karvas;Evg

¬sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI II¦
esckþIepþIm
tRmUvkarkñúgkarvas;Evg (Need for Measurement)
kñúgkarRKb;RKgdIéRBeQItRmUvkar[mancMeNHdwgGMBI TItaMg nig FnFanbc©úb,nñénmaDeQI
(location and current volume of timber resources) . edaysarfa éRBeQImanlkçN³ DINamik
CaRbB½n§CIvsaRsþ kar):an;sμannUvkMeNInlUtlas; sMrab;yuT§saRsþénkarRKb;RKg eRcInEbbeRcIny:agenaH
k¾CatRmUvkary:agcaM)ac;pgEdr . karvas;EvgéRBeQIGaccat;TukCacMENkmYy énkarRKb;RKgéRBeQI
ehIytYnaTIénkarvas;Evg KWedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;nUvTinñn½yCaelx EdlCatRmUvkarmUldæankñúgkarBicarNaedIm,I
QaneTAdl;kareFVIesckþIsMerccitþ edayRbugRby½tñ nig smehtuplkñúgkarRKb;RKg .
kñúgEpñkvas;EvgKWepþatkarykcitþTukdak;cMeBaH karvas;EvgedaypÞal; kareFVIsMNak¬CMerIs¦ nig
kareFVIBüakr . karvas;EvgedaypÞal;tRmUvnUvkarecHeRbIR)as;]bkrN_smRsb edIm,ITTYl)annUvTinñn½y
EdleyIgcg;)an . ]> karvas;EvgGgát;p©itedImeQIRtwmkMBs;RtwmedImRTUg (1.30m) edayeRbIR)as;kMu):a nig
karvas;EvgkMBs;edImeQIedayeRbI køINUEm:Rt . edaysarfadIéRBeQI CaTUeTAKWmanTMhMFMTUlMTUlay
ehIyEdlmankmμsiT§iEdlKYr[cab;GarmμN_KWCaedImeQI rab;mWunedImenAkñúgenaH CaFmμtaeKEtgEteFVIkar
vas;EvgsMNak rYcehIyeTIbeKeFVIkarKNnaBRgIk[eTACa lT§plEnéRBTaMgmUlEtmþg . cMENkÉkar
Büakrk¾mansar³sMxan;Nas;EdrsMrab;karvas;EvgéRBeQI ]bmafa eKcg;dwgTm¶n;énedImeQIQrmYyedIm
eKminGacvas;EvgvaedaypÞal;)anenaHeT EteKGaceFVIkar):an;sμanva)any:aggayRsYl edayRKan;EteFVI
tamry³karvas;Evg Ggát;p©it nig kMBs;edImeQI . muxviC¢asßiti EdledayELkKW bec©keTsCMerIs nig
karviPaKer:eRksüúg edIrtYy:agsMxan;CasñÚlkñúgkargarvas;EvgéRBeQI . KNitviTüa KWCamUldæanénsßiti nig
karvas;EvgéRBeQI CamYynig Tinñn½yy:agsn§wksn§ab;ehIy Cab;CMBak;vak;vinnwg karviPaKsμúRKsμaj
eTotenaH muxviC¢akMuBüÚT½r (Computer science) )ankøayCaFaturYmpSMmYy y:agcaM)ac; ¬edaysar
smtßPaB kñúgkarrkSaTukTinñn½y kare)aHBum<el,ÓnKNna nig kmμviFIBiess² mYycMnYneTot¦.

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CMBUk1 ³ dg;RdUmaRtsaRsþ
I. niymn½y (Definition)
dg;RdUmaRtsaRsþ (Dendrometry) KWCaviTüasaRsþsikSaGMBI viFIsaRsþ nig bec©keTs kñúgkarvas;
EvgedImeQI EdlmankmμvtßúsMxan;BIry:agKW ³
):ansμanRbkbedaykMritc,as;las;nUv ³ TMhM/ TMrg;/ maD b¤ ):araEm:RtdéTeTot énedImeQI
- kñúgdMNuHéRBFmμCati b¤ éRBdaM .
- sikSaGMBIDINamic b¤ karlUtlas;rbs;edImeQIkñúgdMNuHéRB edIm,IsÁal;GMBI karvivDÆn_énTMhM/
TMrg;edIm/ maD b¤ ):araEm:RtdéTeTot énedImeQI b¤ dMNuHeQIkñúgry³eBl lUtlas;mYykMNt; éneQI
RbePTEtmYy RkuménRbePT b¤ RbePTepSg²Kña enAkñúgdMNuHéRB b¤ rukçdæanEtmYy .

II. kmμvtßúénkarvas;EvgéRBeQI (Objective)

edIm,ITajykplBIéRBeQIedayrkSanUvesßrPaB nig karlUtlas;mFüméndMNuHéRB k¾dUcCarkSa
lMnwgCIvsaRsþénsarBn½§éRBeQI GñkRKb;RKgéRBeQIcaM)ac;RtUverobcMéRBeQIrbs;xøÜn eTAtamk,Ünxñat
bec©keTs énrukçvb,kmμGnuvtþn_ kñúgeKalbMNgdkhUtykpléRBeQI eTAtamlT§PaB rbs;éRB .
edIm,IsikSalT§PaBéRB caM)ac;eKRtUvEteFVIkar)a:n;sμan maDéneQIQrkñúgdMNuHéRB . ehtuenHkmμvtßúén
karvas;EvgéRBeQI KWCakarcaM)ac; sMrab;eFVIkar)a:n;sμanFnFanéRBeQI nigvaytémøénskþanuBléRBeQI .
kar):an;sμanmaDedImeQIQrmanmUldæanelIkarvas;EvgnUvlkçN³sMKal;rbs;edImeQI nig dMNuHéRB
dUcCa cMnYnedImkñúgmYyhikta ¬dg;sIuet¦ Ggát;p©it kMBs; épÞmuxkat; .l. EdleKehAfa{):araEm:Rt
dg;RdUmaRt} éndMNuHéRB .
karvas;EvgéRBeQI eRkAEtBIkarvas;Evg dIéRB edaykarvas;EvgCak;Esþg kareRbIR)as;EpnTI b¤
rUbftBIelIGakas ¬BIelIynþehaH b¤ páayrNb¦KWenAman ³
k> karvas;rab; nig kMNt;RbePTrukçCati ¬edayCak;Esþg¦³
vas;Ggát;p©iteQI ¬elI b¤ eRkamsMbk¦ enAkMBs;RtwmedImRTUg (1.30m) enARtg;Kl; b¤
enAtamkMBs;epSg²eToténedIm vas;karlUtlas;Ggát;p©it . kMBs;edImeQI Rtg;kMBs; epSg²Kña dUcCa
kMBs;énPaKedIm kMNat;eQIEdlGaceFVIBaNiC¢kmμ)an kMBs;srubénedIm .l. vas;kMras;sMbk
karbnþBUCeLIgvij edayrab;kUndMNuHeQItamRbePT nig tamfñak;Ggát;p©it.l. nig .l.

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x> kareFVIkar)a:nRbmaNKuNPaB ¬edayRbhak;RbEhl¦ ³
vaytémø nig KuNPaBénedImeQIQr nig lkçN³epSg²eTotEdlminGacTTYl)anBIkarvas;Evg
Cak;Esþg)an edayeFVIkareRbobeFob EdlmankarBiB’NnanUvlkçN³TaMgenaH dUcCa KuNPaBA, B,...
kMritsuxPaB/ kMritlUtlas;éneQI vaytémøKuNPaBrukçdæan/ sßanPaBéRB.l.
K> rgVas;epSgeTot ³
-kMritCMraléndIéRB
-lkçN³brisßan

III. EpñkénedImeQI (Tree Component)

edIm,IeFVIkarvas;EvgedImeQI eKRtUvkMNt; b¤
RtUvsÁal;[)anc,as;las; nUvrUbsaRsþénEpñkepSg²rbs;va
edImeQImYyrYmman edIm/ Emk/ kenSamsøwk/ b£s .
-edIm ³ KWCaEpñkénedImeQI kMNt;BIKl;rhUtdl;Bnøkcug .
cMeBaHedImeQIEdlmanEmksaxa eKkMNt; Bnøkcug
KWCaBnøkEdlx<s;CageK .
-PaKedIm ³ KWCaEpñkénedImEdlsßitenAcenøaHKl; nig
Kl;kenSamsøwk .
-Emk nig EmkTab ³
EmkKWCaEpñkEdlsßitenAKl;kenSamsøwk .
EmkTabKWCaEmkEdlsßitenAelI PaKénPaKedIm rbs;edImeQI .
-PaKkMBUl ³ KWCaEpñkénedIm EdlsßitenAelIKl;kenSamsøwk .
-Kl; ³ KWCaEpñkxageRkaménedImeQI EdlCaTUeTAmankMBs; 10-50sm BIdI
cMeBaHedImeQIEdlKl; KμankarERbTRmg;KWsßitenARtg;)aténedIm . Kl;GacCakMBUlénRBwg b¤ b£sGakas
cMeBaHedImeQIEdlman lkçN³rUbsaRsþEbbenH .
-Kl;kenSamsøwkKWCanIv:UEdledImEbkEmkc,as;las; .

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CMBUk2 ³ ):ar:aEm:RtEdlRtUvvas;rab; ¬edImeQI/ dMNuHeQI¦

I. épÞmuxkat; (Cross Section) Ggát;p©it (Diameter)
1.1 épÞmuxkat;
-niymn½y ³ muxkat;énedImeQI Rtg;kMBs;NamYy KW
cMNucRbsBVénedImenaHCamYynwgbøg; EdlEkgnwg
G½kSénedImeQI Rtg;kMritenaH .

-eKalkarN_ ³ CaFmμtaeKminGaceFVIkarvas;Evg épÞmuxkat;edaypÞal;)anenaHeT

eKEtgEteFVIkarKNna épÞmuxkat;edayeRbIR)as;):ar:aEm:RtEdlCaGgát;p©it b¤ viCÄ¢maRt
eTAtamrUbmnþFrNImaRténrgVg;Fmμta .
D2
s = πR 2 s =π
4
C C
C = 2πR ⇒ R= ⇒ D=
2π π

eday ³ s = épÞmuxkat; Edlkñúgvis½yrukçaeKniymeRbInimitþsBaØa g Cag

r = kaM
D = Ggát;p©it
C = viCÄmaRt
π = cMnYnBI EdlmantémøRbhak;RbEhl 3.1416 (3.14159265358979...)

1.2 viCÄmaRt nig Ggát;p©it

1.2.1 niymn½y ³
viCÄmaRt C KWCaRbEvgtUcbMput
énExSekagcarikedayépÞmuxkat; .
eQImYyedImGacmanviCÄmaRt EtmYyKt; .
Ggát;p©itKWCacm¶ayrvagbnÞat;Rsbb:HKñaBIr b:uEnþeyIg
segáteXIjfa témøGgát;p©it KWGaRs½ynwg TisedA EdleK
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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
eFVIkarvas;Evg . eQImYyedIm enARtg;cMNucmYy eyIgGacman Ggát;p©iteRcIn rab;minGs; edayeFVIkar
vas;EvgtamTisedAxus²Kña ehIytémøGgát;p©itTaMgenaHminmantémødUcKñaTaMgGs;enaHeT . Ggát;p©iténeQI
mYyedImGacman rgVas;Ggát;p©itBIelIsMbk ¬eQI¦ (Daimeter Over Bark “DOB”) b¤ rgVas;Ggát;
p©itenAeRkamsMbk (Diameter Under Bark “BUB” ) .

1.2.2 eKalkarN_ ³ eyIgsnμt;famuxkat;manragmUldUcCargVg; EttamkarBit

kñúgFmμCatikMrnwgmanedImeQI EdlmanrUbragmUll¥enaHNas; . CYnkalvamanragBgRkeBI b¤ rUbragBacb:c
e):agpteTAtamTRmg;FmμCati rbs;va . cMeBaHviCÄmaRt eKeFVIkarvas;EvgEtmþgeT EtcMeBaHGgát;p©itvij
ebIvamanragmUll¥ eKk¾eFVIkarvas;Evg EtmþgEdr . EtebIvamanragminFmμta¬CaBgRkeBI .l.¦vij
eKRtUvEteFVIkarvas;Evg nUvGgát;p©itxagFM d1 nig Ggát;p©itxagtUc d2 b¤ eFVIkarvas;edayécdnünUv
Ggát;p©itTI1 d1 nig Ggát;p©itmYyeTot d2 edIm,IrkGgát;p©itmFüm rbs;va edayGnuvtþtam lkçxNÐ d1 nig
d2 RtUvsßitenAkñúgbøg;EtmYy ehIy d1 RtUvEtEkg nwg d2.
eKeFVIkarKNnaGgát;p©itmFümdUcxageRkam ³
-mFümnBVnþ ³ -mFümkaer: ³ -mFümFrNImaRt ³
d1 + d 2 d12 + d 22
d1 × d2
2 2

CaFmμtaeKEtgeRbIGgát;p©itmFümnBVnþ EtebI rvag d1 nig d2 mantémølMeGogxusKñaxøaMg

eKKYrEteRbI Ggát;p©itmFümFrNImaRtvij .

1.2.3 kMNt;TItaMgGgát;p©it ³
-sMrab;eQIQr ³ cMeBaHeQIQr karvas;Ggát;p©it b¤ viCÄmaRt CaTUeTAKWeyIgRtUvvas;enAcMNuc
EdlmankMBs; 1.30m BIdI EdlGgát;p©itenHeyIgehAfa Ggát;p©itenAkMBs;RtwmedImRTUg (Diameter at
Breast Height “DBH”) . cMeBaHedImeQIEdlmanrUbragminRbktI ¬manRBwg/ Bk/ EbkEmk .l.¦
cMNucEdlRtUvvas; Ggát;p©it KWRtUvmankarERbRbYl dUcEdlmanbgðajkñúgrUbxageRkam ³

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-sMrab;eQIpþÜlrMlMehIy ³ cMeBaHedImeQIEdleK)ankab;pþÜlrMlMehIy KWeKvas; Ggát;p©it b¤

viCÄmaRt enAcMBak;kNþaledImEtmþg ¬EtCYnkalk¾manrUbmnþKNnamaDxøHEdleKeFVIkarvas;enARtg; Kl;
nig cug kMNat;eQI Edlkab;rMlMehIyenaHEdr¦ .
1.2.4 ]bkrN_ ³
eKman]bkrN_eRcInEbbsMrab;eFVIkarvas;Ggát;p©it . RbsinCamCÄdæanCMuvijedImeQIGac[eyIg
cUl)an edaygayRsYl KWeyIgGaceRbI ExSEm:Rt b¤ kMu):a >>> EtebI mankarBi)akxøaMg b¤ minGaccUleTA)an
eKGaceRbI ]bkrN_Biess vas;sÞg;BIcm¶aydUcCa b:g;taRBIs b¤ rILasáúb >>> .

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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
1.2.4.1 kM):aEbb køasIuk_ (Classic Compass) ³

KWCakM):aEdl man édcl½t nigman Rkit tamfñak; Ggát;p©it EdlKMlat CaTUeTAKW 1sm
BIRkitmYyeTARkitmYy edaysarfa Ggát;p©iteK eRcInEtKitcMnYnKt;Rtwm kMrit sgÞIEm:Rt .
eKeRcIneRbIR)as;kM):asMrab;vas;edImeQI Edlman Ggát;p©it mFüm b¤ FM . kM):aeKeRcInEtplitvaGMBIeQI b¤
GMBIsMelah³ ¬manlayCatiGaluymIjÚm¦ EdlmanTm¶n;Rsal . kM):aTMenIb
manbMBak;eTAedayeGRkg;DIsIufl;edIm,IbgðajBITMhMGgát;p©iteTotpg .

1.2.4.2 kM):aEbb hULg; (Finland Compass) ³

KWCakM):aEdlKμanédcl½t nig
mandgGacvas;Ggát;p©itenA Rtg;kMBs;mYykMNt;
)an . eKeRbIkM):aEbbenHedIm,Ivas;Ggát;p©it
edImeQIEdlmanTMhMtUc .

rebobeRbI ³
-kan;KYyédenAédmçag
-dak;kM):a[EkgnwgG½kSrbs;edImeQI
-smøwgemIlKMnUsRkit[RsbnwgEKmkñúgénédRtg;

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KuNsm,tþiénkM):aEbbhULg; ³
-Kμanédcl½t
-GacP¢ab;eTAnwgdgefñalEdlGacvas;Ggát;p©itenAkMBs; 8m BIdI)an b¤GacenAkMBs; 12m>
ebIeKman EkvyitsMrab;emIlKMnUsRkit .
-]bkrN_enHgayRsYledayeKGaceFVIBIbnÞHkþa ¬bnÞar 9sm>¦ nigRkitkamrgVas;Em:RtFmμta
elImuxsgçag EdlGac [GñkTmøab;eRbIsþaM b¤ eqVgk¾)an .

1.2.4.3 ExSEm:RtGgát;p©it (Diameter tape) ³

ExSEm:RtGgát;p©it KWmanrUbragdUcCaEm:RtrmUrFmμtaEdr EtvamanRkitCaBiess
KWRkitEdleyIgGacGan ecjCargVas;Ggát;p©itEtmþg edayeKEp¥kelIrUbmnþTMnak;TMngrvag viCÄmaRt nig
Ggát;p©it edayyk viCÄmaRt Ecknwg cMnYnBI . Em:RtenHRtUv)anbEnßmnUvTMBk;mYyenAxagcug
sMrab;bgárlkçN³gayRsYldl;Gñkvas;Evg enAeBlRbtþibtþikarEtmñak;Ég edayykTMBk;enHf<k;
eTAnwgsMbkeQI .

1.2.4.4 dMbgb‘Ílm:r (Biltmore stick) ³

Biltmore KWCadMbgeQImYyEdleKeFVIkarRkitxus²KñaeTAtam RbEvgédrbs;
stick
Gñkvas;Evgmñak;² . eKdak;dMbgenH p¥ibeTAnwgKl;eQI Rtg;cMNucEdlRtUveFVIkarvas;EvgGgát;p©it
rYceKsmøwgbnøayéncugmçag nig GanRkitmçageTot EdlCabnÞat;b:H tg;sg;eTAnwgedImeQI .
ÉkareFVIKMnUsRkit KWeKEp¥keTAtameKalkarN_ dUcxageRkam
eday a CaRbEvgBIEPñk mkdl;dMbg Edlkan;edaysn§wgédRtg; b¤ GacfaCaRbEvgéd
(arm lenght) ehIy s KWCaxñatEdleKRtUvRkit nig d CaRbEvgGgát;p©itEdleyIg[edIm,IKUsRkit .

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1.2.4.4 ]bkrN_GubTik (Optical Instrument) ³

k>rILasáúb ³]bkrN_GubTikmanCaGaT× dUcCa rWLasáúb b¤
]bkrN_déTeTot EdleKGaceFVIkarvas;EvgBIcm¶ay . edayeyIgBMuman
]bkN_enH dUecñHeyIg k¾BMu)anGFib,ayGMBIrebobeRbIR)as; [)anlMGitEdr .
eyIgRKan;EtsÁal;rUbrag]bkrN_ enH ehIyRbsinCaeyIg man]bkrN_enH
KWmanP¢ab;mkCamYynUvesovePAENnaM EdleyIgGacyl; nig eRbIR)as;)an
Caminxan . ]bkrN_enH minRtwmEtvas; Ggát;p©it EtmYymuxenaHeT
EtvaGaceFVIkarvas;Evg)an nUv kMBs; épÞmuxkat; nig kMritCMral nig cm¶ayedk
(Horizontal distance) )anTotpg .

x> ]bkrN_éqñdéTeTot ¬]bkrN_rgVas;mMunwg¦EdlsMrab;vas;Et

épÞmuxkat; tamemKuNepSg²Kña dUcCaRBis >>>.

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II. kMBs; (Height)

2.1 niymn½y ³
kMBs; ¬kMBs;srub¦ énedImeQIKWCaRbEvgénkMNat;Ggát;Rtg; P¢ab;BIKl;eQI ¬Rtg;nIv:UdI¦ eTAEpñkcug
¬Bnøkcug¦énedImeQI . krNIEdledImeQImanEbkCMBam vamankMBs;EtmYyKt; ebICMBamenaH sßitenAkMBs;
x<s;Cag 1.30m nigpÞúymkvij vamankMBs;eRcIn ebICMBamenaHsßitenAkMBs;TabCag 1.30m .
kMBs;déTeTot EdlRtUvvas;Evgman ³
-kMBs;Gs;lT§PaB (Hauteur de bois fort) ³ KWCaRbEvgénGgát;Rtg;P¢ab;BIKl;eQI
rhUtdl;kMBs; rbs;edIm EdlmanGgát;p©it 7cm b¤ viCÄmaRt 22cm .
-kMBs;PaKedIm (Hauteur de fût) ³ KWCaRbEvgGgát;Rtg;P¢ab;BIKl;eQI
rhUteTAdl;Kl;kenSamsøwk ¬kEnøgEdledImeQI cab;epþImEbkEmkc,as;las;¦ .

2.2 cMNat;fñak;énkMBs; nig RbEvgrbs;edIm (FAO) ³

-kMBs;srub ³ (total height) (H) Cacm¶ayQr rvagnIv:UdI nig kMBUlrbs;edImeQI .
-kMBs;PaKedIm (bole height) (Hb) ³ Cacm¶ayrvagnIv:UdI nig Kl;kenSamsøwk KWCakMBs;én
PaKsMxan; rbs;edImeQI.
-kMBs;BaNiC¢kmμ (merchantable height) (Hm) Cacm¶ayrvagnIv:UdI nig
EpñktUcbMputEdlGaceFVI BaNiC¢kmμ)anrbs;edImeQI .
-kMBs;Kl; (stump height) (Hs) Cacm¶ayrvagnIv:UdI nig cMNucEdlRtUveKkab;rMlM . kMBs;enH
GaRs½y eTAtambec©keTskab;rMlM cMeBaHedImeQIEdlmanRBwg éntMbn;RtUBik PaKeRcInKWsßitenAelIkMBs;
RBwg ¬kñúgeKalkarN_snSMsMéc kMBs;enHkan;EtTabkan;Etl¥¦ .
-RbEvgBaNiC¢kmμ (merchantable lenght)(Lm) KWCaRbEvgsrubénEpñkrbs;edImeQI
EdlGaceFVI BaNiC¢kmμ)an ¬eRbIR)as;)an sMrab;FVIkarEkéqñ¦. kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ manbBað3 kñúgkarkMNt;
RbEvgBaNiC¢kmμ rbs;edImeQIQr dUcCa ³
1-vaytémøkMhusxageRkAénedImeQI manlkçN³minc,as;las;
edaymin)aneRbIEkvyit .
2-kMNat;RbEvgEdlkMNt;edayGñkeFVIsareBIP½NÐ eRcInEtmineBjbMNgrbs;GñkeFVI
GaCIvkmμeLIy .

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3-karvaytémøRbEvgBaNiC¢kmμénedImeQIQr Cajwkjab; min)anKitKUr b¤ emIlmindwg
BIkMhusxagkñúg (internal defect) rbs;edImeQIeT .
-RbEvgmankMhus (defect lenght) (Ld) KWCaRbEvgsrubénPaKénedImeQI
EdlGaceFVIBaNiC¢kmμ)an EtvamankMhus ¬Buk/ s¥úy/ Cm¶W>>>¦
-RbEvgkenSamsøwk (crown lenght) (Hc) KWCacm¶ayrvagKl;kenSamsøwk
nigkMBUlrbs;edImeQI .

edImRtg;

edImEbkEmk

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2.3 eKalkarN_ nig ]bkrN_³

kñúgkarvas;kMBs;edImeQI eKeRbI]bkrN_Edl)anéqñRbDitedayBwgEp¥kelIeKalkarN_sMxan; 2 KW³
-eKalkarN_FrNImaRt (geometric principle) ³ elImUldæanRtIekaNdUcKña .
-eKalkarN_RtIekaNmaRt (trigonometric princilpe ) ³ elImUldæanrgVas;mMu .

2.3.1 eKalkarN_FrNImaRt

k> eKalkarN_RtIekaNdUcKña cm¶ayrvagGñkQrvas;nigedImeQI KWkMBs;edImeQI

viFIenHKWCaviFIEdlbUraNCageK
ehIyvak¾manPaBgayRsYlEdr edayRKab;EteRbI
cegáWHcMnYn 2 EdlmanRbEvgesμIKñamkeFVICa ]bkrN_ .
cegáIsmYyeKtRmg;enARtg;EPñk RsbnwgépÞdI ÉcegáWH
mYyeToteKdak;bBaÄrRsb nwgedImeQI eday[vaTl;
nwgcugcegáWHTImYy . eKedIreTAmux b¤ fyeRkayrhUt
dl;edImeQIEdleKcg;vas; GacemIleXIj Kl; nig cug
sßitenAkñúgKMehIjén bnøayrbs;cugcegáWHbBaÄr .
eKeRbIExSEm:RtedIm,IeFVIkarvas;cm¶ay
rvagkEnøgEdleKQr eTAdl;Kl;eQI cm¶ayenHKW manRbEvgesμIeTAnwgkMBs;edImeQI . eRBaHRtIekaN
Oab nwgRtIekaN OAB CaRtIekaNdUcKña ehIy Oc = ab ¬cegáIsmanRbEvgesμIKña¦ dUecñH OC = AB
.
x> eKalkarN_RtIekaNEkgsm)at
¬viFanGñkQrvas;enAcm¶ayesμInwgkMBs;edImeQI Rtg;cMNuc
RtwmEPñkGñkemIl¦³ CaviFancas;minsUvGnuvtþn_ eRBaHeKmin
Gacvas;enATIFøaEdlmancMeNat .
edayRtIekaN Oac nig OAC CaRtIekaNdUcKña ehIyCa
RtIekaNEkgsm)ateTotenaH ehtuenH OC = AC .
EtedIm,I)ankMBs;edImeQIsrub eKRtUvEteFVIkarbUk kMBs;
RtwmEPñkrbs;GñkemIl]bkrN_enHeTot dUecñHkMBs;edImeQI KW AB = AC + CB, (CB = OG) .

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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
K> eKalkarN_RtIekaNdUcKña ¬viFan GñkQrenAcm¶ayminsÁal;BIedImeQI
EtRtUvmaneRbIefñalEm:Rt sÁal;RbEvgkMNt;mYy ehIyeRbI]krN_EdlmanRkit tRmUvtam efñalEm:RtenaH¦
CaviFanEdleKniymeRbIR)as;CageK KW]bkrN_ {dg;RdUEm:RtRKIsÞan} .
eKEp¥kdgefñalEdlmankMBs; 4-5m enARtgKl;eQI . Gñkvas;QrenAcm¶ay minkMNt;BIedImeQI
edaydak;]bkrN_enABImuxEPñk edaypøas;TIy:agNa[cugmçagén]bkrN_ RtYtsIuKñanwgcugkenSamsøwk
cugmçageTot RtYtsIuKñanwgKl;edImeQI ehIyGanyktémø énKMnUsRkitrbs;]bkrN_
EdlRtYtsIuKñaRtg;cMNuc éncugefñalEm:Rt Edlpþl;témøKitCaEm:RtEtmþg ¬GaRs½ytamRbEvg]bkrN_ nig
RbEvgefñalEm:Rt cenøaHKMnUsRkitnwgmanRbEvg xus²Kña¦.

2.3.2 eKalkarN_RtIekaNmaRt ³
CaeKalkarN_EdlmanmUldæan elIrgVas;mMu
Edl]bkrN_xøH Ep¥kelImUldæanenH eKéqñRbDiteTACa
rgVas;Em:RtedaypÞal;Etmþg b¤ CYnkal eKGacGan)anCaPaKry .
CatYy:agén]brN_RbePTenHKW suntU KøINUEm:Rt (Suunto
clinometer) .
rebobeRbI ³ eKkan;]bkrN_ ehIyemIltamRbeLaHEPñk (eye piece) edayEPñkmçag
ehIyEPñkmçageTotsmøwg emIleTAeKaledA EdlkñúgenaHeyIg GacemIleXIjTaMgeKaledA TaMgExSKMnUsqμar
TaMgKMnUsRkit ¬eBleRbI]bkrN_enH KWeKebIkEPñkTaMgsgçag¦.

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xageRkamenHKW]TahrN_ GMBIKMnUsRkit EdlKitCa PaKry.
EtCaTUeTA KWvamaneKalkarN_ vas;Evg Rbhak;RbEhlKñaTaMgGs;
xusKñaEtkarKNnaelx b¤ ]bkrN_xøHTamTar[eyIgQrenA
cm¶aymYykMNt; BIKl;eQI EdlRtUvvas;Evg.
eTAtamsßanPaBdIEdleKmanrebobvas; nig KNnaxus²Kña ³

k> elITIFøarabesμI ³

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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
GñkQrvas;QrenAcm¶aymYylμmgayRsYlemIleTAedImeQI edayeyIgcat;TukfaCadIrabesμI
eyIgeFVIkar vas;EvgEtmþg KWvas;eTAcugeQIEtmþg eRBaHcMNucBIdImkdl;EPñkGñkemIl cat;TukfaCacMNuc
sUnü . eBlsmøwgeTA cugeQI eyIgGan)ankMrit 48% bnÞab;mkeKvas;cm¶ayBIkEnøgQreTAKl;eQI
edayeRbIExSEm:Rt eXIjmancm¶ay 25m eyIg)an 25m x 48/100 = 12m EteyIgkMuePøc
cm¶ayBIdImkEPñkGñkvas;KW 1.5m ehtuenH 12 + 1.5 = 13.5m

x> vas;BIelITITYl ³ ¬BITIx<s;mkTITab¦

eKeFVIkarvas;EvgBIrdg mþgBIcMNucsUnümkKl;eQI mþgeTotBIcMNucsUnüeTAcugeQI ]bmafa

karemIlmkKl;eyIgemIleXIj 13% ehIykaremIleTAcugeyIgeXIj 41% cm¶ayBIGñkvas;vas;eTAKl;
eQIman 25m dUecñH 25m x (13+41)/100 = 13.5m .

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K> vas;BIeRkamTITYl ³ ¬BITITabmkTIx<s;¦

eKeFVIkarvas;EvgBIrdg mþgBIcMNucsUnümkKl;eQI mþgeTotBIcMNucsUnüeTAcugeQI ]bmafa

karemIlmkKl;eyIgemIleXIj 14% ehIykaremIleTAcugeyIgeXIj 64% cm¶ayBIGñkvas;vas;
eTAKl;eQIman 25m dUecñH 25m x (64-14)/100 = 12.5m .

X> karvas;Evgedaymindwgcm¶ayedkelITICMral ³

elIkarvas;EvgenH k¾minmankargarGVIxusBIkarvas;EvgBIelITITYlenaHEdreT b:uEnþkñúgkrNIenH

eyIgBMu)andwg nUvcm¶ayedkrvag Gñkvas;Evg nig Kl;eQI edaysarfaeKGacvas;Evg)angayRsYl
Etcm¶ayelIépÞCMralb:ueNÑaH . krNIenHeyIgRtUvas;kMritCMraleTot eday):an;sμannUvcm¶ayBIdIdl;EPñk

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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
Rtg;cMNucKl;eQI b¤ edaykarvas;Evg ehIyedAvaenATIenaH b¤ eRbIefñalEm:Rt ehIyGankMritCMralKit
CaGgSa EdlGac[KNnacm¶ayedk)an .
eyIgmanviFIBIEbbedIm,IKNna ³
-KNnakMBs;ehIyeTIb KuN nwg kUsIunus edIm,IEktRmUv 25m x (23+29)/100 x 0.987 = 12.83m
-KNnacm¶ayedkrYceTIb KuNnwgPaKryrkkMBs; 25m x 0.987 x (23+29)/100 = 12.83m .

2.4 kMNt;cMNaM ³
-lMeGogelIsBIkMBs;Bit ³ eKvas;
kMBs;srub)anBitR)akd enAeBlNaEdleK
GacemIleXIj cugkenSamsøwkc,as;las; .
pÞúyeTAvijeyIgRtUv eFVIkar):an;sμancugkenSam
søwk edayRbhak;RbEhleday RbugRby½tñ .
kar):an;sñancugkenSamsøwkxus GacbNaþl[
kMBsEdlvas;)an;)an mankMBs;elIsBI kMBs
Bit EdlCYnkallMeGogGacman rhUteTAdl;
20% k¾swgman .
-edImeQIEdlmandMeNkeRTt ³
ebI AC CakMBs;srub ehIy BC KWCakMBs;
EdleKvas;)an karKNnakMBs;srub
RtUveFVIeLIgeday
BC
AC = AB + BC =
cosα
EtCaTUeTAlMeGogenHmantémøTab
RbsinebIedImeQIenaH mandMeNkeRTtEtbnþicbnþÜc
AC − BC
= 1− cosα
AC
]TahrN_³
1-cos(10)=1.52%.
1-cos(15)=3.41%.
1-cos(20)=6.03%.

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2.5 ]bkrN_epSg²eTot ³
-rILasáúb
-suntU køINUEm:Rt RbePTQrkñúgcMgaymYykMNt; ¬15m b¤ 20m¦
ehIyGanecjCaelxkMBs;CaEm:Rt
-hahÁa
-bøÚm-elsS
-b:g;taRBis

III. TMrg;edIm (Stem form)

3.1 tMhyEm:RténedIm (Décroissance métrique de la tige) ³
tMhyEm:RténedIm KWCaRbEvgmFümKitCa sgÞIEm:Rt EdlviCÄmaRt b¤ Ggát;p©itcuHfy kñúg 1Em:Rt
énkMBs; Edlvas;enA 1.30m BIdI rhUtdl;Bak;kNþalénkMBs;srub .
emKuNtMhyénviCÄmaRteQI kMNt;edayrUbmnþ

C1 − C 2 eday C CaviCÄmaRtenA 1,30m nig

γ= 1
H 1 − 1.30m
2 C CaviCÄmaRtenA ½ kMBs;srub
2

C1 − C 2
γ=
( H 1 − 1.30m)π
2

3.2 emKuNTRmg; (form factor) ³

emKuNTRmg;énedIm KWCapleFobrvagmaD):an;sμanénedImeQI nig maDsIuLaMg EdlmankMBs;srub
CakMBs;rbs;edIm nig )atCamuxkat;vas;enAkMBs; 1.30m BIdI .
V V eday
f = = 2 V ³ maDsrub):an;sμanénedImeQI
g 1 .3 × H C
×H g1/3 ³ épÞmuxkat;enAkMBs; 1.30m
4π
H ³ kMBs;srub
kMNt;sMKal; ³

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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
-cMeBaHedImeQI 2edImEdlmanemKuNTRmg; ƒ dUcKña minGacmanTRmg;dUcKñaCaTUeTAeLIy .
-cMeBaHeQI 2edImEdlmanTRmg;EtmYy minGacmanemKuNTRmg;dUcKñaeLIy
eBalKWCaedImeQIdUcKña . kñúgenH ƒ1≠ƒ2 BIeRBaH g1≠g2 .

3.3 emKuNPaBsþÜcénedIm (coefficien décroissante du fût) ³

-emKuNPaBsþÜcénedIm KWCapleFobrvagTMhM enABak;kNþatYedIm nwgTMhMenAkMBs; 1.30m BIdI
d 1
K = 2
d 1 .3

-emKuNTRmg;énedIm esμInwgkaer: énemKuNPaBsþÜcénedIm

2
⎛d1 ⎞
f = K 2
= ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟
⎟⎟
⎜ d 1 .3
⎝ ⎠

3.4 emKuN{FmμCati} TRmg;énedIm (coefficien naturel de forme de la tige) ³

KWCapleFobrvag maDsrub):an;sμanénedImeQI CamYymaDénsIuLaMg EdlmankMBs;esμInwg
kMBs;srub nig )atCamuxkat;vas;enA 1/10 énkMBs;srub Kitcab;BIépÞdI .
V V
f '= =
C 2
g 0 .1 × H
× H
0 .1
4π

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TRmg;rbs;edImeQICaTUeTAkñúgFmμCatimanTRmg;Rbhak;RbEhl sUlIdFrNImaRt dUcxageRkam

emKuNFmμCatiénTRmg;edIm Gac[eKvaytémø)any:aggayeTAelITRmg;sUlIud EdledImeQI

manlkçN³dUc

-ƒ’= 0.56 sMrab;):arabULÚGIut

-ƒ’= 0.41 sMrabekaN
-ƒ’= 0.34 sMrabeNLÚGIut

3.5 karkMNt;emKuN ƒ nig ƒ’ ³

edIm,IKNna ƒ nig ƒ’ rbs;edImeQI 1edIm eKRtUvepþImedaykab;rMlMedImenaH rYcKNnamaDrbs;va
. edIm,IkMNt;maDCak;Esþgrbs;va eKRtUvEbgEckedImeQIenaHCakMNat;xøI² ¬1m>-2m>¦ rYceKkMNt;maD
énkMNat; eQInimYy² bnÞab;mkeTIbeKbUksrubcUlKña .
]TahrN_xageRkam eKvas;Ggát;p©itenAkMBs; 1.3m (DR) BIdI rYc eKkab;rMlM
edImeQIenaHenARtg;Kl; Cab;nwgépÞdI bnÞab;mkeKEbgEckedImeQIenaHCa 5kMNat; EdlkMNat;nimYy²
eKvas;nUvGgát;p©itkNþal .

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emKuNTRmg; ³
D 2H + D 32H + D 52H + D 72 H + D 2H
1 9
f = × 10 10 10
2
10 10
5 ( DR )
emKuNTRmg;FmμCati ³
D 2H + D 32H + D 52H + D 72 H + D 92H
1
f '= × 10 10 10 10 10
5 D 2H
10

edIm,IKNnaemKuNTMrg;mFümcMeBaH n edIm éndMNuHéRB eKGackMNt; ³

n n

∑ ∑π
1 1 Vi
f = fi =
n n
i =1 i =1 ( DR2 H ) i
4
n n

∑ ∑π
1 1 Vi
f '= fi ' =
n n
i =1 i =1 ( D 2H H ) i
4 10

3.6 GFib,ayRbUhVIlrbs;edImeQIedaysmIkarExSekag ³

3.6.1 RkahViktMNagTRmg;edImeQI ³

edayeFVIkarvas;EvgGgát;p©it enAkMBs;epSg²énedIm eKGactMNagrgVas;TaMgenHeday

RkahVik2RbePT

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-RkahVikTI1 tMNagnUvTMrg;rbs;edImeQI edayELkRkahVikTI2 tMNagnUvmaD VHi rhUtdl;kMBs;

Hi .
-cMeBaHedImeQI2edImEdlmanTRmg;dUcKña RtUv)antagedayExSekagEtmYy ehIyedImeQI 2edIm
EdlmanExSekagtMNagdUcKña manTRmg;dUcKña edayRKan;EtbMElgmaRtdæanb:ueNÑaH .

3.6.2 karEktRmUvExSekagRbUhVIledayKNna ³
sar³sMxan;énExSekagRbUhVIlrbs;edImeQI GacnaMmknUvPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarKNnamaD éncMENk
edImeQIenaH enAcenøaHkMBs;BI H1 nig H2 . CaTUeTARtUvcab;epþImedayrUbmnþ ³
S H = b0 + b1 H + b2 H 2 + b3 H 3 + ...
eday SH CaépÞmuxkat;rbs;edImRtg;kMBs; H
-rUbmnþsMrab;KNnamaDrbs;edIm edaysÁal;ExSekagRbUhVIl ³
snμt;ExSekagRbUhVIlKW ³ S H = b0 + b1 H + b2 H 2 + ... + b p H p
p +1
GaMgetRkalén S KW ³ g ( H ) = bH + b H2 H + ... + b Hp + 1 H
1 p

maDéncMENkrbs;edImsßitenAcenøaHkMBs; H1 nig H2 KW ³
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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
H2
∫ H1
f ( H ) = g ( H 2 ) − g ( H1 )

-RbsinCaRbUhVIlRtUv)aneRbITMnak;TMngrvag Ggát;p©it nig kMBs; eK)an

D = c0 + c1 H + c 2 H 2 + ... + c p H p

eKRtUvcab;epþImedaysresrTMnak;TMng S = π4 D ehIymaDEdlRtUvrkKW g (H ) − g (H ) eday

2
2 1

g(H) KW GaMgetRkalén S .
karKNnatamrebobenHEvgehIyminsUvc,as;las;pg ehtudUcenHehIyeTIbeKcUlcitþ
kMNt;ExSekag RbUhVIleRkamTRmg; S = f (H ) eRcInCag D = f (H ) .

]TahrN_énkarkMNt;RbUhVIlmFüménedImeQI3edIm tamkarkMNt;maD ³
eKeFVIkarvas;EvgGgát;p©it DH enARtg;kMBs;epSg²KñaénedImeQI 3edIm )antYelxdUcxageRkam³
Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3
H(m) D(cm) H(m) D(cm) H(m) D(cm)
0.2 44 0.3 57 0.3 66
1.2 39 1.3 52 1.3 61
1.3 38 2.3 47 2.3 56
2.2 34 3.3 43 3.3 52
3.2 31 4.3 39 4.3 48
4.2 27 5.3 36 5.3 44
5.2 25 6.3 33 6.3 41
6.2 22 7.3 31 7.3 38
7.2 20 8.3 29 8.3 36
8.2 17 9.3 26 9.3 34
9.2 12 10.3 23 10.3 32
9.8 7 11.3 19 11.3 29
10 0 12.3 13 12.3 25
12.8 7 13.3 21
13 0 14.3 14
14.8 7
15 0

eyIgeFVIkarKNna x=
H
H tot
nig y = π4 ( HD H

tot
)2 edayÉktaTaMgGs;KitCa Em:Rt . eyIg)an ³

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Tree 1 Tree 2 Tree 3

x * 10^4 y * 10^4 x * 10^4 y * 10^4 x * 10^4 y * 10^4
0.020 15.20531 0.023 15.09916 0.020 15.20531
0.120 11.94591 0.100 12.56637 0.087 12.98874
0.130 11.34115 0.177 10.26594 0.153 10.94671
0.220 9.07920 0.254 8.59291 0.220 9.43874
0.320 7.54768 0.331 7.06858 0.287 8.04248
0.420 5.72555 0.408 6.02294 0.353 6.75791
0.520 4.90874 0.485 5.06094 0.420 5.86780
0.620 3.80133 0.562 4.46608 0.487 5.04051
0.720 3.14159 0.638 3.90840 0.553 4.52389
0.820 2.26980 0.715 3.14159 0.620 4.03520
0.920 1.13097 0.792 2.45844 0.687 3.57443
0.980 0.38485 0.869 1.67768 0.753 2.93564
1.000 0.00000 0.946 0.78540 0.820 2.18166
0.985 0.22772 0.887 1.53938
1.000 0.00000 0.953 0.68417
0.987 0.17104
1.000 0.00000

RkahViktMNagtémø (DH) xagelIbgðajfa TMnak;TMngrvag x nig y manlkçN³dUcKña

BIedImeQImYy eTA edImeQImYyeTot dUecñHedImTaMg3 Gacsnμt;famanTRmg;EtmYydUcKña .

18

y = -24.282x3 + 48.31x2 - 40.113x + 16.062

16
R2 = 0.9997

14

12

10 Tree 1
Tree 2
Tree 3
8
Avg. Equ.

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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tamkaredaHRsaysmIkarxagelI eyIg)an ³
a0 = 15.98 × 10 -4 , a1 = -40.65 × 10 -4 , a 2 = 51.17 × 10 -4 , a3 = -28.84 × 10 -4
ExSekagtMNagTRmg;edImeQIxagelIRtUv)anEktRmUvedayrUbmnþsmIkary:agRtwmRtUv ¬emIlKMnUs Avg.
Equ. ¦.

]TahrN_KNnamaDtamry³smIkaRbUhVIl ³ y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3
H S
eday x = H tot , y = H tot2 dUecñH
S H H2 H3
2
= a 0 + a1 +a 2
+a 3
H tot H tot H tot H tot

H3
épÞmuxkat; S = a0 H tot
2
+ a1 HH tot + a2 H 2 + a3
H tot
H2 H3 a H4
b¤ GaMgetRkalén S KW g ( H ) = a0 H tot
2
( H ) + a1 H tot (
2
) + a2 (
3
)+ 3 (
H tot 4
)

⎡ a a a ⎤ 3
b¤ g ( H ) = ⎢a0 x + 1 x 2 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 4 ⎥ H tot
⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦

maDrbs;edImeQIrvagkMBs; H1 nig H2 KWGaMgetRkalkMNt; g(H2) - g(H1) dUecñH

maDsrubénedImeQIKW
Vtot = g ( H tot ) − g ( H s )
⎡ a a a ⎤ 3
g ( H ) = ⎢a0 + 1 + 2 + 3 ⎥ H tot
⎣ 2 3 4⎦

edaysnμt;³ HS
=
1
= 0.01 = 10 - 2 , H tot = 1
H tot 100
g(H tot ) = 6.038 × 10 −4 × H tot
3

⎡ a a a ⎤ 3
g(H S ) = ⎢a0 10 − 2 + 1 10 −4 + 2 10 −6 + 3 10 −8 ⎥ H tot
⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦
g(H S ) = 0.1586 × 10 −4 × H tot
3

⇒ Vtot = (6.038 − 0.1586)× 10 −4 × H tot

3
, if H tot = 14m
⇒ Vtot = 5.879 × 10 −4 × 14 3 = 1.613m3

]TahrN_ eyIgcg;rkmaD Bois foit Rtg;kMBs; Hn EdlmanGgát;p©it 7cm ¬tamsmIkarxagelI¦.

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π
(0.07) 2
S
2
= 4 2
= a0 + a1 x7 + a2 x72 + a3 x73 = 0.0000196
H tot 14
0.0000196 ×10 4 = 0.196
tamtaragkñúg TMB½r TI 20 xagelI eyIgeXIjfa témøEdlCittémøenHbMputKW 0.171 EdlRtUvnwg
témø y KW 0.987 (0.987 ≤ x ≤ 1) . tamRkahVikeyIg)an x7=0.987 .
CMnYselx x7=0.987 nig Htot=14m eTAkñúgsmIka eyIg)an ³
⎡ a a a ⎤ 3
g ( H 7 ) = ⎢a0 x + 1 x 2 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 4 ⎥ H tot = 1.656m 3
⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦
g ( H S ) = 0.158 × 10 4 × 14 3 = 0.043m 3
⇒ Volume du bois foit = 1.656 - 0.043 = 1.613m 3

IV. TMrg;kenSamsøwk (Crown form)

-niymn½y ³ søwkTaMgGs;begáIt)aneTACakenSamsøwk KWCaPaKEdlénedImeQIEdlmansøwk
begáIt)aneTA CaPaKkMBUl b¤ KMrbéRB .
-eKalkarN_ ³ rgVas;kenSamsøwk EdleKniymeFVIkarvas;EvgKW rgVas;épÞéncMeNaledk ¬TMhMmøb;¦rbs;
kenSamsøwkénedImeQI vamansar³sMxan;Nas; ebIsinCaeKRsavRCavrk RbsiT§iPaBén kareFVI [rhal .

96
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
edIm,IkMNt;)anRtwmRtUvcMeNaledkPaKkMBUledImeQI eKRtUveFVIkarvas;Evg kaMmYycMnYn
EdlepþImecj BIcMNucp©it O éncMeNalPaKkMBUl . CaTUeTAPaKeRcIn kMNt;kaMTaMg 8 sMrab;RKb;TisedA
EdlbegáIt)anCamMuesμIKña 45o .
edIm,Ivas;cMeNaledkPaKkMBUl eKRtUv ³
-kMNt;cMnucp©it O EdlCaTUeTAeRcInsßitenAEk,rKl; rYcRtuyedaybegÁalmYy .
-edayeRbI]bkrN_kBa©k; eKRtuycMNuc B1CacMeNalEkgéncugkenSamsøwkmkdI begáIt)anCa kaM
B

OB1 . eyIgeFVIdUcenHbnþbnÞab; rhUtdl;RKb; 8 cMNuc eyIg)an kaM 8 .

]bkrN_kBa©k;RtUvmanCMhrsßitenAkñúgTisedAbBaÄr (vertical position) . ]bkrN_enH
eFVIeLIgeday kBa©k;bøg; EdlbegáIt)anCamMunwg TisedAedk (horizontal) cMnYn 45o . kBa©k;føa2 (ab) nig
(ac) EdlmanqñÚtqμar kat;TTwgcMkNþalpÞaMgnimYy² . kñúgeBlemIltRmg; eKRtUveFVIy:agNa [qñÚtqμaTaMg2
nig cugkenSamsøwk RtYtsIuKña É cMeNaléncMNucenHeTAelIépÞdI KWeyIgemIlcugRbeyalEdlmanP¢ab;
EpñkxageRkamén]bkrN_enHRsab; .
karKNnakenSamsøwk
n

∑r i
2

muxkat;énkenSamsøwk S crown = π i =1
n
n

∑r i
2

Ggát;p©itmFüménkenSamsøwk Dcrown =
4
S crown = 2 i =1
π n

maDénPaKkenSamsøwk Vcrown =
1
S crown × H crown
3

Edl ³ ri KW kaMénPaKkMBUlvas;kñúgTis i .
n CacMnYnkaMEdl)anvas;Evg .
Hcrown CakMBs;énPaKkMBUl .

97
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003

CMBUk3 ³ kar):an;sμanmaDrbs;edImeQI

I. rUbmnþFrNImaRteRbIR)as;sMrab;edImeQIQr b¤ kab;rMlM ³
-maDsrubénedImeQImYyedIm b¤ maDrhUtdl;xñat;Gb,brmarmYy RtUvpþl;edayrUbmnþ ³
V = g ×h× f
eday ³ g KWépÞmuxkat; enAkMBs; 1.30m b¤ enAelI RBwg
h KWkMBs;rbs;edImeQI KitBI)at b¤ elIRBwg
f KWemKuNTRmg;
CaTUeTA eKGaceFVIkarkMNt;)angay nUvépÞmuxkat; b¤ kMBs;rbs;edImeQI)an b:uEnþkarkMNt;
emKuNTRmg; rbs;edImeQI BMuEmnCakargayRsYleLIy ehIyvaminGacÉksNæanKña
cMeBaHedImTaMgmUleLIy . ehtuenH edIm,IkMNt;maDrbs;edImeQI eKRtUvEbgEckvaCaxñat;
¬eday]bkrN_GubTik¦ EdlmanRbEvgesμI b¤ minesμIKña ehIy):an;sμanmaDénEpñkTaMgenaH
tamrUbmnþFrNImaRt ehIybUkvacUlKña .
kMNt;sMKal; ³ rUbmnþFrNImaRtEdlpþl;maDénkMNat;edIm edayepþImecjBIRbEvg nig Ggát;p©it
éncugsgçag b¤ kNþaledIm minEdldUcTaMgRsugeTAnwg sUlIdFrNImaRteLIy .
rUbmnþFrNImaRtsMxan;²man ³
(1). rUbmnþ Huber

π 2
eday ³ V CamaD
V = Dm × L Cm CaviCÄmaRtkNþaledIm
4
Dm CaGgát;p©itkNþaledIm
C m2
V = ×L L CaRbEvgeQI
4π

(2). rUbmnþ Smalian

1 ⎛ C12 + C22 ⎞ π ⎛⎜ D12 + D22 ⎞⎟

a). V = ⎜ ⎟× L = ×L
4π ⎜ 2 ⎟ 4 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎠

2 2
b). V = 1 ⎛ C1 + C2 ⎞ π ⎛ D + D2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ×L = ⎜ 1 ⎟ ×L
4π ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4⎝ 2 ⎠
98
sklviTüal½yPUmiminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2

eday ³ C1, D1 Ca viCÄmaRt nig Ggát;p©it vas;enARtg;Kl;

C2, D2 CaviCÄmaRt nig Ggát;p©it vas;enAxagcug
(3). rUbmnþénedImragekan ³

1
V= (C12 + C 22 + C1C 2 ) × L
12π

b¤ V=
π
( D12 + D22 + D1 D2 ) × L
12

(4). rUbmnþ Newton Simpson

1
V= (C12 + 4Cm2 + C22 ) × L
24π

π
b¤ V= ( D12 + 4 Dm2 + D22 ) × L
24

kMNt;kMKal; ³ ebIeyIgeFVIkareRbobeFobrUbmnþxagelI eyIgeXIjdUcteTA

(2b) < (3) < (2a)
(2a) − (3) πL ( 2a ) − (3)
(3) − (2b) = = ( D1 − D2 ) 2
2 48 π ( D12 + D22 ) π
= L− ( D12 + D1 D2 + D22 ) L
4 2 12
(3) − ( 2b)
π π
2 = ( D12 + D22 ) L − ( D12 + D1 D2 + D22 ) L
πL πL ⎛ D1 + D2 ⎞ 8 12
= +
( D12 + D1 D2 ) −
D22 ⎜ ⎟
12 4 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎡ 3π 2π ⎤
= L ⎢ 3( D12 + D22 ) − ( D12 + D1 D2 + D22 )⎥
2πL πL ⎣ 24 ⎦
= (2 D1 + 2 D2 + 2 D1 D2 ) −
2 2
(D1 + D2 )2 24
24 16 ⎡π π ⎤
= L ⎢ (3D12 + 3D22 ) − (2 D12 + 2 D1 D2 + 2 D22 )⎥
=
2πL
(2 D12 + 2 D1 D2 + 2 D22 ) − (
πL 2
D1 + 2 D1 D2 + D22) ⎣ 24 24 ⎦
[3D + 3D − 2D − 2D D − 2D )]
24 16 π
( ) =L 2 2 2 2
4πL 3πL 1 2 1 1 2 2
= (4 D12 + 4 D1 D2 + 4 D22 ) − 3D12 + 6 D1 D2 + 3D22 24
= L [D − 2 D D − D )] = L ( D − D )
48 48 π π
2 2 2
πL 1 1 2 2 1 2
= ( 4 D12 + 4 D1 D2 + 4 D22 − 3D12 − 6 D1 D2 − 3D22 ) 24 24
48 π
πL 2 π L ( D1 − D2 ) 2
= ( D1 − 2 D1 D2 + D22 ) = ( D1 − D2 ) 2 L (2a ) − (3) 24 π
48 48 = = ( D1 − D2 ) 2 L
2 2 48
99
 taragvaytémørUbmnþkMNt;maD

TMrg;rbs;kMNat;eQI rUbmnþ Huber rUbmnþ Smalian 1 rUbmnþ rUbmnþ ekan rUbmnþ

Smalian 2 eNLÚGIut
ragsIuLaMg RtwmRtUv RtwmRtUv RtwmRtUv RtwmRtUv RtwmRtUv
C1 = Cm = C2
rag):arabULÚGIut RtwmRtUv RtwmRtUv eRkamtémømaDBit eRkamtémømaDBit RtwmRtUv
Cm2 =
1 2
(C1 + C22 ) 2 3ε 2ε
2
ragekan eRkamtémømaDBit elIstémømaDBit eRkamtémømaDBit RtwmRtUv RtwmRtUv
Cm =
1
(C1 + C2 ) 1ε 2ε 3ε
2
rageNLÚGIut eRkamtémømaDBit elIstémømaDBit eRkamtémømaDBit elIstémømaDBit RtwmRtUv
2
1 ⎛⎜ 3
2 2 ⎞ 3ε − ε ' 4ε
3ε − 2ε ' >
8ε
> 8ε '
ε 2ε
C m3 = C + C 23 ⎟ > > 4ε ' ε '< ε − ε '> > 2ε '
2⎜ 1 ⎟ 2 3 3 3 3
⎝ ⎠

2
πL ⎡ 3 3
2 1 1 2⎤
πL
ε= ( D1 − D2 )2 , ε' = ⎢ D1 D2 − D13 D23 ⎥
48 16 ⎢ ⎥⎦
⎣
ε > 3ε '

100
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
taragENnaMkMNt;maDedImeQI

maDeQIcg;)an ¬elIsMbk¦
maDedImsrub maDedImRtg;xñat;mYyefr maDsrub edIm nig Emk
(Volume Bois fort)
edImeQIQr -Ggátip©it D 1.3 -Ggátip©it D 1.3 minGackMNt;)an dUckñúgkrNI
¬rgVas;GubTik¦ -Ggát;p©itRtg;Kl; D S -Ggát;p©itRtg;Kl; D S edImeQIkab;rMlMeLIy
-Ggát;p©itRtg;nIv:UmYyelI D 1.3 -RbEvgrvag D nig D
1.3 S

RtUvvas; (¼ H b¤ ½ H )
tot tot RtUvvas; -kMBs;Rtg;xñat; H dec

-kMBs;srub H tot -Ggát;p©itRtg;nIv:Ux<s;Cag D 1.3

-RbEvgrvag D nig D1.3 S (¼ H b¤ ½ H )

dec dec

edImeQI -Ggátip©it D 1.3 -Ggátip©it D 1.3 -kMNt;maDedImeQI

kab;rMlM -Ggát;p©itRtg;Kl; D S -Ggát;p©itRtg;Kl; D S -kMNt;maDEmkeQI ³ manlT§PaB2
-RbEvgrvag D nig D1.3 S -RbEvgrvag D nig D
1.3 S = kMNt;maDEmkFM² dUckrNIkMNt;maD
RtUvvas; -Ggát;p©itRtg;nIv:UmYyelI D 1.3 RtUvvas; -kMBs;Rtg;xñat; H dec edImEdr ehIyvas;maDKMnrénEmktUc² .
-kMBs;srub H tot -Ggát;p©itRtg; H nig dec = viFangay ³ kMNt;maDKMnrén EmktUc
-Ggát;p©it ½ H tot Rtg; ½ H dec nig FM TaMgGs; .

101
 ]TahrN_kñúgkarkMNt;maDsrubénedImeQI ³

102
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
II. kMNt;maDBaNiC¢kmμ nig KMrUdg;RdUmaRtsaRsþ ³
maDBaNiC¢kmμénkMNat;eQImYyedIm KWCaEpñkmYyénedImeQI EdlmaragsIuLaMgbrivtþn_
EdlmanragRtg; nig rgVas;muxkat;enARtg;kNþaledIm .
b:uEnþCaFmμtaedImeQImYyedIm kMrnwgmanragCasIuLaMgeLIy kñúgkrNIenH
eKGaccat;fñak;TMrg;rbs;va EdlmanragRbhak;RbEhleTAnwg TRmg;sUlIdFrNImaRtdUcxageRkam ³
1-sIuLaMg (Cylinder)
2-):arabULÚGIut (Parabolide)
3-ekan (Cone)
4-eNLÚGIut (Neloide)

sUlIdTaMgenHeKehAfa {KMrUdg;RdUmaRt} énedImeQI EdlGackMNt;)andUcExSekagxageRkam ³

103
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003

KMrUdg;RdUmaRtsaRsþ muxkat;kNþal maDtamTRmg;FrNImaRt maDBaNiC¢kmμ snñidæan

S V = S0H VC = S.H
sIuLaMg S = S0 V = S0 H VC = S0 H V = VC

):arabULÚGIut S0 1 S0 H V = VC
S= V= S0 H VC =
2 2 2
ekan S
S= 0
1
V = S0 H
S H
VC = 0
4
V = VC
4 3 4 3
eNLÚGIut S 1 S H V = 2VC
S= 0 V = S0 H VC = 0
8 4 8

kñúgkarGnuvtþn_ eKminGansnñidæanedaygayfa edImeQImaTRmg;Rbhak;RbEhl KMrRdg;RdUmaRt

NamYyeLIy .
kñúgkrNIenH ebI r CapleFobrvagGgát;p©itemdüanénedIm dm nig bnÞat;p©itén)at D
d
(r = m ) eKsnμt; ³
D
1- edImdUcrag sIuLaMg énedIméRBsøwk kalNa r = 0.85 - 0.90
2- edImragdUc ):arabULÚGIut kalNa r = 0.70 b¤ Rbhak;RbEhl
3- edImrag ekan cMeBaHéRBC½rekμg b¤ edImxøHénéRBeRsag EdleFVI[rhalxøaMg r→0.5
¬xitCit 0.5¦
4- edImrag eNLÚGIut cMeBaHedImeQIduHÉeka énvalesμA
-kñugkrNIedImragekan b¤ eNLÚGIut eKGacGnuvtþn_ rUbmnþ Newton ³
1
V = (bg + 4 gm + gn) L
6

-viFIsaRsþ IFN ³
eKEbgEcktYedImCakMNat;eday
o -kMNat;TI1 rhUtdl;kMBs; 2.6m ehIyRtUv):an;sμanmaDtamTRmg; sIuLaMg .
o -kMNat;TI2 rhUtdl;xñat;EdledImeQIbþÚrrUbrag ¬kMBs;BaNiC¢kmμ¦ ehIyRtUv
)an KitmaD tamrUbmnþ Newton ³

104
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
π
V= ( D22.6 + 4 Dm2 + Dd2 )( H d − 2.6m)
24

III-karvaytémøKuNPaBeQI

3>1-eKalbMNg
karvaytémøKuNPaBeQIenATIenHKWminsMedAeTAelI karvaytémøeTAelI rbwgemkanik PaBFn;RTaM
nigGakasFatu stVl¥it esaP½NPaB b¤ sréssac;eQI ¬KuNtémø¦enaHeT EtkñúgeBlenHKWeyIgniyay
dl; PaBEdlGaceRbIR)as;)an EdltRmUveTAtameKalbMNgeRbIR)as; dUcCa eQIGar eQIcMNitesþIg
Gus b¤ emSARkdas .l. niyayrYm eKalbMNgénkarvaytémøKuNPaBeQIenH KWCaCMnYykñúgkarKNna
maDeQIsMrab;lk;ecj b¤ TijcUl CamaFBaNiC¢kmμ EdlGacEkécñlk;dUrenAelITIpSar)an CasMrayKW
karkat;ecjnUv EpñkEdlmankMhus ¬minGaceRbIkar)an¦ dUcCa eQIs¥úy Buk eQIekag eQIEdl
lUtlas;minRbktI ¬ragePøAeKa¦ manbNþÚlmincMkNþal eQIrmYl b¤ s,ksac; CaedIm EdlEpñkTaMg
enHeKminGac eRbI)ankñúgkarEkécñ b¤ ebIeTaHCaEtécñ)ank¾¾BMumantémøBaNiC¢kmμ x<s;Edr . karvaytémø
KuNPaBeQIenH CYnkalKWvaekItecjmkBIkic©RBmeRBogrvag GñkTij nig Gñklk; edayEp¥kelI
bTBiesaFn_ nigTajykcMeNjtamPaKIerog²xøÜn .

3>2-viFIsaRsþkñúgkarvaytémøKuNPaBeQI
karvaytémøKuNPaBeQIEckecjCa2EpñkKW karvaytémøKuNPaB nig karxUcxatEpñkxageRkA
(external) nig karvaytémøkarxUcxatEpñkxagkñúg (inner). karvaytémøEpñkxageRkA GaceFVIkarsegát

Binitü)anenAeBlvaenACaeQIQr b¤ CaeQIEdl)ankab;rMlMehIy Etkarvaytémøkar xUcxatEpñkxagkñúg

sMrab;eQIQrKWGaceFVIeTA)anedayqøgeTAtambTBiesaFn_kñúgkarsegátBinitü knøgmkEtb:ueNÑaHehIyva
GacminsUvCaeTogTat;eTotBitR)akdeLIy .
kñúgsareBIP½NÐ karvaytémøKuNPaBKWCakargarsMxan;mYy eRBaHbrimaN¬maD¦eQIEtÉkÉg
minRKb;RKan;kñúgkarkMNt;témø b¤ KuNPaBéndMNuHéRB)aneLIy mü:agvaGackMNt;)anc,as;las;nUv
brimaNeQIEdlGaceRbIR)as;)an elIbrimaNeQIsrub .

3>2>1-karvaytémøKuNPaBnigkarxUcxatEpñkxageRkA

105
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
karvaytémøenHGaceFVIeTAtamviFIsaRsþ2y:ag KW karEckedImeQIecjCakMNt;²ehIyeFVIkar
vaytémøKuNPaBedayELk²tamkMNt;nimYy² nig karvaytémøedImeQITaMgmUlEtmþg .

3>2>1>1-karvaytémø edayEbgEckedImCakMNat;

k>EbgEckedImCakMNat;eTAtamRbEvgEdleRbIR)as;Cak;Esþg
kñúgeKalkarenHKWeKEbgEck edImeQI[eTACakMNt;² EdlmanRbEvgkMNt;eTAtamtRmUvkar
eRbIR)as;eQICak;Esþg . CaTUeTAKWCYnkaleKEckeTACakMNat;EdlmanRbEvg 5m ehIymaDrbs;va
eKGacKNnaeTAtamPaKryénkMNat;nimYy² b¤mYyk¾¾ eKeFVIkarvas;Evg nUvGgát;p©itkNaþlénkMNat;
eQInimYy² ehIyeKk¾¾BinitüpgEdrnUv karxUcxat b¤ kMhus (defect)
eTAtamkMNat;nimYy²enHEdr .
kñúgenHeKeRbIGkSrLataMgtMNag[kMNat;eQI ¬EtminEmn
tMNag[KuNPaBenaHeT¦
A kMNat;Kl;
B kMNat;bnÞab;
C kMNat;cug
D kMNat;cugEdlmanEbkEmkeRcIn
GkSrLataMgenH eK)aneRbIR)as;vaCaTUeTA kñúgkarbg;elx
sMKal;eQIk¾eKeRbIR)as;GkSrLataMgenHCaCMnYyEdr enAkñúgkarbg;
elxkMNat;eQIkñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmμ ]> eQImYyedIm Edl)anbg;elx
56 enAeBlenACaeQIQr eRkayeBlkab;rMlM cMENkedImrbs;vaeK

Gackat;ecjCa4kMNat; tamtRmUvkar eRbIR)as; b¤ lT§PaBdwk CBa¢Ún ehIykMNat;cug1kMNat;eTot

elxfμIEdleKRtUv[kMNat;nimYy²KW 56A, 56B, 56B nig 56C tamlMdab;kMNat; .
eKkMNt;maDénkMNat;nimYy² edaysegátBinitü kMNat;nimYy² ehIykt;RtanUvkMhus Edlman
enAelIkMNat;enaH . maDBitR)akdKWCamaDEdl)andkecjnUvmaDeQIEdlmankarxUcxatEdleK
)a:n;sμanCaPaKry KWkardkecjnUvmaDEdlxUcxatCak;Esþg tamkarvas;Evg sMrab;eQIEdl)ankab;rMlM
rYcehIy.

106
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg
x-EbgEckedImCakMNat;EdlmanRbEvgesμI²Kña ³
K-karEbgEckCakMNat;EdnmanRbEvgminkMNt;
mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
eKEckedImeQIecjCakMNat;Edlman
RbEvgesμI²Kña ]TahrN_kñúgrUbenHKW
eKeRbIbnÞat;EbgEck EdlEbgEckedIm
Ca3kMNt; . eKQrkñúgcm¶aymYy
BIedImeQI ély:agNa[KMehIjsßitenA
kñúgcenøaHénedIm dUecñHeyIgeXIjfa
RbEvgkMNt;eQImankar ERbRbYleTA
tamRbEvgsrubrbs;va EtkMNt;TaMgenH
vaenAEtrkSaRbEvgrbs;vaesμI²KñadEdl .
rIÉkar KNnamaDrbs;kMNat;nimYy²
k¾dUcCaviFanKNnaEdl)anerobrab;xagelI
enaHEdr
kñúgviFIenH KWeKEcgEckedImeQICakMNat; eTAtamkarsegát
pÞal;rbs;Gñkvas;Evg edayEbgEckvaecjeTAtam PaBERb
RbYl b¤ kEnøgEdlcab;epþImmankMhus .
viFIsaRsþTaMgGs;xagelIenHKW vamanPaBgayRsUl
ehIyc,as;las; enAeBlEdleKeFVIkar ):an;sμaneTAelI
edImeQI EdleK)ankat;rMlMehIy EtcMeBaH eQIQrvijKWva
manPaB minsUvCac,as;las; mü:ageTotkar vaytémøEbb
enH KWRtUvcMNayeBly:ageRcIn ehIykarkMNt; brimaNeQI
EdlmankMhus nig EpñkeQIEdlenAl¥ CaTUeTAKW minGac
eFVIeTA)anedaykMritR)akdR)aCax<s;enaHeT .
107
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
3>2>1>2-karvaytémøedImeQITaMgmUl
elITsSn³kñúgkarvaytémøedImeQITaMgmUlenH KWeKeRcInEtBwgEp¥keTAelIkarsegátTRmg;
rUbragedImeQIenaHTaMgRsugEtmþg EteTaHCay:agenHkþI manEtcMENktYedImEtb:ueNÑaHEdl)anvaytémø
edaysarfa cMENkenHvaCacMENkEdlsMxan; nig mantémøenAkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmμeQI . karkMNt;
KuNPaBEbbenHCaTUeTAKWCakargarcaM)ac;EdleKEtgEteFVIenAkñúgsareBIP½NÐCaCMhandMbUg edIm,I[)an
dwgfaetIdMNuHéRBEdleKeFVIsareBIP½NÐenaH PaKeRcInvaCaedIml¥ b¤ y:agNaenaH .
3>2>1>3-karkMNt;vaytémø
kñúgkarkMNt;KuNPaB eKGacsnμt;KuNPaBeTAtamKuNPaBEdleKkMNt; Ca]TahrN_sMrab;kar
vaytémøKuNPaBedImeQITaMgmUleyIg GackMNt;fa {eQIminTTYlyk)an} }eQIyk)an} b¤ {eQIl¥}
{eQIxUc} . eKGaceFVIkarsegáteTAelITRmg;edIm dUcCa {ekag} {evoc} {edImminmUl} {EpñkedImEvg-
xøI}{minmanEbkEmk-EmkEmkeRcIntaMgBIeRkameTA} .l. karsegáteTA tamsßanPaBsuxPaBénedIm
dUcCa{Bk} {s¥úy-Buk-Rbehag} {)ak;Emk} {sac;rmYl} .l.
Ep¥ktamcMNucénlkçN³sMKal;nimYy²dUcmanrayxagelI eKeFVIkarRbmUlpþúMlkçN³sMKal;
TaMgenaHCaRkum tamkMritepSg²KñasMrab;kMNt;[eTACacMNat;fñak;énKuNPaB . karkMNt;cMNat;fñak;
énKuNPaBenHRtUvEtmanPaBc,as;las;edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvPaBel¥óg kñúgkrNIminvaytémøRKb;edIm
enAkñúgsareBIP½NÐeTenaH ÉktaCMerIsrgRtUvEtbegáIteLIg sMrab;karvayteémø b¤ CakareRCIserIsedIm
EdlmanelxlMdab;TI n énRKb;LÚt×mkeFVIkarvaytémøCaedIm .
kargarenHKWCakargard¾lM)aksMrab;GñkGnuvtþn_ PaKeRcIneKRtUvkareFVIkarhVwkhVWn[)anditdl;;
dl;buKÁlikEdleFVIkarvaytémøKuNPaBenH ehIyKYrEtmanEtmñak; b:ueNÑaHkñúgmYyRkumsareBIP½NÐ
EdlCa TUeTAKWCaRbFanRkumsareBIP½NÐ edIm,IeFVI[karvinicä½yKuNPaB [)anÉkPaBKña . ebICakarl¥
kñúgkarvaytémøKuNPaBenHKYrEteRbIEkvyitCaCMnYy kñúgkrNIkarvaytémøedayEckCakMNt;.
karvaytémøKuNPaBenHBMumanGVIEcgc,as;Casþg;daenaHeT eKkMNt;KuNPaBedaykMNt; CaeQI
KuNPaBelx1/ elx2/ elx3 >>> b¤ KuNPaB A KuNPaB B KuNPaB C .l. ¬kMuRclMnig ABC
sMKal;kMNat;edIm¦ Ca]TahrN_ eKkMNt;
-KuNPaB A KWedImeQITaMgLayNaEdlmanedImdgRtg;l¥ cMENkedImmanRbEvgEvg manrag
CasIuLaMg BMumankarEmkNamYyenAEpñkedImenHeT
-KuNPaB B KWedImeQITaMgLayNaEdlman cMENkedImmanRbEvgEvg edImdgekagbnþic b¤
manBk b¤ edImmanragminmUl EpñkénedImEvgEtmanEbkEmkFMmYyedIm

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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
-KuNPaB C KWedImeQITaMgLayNaEdlmanedImdgekag BkeRcInkEnøg EpñkedImmanEmkEmk
eRcIn edImminmUl ragminRbktI EbkEmkeRcIn
-KuNPaB D KWCaedImeQIdUcKñaeTAnwgKuNPaB C Etman)ak;Emk s¥úy Buk b¤ manCm¶W

Ca]TahrN_mYyeTot eKkMNt;KuNPaBeday
-KuNPaBelx1 CaeQIEdll¥ 100PaKry
-KuNPaBelx2 CaeQIEdlmankMhus ticCa 25 PaKry
-KuNPaBelx3 CaeQIEdlmankMhusBI 25 dl; 50 PaKry .l.

Ca]TahrN_mYyeTot BIEpnkaryuT§saRsþRKb;RkgéRBsm,Tanrbs;Rkumh‘unsMeragvUD mandUc

xageRkamenH
KuNPaBeQIQrmandUcxageRkam³
-KuNPaB 1 ³ cMeBaHedImeQIEdlmanTMrg;edImRtg;l¥100° KμanCMgWbJuPaBminRKb;lkçN³
epSgeTot .
-KuNPaB 2 ³ cMeBaHedImeQIedlmanPaBminRKb;lkçN³ticCag 50° .
-KuNPaB 3 ³ cMeBaHedImeQIEdlmanPaBminRKb;lkçN³elIsBI 50° .

xagelIenHKWCa]TahrN_b:ueNÑaHEtvaKWCalMnaMkúgñ karkMNt;KuNPaBeQI EdlkarsMxan;KWvaERb

RbYleTAtamTIpSar eTAtamkareRbIR)as; nigeTAtamkMriténkarEkécñ .

karvaytémøeQIkñúgkarvaytémøedImeQITaMgmUlenH manKuNsm,tþidUcteTA
-karvatémømanPaBgayRsYledayeFVIkarvaytémøEteTAelIEpñkedIm
-lT§PaBEdleFVI[mankarP½nþRclM b¤ el¥ógmankMritTab
-viFIsaRsþenHGaceFVIkarvaytémø)anelOn
-lT§plénkarvaytémøKuNPaBeQIGacRtUv)anbgðajbBa©ÚleTAkñúgbBa¢IlT§plsareBIP½NÐ
-karKNnamaDmanPaBsamBaØ .

109
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
3>2>2-karvaytémøKuNPaBxagkñúg

3>2>2>1-karvaytémøKuNPaBeQIkab;rMlMrYc
karvaytémøKuNPaB b¤ PaBxUcxatEpñkxagkñúg KWkarBinitüeTAelI xñat;Rtg;kEnøgkab;rMlM b¤
enAxñat;xagcug enAeBlEdleQIRtUv)ankat;cugrYc edaykMNt; {Buk-s¥úy}{dYg-stVl¥itsIu} .l.

3>2>2>2-karvaytémøKuNPaBeQIQr
vamankarlM)akkñúgkarvaytémøenAeBlEdleQIenACaeQIQr elIkElgEtkarvaytémøeQI
sMrab;edImEdlnwgRtUvkMNt;[kab;rMlMkñúgeBleFVIGaCIvkmμxagmux . edIm,Idwg)anBIKuNPaBxagkñúg eKeRbI
sVanGKÁIsnI ecaHedImenHenAkMBs;NamYysmRsb ¬kMBs;RtwmedImRTUg¦ B’Nsm,úr nig køinrbs;kMeTc
sac;eQI ¬Gacm_EdksVan¦GacbBa¢ak;nUvkarxUcxatEpñkxagkñúg)any:agc,as;las; . EteTaHbICay:ag
Nak¾eday k¾vamin)anpþl;[eyIgnUvPaBTukcitþ nig BitR)akdTaMgRsugenaHeT eRBaHCYnkalkEnøgEdl
mankarxUcxatenaHmanminsßitenAcMmuxEdleyIgsVan.

3>2>3-viFIsaRsþkñúgkarkMNt;maDeQIeRbIR)as;
karkMNt;maDeQIsMrab;eRbIR)as;enHKWdUcEdleyIg)andwgxagedImrYcmkehIy vamankarBak;B½n§
nwgeKaledAkñúgkareRbIR)as; nig bec©kviTüakñúgkarEkécñ xageRkamenHeyIgnwgelIkykEtkar):an;sμan
maDeQIEdleRbIR)as;)ankñúgkarEkécñCaeQIGar nig eQIcMNitesþIgEtb:ueNÑaH ehIyEdlvaGacnwg
ERbRbYleTAtameragGareQI EdlCYnkaleragenaHGacnwg plitmanTinñplx<s; edaylk;ecj)aneQI
EdlmanxñattUc ehIyxøICag CaedIm .

3>2>3>1-karkMNt;maDeQIEdlmankMhus
karkMNt;maDeQImankMhusKWedIm,I ykmaDEdlmankMhusenHeTAdkCamYymaDeQIsrub
eyIgnwg)anmaDeQIEdlGaceRbIR)as;)an b¤ maDeQIEdlsMrab;KNnakñúgkaeeFVIBaNiC¢kmμ . kñúgkar
kMNt;maDeQImankMhuseKeRcInEtGnuvtþeTAeTAtamviFI 3 Ebb
-karkat;bnßyRbEvgeQI
-karkat;bnßyGgát;p©it
-karkat;bnßymaDedaykarKNnamaDeTAtamTRmg;rUbragnanatamviFanFrNImaRtsaRsþ

110
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
eTAtamsßanPaBedayELk²BIKñaEdleKnwgeRCIserIsviFINamYymkeRbIR)as;[)ansmRsb
rUbxageRkamenHbgðajGMBIlkçN³énkMhusEdlEtgEtekItman ³
-rUbelx1 CaeQIKμankMhus .
-rUbelx2 CaeQIEdlmankarxUcEpñkedImEdlRtUveFVIkarkat;RbEvg .
-rUbelx3 CaedImEdl mankareRbH b¤ BukCMuvijedIm EdlRtUvkat;bnßyGgát;p©it .
-rUbelx4 CaedImEdl ekag ehIyEdleKRtUvkat;maD vaecjeTAtamkMritekag xøaMg b¤
bnþicbnþÜc ¬Rsal¦ krNIeQIEvg eKGackat;vaCa 2kg; edIm,IbM)at; b¤ bnßyPaBekag .
-rUbelx5 s¥úybNþÚl b¤ Rbehag krNIenHeKeRbIviFan FrNImaRtsaRsþ edayKNna
maDsIuLaMgRbehag dd rYcyk eTAdknigmaDsrub .
-rUbelx6 CaedImEdl manBk ¬Cm¶W¦ manCab;EmkFM manEPñk mansac;eQIrmYl
¬minEmneQImankMhus3EbbenHrYmKñaeTEtkñúgrUbPaBenHRKan;EtCakarKUrrYm kñúgeQI1edIm
edIm,ICakargayRsYlkñúgkarbgðaj¦EdleKRtUvkat;kgecj KitCaPaKry eTAtamkMhustic b¤
eRcIn .
kñúgenHpgEdrk¾eyIgRtUvBinitünUvlkçN³déTeTot dUcCarUbragedIm mUl BgRkeBI ragminRbktI
EdlvaCacMENkmYyy:agsMxan;kñúgTinñplénkarGacécñeRbIR)as; nig lk;dUr)an .

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eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003

3>2>3>2-kMNt;maDeQIGacEdlGac)anBIeQImUl
edIm,I[mankargayRsYl rvagGñklk; nig GñkTijeQI CaTUeTAeKeRcInEtkMNt;ehIyeRbIR)as;
nUvÉktasMrab; eFVIkarvas;Evg nig eFVIkarTUTat; GVIEdlCaeKalkarN_RtUvykcitþTukdak;kñúgbBaðaenHKW

112
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
-eQImUlRtUv)ansnμt;famanragCasIuLaMg ehIysac;eQIEdleRbI)anRtUv)aneFVIkarvas;Evg
EpñkxagcugénedIm edaysarfaeQIvamanPaBsþÜctUcEpñkxagcug
-eQIRtUv)anGareRcokeRbIR)as;eTAtamkMras;mYyCakMNt; edayKitTaMgmuxrNapg .
-karGareRcokKWmanbec©keTsGarRbhak;RbEhlKña ehIyeQIeEdlmanTRmg; nig TMhMdUcKña
GacnwgGarecj)anCaeQIGarRbhak;RbEhlKña ¬rUbenAxageRkamxageqVg¦

k-em 49 b¤ emcin
cinPaKeRcInCaGñkCMnYj kñúgvis½yCMnYjeQIBIedImmkcink¾mancMENksMxan;kñúgenHEdr . kñúgkar
TijeQIcUleKniymeRbIR)as; maDeQIEdlGaceRbIR)as;)anCaeQIGar EdleKEtgehAfaCa emcin b¤
em49 ÉkarKNnamaDFmμtaeKehAfa emkMu):a b¤ em 0/7854 ⎡⎢⎣π4 = 3.1416 4
⎤
= 0.7854⎥ .
⎦
karvas;EvgKWeKvas;EpñkcugeQI edayvas;Ggát;p©it 2 ExVgEkgnwgKña rYcehIyeTIbeKvas;RbEvg
rYcKNnadUcxageRkam
V = D1 × D2 × L × 0.49

EdlCaGgát;p©itTI1 D CaGgát;p©itTI2
D1 2

L CaRbEvgeQI 0.49 CaemKuN

ehtuEdleKeRbI 49 eRBaH 50PaKryCaEpñkEdlRtUvecal bUknwgbNþÚl 1 PaKryeTot RtUvCa

51PaKry dUecñHenAsl;Et 49 )aKryb:ueNÑaHEdlCasac;eRbIkar)an ¬rUbxagelIxagsþaM¦.

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eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
ÉktaEdleKniymeRbIR)as;KW {pøan} EdlmYypøanKW eQIGarEdlmanTMhM 10 sgÞIEm:RtbYnRCug
ehIymanRbEvg 10Em:Rt dUecñH 1pøanesμInwg 0>1Em:RtRtIKuN .

x-emkMu):a ¬b¤karvas;Evgtambec©keTsrukça¦
kñúgkarTij nig lk;eQImUlKWPaKeRcIneKenAEtniym{em49} edaysarvagaynwgKitfaeKnwg)an
CaeQIGarRbhak;RbEhlenHEtmþg . EteTaHCay:agenHkþI kñúgkarGnuvtþn_CapøÚvkar kñúgkarraykarN_GMBI
brimaNeQI/ maDeQIRtUveFVIkarbg;Bn§/ karGnuBaØatþ[dwkCBa¢Ún .l. KWRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;ÉktaKW
{Em:RtRtIKuN} EdlCaTUeTAeKniymehAfa {emkMu):a} edaysarfa BImunmkeKeRcInEteRbIkMu):a
¬kMu):akøasiuc¦ edIm,ICa[bkrN_vas;Evg .
kñúgkarvas;EvgKWeKvas;Ggát;p©iteQIenAcMBak;kNþaledIm edayeKyl;faPaBsþÜcrbs;edImeQI
KWmanPaBsþÜcefr EpñksþÜcxagcug GacbUke)aHnwg Epñke)a:gEdlenAxagKl;)an . TMhMGgát;p©itenH
RtUv)anykmkeRbIR)as;kñúgkarKNnamaDtamrUbmnþ Huber .

maDBaNiC¢kmμeKeRcInEteRbIGgát;p©iteRkamsMbk cMeBaHeQIQreKkat;kgecjedaykMras;sMbk
TaMgsgçagecjEdleKeFVIkarvas;Evgeday ]bkrN_ Bark tichness gauge EtCYnkalk¾eK
RBmeRBogedaysnμt;pgEdr . EtcMeBaHeQIEdl)ankab;rMlMehIyenaH enAeBlvas;EvgeKeRcInEt
eCaHbksMbkecjenARtg;kEnøgEdlRtUvvas;EvgedIm,I[)anBitR)akd eRBaHsMbkeQIvamanRKas;
manesþIg minsUvCamankareTogTat;b:unμaneLIy.

VI. kMeNInlUtlas;éndMNuHéRB
rgVas;énedImeQITaMgLay Cakmμvtßú nig Catwktagénkarvivtþrbs;edImeQITaMgenaH eTAtamkal
evla edImeQICacMENkÉktaenAkñúgdMNuHéRB EtedImeQIminEmnCaÉktaKiténdMNuHéRBenaHeT
sMrab;éRBeQIeKEtgEtniyaydl; maDénéRBeQIkñúgmYyÉktaépÞdINamYy dUcCa ¬m3kñúg1 ht .l.¦
b¤ k¾kñúgkrNIxøHk¾eKmankarKitCacMnYnedImEdr EtcMnYnedImenHeTotesat k¾vaRtUvEtmanTMhMkMNt;
eTIbGac eRbIR)as; b¤k¾ eFVIBaNiC¢kmμ)an .
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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
niymn½ydMNuHéRB
dMNuHéRB (population) KWCasMNuMénéRBEdlduHenAelITMhMépÞdINamYy eKEbgEckdMNuHéRB
eTAtamRbePTéRB eTAtammuxgar eTAtamkareRbIR)as; edayeRcInEtkMNt;yképÞdIéRBEdl
manlkçxNÐdMNuH nig brisßandUcKña ehIycat;Carukçdæan (Station) EdlkñúgÉktaenaH GñkRKb;RKgéRBeQI
GacnwgkMNt;ykplitplEtmYy ehIyGnuvtþbec©keTsrukçvb,kmμEtmYydUcKña .

4>1 éRBesμIGayu nig éRBminesμIGayu (Even age and Uneven age) ³

4>1>1 dMNuHéRBesμIGayu ¬éRBdaM¦
ebIeKeroblMdab;énTMhMGgát;p©iteTAtamlMdab;fñak;Ggát;p©itesμIcenøaHKñaBItUceTAFM ¬]TahrN_ 5-
10sm/ 10-20sm/ 20-30sm .l.¦ehIyeKedAvaeTAkñúgtRmuy EdlmanGk½S x
Ggát;p©ittamfñak; nimYy² ehIy G½kS y KWCacMnYnedIm 180

eKnwg)anCaExSekagmYy EdlvamanTRmg; 160

eTAtamc,ab;bMENgEck mYyc,as;las; . 140

cMeBaHéRBdaMeKnwgeXIjfa vaEbgEckeTAtam 120

Number of trees

100
bMENgEckFmμta (normal distribution) manragCa CYg 80

Gauss mann½yfa edImeQIEdlmanTMhMtUcKWman 60

cMnYntic ÉedImeQIEdlmanTMhMFMk¾mantic ehIycMnYn 40

eRcInbMputKW edImeQIEdlsßitenAkñúgTMhMCMuvijTMhM 20

mFüm . 0
0 5 10 15 20 25

CaTUeTA eTAtamlkçxNÐénrukçdæan nig kareFVI

Diameter (in.)

rukçvb,kmμ eFVI[kMBUlrbs;vael¥ogeTAxagmux b¤ eRkay ehIyBMumanlkçN³sIuemRTIeToteT .

KMlatKMrUkan;EtFM eFVI[kMBUlrbs;vakan;EtTal .

4>1>2 dMNuHéRBminesμIGayu ¬éRBFmμCati¦

cMeBaHéRBminesμIGayu ¬éRBFmμCati¦ kUndMNuH )anduHdalCabnþKña ¬BiessKWéRBeRsag¦ EdleFVI
[cMnYnkUneQIEdltUc²enaH manbrimaNeRcIn \tKNna Etkan;EtmanGgát;p©itFM kan;EtmancMnYn tic
edaysarfalMhrmankMNt; ehIykar RbECgKñaedIm,Irs; eFVI[cMnYneQIEdlman Ggát;p©it FMmankMNt;
dUecñHExSekagGgát;p©it manTRmg; dUcCaKMnUskat;lMnwg EdlmanragdUcCaGkSr L .

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eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
EtKYrkt;sMKal;fa 180

éRBel,aHs¶ÜtPaKeRcIn CaéRBFmμCati Etkar 160

140
EbgEckedImtamlMdab;fñak; Ggát;p©itman 120

lkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwg éRBesμIGayu Edr

Number of trees
100

edayehtufa éRBel,aHCaéRBEdlbnþBUC 80

edayExñg ehIyqøgkat;ePøIgéRBCaerogral;qñaM 60

eFVI[kUndMNuH BIRKab;man»kasy:agtictYc 40

kñúgkarrs;ran . 20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

4>2 Gayurbs;edImeQI ³
Diameter (in.)

Gayurbs;edImeQI KWeKKitcab;taMgBIéf¶Edlvacab;duHBnøkecjBIRKab; b¤mYyk¾cab;BIeBlEdl

Bnøkcugrbs;vacab;epþImlUtlas;sarCafμI sMrab;edIm EdleKbMe)AedayeRbIBnøk . viFIEdlkMNt;Gayu
edImeQI)ansuRkit CageKKWkarrab;v½NÐlUtlas;RbcaMqñaM .

4>2>1 karrab;v½NÐlUtlas; ³
CaFmμtaeQIRbePTxøH kñúgrdUvlUtlas;elOn ¬rdUvvsSa¦ nig rdUvlUtlas;yWt ¬rdUvR)aMg¦
)anbnSl;TuknUvv½NÐBIr KWv½NÐmanB’NRsal nig v½NÐB’NRkem:A EdlbegáIt)anCaRsTab;mYy eyIgehA
faCav½NÐ lUtlas;RbcaMqñaM . karrab;v½NÐlUtlas;enARtg;Kl; bBa¢ak;BIGayurbs;edImeQIenaH .
viFIrab;v½NÐlUtlas;enHeyIgGacksag)annUv RbvtþiénkMBs;nigGayurbs;edImenaH edayRKan;
Etrab; v½NÐlUtlas;RbcaMqñaMenARtg;kMBs;enaH ehIydknwgcMnYnv½NÐenARtg;Kl;KWeyIg)an GayuedImeQI
enARtg;kMBs;enaH. viFIrab;v½NÐlUtls;enHk¾GacehAfa kareFVIviPaKedImpgEdr edayeRkABIRbvtþién
kMBs; eyIgenAGacdwg)annUv TMhMGgát;p©itenAGayukalNamYy KWRbvtþiénkarlUtlas;rbs; edImeQI
enaHniyayCarYm .
]TahrN_ ³ eyIgrab;v½NÐenARtg;Kl;eXIj 84v½NÐ mann½yfa
edImeQIenaHmanGayu 84qñaM . eyIgrab;v½NÐenARtg;kMBs; 18Em:RteXIjman 10v½NÐ
dUecñHenAkMBs; 18Em:RtedImenaHmanGayu 84 - 10=74qñaM .
CaTUeTAedIm,Irab;v½NÐlUtlas;eKRtUvkab;rMlMedImrYcehIyGarTTwgCacMNitesþIg ¬RCuj¦ Edlman
kMras; 2 eTA 3 s>m> ¬b¤GacRkas;CagenH¦ eTAtamkMBs;xus²Kña . viFIenHeFVI[eQIRtUvxUcxateday
RtUvGarCakMNat;xøI² . EtCMnYs[viFIenH eKk¾enAman]bkrN_BiessEdlGacsVanedIm ehIyGacrab;)an
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sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
v½NÐlUtlas;RbcaMqñaM)andUcKña ]bkrN_enHeKehAfa (Incriment borer) EtviFIenHGacminc,as;las;ebI
eQIenaHmanvN½ÐminesμI ¬minbitCit¦ b¤ v½NÐlUtlas;ekokKñaeBksMrab;rukçCatilUtlas;yWt .
cMeBaHéRBtMbn;RtUBik rukçCatiPaKeRcInBMumanv½NÐlUtlas;c,as; ehIyCYnkalBMuGacEbgEck
)aneTotpg ehtuenHcMeBaHeQIRbePTxøHeyIgminGacrab;v½NÐlUtlas;enH)aneT .

4>2>2 karrab;rgVg;Emk ³
cMeBaHeQIRbePTxøH ¬BiesskñúgGMbUr Pinus¦ eRcInEtmanrgVg;Emk EdllUtlas;eTAtam
qñaMnimYy² y:agc,as; Ep¥keTAtamkarrab; rgVg;Emk b¤ sñamsnøak¬sñamenAeBlEdlEmkRtg;enaHRtUv
)anRkICalkçN³FmμCati¦rbs;va eKk¾GaceFVIkarkMNt;Gayurbs;edImeQIenaH )anEdr .

4>2>3 kar)an;sμantambTBiesaFn_ ³
CamYynwgGñkCMnajxagéRBeQI eKGac):an;RbmaNGayurbs;edImeQI)an
edayEp¥kelIlkçN³rUb rbs;edImdUcCa ³ TRmg; nig B’Nsm,úr rbs;kenSamsøwk / rbs;sMbkeQI .l.
Etkar):an;sμanenH KWminmanPaBR)akdR)aCaenaHeT RKan;EtGacCaesckþIsnñidæany:agRbhak;RbEhl
Etb:ueNÑaH .

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eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
4>3 kMeNInlUtlas;rbs;edImeQI nig rukçdæan ³
karsikSakMeNInlUtlas;rbs;edImeQI-rukçdæan KWCakarsikSaeTAelIlkçN³DINamiucrbs;va
KWeyIgnwg sikSafa edImeQIvalUtlas;y:agNaeTAtamkalevla dUcCakarlUtlas;Ggát;p©it/ kMBs;
nigmaD CaedIm .
4>3>1 kMeNInlUtlas;srub (PTO)nig kMeNInlUtlas;mFümRbcaMqñaM (AM)³
kMeNInlUtlas;srubKWmaDéRBsrubKitcab;taMgBIéf¶EdléRBenaHkekIt rhUtmkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñ
. kMeNInlUtlas;mFümRbcaMqñaMKWCapleFobrvag maDéRBsrub nig ry³eBl¬Gayu¦
srubcab;taMgBIéRBenaH kekItrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ .
]TahrN_³ éRBmYykEnøgmancMNuHbc©úb,nñKW 550m3 kñúg1hikta kñúgeBlEdléRBenHmanGayu
80qñaM. knøgmkenHéRBenHRtUv)aneKeFVIkarkab;[rhalcMnYn 250m3 dUecñHmaDsrubKW 550+250 =
800m3 . rIÉkMeNInlUtlas;mFümRbcaMéf¶KW 800/80 = 10m3/ha/an .
V 550 + 250
AM = = = 14m 3 / ha / an
t 80

4>3>2 kMeNInlUtlas;bc©úb,nñRbcaMqñaM (AC)³

kMeNInlUtlas;bc©úb,nñRbcaMqñaM KWCapleFob
rvag lMeGog (Δ) maDeQIvas;Evg )ankñúgbc©úb,nñ
nig maDeQIvas;Evg)anBIelIkmunenH nig lMeGog
(Δ) énGayubc©ub,nñ nig GayuenAeBlvas;Evg
BIelIkmun .
]TahrN_³ éRBmYykEnøgmanGayu 60 qñaM
eyIgvas;EvgeXIj 400m3 luHdl;Gayu 65qñaM
eyIg)aneFVIkarvas;EvgmþgeToteyIgeXIj 470m3
dUecñHkMeNIn lUtlas;mFümRbcaMqñaMKW ³
ΔV 470 − 400
AC = = = 14m 3 / ha / an
Δt 65 − 60

118
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
TMnak;TMngrvag AM nig AC ³
TMnak;TMngrvagExSekag AM nigExSekag AC cMNucsMxan;KWRtg; cMNucRbsBVrvagExSekag
TaMgBIrenH EdlenAeBlenaHKW Vt = ΔΔVt cMNucenH KWCakMeNIn lUtlas;mFümGtibrmar eBalKWGayu
éndMNuHéRBEdl eKGaceFVIGaCIvkmμ)an ¬RbsinebI TMhMGgát;p©itminCaktþa kMNt;sMrab;kareFVIBaNiC¢kmμ
eTenaH cMNuHplsrub (PTO) énkareFVIGaCIvkmμ smRsbKWenAeBlenHÉg¦ mann½ymü:ageTotfa
cMNuHplcab;taMgEtBIeBlenaHeTAmuxmankarekIn eLIgkμúgel,ÓnyWt.

4>4 emKuNkMeNInlUtlas;EdlFaøb;)aneRbIR)as;knøgmk ³
kareRbIR)as;Tinñn½ykMeNInlUtlas; 0.333 m ¼h>t¼qñaM KWeyagtamÉksar³ Quidelines for
3

sustainable forest management, Department of Forestry and Wildlife EdlemKuNenHmanCayUr

mkehIytamkarRsavRCavtaMgBICMnan;mun eKGaceRbI)ansMrab;éRB eRsag Bak;kNþaleRsag nig el,aH.

V. rgVas;epSgeTot ³
5>1 maDeQIKMnr ³
maDénKMnreQIKWCamaD EdlrYmTaMgmaDeQI
nig maDRbehagénkMNat;eQI Edl)antMerobKña
KrCaKMnr . KMnreQIEdlman TTwg 1Em:Rt
kMBs;1Em:Rt nig CMerAeTAkñúg 1Em:Rt ¬ 1m x 1m x
1m = 1m3 KitCabrimaNcMNuH¦eKehAfa mYyEsÞr
. CaTUeTAÉktaEsÞrenH KWeKeRbIsMrab; CaÉktþaGus
EdlCYnkal RbEvgGusBMumankat;tam xñatRbEvg
1Em:RteT EteKenAEtGacKNna)an edayKiteTA
tambrimaNcMNuHrbs;va .

5>1>1. emKuNKMnr ³
KWCamaDeQItan; KitCa m3 enAkñúgKMnr mYyEsÞr EdlCapleFobrvagmaDeQIsrub kñúgKMnr
CamYymaD énKMnr .

119
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
Vb
Cp =
Vp
2
π ⎛⎜ D face1 + D face 2 ⎞⎟
n
Vb = ∑4⎜ 2 ⎟
i =1 ⎝ ⎠
eday ³ Cp CaemKuNKMnr
Vb CamaDeQIsrubkñúgKMnr
Vp CamaDénKMnr
Dface1 CaGgát;p©iténkMNt;eQIvas;enAmuxmçag
Dface2 CaGgát;p©iténkMNat;eQIvas;enAmuxmçageTot

cMNat;fñak;kMNat;eQI emKuNKMnr
GuseRcokKrpÞúyKña 0.77

GuseRcok 0.66

GusmUl 0.57

GusduteFVIFüÚg 0.55

GusmUl nig GuseRcoklayKña 0.60

5>1>2. viFIkMNt;rh½semKuNKMnr ³
enAeBlEdlBMuTan;manemKuNKMnrc,as;las; edIm,IeRbI
R)as;enAeLIy eKGackMNt;CabeNþaHGas½nñ nUvemKuNKMnrtam
viFIrh½s dUcxageRkam ³
-eRbIR)as;ExS b¤ dIs edIm,ITajsn§wg b¤ KUsenA
elIk,alGusénmuxmçagénKMnr eFVIVCaExSRTUgénKMnr L1 nig L2 .
-eRbIbnÞat;vas;eTAtamExSRTUgTaMgBIrnUv RbEvgmuxkMNat;eQI li nig RbEvgcenøaH ni rYcehIy
eyIgbUkva bBa©ÚlKña edayELk²BIKña.

120
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
n n

∑l
i =1
i ∑n
i =1
i
Cp = or Cp = 1−
L L
tamviFIenHedIm,Ikat;bnßylMeGogeKRtUvély:agNa[ExSRTUgTaMgBIrenH kat;tammuxkMNat;eQI
¬Gus¦ cMnYn 60kMNat;y:agtic . RbsinebIvakat;muxkMNat;eQIticeBk vaGacmanlMeGogFM . m:üag
eTotemKuNKMnr vamankarERbRbYleTAtamRbEvg kMNat;eQIEdlykmkKrCaKMnr RbEvgkan;EtEvg
emKuNKMnrkan;EtfycuH .
5>2 rgVas;sMbk ³
kar):an;sμanmaDeQIQrénKMrUéRB KWCamaDeRkamsMbk edayepþImecjBImaDelIsMbk nig emKuN
sMbk enAkMBs;enARtg;edImRTUg .
ktþasMbk ³
KWCapleFobrvagGgát;p©itelIsMbk CamYyGgát;p©iteRkamsMbk
Dsur D + 2e 2e
K= = sous = 1+
Dsous Dsous Dsous
Dsur Dsur 1 1
K= = = =
Dsous Dsur − 2e Dsur − 2e 1 − 2e
Dsur Dsur
eday ³ Dsur CaGgátlp©itvas;enAelIsMbk
Dsous CaGgát;p©itvas;enAeRkamsMbk
e CakMras;sMbk
CaTUeTA K sßitenAkñúgcenøaHBI 1.06 dl; 1.12 .
GRtasMbk ³
KWCapleFobrvagmaDénsMbk CamYymaDeQIvas;elIsMbk
Ve V
P% = = 1 − sous
Vsur Vsur
eday Ve CamaDénsMbk
Vsur CamaDeQIsal;BIelIsMbk
Vsous CamaDeQIvas;enAeRkamsMbk

121
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003

VI. taragmaD - smIkarmaD (Volume table - Volume equation) ³

6>1> niymn½y ³
tamn½ybUraN taragmaDKWCataragmYyEdleKeFVIkarKNnaedaym:asIun edayeKkMNt;Ggát;p©it
nig kMBs;epSg²Kña edIm,I[GñkeRbIR)as;GacrkmaDrbs;edImeQImYyedIm edayemIleTAtamtaragenH
ehIykt;Rtayk maDrbs;edImeQIenaHedaymin)ac;eFVIkarKNna eRBaHfa enAdMNak;kalenaHeKBMuTan;
manm:asIunKitelx eGLicRtUnik dUcsm½yeyIgenHenAeLIy ehtuenHkarebItaragmaDvamankar
qab;rh½sCagkarKuNelxedayéd Etbc©úb,nñ karKuNelxeday eRbIm:asIunKitelxeGLicRtUnik
vaelOnCagkarebIktarag ehtuenHtaragmaD EbbbUraNenH BImYyéf¶eTAmYyéf¶RtUv)aneKbMePøcecal .
taragmaD-smIkarmaD bc©ub,nñKWmann½yfaCa smIkarmYyEdleKTajecjmkBI TMnak;TMng
FmμCati rvagGefrBIr b¤ eRcIn EdlmYyCaGefrEdleKmankargayRsYl eFVIkarvas;EvgCak;Esþg ehIy
eFVIkar):an;sμaneTA GefrmYyeTotEdleKmankarlM)akkñúgkarvas;Evg edaykMritR)akdR)aCamYyeTA
tamEbbsßiti .
kñúgvis½yéRBeQI GefrEdlgayRsYlvas;EvgCageKKWGgát;p©it GefrEdlBi)akvas;KWkMBs;
CagenH eTAeTotKWTRmg;edImEdleKBi)ak):an;sμan . ehtuenHeKksagsmIkarmaD KWkñúgeKalbMNg
):an;sμanmaDeQI edayRKan;EteFVIkarvas;Ggát;p©itEtmYymuxb:ueNÑaH .l.
srubmkeyIgeXIjfa ³
-taragmaDKWCataragtYelxGMBImaDeQI CarUbmnþsmIkarmaD b¤ CaRkahVkEdlpþl;nUvtémømaD
):an;sμan rbs;edImeQImYyedIm b¤ sMNMuedImeQIéndMNuHéRB .
-taragmaDCaGnuKmn_énGefrepSg² EdlCa):araEm:Rtdg;RdUmaDsMxan; ehAfacMNUléntarag
maD .
-cMNUléntaragmaDGacCa Ggát;p©it D1.3 b¤ kMBs; b¤ épÞmuxkat; .l. Edlgayvas;EvgbMput.
-taragmaDeRbIR)as;sMrab; ):an;sμanmaDéndMNuHéRBTaMgmUl b:uEnþminGac):an;sμanmaDedImeQI
mYyedIm² RbkbedaykMritR)akdR)aCal¥)aneLIy .
6>2> RbePTtaragmaD ³
6>2>1> RbePTTMnak;TMng ³
TMnak;TMngrvagGefrmYyeTAGefrmYyeTot ¬GefrCab;¦ GacmaneRcIny:ag vaGacmanTMnak;
TMngCa ExSRtg; (Linear) b¤ GacCaExSekageRcInRbePTeTot ¬ExSekagBhuFar/ ExSekagsnÞsSn_
122
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
.l.¦ . kñúgvis½yéRBeQI eKniymeRbITMnak;TMngCaExSRtg; ehIyCYnkal eKmankarbMEpøgGefrbnþic
edIm,I[bnÞat;smIkar kan;EtmanPaBRbesIr dUcCakartemøIgCakaer: b¤ CaLÚkarIt CaedIm .
6>2>2> cMNUlsmIkar ³
GefrEdlRtUvvas;EvgedIm,IbMeBjeTAkñúgsmIkar sMrab;):an;sμannUvGefrmYyeTot eyIgehAfaCa
cMNUlsmIkar . cMNUlsMxan;²sMrab;taragmaDman Ggát;p©it 1>3m nig kMBs;eQI ¬kMBs;PaKedIm b¤
kMBs;srub¦.
-smIkarEdleRbIR)as;GefrEtmYysMrab;eFVIkar):an;sμantémømYyeTot eyIgehAfa smIkarmYy
cMNUl (equation one entry) . ]TahrN_dUcCa Ggát;p©it 1>3m .
V = a + bd 2
-smIkarEdleRbIR)as;GefrEtBIr ¬b¤eRcIn¦ sMrab;eFVIkar):an;sμantémømYyeTot eyIgehAfa
smIkarBIrcMNUl (equation two entry) . ]TahrN_dUcCa Ggát;p©it 1>3m nig kMBs;.
V = a + b( d 2 h)

6>2>3> CMerIscMNUlsmIkar ³
-smIkarmaDmYycMNUl eKniymeRbIR)as;kñúgkrNIEdlGefrPaBénkMBs;dMNuHéRBmantémøTab
dUcCakñúg krNIéRBdaM b¤ RkumRbePTeQIénéRBeRsagEdlmanGgát;p©itelIsBI 50s>m> eLIgeTA
¬krNIsareBIP½NÐ):an;sμanKub¦ .
-smIkarmaDBIrcMNUl eKeRbIkñúgkrNIGefrPaBénkMBs;mantémøx<s; dUcCakrNIéRBeRsag
tMbn;RtUBik ¬krNIsareBIP½NÐerobcMéRB¦ .

6>3> karksagsmIkarmaD ³
6>3>1> kaeeRCIserIsKMrUéRB ³
taragmaDRtUvksageTAtamRbePTéRBxus²Kña dUcCa ³ éRBeRsag/ éRBel,aH/
éRBBak;kNþaleRsag .l.
taragmaDRtUvksagsMrab;RbePTeQImYykMNt; b¤ CYnkaleTAtamGMbUr ]TahrN_dUcCa GMbUr
dIubetr:Ukab (Dipterocarp) nig minEmn dIubetr:Ukab .l.

123
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
kñúgRbePTéRBEtmYyKYreRCIserIs éRBEdlGacCatMNag[RbePTéRBdUcKña Edly:agehac
Nas;k¾GactMNag)ansMrab;éRBmYyRbePTenAtMbn;NamYyEdr ]TahrN_ ³ smIkarmaDsMrab;tMbn;
x<g;rab|sanþ .l.

6>3>2> kareRCIserIsedImeQIKMrU ³
eKRtUvkMNt;eRCIserIsykedImeQI eFVIy:agNaNa[edImenaHGactMNag[edImeQITaMgGs;kñúg
RbePTnimYy² .
eTAtambMEr:bMrYlénkMBs; tamlMdab;fñak;Ggát;p©itnimYy² eKKYrEtEbgEckeTAtamfñak;Ggát;p©it
dUcCa sMrab;éRBeRsagEdlmanGefrPaBEpñkGgát;p©itx<s; eKRtUvEbgEckeTAtamlMdab;fñak;Ggát;p©it
dUcCa ³
-kUneQI(poles) 10-20cm
30-45cm
-eQIh‘bu (logs) 40-50cm
> 60cm
KYrkMNt;ykcMnYnedImeQIKMrU kñúglMdab;fñak;Ggát;p©itnimYy²[mancMnYnesμI²Kña .

6>3>3> viFanvas;edImKMrU ³
-CMhan1 ³ vas;Ggát;p©it D1.30 elIsMbkénedImeQIQrmuneBlkab;
-CMhan2 ³ kab;rMlMedImeQIKMrUehIyeFVIkarvas;Evg
=kMBs;Kl; Hs
=kMBs;edImrhUtdl;cug Ht
=kMBs;edImeQIRtwmKl;kenSamsøwk
=vas;Ggát;p©itelIsMbk nig kMras;sMbkenARKb;cMNuckNþalénkMNat;eQI
Edl)anEbgEck eTACakMNat;xøI²RbEvg 4m² .
-tYelxTaMgenHRtUv kt;RtacUleTAkñúg b½NÑvas;edImeQIKMrU .
¬eKGacvas;edImeQIedayeRbI ]bkrN_ Relascope EdleKGaceCosvag)annUv
karkab;rMlMedImeQI eday\tRbeyaCn_ ¦.

6>3>4> karKNna nig viFaner:eRksüúg ³ ¬sUmGanenAEpñker:eRksüúg .¦

124
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
6>3>5 ]TahrN_mYycMnYnénlT§plsMercéntaragmaD

k- tamsmIkamaD EdldkRsgykmkBI Final report on Growth and Yield Forest

Concession Management and Control Pilot Project, Research and Modeling. Prepared by Dr.
Roslan Bin Ismail , Consultant Research & Modeling, 2003. sMrab;éRBeRsag eyIgman ³
o cMeBaHGMbUr Dipterocarp ³
o Ggát;p©ittUcCa 15Cm.

V = 0.022 + 3.4 D 2 × 10 −4
o Ggát;p©itFMCag 15Cm.
V = −0.0971 + 9.503D 2 × 10−4
o cMeBaHGMbUr eRkABI Dipterocarp ³
o Ggát;p©ittUcCa 30Cm.

V = 0.03 + 2.8 D 2 × 10 −4
o Ggát;p©itFMCag 30Cm.
V = −0.331 + 6.69 D 2 × 10 −4

x- smIkarmaDeQItamlMdab;fñak;Ggát;p©it sMrab;KMrUéRBextþkMBg;FM
1.éRBeRsag-Bak;kNþaleRsag
k-RbePTeQIDipterocarp :
- Ggát;p©it 10-19cm ³ V = 0.121 + 67,775.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 20-29cm ³ V = 0.121 + 75,908.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 30-39cm ³ V = 0.121 + 89,463.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 40-49cm ³ V = 0.121 + 92,174.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 50-59cm ³ V = 0.121 + 97,596.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 60-69cm ³ V = 0.121 + 103,018.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 70-79cm ³ V = 0.121 + 105,729.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 80-89cm ³ V = 0.121 + 108,440.10-5 . D2

125
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
x-RbePTeQINon-Dipterocarp :
- Ggát;p©it 10-19cm ³ V = 0,226 + 47,500.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 20-29cm ³ V = 0.226 + 59,375.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 30-39cm ³ V = 0.226 + 66,500.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 40-49cm ³ V = 0.226 + 73,625.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 50-59cm ³ V = 0.226 + 78,375.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 60-69cm ³ V = 0.226 + 83,125.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 70-79cm ³ V = 0.226 + 85,500.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 80-89cm ³ V = 0.226 + 90,250.10-5 . D2

2.éRBel,aH
k-RbePTeQIDipterocarp :
- Ggát;p©it 10-19cm ³ V = 0.019 + 45,500.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 20-29cm ³ V = 0.019 + 53,912.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 30-39cm ³ V = 0.019 + 59,587.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 40-49cm ³ V = 0.019 + 62,425.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 50-59cm ³ V = 0.019 + 68,100.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 60-69cm ³ V = 0.019 + 70,937.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 70-79cm ³ V = 0.019 + 73,775.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 80-89cm ³ V = 0.019 + 76,612.10-5 . D2

x-RbePTeQINon-Dipterocarp :
- Ggát;p©it 10-19cm ³ V = 0.352 + 35,827.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 20-29cm ³ V = 0.352 + 44,257.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 30-39cm ³ V = 0.352 + 48,472.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 40-49cm ³ V = 0.352 + 52,687.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 50-59cm ³ V = 0.352 + 54,795.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 60-69cm ³ V = 0.352 + 856,902.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 70-79cm ³ V = 0.352 + 59,010.10-5 . D2

- Ggát;p©it 80-89cm ³ V = 0.352 + 63,225.10-5 . D2

126
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
CMBUk4 ³ kargarsareBIP½NÐ
I. RkumsareBIP½NÐ
CaTUeTA minmankarENnaMfaRkumkargarsareBIP½NÐ mancMnYnb:unμannak;[)anBitR)akdenaHeT
KWvaGaRs½yeTAelITMhMkargar EtRkumminKYrmansmaCik ticeBk b¤ eRcIneBkenaHeT . ebIkargarGnuvtþ
manry³eBlxøI eKk¾eRbImnusSeRcInEt eKbegáItCaRkumeRcInehIyeFVIkarkñúgeBlevlaRsbKña .
Ca]TahrN_énRkumsareBIP½NÐmYy 1
RkumsareBIP½NÐnImYy²mansmaCik11nak;EdlmansmasPaB nig Parkic©tammuxgarepSg²Kña
mandUcxageRkam³
-RbFanRkum 01 nak; CaCMnYykarEpñkéRBeQIEdlmanbTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan;RKb;RKg smaCik
kñúgRkum/ TTYlxusRtUvrYm ecHeRbIR)as;]bkrN_ GPS ecHeRbIRtIvis½ytMrg;Tis bMeBj
salakb½Rtvas;rab;kt;RtalkçxNÐdI kMritCMral TidæPaBkñúgLÚt_KMrU >>>>>>>.l.
- BlkrRtayéRB 04 nak; ³CaGñkCYyRtayéRB/ebIkRbeLaHéRB dak;taMgLÚt_ nigGnuT,Út_KMrU.
-Blkrvas;rab; 02 nak; ³CaGñkkan;ExSEm:Rtvas; nig rab;edImeQI labfañMsMKal;edIm eQI bJu
caMgsMbkedImeQIcMNaM .
-GñksÁal;eQaμHeQI 01nak; ³KWCaRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;éRB EdlsaÁl;eQaμHeQI nig PUmisaRsþ
c,as;las;
-kMlaMgsniþsux 03nak; ³ KWCakMlaMgCIvBlEdlenAEk,rtMbn;éRBsm,Tan bJu CIvBlrbs;
Rkumh‘unEtmþg
kñúgkrNICaeRcInEdleyIgRtUveRbImRnþIbec©keTskñúgkardak;taMgLÚt× nig vas;rab;edImeQI
EtkargarnwgmanlkçN³gayRsYlCag ebIkMlaMgBlkmμenAkñúgtMbn;enaH mankMritvb,F’mbgÁÜr EdlGac
eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalkñúgkargar)angayRsYl . GñksÁal;eQμaHeQI nig PUmisaRsþ CaCnEdlminGac
xVH)ankñúgkargarsareBIP½NÐ BiesskñúgkareFVIsareBIP½NÐsmasPaBPUtKamsaRsþ BitEmnEtKat;eRbI
eQμaHeTAtamtMbn;rbs;Kat; EtbnÞab;mkeyIgnwgGacrkeQμaH viTüasaRsþ )any:aggayRsYl .
cMeBaHkMlaMgsnþisux k¾KWCakMlaMgsMxan;Edr RbsinCaeyIgGnuvtþkargarenAkñúgtMbn;Gsnþisux .

1
RkumsareBIP½NÐEdlerobcMeLIgedayelak sMriT§ vNaÑ
127
eroberogeday sUfn saRsþacarü sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2003
II. tRmUvkarTinñn½y
dUcEdleyIg)anelIkmkxagedImrYcmkehIyfa Tinñn½yEdleyIgRtUvkarKWvaGaRs½yelI eKal
bMNgrbs;sareBIP½NÐ EteTaHCaNak¾eday karRbmUlTinñn½ymkelIs vaCaCagkarRbmUlxVH eRBaHeyIg
mingayRtlb;eTAkanTIéRBedIm,IRbmUlTinñn½ymþgeTotenaHeT . EtTnÞwmnwgenaHeyIgk¾RtUvcaMfa Tinñn½y
KWRtUvcMNay eBlevla nig fvika ehtuenHTinñn½yk¾minRtUvRbmUl[elIseRcIneBkEdreRBaHvaTak;TgeTA
dl;eBlevla nig karcMNayrbs;eyIg .
CakarcaM)ac;eyIgRtUverobcMCabBa¢Ikt;Rta (tally sheet) [ehIyrYcCaeRscmuneBlcuH Gnuvtþ
kargar ehIyRtUvepÞógpÞat;edaym:t;ct; eRBaHbBa¢Ikt;RtaenHvamansar³sMxan;CaxøaMg edayvakMNt;nUv
RbePTTinñn½yEdlRtUvkt;Rta .
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k>1>Bt’manTUeTA³
RbFanRkum eQμaHRbFanRkum
extþ-Rsuk-XMu-PUmi eQμaH extþ-Rsuk-XMu-PUmi EdlLÚt_CMerIsKMrUsßitenA
ÉktaCMerIselx ÉktaCMerIsEdl)anbg;elxsMKal;mun
LÚt_KMrUelx elxerogLÚt_CMerIsKMrUkñúgÉktaCMerIs
Tinñn½y GPS GPS bgðajkUGredaenénpi©tÉktaCMerIs

kalbriecäT kalbriecäTvas;rab;
RbePTéRB éRBeRsag / éRBBak;kNþaleRsag / éRBel,aH / >>>
cMeNat kMritcMeNatmFümKitCadWeRk edayemIlBITYlcuHeRkamBIcMNuc
kNþal énLÚt_CMerIsKMrU edayeRbIR)as; Suunto Clinometre
TidæPaB TisedAmuMeFobnwgTiseCIgPUmisa®sþ Edl Clusters EbreTArk
lkçxNÐdI lkçx½NÐdI Rtg;cMNuckNþalén LÚt_CMerIsKMrU
b¤sSI cMnYnKum<b¤sISRtg;cMNuckNþalGnuLÚt_ 20m x 20m
RbePTdI RbePTdI
PUKBÖsa®sþ RbsinebIsÁal;
ry³kMBs; TTYlBI GPS
2
taragkt;RtaTinñn½ysareBIP½NÐEdlerobcMeLIgedayelak sMriT§ vNaÑ

128
sklviTüal½yPUminÞksikmμcMkardUg mhaviTüal½yviTüasaRsþéRBeQI sareBIP½NÐéRBeQI 2
k>2>Bt’manGMBIedImeQI

sMrab;eQIEdlmanGgát;pi©telIsMbkFMCag 30cm vas;rab;kñúgT,Út_KMrU 20m x 60m

eQμaHRbePT eQμaHRbePTeQIeBjeljCaGkSrLatMag nigeQμaHtMbn; ¬kñúgRsuk¦
Ggát;pi©t Ggát;pi©teQIvas;elIsMbkKitCas>mvas;enAkMBs ;1.3m BIdI bJu 0.2m
elIRBwg.karvas;EvgRbRBwtþeTAenAEpñkxagelIénTYlrbs;eQI.
kMBs; kMBs;edImeQIEdlmanGgát;pi©tFMCag 30cm.
edImeQI 10-29Cm DBH vas;rab;kñúgT,Út_KMrU 20m x 20m
eQμaHRbePT eQμaHRbePTeQIeBjeljCaGkSrLatMag nigeQμaHtMbn; ¬kñúgRsuk¦
Ggát;pi©t vas;Ggát;pi©tedImeQI
edImeQI 5–9 Cm DBH vas;rab;kñúgGnuT,Út_KMrU 10m x 10m
eQμaHRbePT eQμaHRbePTeQIeBjeljCaGkSrLatMag nigeQμaHtMbn; ¬kñúgRsuk¦
karrab; rab;cMnYnkUneQIkñúgGnuT,Út_KMrU 10m x 10m
kUneQI < 05 Cm DBH rab;kñúgGnuT,Út_KMrU 05m x 05m
eQμaHRbePT eQμaHRbePTeQIeBjeljCaGkSrLatMag nigeQμaHtMbn; ¬kñúgRsuk¦
karrab; rab;cMnYnkUneQIkñúgGnuT,Út_KMrU 05m x 05m

eRkayBIkMNt;)annUvTinñn½yRbePTNaxøHEdleyIgRtUvkt;RtaehIy CMhanbnÞab;KWRtUverobcM
Catarag b¤ bBa¢Ikt;Rta EdlEp¥ktambBa¢IenH RkumsareBIP½NÐnImYy²RtUveFVIkarkt;RtaeTAtamenaH .
eyIgRtUvkMNt;[c,as;nUvTinñn½y 2Ebb KWTinñn½yEdlRtUvkt;Rtaxanmin)an (mandate) nig Tinñn½yEdl
Gacminkt;Rtak¾)an kñúg]TahrN_xagelIeyIgeXIjfa kñúgB½t’manTUeTA Rtg; PUKmÖsaRsþ eK)andak;fa
RbsinebIsÁal; dUcenHmann½yfaebIminsÁal;KWmin)ac;kt;Rtak¾)an .

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