg ³
 ha 1  Sin '  
Ka =   tg  450  
 V 1  Sin  2
eyIgGaceGayeQµaH Ka )anfaCaktþakMlaMgruj . enAxagEpñkkMlaMgTb;vij kMlaMgTb;enH begáIt )anCakMlaMg
sMBaFEdleyIgsresrfaCa hP ehIyEdltMél   Kp CaktþaénkMlaMgTb;( Coefficient of retaining ).
hp
 hp 1  Sin  
Kp =   tg 2  45o  
 V 1  Sin  2
esckþIknM t;sMKal; ³

1- eyIgsegáteXIjfa Ka =
1
Kp
2- enAEpñk skmµ rW EpñkkMlaMgrujeyIgman ha = ZKa =  .Ka V
3- enAEpñkkMlaMgTb; hP = ZKp =  .Kp V
ha & hP CakMlaMgFak;pÞal; FMcb

M g (main pushing and retaining stress)
düaRkam Mohr sMrab;dIxSac;³
    .tg  c

M

0 
h 0' v
düaRkam Mohr sMrab;dI\dæ³


   .tg  c

M
C

0 h v
Soil  ; 
Cohesionless soil hP = Z.KP ha = Z.Ka
Z retaining Z pushing
* ebIdeI yIgmansPaBecat 
Ka ()

ebIRbsinNaCadIeyIgmansPaBecat manmuM  nig épÞrabesµI elak Rankine )anbBa©Úl nUvktþa kMlaMg

rujdI kMlaMgTb;edayrUbmnþ ³
1 Cos  Cos 2   Cos 2
Ka() = 
Kp (  ) Cos  Cose2   Cos 2
dUecñH ³ ha() = Z.Ka() . Cos

hP() = Z.KP() . Cos
dIst¥i (C  0 ;   0 )
elIépÞrabesµI ³ elak Rankine )aneFVkI arBiesaFn¾ teTAeTotenAkñgú dIs¥itEdlman  nig C xusBI
0.lT§plénkarBiesaFn¾ )aneGayelakrkeXIjnUvtMélkMlaMgFak;pÞal;rabesµI kñúgEpñkkMlMagruj nUvtMél
dUcteTA³
1  Sin 1  Sin
ha = . V  2C.
1  Sin 1  Sin
1  Sin 1  Sin
ha = .Z  2C.
1  Sin 1  Sin
-2C Ka
(-)
ht
hc
(+)
Z

ebIsinNaCa 11  Sin
Sin
 Ka enaH
ha = Ka.Z – 2C Ka
ebI Z = 0 enaH ha = – 2C Ka
Z = ht =
2C Ka
Ka 
; enaH ha = 0
)ann½yfa enAEpñkBI 0  ht kMlaMgFak;pÞal;enAcMNuc M NamYymantMéltUcCag 0 dUecñHdIeFVIkarTaj cUlCa

Compression dUecñH ebI eyIgCIkRbLayeTAkñúg dI\dæ CMerAesµn
I wg hc enaH épÞbBaÄrénRbLayeyIgBu)M ak;eLIy
edayehtu fa kMlaMgFak;pÞal;enAelIcMNcu NamYyénkMBs; hcEdlesµInwg 2ht kMlaMgFak;pÞal;enaHman tMél esµI
0 elIépÞTaMgmUl . k¾b:uEnþebieyIgTukRbLay eyIgyUrGEgVg enaHdI eyIghYtEhg  eRbH manTwk RCab enaH
épÞmat; RbLaynwg )ak;EbkehIyrlMenAéf¶NamYyCaminxan .

**
tMél hc & ht
2C Ka 2C 2C  o  
ht =   .tg  45  
Ka  Ka   2
4C  o  
hc = 2ht = .tg  45  
  2
enAEpñkkMlaMgTb; retaining.
1  Sin 1  Sin
 hP  . V  2C.
1  Sin 1  Sin
1  Sin 1  Sin
 hP  .Z  2C. 2C Kp
1  Sin 1  Sin
hP = Kp. Z + 2C. Kp

hP
State of retaining
cohesion soil
1-kareFVIKNnaénkMlaMgruj enAkúúñgdIRbePTRtsuH²³
]TahrN¾1³ dIKµanTwk
sUmeFVIkarKNnanUvkMlaMgruj rabesµeI TAelICBa¢aMgRTtamrUbPaBxageRkamenH .
Sol  et 
H ha
Wall
Fra
1
H
3

1  Sin
ha = Z.Ka = Z.
1  Sin
H
2
H Z
Fra =  o
Z .Ka.dZ  Ka
2
O
1
Fra = . .Ka.H 2
2
kMlaMgrujenAelIcMNcu NamYyénCBa¢aMgmantMél ³
1  Sin
ha = Z.Ka = Z.
1  Sin
dUecñHebIeyIgCMnYskMlaMgFak;TaMgGs;edaykMlaMgeTal Fra mYyenaHeyIg nwg)an³
H
2
`H Z
Fra= 0
Z .Ka.dZ   .Ka
2
0
1
Fra = . .KaH 2
2
sMrab;klM aMgFak;eTAelICBa¢aMgmansPaBeRTt enaHeyIgnåg)an

1
Fra  K a H 2 cos  kñúgkrNIenHeyIgnågmankMb:Usg;énkMlaMg2 KW
2
V  Fra Cos nig H  Fra Sin
CakMlaMgrujeTAelICBa¢aMg Tb;dIkúñgbeNþayCBa¢aMg 1m. Fra cucenAcMkBM s;
Fra
1
3
H Kit cab;BI
)atCBa¢aMg eTAelI .
]TahrN¾ sUmeFVIkarKNnakMlaMgEdlrujeTAelICBa¢aMgtamrUbPaBdUcxageRkamenH ³
a
HW 'ha = HW .Ka

b
+
H Sol  , sat , 

(sat - w)(H-Hw)Ka
C .
wKa (H - HW)
'ha = ( HW . + (H - HW).' ).Ka
' = sat - w
H = 10M ; HW = 3M ;  = 18KN/m³ ; sat = 20KN/m³
w = 10KN/m³ ;  = 30o
cMNuc a : ha = 0 ; u = 0
 1  Sin
cMNuc b : Ka = 11  Sin 
Sin 1  Sin
 0.333
'ha = HW..Ka = 3  18  0.333 = 18KN/m²

u=0
cMNuc C : 'ha = 18 + (20 – 10) (10-3) . 0.333 = 41.33KN/m²
u = 10 (10-3) = 70
18KPa
2
3 4
70KPa
41KPa
1
1- Fra1 =  18  3  27KN
2
2- Fra 2= 18  7 = 126KN
1
3- Fra3 =  7(41  18)  80.50KN
2
1
4- Fra 4=  7  70  245KN
2
Fra = 478.50 KN
eyIgEcképÞCa 4³
Fra = No1 + No2 + No3 +No4 = 478.50 KN
 Mc = 0
7 7 7
478.50.H = 27  (1+7) + 126   80.50   245 
2 3 3
kMlaMgTaMgGs;Edlruj eTAelICBa¢agM mantMélesµnI wg 478.50 KN kñúgbeNþay 1m énCBa¢aMgdUecñH ³
Fra1.h1 + Fra2.h2 + Fra3.h3 + Fra4.h4 = Fra.H

ebIsinNaCaeyIgyk C CacMNucvilénm:Um:g;enaHeyIg)an ³
7 7 7 H = 2.95m
27 (1+7) + 126.  80.50.  245.  478.50.H
2 3 3
]TahrN¾³ sUmeFIVkarKNnatMélkMlaMgrujeTAelICBa¢agM Tb; nig cMNucsgáté; nkMlaMgrujenaHeTAtam
rUbPaB dUc xageRkam ³
3m Sand  = 20
 = 30o
Gravel  = 22
7m  = 30o
3.45m
1  Sin 1  Sin30o
Sand  = 30  Ka =
o
  0.333
1  Sin 1  Sin30o
1  Sin38o
gravel =  = 38o  Ka =  0.238
1  Sin38o
-Sand CaRbePTdüaRkamkMlaMgFak;pÞal; epþkesµI
ha = .Z.Ka
Z = 0  ha = 0
Z = 3  ha = 20  3  0.333 = 20KPa
-Gravel CaRbePTdüaRkamkMlaMgFak;pÞal; epþkesµI
Z = 3  ha = 20  3  0.238 = 14.3KPa
Z = 10 kñúgdIRKYsenaH ha esµInwg
ha = 20  3  0.238 + 22  7  0.238 = 50.71 KN
ebI Fra CakMlaMgrYmEdlFak;rju eTAelICBa¢aMgeyIgenaH Fra esµInwg
1 1
Fra =  20  3   (14.3  50.71)  7  257.50KN
2 2
eyIg)an M=0 ebI Z CaédXñas;rbs;klM aMg Fra enaHeyIg)an
1 7 1 7
Fra  Z1 = 257.5  Z1= (20  3)(1  7)  14.3  7   (50.7  14.3)  7 
2 2 2 3
dUecµH Fra = 257.50 enaH Z 1 = 3.45m BI)atCBa¢aMgeLIgeTAelI

]TahrN¾³ sUmeFVIkarKNnanUvtMél énkMlaMgEdlFak;rju eTAelICBa¢aMg nig édXñas; énkMlaMg enaH

tamrUbPaBxageRkamenH ³
= 20o
8m Sable  = 20
 = 30o
Cos  Cos 2   Cos 2

Ka() =  0.441
Cos  Cos 2   Cos 2
ebI Z = 0 enaH ha = Z.Ka() = 0
Z = 8m  ha = 20  8 x 0.441= 70.56 KPa
dUecñH 1
Fra = .H 2 .Ka .Cos
2
1
= .20.8 2.0.441.Cos20o  265
2
H
3
8
 Z   2.67
3
BI)atCBa¢aMg.
lMhat;³ sUmeFVIkarKNnanUvkMlaMgruj eTAelICBa¢aMg
20o
5m Sand  = 20 44,10KPa
 = 30o 20o 4 26,70KPa

5m Gravel  = 22
 = 40o
56,07KPa
Cos  Cos 2   Cos 2

Sand xSac; Ka() =  0,441
Cos  Cos 2   Cos 2
dUcKña Gravel RKYs Ka() = 0,267
ha = Z.Ka().
Z = 0 ; Sand xSac; ha = 0
Z = 5 ; Sand xSac; ha = 20  5  0,441 = 44,10KPa
Z = 5 ; Gravel RKYs ha = 20  5  0,267 = 26,7KPa
Z = 10 ; Gravel RKYs ha = (20  5 + 22  5 ) 0,267 =56,07
dUecñH eyIgGacrkkMlaMg Fra eXIjeday

Fra = Fra 1+ Fra 2 + Fra 3
1 1
Fra 1 =  .H 2 Ka.Cos = .20.52 0,441.Cos20o  103,6 KN / m
2 2
Fra 2 = 26,7 5 x Cos20 =125.45 KN/m
o
5
Fra 3 = (56,07-26,70)Cos20o 2 =68,99 KN/m
Fra = 103.6 + 125,45+68,99 = 298,05KN/m
Fra1= Fra 1.CosCos20o = 97,35 KN/m
Fra2= Fra 2.CosCos20o =117,88 KN/m
Fra3= Fra 3.CosCos20o = 64,83 KN/m
Fra= Fra 1+ Fra 2+ Fra 3 =97,35+117,88+64,83 =280,05
5  5 5
280,05. Z  Fra1   5   Fra2   Fra3 .
3  2 3
 97,35  6,67  117,88  2,5  64,83  1,67 
Z   =3,75m
 280,05 
Kitcab;B)I atCBa¢aMg.
Z  3.75m
2-kareFVKI NnaénkMlaMgruj enAkúúñgdIRbePT\dæ³

sUmeFVIkarKNnanUv kMlaMgrujEdlsgát;eTAelI CBa¢aMgTb;enAkñúgdIs¥ittamrUbPaBxageRkam³
-2C Ka  12.7 KPa
ht
Sol
10m  = 20 KN/m³

C = 10Kna
 = 25o Z1
68.3KPa
ha = .Z.Ka – 2C Ka
H
Fra =   ha .d .Z
0
H H
Fra =   .Ka.Z .d .Z   2C Ka .d .Z
0 0
1
Fra = . .Ka.H 2  2C Ka .H
2
1  Sin25o
 = 25o  Ka =  0.405
1  Sin25o
Z = 0  ha = -2C Ka  2  10 0.405 = -12.7KPa
Z = 10  ha = 20  10  Ka – 2  100.405 = 68.3KPa
2C 2  10
ha = 0  .Z.Ka = 2C Ka  Z  ht    1.57m
 Ka 20 0.405
kMlaMgdI Edlrujsgáte; TAelICBa¢agM KW³
1
Fra = . .H 2 .Ka  2C Ka .H
2
1
Fra = .20  10 2  0.405  2  10  10 0.405
2
Fra = 278KN/m
ebI Z CaédXñas;énkMlaMg Fra cab;BI)atCBa¢agM eLIgeTAelI enaHeyIg)an ³
1
10  1.57 1  
 68.310  1.57 
1 2
Fra .Z1 =   12.7  1.571.57   10  1.57 
2 3 2  3 
dUecñH Z = 2.57m
1
lMhat;³ sUmeFVIkarKNnanUv tMélénkMlaMgEdlrujeTAelI CBa¢agM dUc rUbPaBxageRkamenH .

sUmbBa¢ak;nUvcMNuc EdlkMlaMgenaHsgát; eTAelICBa¢aMg .
-12.3Kpa
ht = 1.81m
3m
ht = 1.19m
Sol ;  = 18KN/m³
10m ' = 10KN/m
C' = 10KPa +
' = 27o(K = 0.376)

34.3KPa 70KPa
2C '
ht =  1.81m
 Ka
ha = .Z.Ka – 2C Ka
Z = 0  ha = -2C Ka = 210 0.376  12.3KPa
Z = 3  ha = 183Ka - 2  10 Ka  8KPa
Z = 10  ha = (18  3 + 10.7).0.376 – 2  10 0.376  34.3KPa
ebI Z = 10 enaH Z man 2 EpñkEdlesµInwg
Z = 18  3 + 10 7 (10 Ca ')
dUecñH eBl Z = 10 ha = 34.3KPa
enAeBl Z = 10 enaHkMlaMgsMBaFénTwkmantMél
7
u = 10  7 = 70KPa Fau= 70x =245 KPa
2
1
Fra1= -  12.3  1.81  11.10
2
1
Fra2 =  8(3  1.81)  4.76
2
Fra3 = 8(10 – 3) = 56
1
Fra4 = (10  3)(104.3  8)  337.05
2
Fra =  Frai = 631.71 KN/m
 1  1.19   10  3   10  3  7 7
Fra  Z1 = Fra 10  1.81   Fra 2   10  3   Fra3    Fra 4   +u x x  
 3  3   2   3  2 3
 Z1 = 2.35m Kitcab;BI)atCBa¢aMg eLIgeTAelI .

III-CBa¢aMg Tb;dI³ Retaining wall

enAkñgú emeron xagmuxeyIg)aneFVIkarGFib,ay GMBkI tþaénkMlaMgruj nig kMlaMgTb; .
enAkñgú CMBkU enH eyIgnwg niyayGMBI viFsI aRsþ eFVCI Ba¢aMgTb;kuMeGay dI)ak; . enaHKWeyIgnwg eFVIkar sikSa
GMBIsaß nPaBlMnwg rbs;CBa¢aMgTb; .
CadMbUg eyIgniyayGMBI TMhM nig vimaRtrbs;CBa¢aMgEdlcaM)ac; ³

CBa¢aMgeFVIkarTb;dIedayTMgn;xønÚ ÉgpÞal;³(Gravity wall)

1-
CBa¢aMgRbePTenHeFVIkarTb;dIedayTMgn;xnøÜ ÉgpÞal;. eKplitvaBIebtugedayKµaneRbIsrésEdleT EdlCYn

kaleKerob\dæ rW erobfµ eFVICBa¢aMgEtmþg .
H
Min = 30cm 
12
Minimal 2%
H
t
t
2
H H
t  t  
8 6
1 2
 H
2 3
CBa¢aMgeFVIkarTb;dIedaym:mÚ :g;³(Cantilever wall)
2-
CBa¢aMgRbePTenHeFVIkarTb;dIedaym:Um:g;EdlbegáIteLIg edaydIEdlsgát;elIeCIgtagRKåH rbs; CBa¢aMg.

eKplitvaeLIg BIebtugEdlman q¥wgEdkenABIxagkñúg TMhMrbs;vaman bgðajtam rUb PaB xageRkamenH ³
H
(Min 30cm)
24
2% 
B
H
3
H H
12 12

H 2H
2 3
B
IV-KNnarkPaBlMnwg rbs; CBa¢aMg³ Wall stability tamviFIelak Rankine
eKEckkarsikSaGMBsI ßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBa¢aMgCa 3RbePT ³
1-sßanPaBlMnwgrbs;CBa¢aMgTb;Tl; nig kardYlrlM (Stability against overturning)
edaymankMlaMgruj Fa rW CYnkaleKtageday Pah enAkñúgry³kMBs; h vaGaceFVIeGay CBa¢agM dYl rlM

1
eday m:mU :g;énkMlaMgvil ¬emIlrUbTI VI-1 xageRkamenH ¦.

Edl W CaTMgn;rbs;CBa¢aMgbUk nig TMgn;dIEdlsgát;eTAelICBa¢agM kñúgkrNIenHkMlaMg W sgát;cM Bak;
kNþal TIRbCuMTgM n;én dI nig CBa¢aMg .
b1 KWCaRbEvgEdkXñas; begáIt)anCam:m U :gC; amYy W
h1 KWCaRbEvgEdkXñas; begáIt)anCam:m U :gC; amYynwg Pah edIm,IrujCBa¢aMgeGayRkLab; .
Pav KWCabgÁM vuc
i T½rEkgRbsinebIkMlaMgruj rbs;eyIgCakMlaMgeRTt ( Fa eRTt )
Fa2 = Pah2 + Pav2
BKWCa TTwgrbs;)atCBa¢agM .
sMrab;krNIenHeyIgmanTMnak;TMng F.S = Pah.hWb Pav.B  1.50 or
1
F.S =
M R
 1.50
1 M 0
Edl M0 Ca plbUkénm:mU :g; rbs; kMlaMgTb;rbs; CBa¢aMg

M Ca plbUkénm:m
R U :g; rbs; kMlaMgrujeTAelICBa¢aMg
dUecñH edIm,IeGayCBa¢agM eyIgmanlMnwg luHRtaEt F.S > 1.50
2- sßanPaBlMnwgrbs;CBa¢aMgTb;Tl;nwg karrGileTAmux³ (Stability against Sliding )
fVIt,itEteyIg)aneFVIkarepÞógpÞat;kgñú krNITI1 ehIyeXIjfaCBa¢agM eyIgmanlMnwg k¾eday b:Eu nþ minEmn

)an esckþfI a vaminrGileTAmuxenaHeLIy . dUecñH caM)ac;RtUveFVIkaepÞógpÞat; sßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBa¢aMgTb;Tl;
nwgkarrGil ¬emIlrUbTI VI-2 xageRkamenH¦
Pav
Pa
W
Pah
h1 rUbTI VI-1
b1

Pav
W Pah
Rh
rUbTI VI-2
B
b c
d e
Key
Passive resistance
kñúgkrNIenH Rh KWCakMlaMgkkitEdlekIteLIgrvag)at CBa¢aMg nig dI ³
Rh = Wtg' sMrab;dx I Sac; nig RKYs rW dIl,ay
Rh = C.B sMrab;BBYk dI\dæ Edl dac;xatminGacyk C FMCag 100KPa
tMél tg' mandUcxageRkamenH

- xSac; rW RKYssuT§ tg' = 0.55
- xSac; nig RKYs laydIl,ay rW dI\dæ tg' = 0.45
- dIl,ay tg' = 0.35
dUecñH eyIgnwgmanTMnak;TnM g dUcxageRkamenH ³
F.S =
Rh
 1.50 or F.S =
FR
 1.50
Pah Fd
Edl FRCa plbUkénkMlaMgTb;rbs; CBa¢aMg

F Ca plbUkénkMlaMgrujeTAelICBa¢aMg
d
CaTUeTA eyIg manTMnak;TnM g F.S = V tanPaCos

K   BKC  P

P
 1.50

Edl K Ca emKuN mantMélenAcenøaH 0.5 to 0.67

Pp Ca kMlaMgTb;rbs;dI enABIeRkayelICBa¢aMg
1 2
Pp = D K p  2CD K p
2
dUecñH edIm,IkMueGayCBa¢agM eyIgrGil eTAmux luHRtaEt F.S > 1.50
kñúgkrNIEdleyIgeFVIkarKNnaeTAeXIj F.S < 1.50
enaHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvbegáItnUvkMlaMgTb; edayesñót (Key) dUcmanenArUbxagelI . dUecñH eyIgnwg)an TMnak;TnM gfµI ³
Rh  F ph
F.S =  1.50
Pah
Edl Fph KWCakMlaMgTb;EdlekIteLIg enAmux Key
3- sßanPaBlMnwgrbs;CBa¢aMgTb;Tl; nwg kar)ak;Rsut³ (Stability against bearing failure)
karsikSakñúglkç½NÐ TaMg2 xagelIeTaHCa)anbgðajfa CBa¢aMgeyIgmanlMnwgminrlM min rGil enaHminEmn

)anesckþIfa CBa¢agM min)ak;RsutenaHeT .
kñúglkç½N enHeyIgcaM)ac;RtUvEtsikSaGMBlI T§PaBRTRTg;rbs;dEI dlenABIeRkamCBa¢aMg .dUecñH Rbsin ebI P
CakMlaMgFak;eTAelICBa¢aMgsßti enAkñúgsßanPaBeRTt (Fa). ehIy W CaTMgn;CBa¢aMgbUk nig TMgn;dI Edlsgát;eTA
elI)atCBa¢agM enaHeyIgnwg)an ³
M.net= M R  M0
Mnet
X 
W
B
e X
2
dUecñH eyIg)an ³
q max 
 W  1  6e 
B  B
q max 
 W  1  6e 
B  B
dUecñH eyIgGaceFIVkarKNnarbs;deI RkamCBa¢aMgRbePTRKwHrgnUvbnÞkú eRTtmincMp©it tamrUbmnþ ³
1
qd= C.ci.Nc+.D.qi.Nq+ i. .B'.N
2
eyIgGacKNna mMueRTt rbs;bnÞkú R tamTMnak;TMngxageRkam³
 Pa cos 
  Arctg  
  W 

bnÞab;mkeyIgeFVIkarepÞogpÞat; tamlkçN
½ lMnåg xageRkamenH

qd
FS  3
qmax
R
W Pa

Pha
D V
a b H c
B
]TahrN¾ ³ sUmeFVIkarKNnark sßanPaBlMnwgrbs;CBa¢aMg Tb;xageRkamenH ³
0.5m
10o
0.458m
dIxSac;s¶Üt
 = 18KN/m³
6.7m  = 30o Pa = 154.48 KN/m
H=7.158m
1.5m 1 43,163KN/m
0.7m H  2.386m
3
0.7 m
C 0.70m 2.60m  = 19KN/m³

 = 20o
C=40KPa
B = 4m
edayCBa¢aMg eyIgRtUvTb; dI CMralenaHeyIg)an ³
Cos  Cos 2   Cos 2

Ka() =
Cos  Cos 2   Cos 2
Cos 20  Cos 2 10  Cos 2 30

Ka() =  0.335
Cos 20  Cos 2 10  Cos 2 30
dUecñHeBl Z = 0  h = 0
eBl Z = 7.158m  h = 18  7,158 0,335 = 43,163 KN/m²
KNnarkkMlaMgFak; Pa :
1
Pa =  .H 2 .Ka (  ). Cos
2
H 7,158
Pa = h . . Cos= 43,163  .Cos10  152,13KN / m
2 2
Ph = Pa.Cos
Ph= 152,13  Cos10o  149,81KN / m
Pv= Pa.Sin = 152,13  Sin10o  26,41KN / m
dUecñH eyIgnwgmankMlaMgFak;epþkesµImYy esµnI wg 149,81KNkñúgRbEvg 1m rbs;CBa¢aMg . ehIy
kMlaMgenaHRtUvbukenAcMNucmYysßitenA ry³kMBs; esµnI wg H3 KitBI)atCBa¢aMg)anesckþIfa 2.386m .
1-KNnasßanPaBlMnwg Tb;Tl;nwgkardYlrlM³
bøúkelx RkLaépÞ TMgn;bøúktam édXñas;mm:U :g;eFob m:Um:g;

beNþay1Em:Rt nwgcMNucC
M2 KN/M2 M KN-M/M
1 6x0,5=3 25x3=75 0,5/2+0,2+0,7=1,15 75x1,15=86,25
2 0,5x0,2x6=0,6 25x0.6=15 0.2x2/3+0,7=0,833 15x0,833=12,495
3 4x0,7=2,80 25x2.80=70 4/2=2 70x2=140
4 6x2,6=15,6 18x15.6=280,80 2,6/2+0,7+0,7=2,7 280,80x2,7=758,16
5 0,5x2,6x0,458=0.595 18x0.595=10,71 2,6x2/3+0,7+0,7=3,13 10,71x3,13=33,52
Pv=26,41 4,0 26,41x4=105,64
W=477,92 1136,06=MR
KNnarkm:Um:g;énkMlaMgruj M ³ 0
M0 = Ph x H/3=149,81x2,386=357,44KN/m
KNnarkemKuNsuvtþPi aBTb;Tl;eTAnwgkardYlrlM :
FS=
M R
=
1136,06
=3,178 > 2 OK
M0 357,44
2- KNnasßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBa¢aMg Tb;Tl;nwgkarrGileTAmux³
 W  tan K   BKC  P p
F.S =
Ph
KNnarkkMlaMgTb;rbs;dIenAmuxCBa¢aMg ³
enAeBlEdl Z sßitenAesµI)atRKwHenaH ³
PP = 0.5xKp..D2+2CD Kp
1  Sin 1  Sin20o
Kp =   2.04
1  Sin 1  Sin20o
edayRKwHeyIgbgáb;kñúgCMerA 1.50m enaHeyIg)an

PP = 0.5x2.04 19  1.52 +2x40x1.5x 2.04 = 215.0KN/m²
477,92  tan( 0.67  20)  4  0.67  40  215
F.S =  2.91  1.50 OK
149,81
dUecñH RKwHeyIgGacmanlMnwg Tb;Tl;nwgkarrGileTAmux .
3-KNnasßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBa¢aMgTb;Tl;nwgkar)ak;Rsut
KNnarkRbEvgédXñas; e
e= B  
MR  M0 4 1136,06  357,44
=   0.37m
2 W 2 477,92
0.37<B/6=4/6=0.666
kñúgkrNIenH qmax = BW 1  6Be   4774,92  1  6  40.37   185,79KN / M 2
qmin =  1  6e   477,92  1  6  0.37   53,16KN / M 2

W
B  B 4  4 
KNnarkkMlaMg rklTæPaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH)atCBa¢aMg qd ³
1
qd= C..ci..Nc+.D..qi..Nq+ .i. .B'.N
2
KNnark B' ³
B' = B – 2e = 4 – 2  0.37 = 3,26m
KNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;RKwH ³
 = 20o  N = 5.39 ; Nq = 6.4; Nc=14.83
2
 o 
 
. ci=. qi  = 1  
o 
 90 
 pa cos  1  149,81 
  tan 1    tan    17,4 o
 W   477,92 
2
 17,4 
.ci=.qi= 1    0.65
 90 
2
 17.4 
i  1    0,017
 20 
qu=(40)(14.83)(0.65) + (28.5)(6.4)(0.65) + 1 (19)(5.39)(3.24)(0,017)=506,96KN/M2
2

qult 506,96
F.S =   2.73
q max 185,79
kñúgkrNIenHkarKNnarbs;eyIgminepÞógpÞat;eLIy KWRKåHrbs;eyIg Gac)ak;Rsut. dUecñHedImÆIeGay
CBa¢aM geyIgmansuvtþPi aB eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvepÞógpÞat; lkç½N TaMg 3.
sMrab;dxI Sac; eyIgRtUvkar Et F.S = 2
sMrab;d\I dæ eyIgRtUvkar Et F.S = 3
dUecñsMrab; ]TahrN¾ enHCBa¢aMgeyIgminmanlMnwg GacGnuBaØateGayeRbI®)as;)aneLIy .
kMNt;sKM al; ³
fVIt,itEtCBa¢aMgrbs;eyIg)anepÞógpÞat;RKb;lkç½NÐ TaMg3 k¾eday b:uEnþRbsinebI dIenAxageRkamRKwH
rbs;CBa¢aMgmanlkçN³ RCabTwkxøaMg rW manlkçN³RCayxøaMg vabNþaleGayCMral rbs;eyIgGacrGil ehIy
naMeGayCBa¢aMgTaMgmUl dYlrlM Etmþg . kñúgkrNIenH eyIgRtUvsikSaGMBIsßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CMral .
V-KNnarkPaBlMnwg rbs; CBa¢aMg³ Wall stability tamviFIelak Coulomb
sMrab;CBa¢aMgeFVIkarTb;deI dayTMgn;xøÜnÉgpÞal; eKniymeFVIkarKNna tamviFIelak Coulomb. Edltam

viFeI nH karKNna rkemKuNénkMlaMgruj nig kMlaMgTb; RtUvKNna tamTMnak;TMng xageRkamenH
Cos 2 (   )
Ka  2
 sin(   ) sin(   ) 
Cos  .Cos(   ) 1 
2

 Cos(   )Cos(   ) 

sMrab;karKNna rk sßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBa¢aMgTb;Tl;eTA någå lkç½N TaMg 3 KWeyIgRbtibtþi dUcKña ebH

bit någ viFeI lak Rankine sUmemIl ]TahrN¾ xageRkam:
sUmeFVIkarKNna GMBI
1-emKuNsuvtþiPaB Tb;Tl; eTAnågkardYlrlM nig kar rGileTA muxrbs;CBa¢aMgTb;dI xageRkam
2-kMlaMg sMBat Gtibrima nig GbÆrma enA eRkam )atRKåHrbs;CBa¢aMg
dMeNaHRsay
H´ = 5 + 1.5 = 6.5m
KNnarkkMlaMgruj tamviFIelak Coulomb (Coulomb’s active force)
1
Pa =  1 H '2 K a
2
eday 0 , = 15 , = 32  , and  = 32 , eyIgman
o o
1 
o
Cos 2 (   )
Ka  2
 sin(   ) sin(   ) 
Cos 2 .Cos(   ) 1  
 Cos(   )Cos(   ) 

Cos 2 (32  15)

Ka  2
 2 
 sin(32  32) sin(32  0) 
2 3
Cos 215.Cos(15  32) 1  
 2
3 Cos(15  32)Cos(15  0) 
 3 
Ka = 0.4023
1
Pa = (18.5)(6.5)2 (0.4023) = 157.22kN/m
2
 2 
Ph = Pa cos 15   '  = 157.22 cos 36.33 = 126.65 kN/m
 3 
 2 
Pv= Pa sin 15   '  = 157.22 sin 36.33 = 93.14 kN/m
 3 
KNnasßanPaBlMnwg Tb;Tl;nwgkardYlrlM³
1-
bøúkelx RkLaépÞ TMgn;bøúktam édXñas;mm:U :g;eFob m:Um:g;

beNþay1Em:Rt nwgcMNucC
M2 KN/M M KN-M/M
1
1 (5.7)(1.53) =4.36 102.81 2.18 224.13
2
2 (0.6)(5.7) = 3.42 80.64 1.37 110.48
1
3 (0.27)(5.7) = 0.77 18.16 0.98 17.80
2
4 (3.5)(0.8) = 2.8 66.02 1.75 115.54
Pv= 93.14 2.83 263.59
W = 360.77 kN/m  MR = 731.54 kN-m/m
* concrete = 23.58 kN/m³
KNnarkm:Um:g;énkMlaMgruj M ³ 0
 H'
Mo = Ph .   = 126.65 (2.167) = 274.45 kN-m/m
 3 
KNnarkemKuNsuvtþPi aBTb;Tl;eTAnwgkardYlrlM :
M R 731.54
FS(overturning) =   2.665  2 OK
M o 274.45
2- KNnasßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBa¢aMg Tb;Tl;nwgkarrGileTAmux³
2  2
(W ) tan  2   C2 B  PP
FS(sliding) = 3  3
Ph
PP = ½KP 2 D² + 2C2 KP D
 24 
Kp = tan²  45    2.37
 2 
PP = ½ (2.37)(18)(1.5)² + 2(30)(1.54)(1.5)= 186.59 kN/m
dUecñH
2  2
360.77 tan  24   (30)(3.5)  186.59
FS(sliding) = 3  3
126.65
103.45  70  186.59
=  2.84
126.65
RbsinebIeyIgminKit GMBIkMlaMgTb;rbs;dxI agmux CBa¢aMgeT enaH emKuNsuvtþiPaB FS=1.37

3 -KNnark kMlaMgsMBatGtibrima nig GbÆrmaenAeRkam)atRKåHrbs;CBa¢aMg
B M R  M o 3.5 731.54  274.45 B
e=     0.483   0.583
2 V 2 360.77 6
V  6e  360.77  (6)(0.483) 
qmax =
B 1  B   3.5 1  3.5   188.43kN/m²
qmin=
V 1  6e   360.77 1  (6)(0.483)   17.73kN/m²
B  B  3.5  3.5 
sMrab;karKNnark emKuNsuvtþiPaBrbs;CBa¢aMg Tb;Tl;eTAnågkar)ak; Rsút KWeyIg Gnuvtþn¾ dUc Kña ebHbit

nwg viFIelak Rankine.


CMBUk 4
karKNnasßanPaBlMnwgrbs;CMral (Slope Stability)
enAkñgú CMBkU xagmux eyIg)aneFVkI arerobrab;GMBI sßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CBa¢aMgTb;dI . b:uEnþ maneBlxøHeyIg

minGacsg;CBa¢aMgTb;)aneday CMraleyIgmanRbEvg Evg ¬fñl;/ TMnb;Twk/ RbLay …¦. dUecñH
eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvKNnark CMralEdlmanlkçN³ smRsbedIm,IkeuM GaysMNg;rbs; eyIg rGil Føak; eTAeRkam .
enAkñgú emeronenH eyIg)anelIkykkarsikSaGMBsI ßanPaBlMnwg rbs;CMralEdlTamTar eGay eyIg
KNnarkemKuN suvtßiPaB rbs;CMral F.S .
eyIgetagEckkarsikSaGMBICMraltamdMNak;karxageRkamenH ³
1- karswkdac;eRkameCIgPñM rW CMralEdlmanlkçN³Rtg; rW Ekg 90 ³ ehtukarN¾ enH eKCYbRbTHCa
o
erOy² enAtameCIgPñM rW PñM ¬emIlrUbelx 1 -4¦.
rUbelx1-4
rUbelx2-4

2- karrGil)ak;RsTab;dIEpñkxagelItamCMral EdlmanlkçN³ eTr ³ ehtukarN¾enH eKCYbRbTH

enAtamRClg / Tenø / sÞgw / rW tMbn;mat;smuRT . ¬emIlrUbelx2-4¦
3- karhUreRcaHdItamCMral ³ ehtukarN¾enHeKEtgCYbRbTH enAtam tMbn;PMñ Edl RtUveKkab;
bMpøajéRBeQI EdlCaehtueFVeI GayTwkePøóg hUreRcaH dImkeRkam . ¬emIlrUbelx 3-4¦
4- karsikSaBukpuyrbs;silaPñMhUreRcaHtamTwk . ehtukarN¾enH eKEtgCYbRbTH kñúgkardæan CIk yk Er:
rW kardæan)aj;fµ . ¬emIlrUbelx 4-4 ¦
rUbTI3-4
rUbTI4-4
I- karrGildIFøak;tambøg;kñúgkrNICMralRtg; ³
kareFVICMralRbePTenH KWCaRbtibtþki arN¾kñúgry³eBlxøI dUcCa karCIkRtg;es rW kardñanCIk ykdI
sMrab;bMerIkargarcak;bMeBj .
C D E
A B 
kñúgkrNIenHCMraleyIgGacrGiltambøg; BD . dUecñH edIm,IeGayCMralmanlMnwg enaHeyIg

caM)ac;RtÚveKarBlkç½NÐ ³
1 H2
R=W= .
2 tg

kMlaMg RRtUv)anpþúMeLIgeday kMb:Usg;énkMlaMg ³

2
1- kMlaMgEkg N : N = R.Cos =  .
1 H
.Cos
2 tg
2- kMlaMgkat;pþac; rW kkit : T = R.Sin = 12 . .H 2
.Cos
T
N
dUecñH kMlaMgEkgmFüm nwg kMlaMgkkitmFüm ttambeNþaybøg; BD ³

N 1 H2 Sin 1
n=   .Cos .  . .H .Cos 2
BD 2 tg H 2
t = T  1 . .H 2 .Cos . Sin  1 . .H .Sin .Cos
BD 2 H 2
dUecñH tamc,ab;KULM eyIgGacmanTMnak;TnM g
 = tg + C enaHeyIg)an³
1 1
. .H .Sin .Cos  C  . .H .Cos 2 .tg
2 2
2C Cos
H= .
rW  Cos .Sin(   )
RbsinebIeyIgsg;RkaPic tambMErbMrYl H nig muM  ; enaHeyIgnwgeXIjfavasßitenAcenøaH

  
 =  nig   ehIytMélGb,rimar rbs;vasßitenAkñg ú xN³ Edl    . ¬emIlrUbTI5-4¦
2 2 4
rUbTI5-4

dUecñH kMBs;lkç½NÐrbs;vaKW ³
2C Cos
HC = .
      
Cos.   Sin  
 4 2  4 2
4C   
HC = .tg   
  4 2
- kñúgkrNIEdlkMBs; rbs;CMraltUcCag kMBs;lkç½NÐ (H<HC) enaH)anesckþIfaCMral rbs;eyIg

manlMnwg dUecñH eyIgGacKNnarkemKuNsuvtßPi aBtamTMnak;TnM g dUcxageRkamenH
HC 4C    
FS=  .tg   
H H  4 2 
- kñúgkrNI H = HC enaHCMralrbs;eyIgsßitenAkñúglkç½NÐlMnwglImIt .
- kñúgkrNI H > HC enaHCMralrbs;eyIgsßitenAkñúgsßanPaB eRKaHfñak; nig PaBrGil)ak; .
¬emIlrUbTI6-4¦
rUbTI6-4

ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ
karrGildIFøak;tamCMraleRTt³
II-
1-karrGilFøak;tambøg; ( viFI elak Culmann )
C D E
A B 
KWdcU KñaebHbiT eTAnwg CMralRtg;Ekg eyIgeFVkI arKNnarkkMBs; Gtibrma rbs;CMralkñúglkç½NÐmuM

 
 
2 2
2C Sin .Cos
Hmax = 
    
Sin 2  
 2 
4C Sin .Cos
Hmax = 
 1  Cos(   )
sMrab;krNI dI\dæsuT§ (  = 0 )enaHeyIg)an

4C
Hmax =
 
 .tg  
2
sMrab;krNIenHemKuNsuvtßiPaBRtUvbegáIteLIgedaypleFob ³
C
F.S =
និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា CPage138
calcul Cambodia Civil Engineering Student
 sMrab;dsI ¥iteyIg)an
tg
 sMrab;dxI Sac; eyIg)an F.S =
tg ( Calcul )
tg
 sMrab;dxI Sac;suT§ ( C = 0) enaHeyIg)an ³ F.S =
tg
CaTUeTA eyIgyk FS = 1.50 .
2- karrGilFøak;tamrgVg;³
kñúgkrNIEdlmuMCMral mantMéltUcCag 70 . enaHkarrGilFøak; KW tamrgVg;rGil. Edlkñgú krNI enHkar

o
KNnamanPaBsµúksµaj y:agxøaMgedaykarKNna RtUvBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIRkaPic nig edayéd .bBaðaEdlsµkú

sµaj bMput enaHKWkarkMNt; rgVg; ¬kaM nig p©it¦ EdleRKaHfñak;bMput sMrab;CMral .
kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ enHman Program Calculate EdleK)anerobcMeLIgkñúg Cumputer
rUbTI 7 -4
krNI  > 53o

edayGnuvtþn¾tam RTwsþI elak Bishop. enAkñgú RkaPicCaeRcIn EdlP¢ab;mkCamYyenH eyIgGac ykmk

eRbI edIm,IKNnarkTItaMg rbs; p©itrgVg; nigRbEvgkaMrgVg;EdleRKaHfñak;bMput rbs;CMral ¬emIlrYbTI 7-4 & 8-4¦.
n  1 2
(deg) (deg) (deg)
1 45 28 37
1.5 33.68 26 35
2 26.57 25 35
3 18.43 25 35
5 11.32 25 37
rUbTI 8-4 krNI
EdleRkayBIKUs)an rgVg; ehIyeyIgGacKNnark emKuNsnþisux sMrab; rbs;CMral tamTMnak;

TMng xageRkamenH ³
- viFIEbgEckRbelaHtUc³
viFeI nHRtUv)anesñeI LIgenAkñúgqñaM 1920 edayvisVkr s‘uyEGt . edayeyIgEck CMralrbs;eyIg CakUn
RbelaHtUc² . manTTwg esµInwg b Edlman)at xageRkamCaépÞ rGilragCa rgVg; .
eyIgeFVkI arKNnarkplbYk rbs; kMlaMgrGil nig plbUkénkMlaMgkkit T . dUecñH emKuNsnþisux sMrab;
krNIenH ¬emIlrUbTI 9-4¦ .

rUbTI9-4
kñúgkrNImanTåkeRkamdIeKRtÚvmankarERbrUbmnþxøHkñúgkarKNna rkemKuNsuvtþiPaB
FS 
 C.L  (W .Cos  u .L ).tg 
n n n n n)
W sin n n
lMhat;³
sUmeFVIkarKNnaGMBIemKuNsnþsi uxrbs;CMralxageRkamEdlmandI3RsTab;epSgKña.EdlkñúgkrNIenH
CMraleyIgmanmMu 60dWeRk. emIlrUbxageRkamdMeNaHRsay³




sMrab; mMuCMral =60dWeRk tamrUb 7-4 eyIg)an mMu =72dWeRk nig mMu =35 dWeRk .dUecñHeyIgKUr)annUv
rgVg;rGil lImitdUcrUbPaBxagelI.
KNnarkTMgn;bøkú nImYy²³
3.82  2.3
W1=  20  87.86KN / M
2
3  1.73 3.82  3.4
W2= 18    1.73  20  171.62KN / M
2 2
0.795  1.67 3.4  2.74
W3= 19  1.50  18  1.67  3   20  1.67  227.84KN / M
2 2
2.74  3.72
W4= 19  1.5  3.72  18  3  3.72   20  408.83KN / M
2
2.08  3
W5= 19  2.08  1.5   18  115.44KN / M
2
0.627  1.5
W6= 19   8.93KN / M
2



RkahVki bgðajGMBIrebobrkmMu  nig TMgn;rbs;bøúknImYy².

taragKNnatMél):ar:aEm:RtsMxan;²
Slice W  Sin Cos L W.Sin W.Cos
(KN/M) (degree) (M)
1 87.76 5.65 0.098 0.995 2.3 8.61 87.42
2 171.62 13.75 0.2377 0.9713 1.73 40.79 166.69
3 227.84 21.66 0.37 0.93 1.67 84.30 211.89
4 408.83 35.86 0.586 0.81 3.72 239.57 331.15
5 115.44 54.4 0.813 0.582 2.08 93.85 67.19
6 8.93 66 0.913 0.407 0.627 8.153 3.63

KNnarkemKuNsuvtþPi aBrbs;CMral³
Li 2.3 1.73 1.67 3.72 2.08 0.627
 Ci  Cosi  25  0.995  25  0.9713  25  0.93  25  0.81  0  0.582  15  0.407  285.13
Wi  Cosi  tgi  87.42tg14  166.69tg14  211.9tg14  331.15tg14  67.19tg 28  3.63tg10  235.12
Wi  Sini  8.61  40.79  84.3  239.57  93.85  3.63  475.273
Li
 (Ci  Cosi )   (Wi  Cosi  tgi) 285.13  235.12
FS    1.09
 (Wi  Sini) 475 .273
eyIgsegáteXIjfaemKuNsnþsi uxsMrab;CMralrbs;eyIg mantMéltUcCag 1/50 dUecñHCMralrbs;eyIg

sßitkñúgsßanPaBeRKaHfñak; nigGacrGilcuHeRkamRKb;eBl.
3- sMrab;krNI dI RbePTEtmYy³
kñúgkrNIEdldIeyIg kñúgry³kMBs; h CadIRbePTEtmYy eyIgGaceRbIRkaPic xageRkamedIm,IeFVIkar

KNnark emKuN suvtßiPaB rbs; CMral . ¬emIlrYbTI 10-4¦
rUbTI10-4

edayeyIgeFVIkarKNna rk TItaMgrbs;cMNuc B nig kUGredaen  nig CH ; bnÞab;mkeyIgKNnark TItaMg

rbs;cMNuc A.
pleFob OBOA
eGaymkeyI g nU vemKu N su v tß i P aB . FS = OB
OA
III-karrGilrbs; RsTab;dItambeNþayCMral³
1-CMraldIst
¶Ü ³
rUbTI11-4
eyIgKitfa eyIgmandIEdlmanmaD ABCD nig kMBs; H nwg TTwg b Edl rGiltambøg; CD .düaRkam
énkMlaMgtam AD nig BC esµKI ña . eyIgmankMlaMg RbqaMg R esµIngw TMgn; dI W.
dUecñH eyIgman kMb:sU g;énkMlaMgEkg elImuxkat; DC .
eyIgmanTMnak;TnM g kMb:Usg;énkMlaMg Ekg N nig kMb:Usg;énkMlaMgkkit T ³
N = W .Cos = H.b.Cos
T = W.Sin = H.b.Sin
dUecñH kMlaMgsMBaFmFüm elImuxkat; CD ³
N  .b.H .Cos
=    .H .Cos 2 
b b
Cos Cos
T  .b.H .Sin
=    .H .Sin .Cos
b b
Cos Cos
dUecñH tamc,ab;elak KULM
 = tg +C enaHeyIg)an
.H.Sin.Cos = .H.Cos2.tg + C
Cos
rW H=
C
.
Cos Sin(    )

ebI  <  enaHeyIgnwg)an H mantMélGviC¢manEdlminGacTTYlyk)an . dUecñH )anesckþIfa

*
CMralrbs;eyIgmanlMnwg . enaHeyIg)an emKuNsuvtßiPaB ³

tg
FS =
tg
* ebI  =  enaH)anesckþfI a H mantMélGnnþ . dUecñH CMralrbs;eyIgsßitenA kñúglkç½NÐ lMngw lImIt KW ³

FS = 1
* ebI  >  enaHCMralrbs;eyIgsßti enA kñúglkç½NÐKµan lMnwg EdlGac rGil)anRKb;eBl .

2- CMralEdlmanCMrabTwkeRkamdI ³
rUbTI11-4
kñúgkrNIEdlkñúgCMralrbs;eyIg man CMrabTwkeRkamdI RsbeTAnwg CMral enAkñgú CMerA Z enaHeyIg

GacbþrÚ TMnak;TMng xagelIeTA Ca ³
' =  .Z    sat   W H  Z .Cos 2 
' =  =  .Z    sat H  Z .Sin .Cos 
enaH  max   .Z   sat   W H  Z  .Cos 2  .tg 'C '


FS =
  .Z   sat ( H  Z .Sin .Cos )


Cces - Foundation

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Cces - Foundation

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia,Rural Engineering Department, Field of Geotechnical Engineering

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page1 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

-RbsinebIeyIgmankUnbnÞúkmYyd¾EsntUcsgáte; TAelIdIenaHdIeyIgnwgRsutkñúglkç½NÐ yWt KW)anesc kþIfa

- ebIdIenAxageRkammanlkçN³rwgR sÜyenaHExSekag sMrutman lkçN³dUcrUbTI 2 ehIycMNuc a CaTMgn;

RKwHQrelIdITn; ¬sñameRbHdac;enAEk,rRKwH¦ ExSrGilrbs;dIswgemIlmineXIj

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page5 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

1- lkç½NEÐ dl sD  0 ehIydIEdlenAeRkamRKwHKWCaRbePTdIEdlmanlkç½NÐ = 0 ; C 0 &  0

Edl q1³ lT§PaBRTRTg;lImIt (KN/m2)

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page6 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

- sDNq :CalT§PaBRTRTg; GaRs½ynwg CMerAbgáb;RKwH

Edl q CalT§PaBRTRTg;lImItEdl  0 ; C =0 ;   0 & sD = 0

 KWCaTMgn;maDrbs;dEI dlenAeRkamRKwH (KN/m³)

sMrab;emKuN Nc ; Nq ; N eyIgGaceFVIkarKNnaehIybBa©ÚleTAkñúgtaragEdlP¢ab;mkCamYy enH .

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page7 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

kñúgeBl bc©úb,nñ enH edIm,IgayRsYldl; karKNnalT§PaBRTRTg; rbs;RKwH eKGac sageLIgnUv kmµviFI

RTRTg; rbs; RKwH k¾dUc Ca karKNnasMrut EdlekIteLIgedaybnÞúkrbs;RKwH .

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page8 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

Bearing factor emKuNlTæPaBRTRTg;

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page9 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

yktMél C & mkeRbIR)as;)aneT . dUecñH C' = 23 C  4. 23  2,66KN / m ehIy 2

tg' tg  tg 30  0.38   '  21 .

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page10 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

kñúgkarsikSafµI²eRkayenH eyIgsegáteXIjfarvagRKwHkaer: mUl rW ctuekaNEkg EdlQrelI Rb ePTdI

 = 20KN/m³ ; C = 15KN/m² ;  = 20o & bgáb;edaydIEdlman s = 18,5KN/m³

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page12 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

b:uEnþenAeBlfµI²enHelak Skempton & Mayerhof )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavrkeXIjfa lT§PaB

rUbmnþmantMéleRbIR)as;)ansMrab;EtpleFob DB < 2,50 KWeyIgyk 2,50 mkeRbIEtmþg ebI DB >2,5

enAkñgú qñaM 1951,1953,1963 elak Mayerhof )aneGaynUvTMnak;TMngsMrab;karKNnarklT§PaB RTRTg;

xageRkamenHCaemKuNlT§PaB RTRTg; rbs;elak Mayerhof

III- krNIRKwHQrelIdIEdlmanTwk ¬xSac;CaMTwk¦³

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page14 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

dUecñH Nc = 22,25 ; Nq = 11,85 ; N = 12,54 sMrab;dIEdleyIgeXIjkñúgrUbPaBxagelIvaCa RbePTdI

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page15 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

qnet - lT§PaBRTRTg; Net :

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page16 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

qnet = 5,14Cu 1  0,2 1  0,2 

dUecñHkñúgkareRbIR)as;rUbmnþTaMgLayeyIgKYreRCIserIsyklT§PaBRTRTg; Net mkKNnaeRBaHva

KuNsnþisuxenaHva manTMnak; TMngeTAnwgCMerA bgáb;RKwH D ¬emIlrUbEdlP¢ab;mkCamYy¦sMrab; RKwH mUl.

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page17 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

q = .CNc 1  0,2 1  0,2  + sD

 rUbmnþ TI 14 enHmantMéleRbIR)as;)ansMrab;EtRKwHbøgr; abEdlmanRbehagBIxagkñúgEtb:ueNÑaH . sMrab;

Edl Q ³ CabnÞúkrbs; srsr rujeGayRKwH

 =20KN/m TMgn;maDebtug =25KN/m . Q =600KN. B=L=1,8m

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page20 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

tamrUbxagelIenHTMhMRKwHBitR)akd EdlTTYlrgbnÞúkrbs;sMNg; KW RKwHEdlmanTTwg B' minEmn RKwH

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page21 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

sMrab;BBYkRKwHeCIgtag rUbxageRkamenHbgðajGMBIkMlaMgEdlsgát;EkgmincMp©it 0. kñgú krNIenH RKwHEdl

sMrab;krNITaMg 2 xagelIbnÞkú rbs;RKwHEdlGacTTYlRTRTg;)an ³

` -dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  qall

-sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q = QB brut

-dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  qall

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page22 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

` -dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  q

-sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q brut

sMrab;RKwHeCIgtag karepÞógpÞat;RtÚveFVItamviFxI ageRkamenH

` -dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  q

-sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q brut

-dUecñHkñúg lkç½NÐlMngw eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q  q

-sMrab;karepÞógpÞat;cugeRkay eyIgcaM)ac;RtÚvman q brut

qnet = 771,59 KN/m²

` -dUecñHeyIgman q  257,2KN / m  q  824KN / m

និស្សិតវ ិស្វកម្មស្ំណង់ ស្ុ៊ីវ ិលកម្ពុជា Page24 Cambodia Civil Engineering Student

e > enaH q <0

rbs;RKwH edayRKan;EtbþÚrBI B eTA B'=B-2e B