ក្រប់គ្រងសំណង់

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn
2003
rkSasiTiEktRmUv sYs cMerIn
matika RKb;RKgsMNg;
matika
CMBUk cMNgeCIgemeron TMBr

CMBUkTI 1 niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg 1
CMBUkTI 2 bNaCMhansikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg; 12
CMBUkTI 3 lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan 29
CMBUkTI 4 begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg; 39
CMBUkTI 5 erobcMRKb;RKgsMNg;tamviFIsaRsExScgVak; 73
CMBUkTI 6 begItRbtiTinkargartamviFIsaRsdaRkambNaj 105
CMBUkTI 7 kargardwkCBan nig pvbeNaHGasn kgkarerobcMkardan 118
CMBUkTI 8 erobcdgsc ma:sIun nig ]bkrN_sMNg; elIkardan 134
CMBUkTI 9 pt;pg;TwkenAkardan 145
CMBUkTI 10 erobcMpt;pg;nigXaMgsMPar 150
CMBUkTI 11 erobcMCMrkbeNaHGasnenAkardan 155
CMBUkTI 12 kar)a:n;sancMNay 159
CMBUkTI 13 ryeBl nig tMl kgdMeNIrkarRKb;RKgsMNg 166
CMBUkTI 14 sBaakgdMeNIrkarRKb;RKgsMNg; 176
ksareyag 189
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn

CMBUkTI 1 RKb;RKgsMNg;
CMBUkTI 1 niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;
1> tYnaTInigTisedAnkarRKb;RKgsMNg;
sMNg; KWCaEpkmYynplitplRKwHkgexOnesdkicCati/ sMNg;mantYnaTI
sMxan; kgkarksagmUldansMPar/ beckeTssgm/ sMxan;cMeBaHkm<CaEdlkMBugksag
exOnesdkicCatitamTisedAesdkicesrI/ sMNg;mantYnaTIsMxan;Nas;. plitplsMNg;
manTMnak;TMngCamYynigEpkplitplTaMgGs; ehIyCamYyvisyesdkic RKb;Epkkg
rykalGPivDn_dMbUg.
sMNg; KWsMEdgnUvkarGPivDn_rbs;sgm. edayehtuenH rdaPi)al)an
ehAsMNg; KWCamuxrbr]sSahkmFn;Fn;mYykgcMeNam ]sSahkmFn;Fn;epSgdTeTot.
ehAfa sMNg;mUldan eRBaHplitplrbs;va KWCaFnFanrbs;sgmrYm
cMENk begItecjbNaplitplepSg.
kgmUldansMNg; KWsMNg;]sSahkm nigsMNg;sIuvil)anykbrimaNya:gFM/
tYnaTIrbs;mas;sagsg;sMNg; KWRtUveRbIR)as;tamlTPaBedImTn;edIm,I sMerc)an TisedA
dak;ecjkgryeBlxI.
tMrg;TisedAxagelI eyIgRtUveRbIR)as;EkcnUvbNalTplrIkcMerInviTasaRs/
beckeTs/ ]sSahkm/ cRbDitlTPaBFmCati nigmUldansMParbeckeTs rbs;
RkumGkplit. bBaaTaMgenH KWsitelIkMritbeckeTsRKb;RKgplitrbs;GkbBaa kglMnaM
sagsg;sMNg;.
dUceyIgdwgRsab; sMNg;sIuvil nig]sSahkm CasMNMueRcInnlMnaMplitpl
sKsaj Tak;Tgdl;bNaEpkplitepSg/ naFakarrYmpSMrvagbNalMnaMmYyrlUn/ sMerc
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

1
lTpl)an KWCacMeNaTmYymankarKitKUrsaMjaMuTamTarvisVkrsMNg; RtUvdwgBIRTwsI RbBn
viTasaRs nigviFIsaRsRKb;RKgplitsMNg;. mannyfa eyIgeRbIR)as; cMeNHdwg
viTasaRsRKb;RKg edIm,IsMercTisedAdak;ecj EdlminRtUvkareFIVvinieyaKsMPar
beckeTsEfm bFnFanFmCati.
srubesckI tYnaTIrbs;muxviCa RKb;RKgsMNg; KWbMeBj)anRbBnRKb;RKg/
kMNt; bNaviFIsaRsRKb;RKgerobcM/ cglbgajsagsg;sMNg;tamrebobmYyviTasaRs
FananUvesdkicbeckeTsx<s; eBlsagsg;sMNg;mYykdUcCasagsg;sMNg;eRcIn bNak;
Ka sMNg;sIuvil nig ]sSahkm.
2> eKalkarN_CamUldannkarRKb;RKgsMNg;
1> sagsg;sMNg;Tan;eBlevlakMNt; EdlmaRtc,ab;)ankMNt;eday
c,as;las;dUcCa tamEpnkarrbs;rd ebIsMNg;enaHCarbs;rdpt;pg;/ kicRBmeRBog RbKl;
- TTYlKMerag ebIsMNg;Gnuvtn_tamkicsna k-x/ tamesckIsMercrbs;mas;viniyaK
ebIsMNg;sagsg;edayxng/ bkepJIsagsg;>>>. ral;karbMRBYjxI b bnay
eBlevlasagsg; suTEtRtUv)anvaytMlCUnrgVan; b BinysmRsbeTAniglTpl
bkkarxUcxatelIesdkic.
2> FanakMlaMgBlkmx<s;nbNasabnTaMgGs;EdlcUlrYmsagsg; bBaaenH
KWeKniyayeLIgnUvlkNshRbtikarN_ manGtRbeyaCn_bMputkgplitplcUlKa Fana
suvtiPaBeGayBlkm.
3> FanaKuNPaBxs;eGaysMNg; KuNPaBplitplbgajnUvkMritsMerc)an
tambNabTdanbeckeTsrbs;kargarsg;tMeLIg EdleyagtamkarKNna)ankMNt;.
bNabTdanKuNPaBGnuvtn_ RtUv)ansresrkgksarnkicsna. cg;Fana KuNPaB

2
sMNg;Gksagsg; RtUvbBab;kargartamRbBnRKb;RKgKuNPaB ]> ISO 9000 EdlRtUv)an
TIpSarTTYlsal; nig)anTIRbwkSabeckeTsRtYtBinityl;RBm.
4> TTYllTplesdkicx<s; enaHKWsMerc)anTaMgKuNPaBbeckeTs RBmTaMg
mantMlTab. enHKWlkxNedIm,Isabnsagsg;sitenAfitefr nigrIkcMerIn. sabn
sagsg;manlTPaBsMerc)an nUvbNaTisedAxagelI eTIbmanPaBxaMgRKb;RKan;kgkar
RbKYtRbECgelITIpSarkgRbeTsk_dUcCaGnrCati. lTPaB nigkarRbKYtRbECg rbs;sabn
sagsg; bgajnUvfamBleRsc)ac; edIm,IGnuvtn_bNalkxNrbs;TIpSaplitpl/
Cak;EsgKW
1> eRtomlkNCaeRsc edIm,IebIkkardanplittamTMhMsMNg;TTYlsagsg;
puspulebIkkarsagsg;.
2> manRsab;mUldanrUbFatubeckeTs famBlbrika/ RkumvisVkr/ CMnajkar
nigkmkrCMnajsmRsbnigsMNg;.
3> eRCIserIsviFIsaRslMnaM]sSahkmplitsMNg;smRsb.
4> Fanapt;pg;FnFancaM)ac;eGaykarplit.
5> begItEpnkar RbtiTinkargar nigcglbgajplitRbkbeday
eCaKCy.
viTasaRsRKb;RKgsMNg;EtgmanTMnak;TMngCamYynig cMeNHdwgnmuxCMnaj
eRcIn BiessmuxCMnaj]sSahkmsagsg;/ ynkmsagsg; nigesdkicsMNg;. enaHKW
bNacMeNHdwgmUldan EdlvisVkrsMNg;RtUvyl;c,as;muneBlcab;dkgkargar begIt
EpnkarRKb;RKgsMNg; nigGnuvtn_kargarsagsg;.

3
3> cMNucBiessrbs;CMnajplitsMNg;
sMNg;kdUcbNamuxrbrplitpl]sSah_kmepSg/ vamank,nc,ab;rYm nig
cMNucBiessepSg. enATIenHeyIgRKan;EtelIkeLIg nigviPaKnUvbNacMNucBiess Edl
manTMnak;TMngeRcIndl;lTplrbs;skmPaBplitplsMNg;.
1> plitplrbs;sMNg;; KWCalTplrbs;CMnajeRcInEpk/ Ggkarsabnesdkic
eRcIn/ enaHKW mas;vinieyaK/ bNashRKassagsg;/ bNasabnTIRbwkSaerobcMKMerag/
bNasabnpt;pg;sMParbrika/ sabnbMerIesva:FnaKar/ hirBavt nigbNa sabnRKb;RKg
rbs;rd/ bBaaenHeGayeyIgeXIjfa cg;eGayKMeragmYyman eCaKCyl RtUvmankar
rYmbBalKaCaRkum/ CaEpk ehIyKMeragEtgEtsit enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;c,ab;rd.
2> sagsg;sMNg; KWCaFmtaEtgmanTunFMsMrab;eFIVvinieyaK sMNg;)anyk
cMnYnmYyya:gFMkgfvikaCati. dUcenH yuTsaRskgkarRbKYtRbECgsagsg; CanicCakal KWCa
cMNucBiessrbs;rdaPi)al nigGkeFIVvinieyaKtUcFM. Kan;EtKwtedayELk Epksagsg;
bNasMNg;Fmta/ tUctackRtUvcMNayfvika rab;Ban;rhUtdl;rab;landula. enHKW minTan;
niyaydl;sMNg;Biess/ FMpg.
3> plitplsagsg;; CanicCakalpSaPab;nigkarrIkcMerInnvisyesdkic nig
CivPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrd. eBlesdkicsgmrIkcMerIn eFIVeGayplitpl sagsg;
sMNg;mankarGPivDn_rIkcMerIntam CaBiesskgvisysagsg;sMNg; ]sSah_km
nigsIuvil.
4> kgplitplsagsg; GkvinieyaK nigGkeRbIR)as;plitpl BMuEmnCa
GkGnuvtn_ kgkargarsagsg;eT. kgenaHEtgEtsitelIkicsnarvagmas;vinieyaK nig
GkTTYlkarsagsg; ehIyEtgEtmansmPaBTIRbwkSa nigRtYtBinit.

4
5> plitplsagsg;sMNg; KWCabNaplitplmanTMnak;TMngnigTItaMgmYy
kMNt; Gclnvt edayehtuenHplitplsMNg;rgnUv\TiBlnktatMbn;. TItaMg
plitEtgpas;br. kMlaMgplitkmEtgRtUvclt/ rcnasm<nRKb;RKgerobcM sg;tMeLIg
EtgEtRtUvpas;breGaysmRsbCamYynigsMNg; EdleFIVeGayekIn cMNayeday
Rbeyal.
6> plitplsMNg;bgajnUvcritlkNsm,tirbs;sgm nigERbRbYltam
yuKsmy varg\TiBlnRbBNI/ TMenomTmab;/ kMritvb,Fm nigTsSnrbs;GkeRbIR)as;.
7> ryeBlsagsg;sMNg;mYyKWcMNayeBlEvgbgrenAkNalval dUcenH
varg nUvRbtikmFatuGakas/ TIpSardl;dMeNIrkarplitya:gc,as;. karRKb;RKgerobcM
sagsg;TamTarRtUvCanicCakalsVahab;/ c,as;las; nigTn;Pn;/ eBlxHenAmanTaMgEpk
sMNagpgEdr.
8> dMeNIrplitsMNg;KWCasMNMulMnaM]sSahkmpliteRcIn dMeNIrplitnimYy
maneRcInviFIsaRsbeckeTs nigRKb;RKg. edIm,IeTAdl; viFIsaRslbMput GkbBaa
karplitsMNg;RtUvGHGag)annUvbNaviFIsaRs EdlGacTTYlyk)an EdlteTAeyIg
ehAfa viFIsaRsseRmc edIm,IrkeGayeXIjviFIsaRssmRsb eFIVCamUldankg kar
eRCIserIsviFIsaRsEdlRbesIrbMput. lMnaMkareRCIserIs viFIsaRsTaMgLay RtUvGnuvtn_
kareRbobeFobtamlkNvinicyEdlRtUvkar.
enHCakickarTamTarbuKlikRtUvmankMritvb,Fm/ famBl nigmanbTBiesaFn_
eRcInkgkarsagsg;. viFIsaRsseRmc KWCaviFIsaRsbgajnUvmeFa)aybeckeTsEdl
GacGnuvtn_)an. viFIsaRssmRsb KWviFIsaRsseRmc b:uEnRtUvRsbniglkxNsagsg;
Cak;Esg. lkxNsagsg; KWCalTPaBrbs;Rkumsg;tMeLIg/ tYnaTIsagsg; sMNg;
nigbNalkxNepSgEdlvargnUvcMNgtamkicsna/ karsnt; >>>. viFIsaRsRbesIr
5
KWCaviFIsaRssmRsb mankMritx<s;bMputtambNabTdan EdlGksagsg;dak;ecj
eBlevla/ tMl/ FnFanFmCati >>>.
9> plitplsMNg;eRbIR)as;CIvBlkmeRcIn EdlCIvBlkmCaRbPBFnFan
ya:gmantMl dUcenHbBaaeRbIR)as;eGaysmRsbnightBlik EtgEtdak;ecj CamYynig
ral;viFIsaRssagsg;.
10> sMNg;sagsg;ERbRbYlyWt/ karsMgat;beckeTsBi)akrkSa/ TIpSarRbKYt
RbECgesrI dUcenH vaCakarmYysMxan;Nas;. ktasMxan;ykCyCMnH KWtMl.
tMlsMNg;Tab KWedaysarPaBvqatnkarRKb;RKgerobcM/ bBaa. cg;)an ya:gdUecH
Gksagsg;RtUveFIVvinieyaKvtFatuedImcUlkgkarRKb;RKgplit nig RsavRCavTIpSarQrelI
mUldan]sSahkmeCOnelOn.
4> TisedAGPivDn_rbs;muxCMnajplitsMNg;
dUceyIg)anGHGag muxCMnajsMNg; KWmYykgcMeNammuxCMnajviTasaRs
beckeTseRbIR)as;. ral;karrIkcMerInrbs;viTasaRs/ beckeTs suTEtmanRbtikm
elIkar GPivDn_rbs;plitplsMNg;/ CaBiess KWmuxCMnajemkanicpliteRKOgyn nig
sMParsMNg;. manbNak,nc,ab;beckeTsxH )anRtUvRTwsIdak;ecjCayUmkehIy
b:uEnelIkElgEtmanbrikaeRbIR)as;smRsbnigRTwsI enaHeTIbkayCa]sSahkmTMenIb.
cMeBaHkarelcecjRbePTsMParsMNg;mYyfI vakmanlTpldUcenHEdr.
eyIgGacyl;fa lMnaM]sSahkmmYy KWCaTMhMnplitplmYy kgenaHrYmman
vtFatuedIm/ brikasMrab;sagsg; niglMnaMplitplmYy. dUcenH mYykgcMeNam
ktaERbRbYlnBYkva eyIgman]sSahkmmYyfI. pymkvij cg;sMrc[)annUv

6
]sSahkmmYyfI eyIgRtUveFIVtUbnIykm]sSahkmEdlman bkpas;br[smRsb
CamYyniglkxNtamsmykalTIpSarplit.
k_+dUcCabNavisyplitplepSg TisedAGPivDn_nkarsagsg;sMNg; KWmin
bBab;brfIlMnaM]sSahkmplit/ ]sSahkmTMenIbnrUbnIykmCaRKwHnplitpl sagsg;.
TisedATaMgGs;enaH RtUv)anelcCarUbragedayqgkat;dMNak;kalBIrsMxan;KW CanicCakal
eRbIR)as;bNakarrIkcMerInviTasaRsbeckeTseTAkgplitplsMNg; nigbrfIviFIsaRs
RKb;RKg. Cak;EsgKW
1> eRbIR)as;ynkmRBmKakgbNadMeNIrkarplit
ynkmTMenIb KWbrBIBlkmsib,kmmkGnuvtn_edayeRKOgma:sIun. ynkm TMenIb
KWCaBUCrbs;]sShkmTMenIb. eRbIR)as;ynkm KWsMedArMedaHBlkmdeCIg/
begInfamBlBlkm nigKuNPaBtambTdanTMenIb. cg;GPivDn_)antamlTPaBrbs;
eRKOgyn KWynkmTMenIbRtUvdMeNIrkarRsbKa RBmKa. RsbKatamlkNrbs;
]sSahkm/ tamplitPaB nigKuNPaBrbs;sMNg;.
cg;Gnuvtn_)anTisedAynkmRBmKa sabnsagsg;RtUvmanlTPaB RKb;RKan;
elIEpkesdkic nigbeckeTs/ manskanuPaBeRcInedIm,ITijbrikaeRbIR)as;/ bGnuvtn_
shBaNiC edayshkarrvagbNasabnsagsg;epSg. cMeBaHrd KWkarrYmbBalKa
rvagsabntUceGayeTACasabnmYyFM/ cMeBaHGnrCati KWCa kareFIVshBaNiC
rvagRkumhunkgRbeTs nigRkumhunbreTs.
2> plitedayynkmsVyRbvtiTMenIb
sVyRbvtiTMenIb KWRTg;RTay]sSahkmTMenIbkMritx<s;. vaCYyelIkkMBs;kMlaMg Blkm
nigeFIVeGay)at;nUvRBMEdn rvagBlkmxYrk,al nigdeCIg. kMritnPaBsVyRbvtiTMenIb
7
GaRsyeTAniglMnaM]sSahkmplitnimYy. bcb,nkgkarsagsg;sMNg; edayeRbIR)as; eRKOg
ynsVyRbvtiTMenIbenAmankMritTabenAeLIy eTaHCasitkgbNaRbeTs]sSahkmrIkcMerIn
keday.
eKaledArYmrbs;plitpl]sSahkm KWQandl;kMriteRbIR)as;eRKOgyn
sVyRbvtiTMenIbkan;EteRcInkan;Etl BiessKWkgbNakargarEdleFIVkgbridan mhnray
nigkargarFn;Fn;.
kargarCadMbUgnkareRbIR)as;ynkmsVyRbvtiTMenIb KWedAelIbNakargar
RtUveRbIR)as;eRKOgma:sIun nigkgvisybegItEpnkar/ RKb;RKg nigbBaa kgkarplit.
Cak;Esg KwkargarGnuvtn_ma:sIunkuMBTreTAkgkarbBaaelIlMnaM karplit/ RKb;RKgKMerag
nigeRbIR)as;plitpl.
3> ]sSahkmTMenIbnrbrsMNg;
RsbCamYynigynkmTMenIb TisedAmYydFM KW]sSahkmTMenIbnrbr sagsg;.
]sSahkmTMenIb KWnaMykbNakargarxageRkA cUleTAGnuvtnkugbNa eragCag/
eragcRkyfaRbePT. ]sSahkmTMenIb niglMnaMkarplitsMNg;eGayenACitbegIy
nigbNaEpkplitpl]sSahkmepSg/ bnykarlM)akrbs;kmkrkg eBlbMerI kargar
enAkNalval/ bny\TiBlrbs;FatuGakasEdlmanRbtikm mkelIplitpl sMNg;.
]sSahkmTMenIbkan;x<s; KWfamBl/ KuNPaBBlkm kan;EtFM/ elIkkMBs; lTPaB
eRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk begItlkxNeGayynkm TMenIb nigsVyRbvtirIkcMerIn/ Biess
kgsMNg;]sSahkm KW]sSahkmTMenIb minGacminykcit)aneT/ edayehtufa vaman
GtnykgtMbn; nigGnrCati.

8
4> eRbIR)as;GtibrmasMNg;cab;tMeLIg
kglkxNEdlGaceFIV)an KYreRbIR)as;eGay)aneRcInsMNg;cab;tMeLIg/ eRBaH
enHCalMnaM]sSahkmplitsMNg;Qanmux. Gnuvtn_edaykarcab;tMeLIg begIt
lkxNCaGaTiPaBeGay]sSahkmTMenIb)anGPivDn_xn. sMNg;cab;tMeLIg CYybny
eBlevlasagsg;/ snSMsMc)anBum</ bnyRbtikmrbs;GakasFatu. kgsMNg; EdkCajwkjab;
kargarcab;tMeLIgCaviFIsaRsEtmYyKt; nigRbesIrbMput. cg;[ dMeNIrkarcab;tMeLIg
GPivDn_xaMgxa RtUvdak;TuneRcIneTAelIkarRsavRCaverobcM sabtkm/ eRKOgbgM
nigEsVgrkviFIsaRssagsg;EdlmanGtRbeyaCn_.
5> eRbIR)as;sMParfICMnYseGaysMParRbBNI/ minbBab;kar
pas;brfI nlMnaM]sSahkmplit
edaykarrIkcMerInbeckeTs/ sBVfmansMPareRcInRbePT)anbegIt/ kgbNa
sMParfI manRbePTsMPareFIVeGaymankarpas;brlMnaM]sSahkmplitTaMgRsug dUcenH
buKlikbeckeTsRtUvcab;ykeGayTan;eBl edIm,IeGaykMritcMeNHdwg beckeTs
CanicCakalmankMritbeckeTsQanmux. edayELk eRKOgyn brikaeRbIR)as; kmin
bBab;karGPivDn_ eFIVeGaybNalMnaM]sSahkmplitcas; RtUvbrfItam/ CalTpl
kayCalMnaM]sSahkmplitfI.
6> karBarbridanBImYyfeTAmYyfRtUvelIkkMBs;
enHKWCa TisedAGPivDn_rbs;yuKsmy EdlRKb;visy/ RKb;ekasikarsgm
RtUvyk citTukdak;EfrkSaeGayeBjTMhwg. bNasMNg;sagsg;minRtwmEtCH\TiBldl;
bridankgxNeBlkMBg;smPaBb:ueNaHeT ehIyvaEfmTaMgenACH\TiBlFM kgdMNak;kal
9
sagsg;pgEdr. edIm,IRbqaMgnigPaBkxVk;EdlbNamkBIkardan sagsg;bgreGay
PUmisaRsenACMuvijva kgviFIsaRssagsg;RtUvKwtKUrdl;viFI RbqaMgPaBkxVk;.
bNaPaBkxVk;EdlbNamkBIkardansMNg;bgreLIgEtgEtCaFUlI/ PaBKRKic/
katsMNg;sMParsMNg; nigPaBkxVk;edaysarkMeNInRbCaCn>>> EdleFIV eGaybMBl;
briyakas nigRbPBTwk \TiBlTaMgGs;enaH RtUvTTYlsal;eday BiR)akd nigerobcM
viFIsaRsRbqaMgtaMgEtBIdMNak;kalKNna rhUtdl;dMNak;kal begItviFIsaRssagsg;.
bNaviFIsaRssMxan; Kwkat;bnykarbMBl;brisanEdlbNalmkBIkardan
sMNg;; bgreLIg dUcCa
pas;brlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;smRsb.
xNkardanedayrbgsMNaj;.
sMGateRKOgyneBlecjeRkAkardan.
manEpnkarN_edaHRsaykatsMNl;Cab;lab;/ minTukeGaysyrlYy
xb;dwkecj
dak;sMParplitmYycMnYn CMrkEdlGacecjqayBIkardan/ Biess
cMeBaHRbPBbgrPaBkxVk; PaBGUEG/ FUlI/ katsMNl;>>>.
begInmeFa)aydwkCBanbiTCit/ rfynkugtWnr/ Qandl;eRbIEtsMPar
maneRsam/ EdlGacRbqaMgPaBkxVk;pg nigTb;Tl;karxHxay/
RCuHFak; sMParpg.
ENnaMBRgIklkxNkarBarbridankgc,ab;sagsg; edIm,IRbCaBlrd
RKb;rUb elakGnuvtn_eBjeljkgkardanFM btUc.

10
karFanakarBarbridan vakayCabTdanEdlvaytMl elIRbvtieFIVvinieyaK
sagsg;sMNg;.
7> kgkarRKb;Rkgplit Gnuvtn_viFIsaRserobcMBlkm
viTasaRs edIm,IsMralkargareGayCIvBlkm/ elIkkMBs;
KuNPaBplitpl/ FanasuvtiPaBBlkm nigbny
PaynraykgsMNg;
enHKWCaParkic nEpnkarbeckeTsrbs;sabnsagsg;/ RtUvCanicCakal
yk citTukdak;RKb;RKg RsavRCav nigENnaMGnuvtn_;. BiessKW suvtiPaBBlkm eRBaHkg
karsagsg;eRKaHfak;gaynigekIteLIg nigCaFmtaKWmineFVsRbEhs.
8> Gnuvtn_viFIsaRsRKb;RKgerobcMsagsg;tamExSbBan
GaRsylkxNCak;Esg eyIgGacGnuvtn_viFIsaRsRKb;RKgQanmuxenHelI
EpkTaMgmUl bkEpkNamYyrbs;sMNg;. dUcenH RKan;EteRbIR)as;kgEpkNamYy knaMmk
vijnUvlTplya:gRbesIr eRBaHenHKWCaviFIsaRsRKb;RKgQanmuxbMput vaFanaeGay
kareRbIR)as;Blkm/ vtFatuedImsmRsb/ elIkkMBs;KuNPaB plitpl/ famBl Blkm
nigbnyeBlevlasagsg;.
9> eRbIR)as;kMuBTrkgkarRKb;RKg nigbBaasagsg;
yuKsmyrbs;lMnaM]sSahkmBtmanviTa bNaEpkTn;eRbIR)as;kgkar
RKb;RKg niyayrYm nigsMNg;niyayedayELk KWBImYyfeTAmYyfkan;EteRcIn nigxaMg/
vaCYyeGayGksagsg;TTYlnigbBanBtman/ Tinny/ viPaKsankarN_elOnrhs nignaM
mkvijTinplx<s;. eRbIR)as;lTPaBkMuBTr KWbgrlkxNeGayynkm sVyRbvtirIkcMerIn/
kgRKb;RKg nignaMmkvijnUveCaKCyelIEpkesdkic.
11
CMBkU TI 2
bNaCMhansikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;
tamTsSnTUlay rbs;GkRKb;RKgeFIVvinieyaK/ sMNg;sagsg;EtgEtpSarPab;
CamYynigKMeragmYy/ vaEtEtgqgkat;bIdMNak;kalKW etomlkNeFIVvinieyaK/ karGnuvtn_
kargarvinieyaK nig dak;[eRbIR)as;plitplsMNg;.
tMrUvkarrbs;TIpSa/ begIt[manrUbrag lTPaBvinieyaKrbs;

rdaPi)al/ sgm KMeragvinieyaK shRKas/ rdaPi)al/ sgm
eRtomlkNvinieyaK Gnuvtn_kargar kareRbIR)as;

sag;sg;sMNg; plitplsMNg;
lMnaMbegIteGaymanCarUbragsMNg; tamnyTUlay
dUcenH cg;begIt)anKMeragmYy RtUvEtCalTplnehtuplrbs;KMnitbuKl
lTPaBvinieyaK nig ehtuplntfPaB tMrUvkarTIpSa.
tamTsSnlMGit rbs;GkRKb;RKg sMNg;mYy)anekItCarUbrageLIg Kweday
sarva)anqgkat;R)aMmYyCMhan dUcxageRkam .
elIrUbPaB )anBiBNnaya:gc,as; nUvbNaCMhanndMeNIrkarGnuvtn_KMeragmYy
karsabnasMNg; Carbs;rdaPi)alRKb;RKg b:uEnvakrYmmanTaMgsMNg;Edlmas;
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;
12
vinieyaKCakCnpgEdr. CakarBItehIy ebIeTAtamTMhMsMNg; enaHbNaCMhan

sikSaKMeragGacmannwglkNsamBa edayRKan;EtrkSanUvbNaCMhanmUldan.
vaytMl vaytMl vay

tMl
sikSadMbUg sikSalMGit
sikSa r)ay sikSa r)ay KNna
sikSa edj sag eRbI
menaKti eKal karN_ lkN karN_
f sg;; R)as;
karN_ dMbUg beck lMGit bEnm
dMbUg eTs
ETdgd
mas;vinieyaK Gkem:Akar
Gnuvt Gnuvt
mas;vinieyaK
sabnTIRbwkSaGnuvt
menaKti rbs;KMerag KWCaeyabl;dak;ecjdMbUg edIm,IKMerag)anelc
CarUbrag. menaKti CaFmtaRtUv)anmas;vinieyaKsMEdgecj edaysarRbtikm
rbs;ehtuplbuKl nig TUeTA/ CYnkalRKan;EtCakarrMCYlcit elImuxrbrrbs;mas; vinieyaK
kgsanPaBCak;EsgmYy. menaKti elcCarUbrageLIgedayssnSwm/ taMgBIeBlcab;
epImrhUtdl;dMNak;kalTuMRCuH ehIynwgRtUv)annaMykBiPakSa nigRtUv)anRkbxNGFibety
kt;RtacUlkgkmviFIKMerag. xageRkamenH KWCaGMNHGMNageGay bNaCMhan
bnbnab;eTot

13
k> sikSadMbUg
KICaCMhanbneTotrbs; menaKti Edlmas;vinieyaK)anCYlsabnTIRbwkSa
Gnuvtn_/ ehIymas;vinieyaKkGacGnuvtn_edayxng. xwmsarrbs;CMhanenH
KWEsVgrkbNaTinnydMbUg edIm,Imas;vinieyaKeFIVkarsMercelI menaKti Edl)anepImecj
faetImanmUldanbeT/ ebImanesckIsgwm KwbnRsavRCaveTot EtebIBMumankIR)afaeTenaH
karsikSaKMerag nwgRtUvbBab;.
kgCMhanenH kargarEsVgyl; KwCacMNucsMxan;/ eRBaHEpkelItYelxRsab;
EdlRbmUl)an eKbegItKMeragmunGnuvtn_. bnab;eTot eKKwtdl;bNabBaa ecaTEdl
sMxan; Kw viPaKelImUldanRKwHnesdkic edIm,IvaytMlKMerag.
begItKMeragmunGnuvtn_ KW caM)ac;RtUvsikSaEsVgyl; elIbNakargarxageRkam
EsVgyl;GMBItMrUvkarrbs;sgm kgtMbn;EdlKMerageFIVsmPaB.
EsVgyl;GMBIneya)ayTisedAGPivDn_esdkicrbs;Cati kgryeBlEvg
bgr 10 - 50 qaM.
vaytMlsanPaBviCaCIvbcb,n nig viCakeTsesdkic kgkarsikSa
KMerag/ kgenaH RtUvykcitTukdak;dl; kMritnlMnaM]sSahkmplit/ famBl
Edlman/ lTPaBGPivDn_rbs;bNamUldanbeckeTs kgryeBlmYy
Edlnwgmkdl; EkEc/ ebIkcMh/ eFIVeGayRbesIreLIgnUvlMnaM]sSahkm/
eFIVtUbnIykmTMenIb n]sSahkmplit.
cMNat;fak;nlMnaM]sSahkmplitkg tMbn; nig BiPBelak.
kMritCIvPaBrs;enArbs;sgm/ lTPaBeRbIR)as;plitplenAtamtMbn;.

14
lTPaBrbs;mas;vinieyaK/ bNaRbPBedImTunEdlGacclna/ TMhMvinieyaK .

RbPBpt;pg;vtFatuedIm/ lMnaM]sSahkmplit.
TItaMgsagsg;sMNg; EdlnwgRtUvGnuvtn_KMerag CamYyniglTpl PUKBsaRs/

xl;Gakas/ cMnYnRbCaBlrd/ brisanmun nig eRkaysagsg;sMNg;.
ehdarcnasm<nsMNg;manRsab; nig lTPaBeTAGnaKt.
QrelImUldan bNaTinnyEdl)anviPaKkgkarsikSaKMerag nwgykmk

snidan faetIGaceFIVkarvinieyaK)anEdrbeT ehIyTMhMnkarvinieyaKnwgcMNayedImTun
Gs;b:unan.
kgryeBlbegItCMhanenH bNaTinnyxVHxat bminTan;eCOrCak; KweyIg
GacGnuvtn_sikSaRtYtBiniteKalkarN_dMbUgeLIgvij edIm,ImanTinnyRKb;RKan; kgkar
sresrr)aykarN_rbs; karsikSalMGit.
sikSadMbUg KwsresreRkamsNanCar)aykarN_ RtUvEt)anvaytMl nig
yl;RBm/ eTAtamkarsnt;EdlkMBg;Gnuvtn_ edayGaRsyelITMhM nig RbPB edImTun
nKMerag.
x> sikSalMGit
CMhanenH KWsMxan;Nas;kgdMeNIrkar eFIVeGayKMeragekItCarUbrageGaykan;
Etc,as;/ vaGHGagnUv lkNR)akdniymrbs;KMerag. kgCMhanenH rYmmanBIr Epk Kw
sikSaKMerag nig sresrr)aykarN_KMeragGnuvtn_. begIt KMeragGnuvtn_ EtgEtRtUv)an
sabnTIRbwkSabeckeTsGnuvtn_sikSaerobcMKMerag. kg KMeragGnuvtn_ RtUvbkRsay )annUv
lkNGnuvtn_beckeTs nig lkNeCaKCyelIesdkic.
15
sMNg;kan;EtFM Kwkargarsabnakan;EtsKsaj/ TIlansagsg;kan;EtFMTUlay

naMeGaykarsikSakan;EtRtUvlMGitelITMhMkargarTaMgmUl nig manRKb;lkN. cMeBaHbNa
KMerag EdlsitenAkgtMbn;mansMNg;sagsg; KW Tinnyrbs;KMerag EdlnwgykmkGnuvtn_
GacnwgeRbIR)as;nUvbNaTinnyrbs;karsikSamun.
kgkarsikSaKMerag RtUv)anEckecjCaBIrRbePTsikSa KW sikSaGMBIesdkic nig
beckeTs. sikSaGMBIesdkic CaFmtaRtUv)anGnuvtn_mun/ eRBaHvapt;pg;Tinny CamUldan
kgkarkMNt;tYnaTIrbs;sMNg; edayrYmpSMCamYynig RbPBvtFatuedIm/ bNajehdarcna
sm<nsMNg;; KmnaKmn_/ famBl RbPBTwk/ cMnYnRbCaBlrd/ TMenomTMlab;/ vb,Fm/
brisanFmCati/ Blkm CaedIm.
vtbMNgrbs;karsikSaKMeragtamlkNbeckeTs KWCa karsikSaGMBIlkxN
FmCatikgtMbn;EdlRtUvGnuvtn_KMerag/ RBmTaMgmanTisedA edIm,IGnuvtn_KMerag Rbkbeday
GtRbeyaCn_bMput. lTpl n karsikSaGMBIbeckeTs KwvaCYyeGay eyIgeRCIserIs
)anTItaMgsagsg;sMNg;smRsb/ erobcMEpnkarN_sagsg;lMenAdan )anl kdUcCasMNg;FM/
karsikSaKMeragtamlkNbeckeTs KWCakarEsVgrk bNadMeNaHRsaybeckeTsEdl
RtUvGnuvtn_caM)ac; kgkarsagsg;.
CacugeRkaykarsnidanrbs;KMerag KWEpkelIkarvaytMltamesdkic-beckeTs
elIKMeragTaMgmUl eTAtamviFIsaRsEdl)anelIkeLIg.
cMeBaHsMNg;sIuvil nig ]sSahkm karsikSaKMerag rYmmanbNabBaasMxan;
dUcxageRkam
bgajeGayc,as; nUvlkxNesdkic kgtMbn;sagsg;sMNg; KYbpSMnig
karykcitTukdak;dl;skmPaBrbs;sMNg; EdlrYmman vtFatuedIm/
16
sMParsMNg;/ lTPaBpt;pg;TwkePIg/ bNajpvKmnaKmn_/ kMlaMg

Blkm k_dUcCabNaFnFanepSg.
sikSabNasMNg;EdlkMBg;manskmPaB kgtMbn;EdlnwgGnuvtn_KMerag/
bgaj[c,as;nUvlTPaB/ kMriteRbIR)as;lMnaM]sSahkm/ lTPaBTMnak;TMng
rvagBYkva nigKMeragEdlnwgRtUvsg;. enHKW CamUldanRKwH edIm,IkMNt;TMhM
nig GtRbeyaCn_rbs;sMNg;EdlRtUvsabna.
sikSaGMBIPUmisaRsTaMgmUl/ sanPaBdIenAtMbn;Gnuvtn_KMerag edIm,IelIk
KMerag nig EpnkarN_lMenAdan/ GKar kdUcCa bNabNajbeckeTs/
ehdarcnasmnsMNg;. kargarenH RtUv)anbgajenAelIEpnTIrd)al
manRsab; bRtUvvas;Evg nig KUredayxYng.
sikSaGMBI PUKBsaRs/ ClsaRs rbs;TItaMgsagsg; edIm,IkMNt;)an
lkNemkanicnRsTab;dInimYy/ crnTwkenAkgdI/ ePgxl;>>>. Tinny
Edl)anmkBIkarsikSa RtUveGaymanRKb;RKan; edIm,IkMNt;)an viFIsaRs
tMeLIg eRKOgbgMsMNg;/ RKwHsMNg;/ RbBnbNajcrnTwkkgdI >>>.
sikSalkxNFatuGakas enAtMbn;sagsg; ePgxl;/ sItuNPaB/ rnHpr
>>>. cMeBaHbNaGKarsMxan; caM)ac;eyIgRtUvsikSabEnm elIbNakta
briyakas kMedA/ xl;brisuT/ viTskm/ GIuy:Ut >>>.
sikSalkxNEdlmanTMnak;TMngdl;karsagsg; edayeRbIR)as;lTPaB
sagsg;enAnigkEng edIm,IbnytMlrbs;sMNg;. kgkarsikSaenH
rYmman RbPBsMParsMNg;Edlpt;pg;enAnigkEng/ eRKOgma:sIun/ brikar/

17
KmnaKmn_/ lTPaBeRbIR)as;bNashRKasCMnYy/ RbPBBlkmkgtMbn;/

bNaj GKIsnI/ bNajTwkEdlmanRsab;.
sikSabNaktaEdlCH\TiBldl;tMlrbs;sMNg;/ eBlevlaEdlGacsMerc
kargarsagsg;tamEpknimYy b EpkTaMgmUl kdUcCaeBldak;plitpl
eGayeRbIR)as;.
sikSaelIesaPNPaBnsabtkm/ EpnkarN_erobcMtMbn; edIm,IsMNg;man
dMeNaHRsayKNnarYmbBal CamYynigesaPNPaBsabtkmEdlman.
bNaTinnyTaMgGs;enH manTMnak;TMngdl; EpnkarN_elIkKMerag/ sagsg; nig
kareRbIR)as;sMNg; suTEtRtUvRbmUlTinnyeGayRKb;RKan; nig sresrCa r)aykarN_
esdkicbeckeTs edIm,IGHGag)annUvtYnaTInkarsagsg;sMNg;.
r)aykarN_sagsg;RtUvdak;ecjya:gticbMput eGay)anBIrviFIsaRs edIm,IEFIVkar
ebobeFobeRCIserIs viFIsaRsEdlmanlkNesdkicx<s;.
r)aykarN_esdkicrbs; karsikSalMGit KWRtUv)anGnuvtn_ edaysabn
TIRbwkSaelIkKMerag edayEpkelIbNar)aykarN_esdkic-beckeTs. r)aykarN_ RtUvdak;
ecj nUvbMNkRsayrbs;cMeNaTbBaa EdlRtUvmanya:gticBIrviFIsaRs. kgenaH manTaMg
bMNkRsayGMBIGtRbeyaCn_esdkic EdlrYmmanEpksMxan; dUcxageRkam.
1> lTPaBeRbIR)as;rbs;sMNg;.
2> tMledIm/ plRbeyaCn_esdkic/ eBlevlaTTYledImTunvinieyaKmkvij.
3> eBlevla)ansMerctamlTPaBsikSaKMerag.

18
4> kMriteRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk/ sVyRbvtielIlMnaM]sSahkmplit/ cMNat;fak;

nlMnaM]sSahkmpliteFobnigkgRbeTs nig BiPBelak. cMNat;fak;
tambTdan.
5> emKuNsagsg; eRbIR)as;psagsg; eFobCamYynigbTdanEdl
kMNt;.
6> PaBERbRbYlbrisanPUmisaRs rukCati/ crnTwk/ tMldI edaysarEtpl
rbs;karsagsg;sMNg;.
7> man\TiBldl;CivPaBrs;enArbs;smaCik nig RKYsarkmkr/ buKlik kg
dMeNIrkarsagsg; nig eRbIR)as;sMNg;.
sMNMur)aykarN_nkarsikSalMGitrYmman
1> bMNkRsayBiBNnaedaysegb elIxwmsarnbNaviFIsaRsdak;ecj
edIm,I eRCIserIs/ ebobeRFobbNaviFIsaRsTaMgenaH/ KNnaTUeTAbNa
karsMerckg viFIsaRs. BiBNnaGMBIviFankarFanasuvtiPaBBlkm nig
KNnabNa cMNayelIesdkicbeckeTs/ kgenaHRtUvbkRsay nig
rebobkMNt;rbs; bNakarcMNayTaMgGs;enaH.
2> TIlansagsg; bgajeGayRKb;sBV nUvTMnak;TMngrvagbuklMenAdan nig
pEdlRtUvGnuvtn_KMerag.
3> bNaKMnUrnlMnaM]sSahkm/ KmnaKmn_kgKMerag/ dMeNaHRsay
sabtkm/ eRKOgbgM/ RbBnbrikar nig dMeNaHRsaykarKNnaepSg
Edlman TMnak;TMng.
19
4> bBaIeRKOgcRk/ brikar EdlRtUvykmkGnuvtn_elIKMerag.

5> )a:n;sanlTPaBvinieyaKsagsg;sMNg;.
6> )a:n;santMlTijsMParbrikar/ eRKOgcRk tamtMlsikSa.
7> )a:n;santMlvinieyaKTunsrub )a:n;sansrub.
8> taragbBaIGnuvtn_ bNakargarsMxan; EdlRtUvsagsg;.
9> EbgEcksMParkgRsuk nig eRkARsuk edIm,IbegItEpnkarTTYl.
10> EbgEcktamCMnajBlkm EdlcaM)ac;.
11> elIkKMerag RKb;RKg sMNg; CamYynig dMeNIrkarsagsg;TaMgmUl
bgajedayDIya:Rkam epk b bNaj
12> tMelIg ma:Ekt sMNg; TaMgmUl bEpksMxan;NamYy
ebIeXIjfacaM)ac;.
13> esckIbEnm edIm,IENnaM eRbIR)as;kMlaMgBlkm tamc,ab;kargar nig
eRbIR)as;RbPBsahuy sagsg;sMNg; CaBiess KW rUbIvtbreTs.
14> bNadMeNaHRsaybeckeTsRbqaMgkarbMBl;brisan b pas;breTsPaB.
karsikSalMGit RtUv)anvaytMl nig sabnmas;vinieyaKEdlman
sTismmUl yl;RBm eTAtamRbPBedImTun nig sMNg;Carbs;RkumNa?

20
K> KNnasMNg;sIuvil nig ]sSahkm

KNnasMNg;sIuvilnig]sSahkmrYmman BIr EpksMxan; KW KNna nig )a:n;tMl.
eTAtamTMhM/ kMritsKsaj/ lkNsMxan;rbs;sMNg; KNnaGacGnuvtn_tam
BIrdMNak;kal b mYydMNak;kal.
ebIKNnatammYydMNak;kalKW KNnasagsg;. eBlKNnatamBIr dMNak;kal
KWdMNak;kaldMbUgCadMNak;kalKNnabeckeTs cMENkdMNak;kaleRkayCa dMNak;kal
KNnasagsg;. karKNnaCaParrbs;TIRbwkSa RtUvGnuvtn_eTAtamkicsnaCamYymas;
vinieyaK. KNnamYy b BIrdMNak;kal eTAtamTMhM nig lkNBiessrbs;sMNg;
vaGaRsyedaysabnman siTiGMNaceFIVkarsMerc.
1> KNnabeckeTs
KNnabeckeTsCa dMNak;kaldMbUgnKNnaCaBIrdMNak;kal. KNna
beckeTs EpkelImUldansikSaEsVgyl; nig r)aykarN_rbs;KMeragGnuvtn_ bUkrYmTaMg
karsikSabEnmkgdMNak;kalKNna ebIman.
KNnabeckeTs bkRsayelIbNabBaabeckeTsTaMgGs;EdlFana[
sMNg;manlkNsMerc/ viFIsaRsKNnaRtwmRtUvmanlkNeCOnel,Wn/ TinnyEdl
dak;ecjc,as;las; b:uEnvaenAEtsitenAdMNak;Nak;kalcMhr edIm,IbEnm nUvcMNucEdl
minTan;mankarlMGwtRKb;RKan; kgkarGnuvtn_ sagsg;. KNnabeckeTsRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
[bNaEpkKNnaTaMgGs; dUcCa lMnaM]sSahkmplit/ sabtkm/ eRKOgbgM/
sMParCaedIm/ edayeRtomlkN CaeRsc edIm,IbMerIkarsagsg;.

21
ksarKNnabeckeTsrYmman
1> bMNkRsayBiBNnaGMBIrviFIKNna/ bMNkRsayCaTUeTAnUvbNa
dMeNaHRsay KNnaelIsMNg;TaMgmUl.
2> KMeragbg;lMnaM]sSahkm/ ExSbBanplitkm/ sabtkm/ KMnUredk/
KMnUrkat;/ KMnUrbBar/ eRKOgbgM/ sMPartak;Etg CaedIm/ EdllMnaM
]sSahkmsagsg;sMNg;nwgtMrUveGayGnuvtn_.
3> )a:n;santMldMbUgrbs;sMNg;.
KNnabeckeTsRtUv)anvaytMl nig yl;RBmBIsabnmansmPaBkg
RkbxNrd b mas;vinieyaK sMNg;shBaniC b kCn.
2> KNnasagsg;
KNnakarsagsg;KW KNnasMNg;tam mYydMNak;kal b kdMNak;kalTI2 n
karKNnasMNg;BIrdMNak;kalrYmman KNna nig )a:n;tMl.
KNnakarsagsg; mantYnaTIbMerIedaypal;elIkargarsagsg;sMNg;. KNna
karsagsg;KW EpkelIr)aykarN_KMeragGnuvtn_ KNnamYydMNak;kal b KNna
beckeTs KNnaBIrdMNak;kal.
eBlKNnamYydMNak;kal KNnasagsg; RtUvRsaybBaak;elI TMhMTaMgmUl
nig cMNucNamYynbNadMeNaHRsayKNna/ pl;Tinny caM)ac;RKb;RKan; dUcCa Blkm/
vtFatuedIm/ sMParsMNg;/ beckeTs/ tMlsMNg; )a:n;tMl rYmCamYynigKMnUrsagsg;
nbNakargarsg; temIgeGaymanRKb;RKan; sMrab;Gksg;.

22
kgKNnaBIrdMNak;kal KNnasagsg; RtUveFIVeGayR)akd/ eFIVeGaylMGit

elIbNadMeNaHRsaylMnaM]sSahkm/ sabtkm/ eRKOgbgM/ sagsg; Edl)anGHGag
kgKNnabeckeTs.
)a:n;santMlKNnasagsg; RtUvbkRsayvIFIKNnabrimaN/ bBaItMl
Gnuvtn_/ esckIENnaM b saracrrbs;sabnrdaPi)alGMBIBnsMNg;. eBlcaM)ac;
RtUvmanksarRKb;RKan; EdlTak;Tgdl;tMleRKagrbs; sMNg; lixitGaTiPaB/
esckIsMercbnyBn >>> .
KMeragbg;sagsg; RtUvpt;pg;RKb;RKan;c,as;las;/ bgajbg;lMGitcaM)ac;
rbs;sMNg;edIm,IGnuvtn_bNakargartMelIg. KMeragRtUv BiBNnataMgBI KMeragTaMgmUl dl;
KMeraglMGit/ viPaKcglbgaj. KMeragbg;RtUvbgaj )anenATItaMg/ cMNgTak;Tg
rvagbNasMNg;/ lMenAdan CamYynig bNajbeckeTs/ KmnaKmn_. KMeragbg;sagsg;
RtUvFanaeGayGk Gnuvtn_RtUvtamKMnitrbs;GkKNna tamviFImYy c,as;las;nig
gayRsYl bMput/ snSMsMcbMput.
)a:n;santMlKMerag RtUv)anKNnaEpkelIkarGMNHGMNagrbs;KMeragGnuvtn_ nig
lTplKNnasagsg; KwniyaytaMgBIbNaviFIsaRssagsg; Biess EdlminTan;
mankgbTdantMl.
KNnasagsg; nig )a:n;santMl RtUvEtmankaryl;RBmBIsabn
RKb;RKgEdlmansTisMercelIva eTIbGackayCaksarbMerIkargarsagsg; RBmTaMgCa
mUldanRKwHedIm,ItulakarsMNg;.

23
3> KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg;
KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; RtUv)anGnuvtn_CamYynig KNnasagsg; b KNna
sagsg;mYydMNak;kal. KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; RtUv)ansabnTIRbwkSaKMerag Gnuvtn_Epk
elImUldanKMeragGnuvtn_ nig lTplsikSabeckeTs ehIynig sikSabEnmkgxNeBl
KNna.
ksarKNnaRKb;RKgsMNg;
1> taragkargarEdlRtUvsg;tMelIg nig CaBiesskgdMNak;kalsagsg;
k_dUcCadMNak;kaleRtom.
2> segbRbRktiTinsagsg; elIDIya:RkamTUeTA Gnuvtn_bNa kargar
sMxan; kgdMNak;kaleRtom nig dMNak;kalsagsg;. kgenaH
bgajeGayc,as;lMdab;Gnuvtkargar. kgRbRkTinmanPab;
mkCamYynYv DIya:RkamcltkMlaMgBlkm/ ryeBleRbIR)as;
eRKOgcRk.
3> EpnkarsrubGMBIkarpt;pg;sahuytamqaM/ qmassmRsbnigRbRktiTin.
4> TIFasagsg;srubCamYynigmaRtdanRtwmRtUv bgajnUvsMNg;)annigkMBug
sagsg; k_dUcCa XaMgsMPar/ CMrMusak;enArbs;buKlik kmkar CaedIm.
5> EpnTItMbn;CamYynigmaRtdanRtwmRtUv bgajnUvkardansagsg;CamYynig
bNajshRKasCMnYy/ mUldansMParbeckeTs/ PUmikmkr/ RbBn
KmnaKm_ nig bNasMNg;epSgEdlmanTMnak;TMngdl;kardan.

24
6> bBaIsrubsMPar/ lk;plitpl/ eRKagsMNg;sMxan;/ eRKOgcRk/

meFa)aydwkCBantamdMNak;kalsagsg;nqaM/ qmas.
7> KNna nig )a:n;santMl rbs;GKarsak;enAbeNaHGasn EdlminsitenAkg
tMlsagsg;/ bNaGKarsak;enATaMgGs;enHKwGaRsyedaymas;vieyaK Binit
nig yl;RBm.
8> GtbTbkRsayGMBIlkNsm,tirbs;sMNg;/ lkNxNsagsg;/ lMnaM
]sSahkm/ viFIsaRsRKb;RKgsMNg;/ tMrUvkarnigdMeNaHRsayGMBIkMlaMg Blkm/
eRKOgcRk/ XaMg/ pvfl;/ CMrMu k_dUcCa bNaniTsSnesdkic
beckeTsrbs;viFIsagsg;.
9> KNnatMl)a:n;sanrbs;sMNg;edayEpkelItMlkta/ bTdan nig
viFIsagsg;Edl)anyl;RBm. KNna)a:n;tMl RtUvmantarag
briyaykargar/ rebobkMNt;brimaNkargarrbs;BYkva. cMeBaHkargarRcIn
EdlminmantMlkta enaHKWRtUvKNnatMlEdlrYmman sMPar/
Blkm/ eRKOgcRk.
KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; RtUvGnuvtn_RsbCamYynigbNadMNak;kalKNna
smmUlrbs;sMNg; edIm,IeGaysmRsbCamYynigdMeNaHRsayTIlan sagsg;/
eRKOgbgM/ lMnaM]sSahkmrbs;sMNg;.
cMeBaHsMNg;tUcmYycMnYn b sMNg;sagsg;tamKMrURtUvman
RbtiTinsegb DIya:Rkam
TIlansagsg;.
25
DIya:RkamBlkmnigeRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk.
bBaI)a:n;tMl.
bMNkRsay.
4> KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg;
KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; RtUv)ansabnsg;tMelIgGnuvtn_elImUldanrbs;
KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg;/ )a:n;santMlsMNg; bUkCamYybNalTpl/ sikSabEnmtMbn;
kardan nig smPaBrbs;sabnTTYlGnuvtn_.
kgKNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; nwgBinitepgpat;/ eFIVedaylitlt;/ bNa
esckIsMercrbs;KNnaRKb;RKg nig edaHRsaybNabBaaEdleTIb ekIteLIg.
CaBiessykcitTukdak;dl; bNakargarlMGit EdlRtUv Gnuvtn_kglMnaM]sSahkm
sg;tMeLIg k_dUcCakargarsg;tMeLIgkgbNa shRKasCMnYyEdlbMerIkgkarplitsMPar/
eRKagsMNg;eGaykardan. TItaMg/ smPaB/ ]sSahkm nig brikarrbs;bNashRKas
RtUv)anrkSaenAdEdltamKNnaRKb;RKg. karERbRbYlGnuBaatiEtenAeBlPaKI KNnaRKb;RKg
sMNg;yl;RBmedayehtuplnkarfy)antMlsMNg; nig kcKuNPaBkargar.
KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; bMerIeGaykargarRKb;RKgsMerc/ cglbgaj nig
RtYtBinitelICMhansagsg;TaMgGs;/ bNakMNat;sagsg;sMNg; nig kardan TaMgmUl
dUcenHcaM)ac;RtUvtamc,as;las; nig RtwmRtUvelIbNabBaaxageRkam ryeBlkMNt;
sagsg;bNakMNat;sMNg;/ rbs;bNadMNak;kalsMxan; nig kardanTaMgmUl/ lMdab;nigviFI
Gnuvtn_bNakargarsg;tMeLIg/ karrYmpSM/ eBlevlakMNt; Gnuvtn_bNaviFIkgdMNak;kaleRtom/

26
DIya:Rkampt;pg;sMPar/ eRKOgcRk/ tMrUvkarBIvtFatuedIm/ tMrUvkarBIBlkmtamCMnaj/

viFIsaRs karBar/ GnamysuvtiPaBBlkm/ RbBnRtYtBinit/ RKb;RKgKuNPaB eRbIR)as;.
ksarrbs;KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg;
1> RbtiTinsagsg;bNasMNg; CamYynigbrimaNkargarRtwmRtUv.
2> RbtiTinsrubTUeTAsMrab;kardanTaMgmUl nig dMNak;kalsagsg;.
3> TIlanerobcMcMbg tYnaTIbNashRKasplit/ pvfl;yUrGEgVg b
beNaHsn/ XaMg/ bNajpt;pg;GKIsnI/ Twk/ TUrKmnaKmn_>>>.
4> taragbriyayGMBIbrimaNkargarkgdMNak;kaleRtom nig DIya:Rkam
Gnuvtn_.
5> DIya:Rkampt;pg;sMParbrikarsMxan;.
6> DIya:RkamtMrUvkarBlkmtamCMnaj/ eRKOgcRk nig dwkCBan.
7> kMNt;sMKal;lMnaM]sSahkm eGaykargarmYycMnYnEdlmankarsagsg;
sKsaj nig fI.
8> bBaIeRKOgcRk nig kMNt;sMKal;pas;brlMnaM]sSahkm eGaykargar
sagsg;sMxan;mYycMnYn dak;mInpH/ XYg/ elIkdak; >>>>.
9> ksarbkRsayGMBIdMeNaHRsaylMnaM]sSahkm/ eRKaHfak;/ brisan/
suvtiPaBBlkm/ rUbPaBTTYlGkmaneTBekasl/ ]bkrN_.
KNnabNacMNayesdkicbeckeTsryeBlbBab;sagsg;/ kMrit
eRbIR)as;ynkm/ cMNayBlkmsMrab;EpkplitplnimYy.

27
10> KMeragbg;KNnasagsg;sMNg;beNaHGasn/ CMrMu. RtUvGnuvtn_cb;

munfebIkkardansagsg;mYyry RbEhlBIrEx edIm,IbuKlik
beckeTsRsarvRCav nig cab;yk)anBIeKalbMNgTaMgenaH. kargar
KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; RtUvvisVkr nig buKlikmanbTBiesaFn_rbs;
sabnTTYlvinieyaKGnuvtn_ eRkamkarcglbgajrbs;RbFanvisVkr
manTaMgkarBiPakSaeyabl;rbs;Gksagsg;mYycMnYnpg.
KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; edaHRsaybNabBaabeckeTs]sSahkm/ RKb;RKg
nig esdkicsKsaj. cg;sMerc)anGtibrma KWRtUvGnuvtn_ eGay)aneRcInviFIsaRs
edIm,IeFIVCamUldankgkareRCIserIs tamtMrUvkar esdkicbeckeTsmYycMnYn/ Cak;EsgKW
GMBIbeckeTs
FanaKuNPaBx<s;bMput.
begItlkxNeGaykargarsagsg;gayRsYl/ suvtiPaBbMput.
GMBIesdkic
bnytMleGayTabbMput.
eRbIR)as;eGaymanRbeyaCn_bMputnUvFnFanplitpl rbs;sabn
sg;tMeT,Ig.
sMNg;dak;eGayeRbIR)as;RtwmRtUvtamEpnkarN_

28
CMBUkTI 3 lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan
1> lMnaMTUeTA
Cak;EsgTRmugkarsagsg;mUldanrbs;RBHraCaNacRkkm<Ca maneRcInviFI/ bTbBaa/
CYnkalEbCasaMjaM EvgeBk. enATIenHeyIgRKan;Et eFIVkarsegbrYmdUcxageRkam
1> rdaPi)alkMNt;neya)aysagsg;sMNg;/ RbPBTun/ cMNay. edIm,IbMerITinny
eGayCMhanenH/ RtUvelIkGgRbkb KMeragvinieyaK edIm,IkMNt;TMhMsagsg;
sMNg;/ )a:n;sancMNay/ dMeNIrkarsagsg;.
2> mas;vinieyaK KWCasabnCMnYsrdaPi)al b CaGkvinieyaKkCn edIm,IGnuvt
bNaCMhan sagsg;/ TUTat;cMNaysikSa/ sagsg;/ sgtMlBeRgIkTIFasMNg;.
edayELkcMeBaH RbtiTinkargar nig KuNPaBsMNg;/ mas;sMNg;kmanParkic
tamdamBinit/ emIlEf nig RKb;RKg. b:uEnEtgRtUvcuHkicsnaCamYysabn
TIRbwkSabeckeTs/ sabnenH nig TTYlParsMxan; CYymas;vinieyaK
GMBKI MeragvinieyaK.
eTAtamTMhM/ TItaMg/ TiedApal;rbs;sMNg;Edlmas;vinieyaKGacCa GKnayk
shRKasmYy/ CaGPi)alext b Rsuk >>>> edIm,ICYykargareGaymas;vinieyaK/
maneBlxH begItCaKNkmkarRKb;RKgKMerag/ eFIVkargaredaypal;RKb;kargar.
CamYysMNg;TunbreTs/ EtgmanGKnaykKMeragmYy.
3> sikSalTPaBdMbUg KWEsVgyl;GBM ItMrUvkarsgm/ TisedAGPivDn_rbs;CatiBI 10-
50 qaM/ cMNat;fak;sMNg;/ CIvPaBsgm/ lTPaB nig TMhMvinieyaK/
RbPBpt;pg;sMPar/ TItaMgPUmisaRs/ PUKBsaRs/ briyakas/ cMnYnBlrd edIm,I
ykTinnyeGaykarKNna.
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

29
4> KNnadMbUg begItKMnUrsMNg;/ KNnaeRKOgbgMsMxan;/ KNnabrimaN/
cMNaybNaEdlRtUvsg. srubeFIVCar)aykarN_ KMeragmunGnuvt.
5> mas;vinieyaK esIesckIyl;RBm dl;sabnmansiTisMerc.
6> sikSalMGit sikSabEnmnUvTinnyEdlxVH emIlemeronCMBUkTI2 KMeragGnuvt.
7> KNnabeckeTs begItKMnUrsMNg;/ KNnalMGiteRKOgbgMsMNg;/
KNnabrimaN/ sresrbMNkRsay. srubeFIVCar)aykarN_KNnabeckeTs.
emIlemeronCMBUkTI2 KMeragGnuvt nig KNna sMNg;sIuvil nig ]sSahkm.
8> mas;vinieyaK esIesckIyl;RBm dl;sabnmansiTisMerc elIbeckeTs nig
)a:n;sanlMGit.
9> elImUldan 7/ 8 mas;vinieyaKerobcMedjf edIm,IeRCIserIssabnsagsg;.
lMdab;lMedayTRmugkartamc,ab;rbs;rdaPi)al.
10> GMBCI eRmIs sabneFIVCaTIRbwkSaKNna/ TIRbwkSaRtYtBinit/ CamYybNasMNg;FM
kRtUverobedjf edIm,IeRCIserIs. CalTplkMNt;sabnsagsg; PaKI x
nig sabnTIRbwkSa.
11> edIm,Isagsg;/ sabnsagsg;CabmRtUvBinitsanPaBPUmisaRs/ sikSaBinit
eLIgvij TinnyKNna nig KNnasagsg;Cak;EsgtamlMdab;kargarnimYy
TIlansagsg; kEngsak;enA/ kEngdak;sMPar/ kEnglayebtug >>>. begIt
RbtiTinsagsg;sMNg;TaMgmUl/ RbtiTinsagsg;RKb;kargar >>>.
12> plitsMPar nig TijvtFatuedIm/ sMPar/ KWCakargarmYyeRtommuneBlsagsg;
nig sitenAkgdMNak;kalsagsg;rhUtdl;cb;. kMNt;TItaMg f/ xSac;/ RkYs/
sanIy_bMEbkf/ kEngTijsIum:g;t_/ Edk/ srsEdk/ eRbg\Nn >>>.

30
bNasMPar RtUvmanviBabnbtKuNPaB nig RtUvBiesaFn_BinitKuNPaB. begIt
bnb;BiesaFn_tamsMNUmBr sMNg;FM.
13> mas;vinieyaKeFIVkarCamYyGaCJaFtMbn; GMBIsb,Tan nig sgfdI/ pHsMEbg >>>.
eprTIlan eGaysabnsagsg;. enHCa TRmugmYyEdlCYbRbTHkarlM)akeRcIn/
QWk,al.
14> erobcMsagsg;KWCalTplrbs; CMhan 11/ 12/ 13 . EbgEckkMNat;sagsg;
ya:gdUcemc? rYmpSMRbtiTinsagsg;sMNg;ya:gdUcemc? eFIVkarCamYyTIRbwkSa/
CamYymas;vinieyaK GMBIkarBinitbeckeTs/ BinitRKb;RKgTUTat;kargar
nimYy. edaHRsayPaBvivaT dUcCa karBeRgIkTIlanminTan;eBl/ EkERb
EfmfykarKNna >>>CaedIm.
15> erobcMBinitkargarnimYy/ dUcCa RKwH / srsEdkFwm. sMParBnitkargar
rYmman TinnysikSa-vas;EvgCak;Esg dUcCa kMritkMBs;/ CIkRKwH/ ssrRKwH/
eCIgtag/ lTplBiesaFn_ebtug/ Edk >>>. EpkEdlsMxan; KW mas;vinieyaK/
sagsg;/ TIRbwkSa.
eRkABIenH/ TIRbwkSaenABinit/ BiesaFn_RKb;kargarnimYydUcCa BiesaFn_sMPar/
cak;ebtug/ EfTaMebtug >>>.
16> sMNg;bBab; eFIVr)aykarN_bBab;kargarTaMgmUl/ mUldanbegItr)aykarN_
bBab;kargarKW KMnUrdUckgKNna/ b:uEnxatKWTinnyvas;Cak;Esg.
17> begItKNkmaBinitsMNg;TaMgmUl CamYysMNg;FM/ GacCaKNkmarbs;
rd. eTaHya:gNa/ EpkEdlsMxan;KW mas; - Gksg; - TIRbwkSa. BinitrYc/
RbKl;CUnmas;vinieyaK.

31
eRkayeBl)anBinit/ sabnsagsg;/ enAmanParFanakgryeBlmYykMNt;.
kgryeBlenH/ ral;ehtukarN_xUcxatekIteLIg/ sabnsagsg;RtUvCYsCul
edaymancMNaybEnm.
18> Binit-TUTat; sabnsagsg; RbmUlksarTaMgGs;/ sMPar/ KMnUrbBab;kargar/
brimaNCak;Esg nig tamkicsna/ bNaehtukarN_RtUvbwgtva:/ bEnmcMNay >>>
raykarN_eGaymas;vinieyaK nig sabnepSg. TUTat;eTAtamkicsna.
2> lMnaMKNna
KnwH/ xwmsaenATIenHKW tambICMhan xageRkam
sikSa KNnadMbUg/ )a:n;sanTUeTA sikSaKNnabNatMrUvkarsMxan; edIm,I
eRbobeFobviFIsaRs/ )a:n;sancMNay. PikSaviFIsaRsedIm,IKNnabeckeTs
naMeTAsagsg;. edayEpkKNnaGnuvt.
sikSa KNnabeckeTs/ )a:n;sanlMGit tamviFIsaRsEdl)aneRCIserIs/
sikSac,as;las;/ KNnaeRKOgbgMRKb;lkN. )a:n;sancMNaylMGitkargar
nimYy. RKb;lkxNedIm,InaMsMNg;cUleTAsagsg; nig RtUv)anesckIyl;RBm.
edayEpkKNnaGnuvt.
sikSa KNnasagsg;/ )a:n;san;sagsg; edayEpksagsg;Gnuvt
edIm,IGnuvtcMeKaledA/ eRKOgbgMsMNg;tamKMeragKNnabeckeTsxagelI.
Epksagsg;bgajCak;Esg KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg;. rYcehIyKNna)a:n;san
cMNaysagsg;.

32
3> TMnak;TMngrvag mas;vinieyaK - Gksagsg; - TIRbwkSa
GMBIKuNPaB nig dMeNIrkarsagsg; KWCaParkicdsMxan;rbs;sabnsagsg;.
eRkaymkdl;sabnTIRbwkSaCamYyParkictamdan/ RtYtBinitbeckeTssagsg; nig
RbwkSaeGaymas;vinieyaK nUvbNaviFIsaRsedaHRsayFM. edayehtuenH/
ral;karvivt/ edaHRsaykargarkglMnaMsagsg; dUcCa Binit/ EkERbKNna >>>
manEtbIsabnKW mas; - GkGnuvt TIRbwkSa.
TMnak;TMngeFIVkargarrvagbNasabn sagsg; nig sabnTIRBwkSaRtYtBinit/
GacBIBNna dUcmnusSCwHkg;mak;. kgenaH GkCiHkg;KWCa sabnsagsg;. kg;mux KW
manbYn CaParrbs;sbnsagsg; brimaN sagsg; - RbKl; - suvtiPaB.
kg;eRkaykmanbYnEdr EdlCaParrbs; TIRbwkSabeckeTs KW Epnkar KNna
Binit yl;RBm. eyIgGacyl;fa
sabnsagsg; KWCaGkTTYlParsMxan;GMBI dMeNIrkarsagsg;/ KuNPaB/
suvtiPaBsagsg;.
k,alma:sIun RKb;RKgrbs;sabnsagsg; kg;mux RtUvParsMxan; edIm,Ikg;
clnaeTAmux)anRtUvTisedA bBab;kargar/ minCYbeRKaHfak; suvtiPaB.
sabnTIRbwkSa kg;eRkay/ manRKan;EtmantYnaTI CMnYy/ CMruj/ RtYtBinit.
4> erobcMedjf RKb;RKgKuNPaB
edjKWCarUbPaBmYy RbLgeRCIserIs bNasabnsagsg;sMNg;mYy/ sMedAEsVgrk
sabnsagsg;elOn/ l/ tMlefak.
edjf/ ebIniyayGMBIniymnyTUlay manBIrrUbPaB

33
CamYysMNg;FM GaRsyedayTMhMvinieyaK/ RbPBTun >>>/
mas;vinieyaKebIkkar edjfCamYyCMhandUcxageRkam RbkasCUndMNwg/
TTYlksarsMuedjfrbs;bNa sabnsagsg;/ erobcMBIFIeRCIserIs/ Rbkas
eQHsabnQH/ cuHhtelxaelIkicsna sagsg;.
CamYysMNg;tUctac mas;vinieyaK mansiTikMNt;Gksagsg;/ mannyfa
eRCIserIssabnedaypal; edaykarTMnak;TMng/ edIm,IEsVgrksabnsagsg;
elOn/ l/ tMlefak.
1> siTiedjf
bNaKMerageRbIR)as;Tunrbs;rd/ mas;vinieyaKRtUverobcMedjf.
bNaKMeragxageRkamRtUv)ankMNt;ykGksagsg;.
KMeragmanlkNRsavRCavBiesaFn_.
KMeragmanlkNbnan;edayehtuplvibtiFmCati.
KMeragmanlkNkarsMgat;rbs;Cati/ snisuxCati.
2> rUbPaBkicsna
rUbPaBkicsna KWCaxwmsarmUldankMNt;muneBlerobcMedjf. enAkmCasBVf/
bBaaenH enARtUvGnueLamtam/ lMnaMRKb;RKgsagsg;mUldan/ KuNPaBksar
KNna nig )a:n;tMl/ viFIerobcMRKb;RKg-muxgar-Parrbs;sabnsagsg;.
manrUbPaBmYycMnYndUcxageRkam
kicsnakBab;/ RtUv)anGnuvteBlksarKNnabeckeTs-)a:n;tMl RtUv)an
KNnalMGit dwgmun/ bBaItMl manmUldanc,as;tamKNnacglbgaj
sagsg; . dUcenH/ eBlmas;vinieyaKEkERbKMeragbg;/ manbrimaN

34
ekIteLIg enaHGkemA:kar kRtUv)anTUTat;brimaNenaH. pyeTAvij/
brimaNfy/ GkemA:karkRtUvdkecjcMNaybrimaNfy.
kicsna esad RtUv)anyl;faGkTTYlemA:karGnuvtTaMgParKNna nig
sagsg;. sabnemA:kartamkicsnaenH KW KMeragGnuvt RtUv)an
yl;RBm.
kicsnamanEkERbtMl KWCakicsnaEtgRtUv)anGnuvt CamYyKMeragrbs;rd
EdlxITunrbs;Ggkar hirBavtBiPBelak edIm,IvinieyaKsagsg;ehdarcna
sm<n. RbePTkicsnaenH sKsajRKan;ebI/ eRBaHRtUvc,as;las;brimaN
ekIteLIg RtUv)anTUTat;eRkAbrimaNkgkgksardMbUg.
kicsnasagsg;sMNg; RtUv)anGnuvt elImUldanKNnabeckeTs -
)a:n;tMllMGit/ RtUvnigkarkMNt; GMBIKNnaeRKOgbgM/ TRmugkarksar
edaysarsabnGaCIBmYyGnuvt dUcCa sabnKNnapvfl;/ lMenAdan >>>
eBlksarbeckeTs/ )a:n;tMlRtUv)anGkEdlmansiTisMercyl;RBm/
sabnKNna )anbBab;Parkic/ RtUv)anTUTat;cMNayKNnaTaMgGs;.
mas;vinieyaK nwgCa mas;vinieyaKKNna nig manPar naMeTAsagsg;RtUv
tamsMNUmBr/ KuNPaB tamksarKNnaenaH. minRtUvTukeGaysabnmYy
GkemA:kar eFIVkarTaMgKNna nig sagsg;/ dUcCa Tat;)a:l;pg
pMkEBapg/ EsnBi)akRKb;RKg. Cak;Esgsabnsagsg; Bi)akcab;eGay
eRCA)anRTwsIKNna/ bTdaneRbIkgKNna. kgenaH/ EtgmanbBaEkERb
cuHeLIgeRKOgbgM.
eBlNamYy)anmanksarKNna-)a:n;tMlc,as;las;/ RKb;RKan;/ kicsna
sagsg;KWCa kBab;. eTaHCak;EsgenAEtminGacminkrNIbrimaNEfmfy

35
eFobCamYyKNna. sabnsagsg;/ edayviFIKNnaviTasaRs/ eday
bTBiesaFn_/ manParEkERbya:gNaeGaytMlcugeRkayKW cMeNj b:uEnenA
EtRtUvCamYyksarKNna.
CamYyeKalkarTaMgBIxagelI/ eBlsagsg;sMNg;/ edaHRsayrl;kargar
nwgCa mas;vinieyaK TIRbwkSa GkTTYlsagsg;.
3> lMnaMedjf
3>1> lMnaMedjfdUcxageRkam
1> GeBaIjGkemA:karcUlrYmedjf.
2> Eck nig TTYlbNaksarcUlrYmedjf.
3> viPaKTinnyGkcUlrYmedjf/ erIs nig RbkaseQaH GkemA:kar)an
cUlrYmedjf.
4> ksaredjf nig Eckksaredjf
lixitGeBaIjedjf/ ENnaMeGaybNaGkedjf.
lkxNkicsna.
lkNbeckeTs.
bNaKMns U sMNg;.
kMNt;beckeTs.
taragbrimaNkargar
KMrUlixitedjf nig esckIbEnmmYycMnYn.
5> bNaGkedjfeTABinitemIlTItaMgsagsg;.
6> cml;rbs;Gkedjf/ viFIbkRsay.
36
7> dak; nig TTYlksaredjf.
8> ebIksaredjf mas;vinieyaKerobcMBIFIebIkedjf.
9> vaytMlksaredjf mas;vinieyaKGacCYlGkCMnajvaytMl/ Binit
emIl/ eRbobeFob bNaksaredjf. eRkaymkerobcMRbCMueT,Igvij
CamYybNaGkedjf/ RbkaslTpleRCIserIsGksagsg;.
10> cuHkicsna
3>2> eKalkarN_eRCIserIsGkemA:kar
BinitRbBnerobcMRKb;RKgTaMgmUl/ famBlsagsg;/ viFIsaRs
sagsg; Edl)andakkugksaredjf.
BinitRbBnerobcMRKb;tMl/ ebItMlTab/ tMlsrubfycuH
elImUldanmUldan eRKOgcRksMParTMenIb/ erobcMRKb;RKgsagsg;
smRsb KWCaehtuplEdlGacTTYlyk)an.
RtUveRCosvagkareRCIserIsgayeBktamtMlTunedjf RKan;Et
efakbMputKWyk b sabnsagsg;cg; QHedayral;tMl/ ral;
ehtukarN_ekIteLIgepSgeTIbKittameRkay. sabnsagsg;mYy
x1 manviFIsaRssagsg;viTasaRs/ sMPar]bkrN_TMenIb/
b:uEntMlfCagsabn x2 EdlmanviFIsaRssagsg;min
viTasaRs/ eyIgenAEteRCIserIssabn x1.
srubmkvij eyIgKYr nig RtUveRCIserIsGksagsg;elImUldanbTdan
c,as;las;.
4> xwmsarksarcUlrYmedjf PaKI x
lMnaMedjfxagelI/ eyIgRtUvdwgRbePTksarBIr
37
ksarsMucUlrYmedjf/ EdlCarbs; PaKI k kgenaHmanksarKNna
KMnUrsMNg;/ lkNbeckeTs/ brimaN >>>> edaysabnKNna b TIRbwkSa
KNna Gnuvt. edayELkkar)a:n;santMllMGit/ eBledjf PaKI k rkSaTuk
CasMgat;.
ksarcUlrYmedjf edayPaKI x GnuvtelImUldanksaredjf/ nigTRmugkar
rda)alepSg.
xageRkamenH xwmsarksarcUlrYmedjf.
lixitsMucUlrYmedjf.
lixitFanacUlrYmedjf rbs;FnaKar/ bBanfvikakk;sMrab;cUlrYm
edjf eGaymas;vinieyaK. ebIminQHkaredjfRtUv)andkmkvij.
segbtMlTunvinieyaK srubtMlTunbNakargar CIkdI/ cak;/ >>>>>
lixitGnuBaatRbkbGaCIvkm.
ksar]eTsnamsmtPaB/ Tun/ buKlik/ ]bkrN_/ eRKOgcRk/
bNasMNg;EdlCasadsagsg;.
sMraybBaak;KNnaerobcMRKb;RKgsagsg; pkelIKMnUrsMNg;/ brimaN/
beckeTs kgksaredjfrbs; PaKI k pl;eGay. sMraybBaak;
GMBIkarerobcMsagsg; dUcCa kargareRtomsagsg;/ vIFIsaRssagsg;
RKwH/ eRKOgbgM >>>RbtiTinkargarsagsg;.

38
CMBUkTI 4
begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;
I. tYnaTI nig xwmsarnkarbegItEpnkartamryeBl
RbtiTinkargar
sMNg;sIuvilnig]sSahkm k_dUcCa bNaplitkmepSgeTot cg;sMerc)anTisedA
dak;ecj KWRtUvmanEpnkarN_plitkmCak;c,as;. EpnkarplitkmmYy
RtYv)anpSaPab; CamYyGkSryeBlmYy eyIgeGayeQaHfa EpnkartamryeBl b
RbtiTinkargar. dUcenH RbtiTinkargar KWCa Epnkar)anpSaPab;nigRbtiTinkt;ehtukarN_.
ral;Epkrbs;RbtiTinkargar RtUv)anPab;eedayGkS ryeBlkMNt;mYy.
kardansMNg;dMeNIrkar)an Kwedaysarsabnsg;tMeLIgeRcIn rYmCamYynig
karcUlrYmrbs;GkvinieyaK/ GkKNna/ shRKaspt;pg;eRKOgcRkbrikar nig
bNaRbePTFnFanepSg >>> . dUcenH sagsg;sMNg;mYy KWCaRbBnbBaamYy
sKsaj/ FMNas;. eRBaHkgRbBnRKb;RKgmaneRcInEpkNas; ehIycMNg
Tak;TgrvagBYkva mankarsaMjauMNas;Edr. PaBsKsajTaMgbrimaNTaMgsanPaB
rbs;va manlkNERbRbYl nig RseBcRsBil. dUcenH kgkarsagsg;sMNg;min
GacGHGagbbBaaedaydac;xat)aneT b:uEnvamanlkNRbhak;RbEhl. edIm,I
sagsg;sMNg;mYy RtUvmanKMrUviTasaRsRtYtRta/ bNalMnaMRKb;RKg nig
cglbgajkargarsagsg;. KMrUenaHeyIgkGacehAfa RbtiTinkargarkgplitkm
sMNg;pgEdr.
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;
39
eBlsagsg;sMNg;mYyRtUvGnuvtbNalMnaMsagsg;eRcInNas; eRBaHvamanTMnak;TMng
sitrmYtenAkgTIlMh nig ryeBlkMNt; ehIykGaRsynigRBMEdnrbs;FnFan.
dUcenH TisedAnkarbegItRbtiTinkargar KwbegItKMrUplitkmmYy/ kgenaH
manerobcMlMdab;kargar eRkaymkFanasagsg;sMNg;kgryeBlxI/ mantMlTab/
KuNPaBx<s;.
TisedAenHGacCakarCak;EsgmandUcxageRkam
1> bBab; nig dak;bNalMdab;kargarsagsg;sMNg;tamEpknimYy k_dUcCasrub
elIsMNg;TaMgmUl eGayeFIVskmPaBRtwmRtUvtamryeBlkMNt;.
2> eRbIR)as;smRsbeRKOgcRkbrikar.
3> bnyryeBlraMgsHFnFanEdlminTan;eRbIR)as;.
4> begItEpnkareRbIR)as;RbesIr sMrab;mUldansMParbeckeTsbMerIkar
sagsg;.
5> pt;pg;Tan;eBlbNadMeNaHRsayEdlmanRbeyaCn_ edIm,IGnuvtn_sagsg;
sMNg;.
RbtiTinkargarCanicCakalRtUvsEmgCaragKMnUstag RkahVik b DIya:Rkam.
eyagelI lkNrbs;sMNg; nig tMrUvkarrbs;lMnaM]sSahkmkarbgajRkhiVk
GacsEmgeRkamrag epk/ eRTt/ bNaj ehIynwgBiBNnalMGitenAGtbTemeron
eRkaybneTot.
Casegb/ RbtiTinkargar KWCaEpnkarplitkmEdlsEmgedayRkahiVk
kgenaHbgajBIxwmsarEdlrYmman TinnyKNna/ bNadMeNaHRsayGnuvtkg
40
dMeNIrkarsagsg;rYmman lMnaM]sSahkm/ ryeBl/ TItaMg/ tYnaTI nig

brimaNnbNakargarsagsg;CamYylkNxNGnuvtrYm.
RbtiTinkargar KWCaEmkFagEdlminGacpac;ecjBI KNnaRKb;RKg nig KNna
RKb;RKgsagsg; .
RbtiTinkargarsMrab; KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; EdlteTAeyIgehAkat;fa RbtiTin
kargarRKb;RKgsMNg; EdlbegItedaysabnTIRbwkSaKMerag EdlrYmman KNna/
eRtomsg;tMelIg/ kicsnapt;pg;eRKOgcRk/ brikar/ pl;ksarr)aykarN_bMerI
sagsg; nig naMsMNg;cUleFIVskmPaB. RkahVikRbtiTinkargar ebICasMNg;
tUctaceyIgGacbgajedaybnat;epk/ ebICasMNg;FM eyIgbgajedayDIya:Rkam
bNaj. kgRbtiTinkargar bNakargarbgajeRkamragTUeTA/ kargareRcIn
rbs;sMNg;)anRbmUleLIgvijEdlbgajedaykargarsrubmYy. kgRbtiTin
kargarsrub RtUvcglbgajBIryeBlsMxan;dUcCa dMNak;kalsagsg;/ fbBab;
rbs;lMdab;kargarnimYy/ eBlevlapt;pg;eRKOgcRk/ brikareGaysMNg; nig
fsMercelIkargarTaMgmUl.
RbtiTinkargarkg KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg;sMNg; EdlteTAeyIgehAkat;fa
RbtiTinkargarRKb;RKgsagsg; EdlCatYnaTIGkemA:karGnuvtn_ CamYynigkar
cUlrYmrbs;GkvinieyaKTn;rg. kgenaHbgajBIkargareRtom/ sMNg;beNaHGasn/
sMNg;sMxan; nig ryeBlnaMkargarnimYyeGayeFIVskmPaB. RbtiTinkargar
RKb;RKgsagsg; GacsEmgedaybnat;epk b bNaj. RbtiTinkargar
RKb;RKgsagsg;srub begIteLIgedayEpkelIbNaktasMNg;. bNakkasMNg;
eBlcgPab;CamYyKa KWEpkelIkarlMnaM]sSahkm nig bMerIbMras;FnFan.
41
kgRbtiTinkargar bNakargarsg;tMelIgRtUv)ankMNt;lMGitRbePTnimYy/
brimaNtamKNnarbs;KNnasagsg;. ryeBlkMNt; edIm,IsMerclMdab;kargar
nig elIsMNg;TaMgmUlRtUveGaysIunig RbtiTinkargarRKb;RKgsMNg;.
RbtiTinkargarsagsg;sMNg; eRbIedIm,Icglbgasagsg;sMNg;/ edIm,IvaytMl
PaBlMeGogrvagkargarCak;Esg nig EpnkarN_)anbegIt. ebIPaBlMeGogrvag
plikm nig Epnkar FMeBkdl;kMritNamYyenaH RtUvbegItRbtiTinkargareLIgvij.
begItRbtiTinkargarfI edayEpkelIsanPaBCak;EsgkgxNeBlenaH dUcenH
eyIgrkSa)anTisedAmUldan/ ebImanPaBlMeGogkan;EttUckan;Etl/ CaBiess
KWryeBlsagsg;.
II. bNaCMhanbegItRbtiTinkargar
RbRktiTinkargarsagsg; RtUv)anbegItedayEpkelITinny nig KNnarbs;KNna
RKb;RKgsMNg; b KNnaRKb;RKgsagsg; CamYyniglTplsikSabEnmmYycMnYn
EdlGaRsynigcMNucBiessrbs;kardan. kgbNaTinnyTaMgenaH/ CaBiess
ykcitTukdak;dl;ryeBlkMNt;rbs;lMdab;kargarsMNg; nig kardansMNg;
TaMgmUl.
edIm,IRbtiTinkargarbegIt)anelOn ehIybMeBj)antMrUvkardak;ecj nig man
lkNsmRsb/ GkbeckeTsRtUvGnuvtn_bNaCMhan dUcxageRkam.
1> viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;sMNg;.
2> begItlMdab;kargarEdlnwgGnuvtnsg;tMeLIgsMNg;.
3> kMNt;brimaNkargartamlMdab;kgtarag.
42
4> eRCIserIsviFIsaRsbeckeTssagsg;eGaybNakargar.
5> kMNt;cMNayBlkm fBlkm nig eRKOgcRk evneRKOgcRk.
6> kMNt;ryeBlsagsg; nig tMrUvkarFnFan.
7> begItRbtiTinkargarmUldan.
8> kMNt;lkNesdkicbeckeTs.
9> eRbobeFobtMrUvkarrbs;RbtiTinkargarEdleTIbbegIt CamYyTisedA
dak;ecj.
10> eFIVeGayRbesIrRbtiTinkargartamTinnyGaTiPaB.
11> RbtiTinkargarmankarTTYlsal;.
12> begIttaragtMrUvkarFnFan.
tamrUbPaB 2>1 bNaCMhanGnuvtbgajtamlMdab;erog LOGIC .
III.1. viPaKlMnaM]sSahkm
KWCaCMhandMbUg b:uEnCaCMhansMxan;Nas;. vakMNt;TiseGaybNadMeNaHRsay
lMnaM]sSahkmEdlnwgeRCIserIsCaeRkay. cg;viPaK)anlMnaM]sSahkmsMNg;
RtUvEpkelI KNna]sSahkm/ sabtkm nig eRKOgbgMrbs;sMNg;. viPaK
lTPaBsagsg;sMNg;elIlkNeRCIserIslMnaM]sSahkm GnuvtbNalMnaM
sagsg;smRsb nig PaBcaM)ac;eRKOgcRk nig sMParsMNg;bMerIsagsg;.
karviPaK]sSahkmplitcab;epImtaMgEtBI KNnasMNg; Edlmansabn
TIRbwkSaKMerageFIVCaRbFan nig mankarBiPakSaCamYyGkGnuvtn_sagsg;/
43
Start
viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;sMNg;
begItlMdab;kargar
kMNt;brimaN
eRCIserIsviFIsaRsbeckeTs
kMNt;cMNayBlkm / eRKOgcRk
kMNt;ryeBlsagsg;/ tMrUvkarFnFan
begItRbtiTinkargarmUldan
kMNt;lkNesdkicbeckeTs
- eRbobeFobtMrUvkardak;ecj
+
eFIVeGayRbesIrRbtiTinkargar
RbtiTinkargarmankarTTYlsal;
begIttaragtMrUvkarFnFan
End
rUbPaB 2>1> bNaCMhanbegItRbtiTinkargar

44
CYnkalmanTaMgeyabl;rbs;PaKITak;TgepSg dUcCa mas;pl;edImTun/

sabnmanParpt;pg; eRKOgcRk/ brikaeGaysMNg; k_dUcCabMerIsagsg;.
karshkarN_rvagKaRKb;lkN nwgbegIt)anCMerIs]sSahkm sagsg;enA
nigkEng b cab;tMelIg/ eRbIR)as;sMParkgRsuk b eRkARsuk/
dMeNaHRsayRKwH/ eRKOgbgMrgkMlaMg/ bMBak;eRKOgsgarwm. eRkayeBl)an
eRCIserIslMnaM]sSahkmsagsg; eyIgbnkareFIVviPaKlMnaM]sSahkmenaH.
viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg; edIm,IbegItRbtiTinkargarEdlsabn sg;tMeLIg
Gnuvt ehIymankarcUlrYmrbs;sabneRkambgb;. karviPaKlkNplitkm
edIm,Iyl;c,as;lMnaM]sSahkmsagsg; eFIVeGaybNasabnGnuvt kan;kab;
ht;ct;elIkargar nig nwgmanviFIsaRsbeckeTssmRsb. viFIsaRsGnuvt
mYycMnYn GnuBaat)anEtsMerckargarbEnmlMnaM]sSahkm Edl)aneRCIserIs/
ral;sMParpas;brmineFIVeGayfyKuNPaBsMNg; >>>> sMxan;bMput KW mineFIV
eGaybnayeBlevlasagsg;.
III.2. begItlMdab;kargar
EpkeTAnigkarviPaKlMnaM]sSahkmplitkm nig bNakarKNnakgKMerag.
kargarTaMgGs;kglMdab;kargar nwgRtUv)anbgajelIRbtiTinkargar. dUcenH
karEckEpkbNalMnaMCabNakargarRtUvsmmUlniglkxNdUcxageRkam
eQaHkargarRtUvCamYynigelxsMKal;kgbTdaneRbIR)as;.
kargarGacGnuvtn_sagsg;kraCkglMh kdUcCaryeBlminrg nigk

minbgrraMgsHdl;bNakargarepSg.

45
kargarmYyRtUvmanbrimaNRKab;RKan;sMrab;mYykta BYk/ Rkum eFIVkar

kgryeBlkMNt;.
kglTPaBEdlGac KYEbgEckkargarnimYytamkeTskm/ kgkrNI
minGaceTIbeyIgerobcMRkumEdlbMerIkargar)aneRcInmuxbkRcbl;Ka.
enAxNeBlbBab; bNadMNak;kalsagsg;sMNg;bNakargarEdlman
TMnak;TMngkRtUvbBab;enAxNeBlenaH.
kargarmYycMnYnEdlminGnuvtn_enAkardan b:uEnsitenAdMeNIrkarsagsg;
k_RtUvdak;cUlkglMdab;kargar.
kargarFMmYycMnYnGacEbgEckCakargartUceRcIn edIm,IGacrYmpSMsagsg;
RsbRsbKa CamYybNakargarepSg edIm,IbnyryeBlsagsg;.
kargartUceRcIn brimaNticGacbUkrYmKa edIm,IkayCakargarmYyeRkam
eQaHrYm edIm,IgayRsYskgkarbgajDIya:Rkam.
III.3. kMNt;brimaNkargar
brimaNkargar CanickaledIrCamYylMdab;kargar RtUv)anKNnatamKMerag
bg;sagsg; nig sMraybBaak;rbs;karKNna. ktarbs;brimaN EdlEtgEt
eRbIR)as;KWktargVas;rgVl; Em:Rt/ Em:Rtkaer:/ Em:RtKUb/ etan/ edIm/
eRKOg>>>. ehIykGaceRbIktarUbIuvtsmmUlkgbTdan/ tMlktaeRbIR)as;.
kMNt;RtwmRtUvtambrimaN KWmUldankgkareRCIserIsmeFa)ay/ viFIsaRs
sagsg;smRsb. tamryenH kMNt;c,as;las;Blkm/ eRKOgcRk nig ry
eBlsagsg; edIm,IbegItRbtiTinkargar.
46
III.4. eRCIserIsviFIsaRsbeckeTssagsg;
QrelImUldanbrimaNkargar nig lkxNGnuvtn_ eyIgeFIVkareRCIserIsviFIsaRs
sagsg;. kgkareRCIserIsviFIsaRssagsg; GTiPaBeRbIR)as;eRKOgyn nwg
bnyryeBlsagsg; ehIykeFIVeGayekInfamBlBlkm nig fytMleTopg.
eRCIserIseRKOgcRk RtUveKarBtamc,ab; :ynkmTMenIbRBmKa :. kgmYyRkum
eRKOgcRk eRCIserIseRKOgcRksMrab;kargarsMxan; b kargarmanbrimaNFM
muneRkayenaH eyIgeRCIserIsbNaeRKOgcRkEdlenAesssl;. krNIman
viFIsaRsGnuvtn_eRcInkgkareRCIserIseRKOgcRk RtUvGnuvtn_RtUveRbobeFob
tMrUvkaresdkic/ beckeTs. eRbIR)as;k,nc,ab;sagsg;Blkm manEtkg
krNIlkxNsagsg;minGnuBaatieGayeRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk/ brimaNticeBk b
karcMNaymantMlx<s;ebIeRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk.
eBleRCIserIseRKOgcRkeRkABIKuNsm,tibeckeTs eyIgRtUvykcitTukdak;
dl;smtPaB nig \TiBlrbs;k,nc,ab;sagsg;elIbrisanCMvij PaBkkVk;/
FulI/ rej:rja:j>>>.
III.5. eRCIserIs)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;RbtiTinkargar htBlkm
eRKOgcRk
RbtiTinkargarGaRsyedayRbePT)a:ra:Em:RtmUldanbI enaHKW lMnaM]sSahkm/
TItaMg nig ryeBl. )a:ra:Em:RtlMnaM]sSahkmrYmman cMnYnRkumeFIVkargar
kraC/ brimaNkargar/ smasPaBRkum buKlki /

47
smtPaBkargarrbs;Rkum. )a:ra:Em:RtTItaMgrYmman TItaMgeFIVkargar/

ExSbnat;kargar/ kMNat;sagsg;/ nig evnsagsg;.
)a:ra:Em:RtryeBlrYmman ryeBlsagsg;kargar nig
ryeBlnaMtamEpknimYy bEpkTaMgmUlrbs;sMNg;cUleFIVskmPaB. bNa
)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;RbtiTinkargar manTMnak;TMngrvagKatamkarRKb;RKgya:g
sitrmYt. karERbRbYl)a:ra:Em:RtNamYy nwgeFIVeGaybNa)a:ra:Em:RtepSg
ERbRbYltam nigeFIVeGayERbRbYlRbtiTinkargarsagsg;Edr. kareRCIserIs
)a:ra:Em:Rt CadMbUgRtUvRsbCamYylMnaM]sSahkmsagsg; eRkaymkRtUveGay
smRsbnigkargarRKb;RKg. GaRsytamviFIsaRsRKb;RKg eKGaceRCIserIs
bNa)a:ra:Em:Rttamk,nc,ab;epSgmYycMnYneTot nwgBinitCak;EsgCaeRkay
kgkrNIedayELk.
EbgEckpsagsg;/ kMNat;sagsg;RtUvnigeRKOgbgM/ sabtkm edIm,I
cMENkkargarsagsg;nimYykraC nig FanaKuNPaBsMNg;.
brimaNrbs;kargarnimYyRtUvmanbrimaNRKb;RKan; edIm,IeRbIR)as;
RbkbedaylTpl elIsmtPaBeRKOgcRk/ kMlaMgRkum.
tMrUvkarBlkm kgkarsMerckargarRtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn 4>1
L = S. Q / W / nak; 4>1
kgenaH Q- brimaNkargar ktargVas;rgVal;/
S- bTdancMNayryeBlsMerckargar ema:g1kta rgVas;rgVal;/
48
W- cMnYnema:gkgmYyevneFIVkargar ema:g.
tMrUvkarsMrab;eRKOgcRkedIm,IsMerckargarRtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn 4>2
M=Q/P / eRKOg 4>2
kgenaH Q- brimaNkargar ktargVas;rgVal;/
P- smtPaBrbs;eRKOgcRkkgmYyevneFIVkargar/
kgkrNIkargarpSMBIkargareRcIneyIgkMNt;bNa)a:ra:Em:RttambTdantMlmFm
rbs;bNasmasPaBkargartamtamrUbmn 2>3
L = C / LC / nak;
M = C / MC / eRKOg 4>3
kgenaH C- brimaNkargarEdlKittamfvika ktarUbIuvt/
LC, MC - smtPaBBlkm nig smtPaBeRKOgcRkKittam
tMlrUbIuvt.
ebIkgbTdan nig TinnyKNna pl;minRKb;RKan;kglMdab;kargarmYycMnYn/
GkbegItRbtiTinkargar RtUvykTinnytambTBiesaFn_ nig kar)a:n;san.
xageRkamenH eyIgEsVgyl;nUvk,nc,ab;rYmmYycMnYn eBlEdleyIgcg;kMNt;
bNa)a:ra:EmRtTaMgenaH.

49
cMnYnRbePTkargar kglMdab;kargar eRCIserIseTAtamkMritCMnajrbs;

Rkumsagsg;/ kargarEbgEckkan;EttUc nwgkan;EtekInBlkm eFIVeGay
cMnYnkargarekIneLIg CaFmtavanwgbnayeBlevlasagsg; nig karerobcM
RKb;RKgkan;EtsKsaj.
kareRbIR)as; cMnYnkmkr/ cMnYneRKOgcRk tamEpkeGayRbesIrbMput
CaFmtamanbgajkgbTdanbeckeTs nwgpl;eGaykargarmanfamBl
x<s;bMput/KuNPaBFana. kareRbIR)as;buKlikRtUvGnuvtn_tamrUbmn 4>4
Lmin Lij L max;
Mmin Mij M max. 4>4

kgenaH Lij, Mij - kmkr/ eRKOgcRkrbs;kargar i eFIVkarenATItaMg j/
Lmin, Mmin - cMnYnkmkr/ eRKOgcRkGb,brmaedIm,IGaceFIVkargarl
tambTdan ehAtamrebobepSgKW Rkumkargar
dMbUg.
Lmax, Mmax - cMnYnkmkr/ eRKOgcRkGtibrmaedIm,IGaceFIVkargar)an
CaFmtaelIkMNat;kargar.
ebIkargarsagsg;eRbI)as;eRKOgcRkpg RBmTaMgeRbIR)as;Blkmpg KWRtUv
eRCIserIs)a:ra:Em:RteRKOgcRkmun/ )a:ra:Em:RtmnusSeRCIserIsCaeRkayeday
GaRsyelIbrimaNeRKOgcRk.

50
III.6. kMNt;ryeBlsagsg;
ryeBlsagsg;kargarGaRsyeTAelIbrimaN/ bnat;kargar/ kMriteRbIR)as;
FnFan nig ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;sMNg;. edIm,Irujel,nsagsg;/
elIkkMBs;GtRbeyaCn_eRKOgcRkTMenIb RtUvykcitTukdak;dl;rbbeFIVkargar
BIr b bIevn/ kargarsMxan;mYycMnYn KYreRbIR)as;eRKOgcRkRBmKa. CaTUeTA
karekInevnnwgeFIVeGayekIntMldUcCaBn/ karcayvayra:b;rgkargarBIrevn b
bIevn/ ekInbuKlikbeckeTs/ RKb;RKg. lMnaMsagsg;edayeRbIR)as;
BlkmmYycMnYnedIm,IbegInevnplit ekItenAeBlbrimaNkargarFM bu:Enbnat;
kargarnwgcegtminGaceFIVkarbEnmkmkr)an.
eBllkxNsagsg; manlkNGacGnuvt)an nig RbkbedayesrPaB/
ryeBlsagsg;kargarkMNt;tamrUbmn 4>5/ 4>6
/
tij = Lij / (a.Li) 4>5
/
tij = MSij / (a.Mi) 4>6
kgenaH t ryeBlsagsg;kargar ij f/
ij
L - brimaNBlkm fBlkm sMerckargar/

ij
MS - cMnYnevneRKOgcRksMerckargar/
ij
a - cMnYnevneFIVkarkgmYyf rbbeFIVkargar/
L , M - cMnYnkmkr/ eRKOgcRkrbs;Rkum.
i i

51
kgkargarCak;Esg/ eKenAykcitTukdak;dl; ryeBlsagsg;qab;bMput nig

yUbMput. enaHKW RBMEdnGkRKb;RKgsMNg;dwgedIm,IeRbIR)as;RbtiTinkargar.
ryeBlsagsg;qab;bMput T man)an eBlNaeyIgeRbIR)as;lTPaB
min
Gnuvtn_kargarGtibrma elIbnat;kargar nig lTPaBpt;pg;FnFan.

ryeBlsagsg;yUrbMput T man)an eBlNaeyIgeRbIR)as;lTPaB
max
Gnuvtn_kargarGb,brma CamYynig RbPBFnFansmmUl Edlkargarminrgkar

xUcxat. dUcenH ryeBlsagsg;kargaryUrbMput eBlRKan;EterobcM
eRKOgcRksagsg;mYy b mYyRkumplitkmmUldan. enATIenH Rkumplitkm
dMbUg KWCasabnplitkmGtibrmaCamYynig cMnUnmnusSGb,brma b:uEnenAEt
FanafamBlplit. KNnatamcMnYnmnusS RkumplitkmmUldanCaFmta
RtUv)ansresrkgbTdanbeckeTs
Ca]TahrN_ kargarmYymanbrimaNBlkm 120 f/ RkumplitkmdMbUg
rbs;kargarenaH 5 nak; ebIbnat;kargarGnuBaati (L 40) eyIgk_GacerobcM
max
cMnYnkmkr nig ryeBlsagsg;dUctarag 4>1

tarag 4>1
cMnYnRkumplitkmdMbUg (b) ! @ # $ ^ *
cMnYnkmkreFIVkgmYyf (L) % (L min) !0 !% @0 #0 $0 (L max)
ryeBlsagsg;/ f (t) @$ !@ * ^ $ #

52
cMnYnkmkr L = a.b.L GacerobcMeFIVkargar a = 1; 2 b 3 evn f. dUcenH/

min
ryeBlsagsg;sagsg;qab;bMput t = 3 f. ebIeFIVticCag # f nig eRcIn

min
Cag @$ f suTEtnaMeTAdl;llTplminl sMrab;kareRbIR)as;kmkr b

KuNPaBkargar.
eRkayeBlkMNt;ryeBlsagsg; eyIgGackMNt;kMriteRbIR)as;sMPartam
rUbmn
q = (Qij.q0) / Tij,
cMNayfvikatamrUbmn
C = (Qij.C0) / Tij,
kgenaH qkMriteRbIR)as;sMParkgmYyf/
Q brimaNkargar i Gnuvtn_elIkMNat;kargar j,
ij
T ryeBlsagsg;,
ij
C tMlcMNaysMrab;kargarkgmYyf,
q , C bTdansMPar/ tMlkargar.
0 0
eBlryeBlsagsg;minkMNt;Cak;c,as;/ eKeRbIR)as;tMlEdlTukcit.
enaHKW krNIlMnaMGnuvtn_kargarCYbRbTHkargarERbRbYl RtUvBakrN_ edaykar
eCOrCak;kMNt;mYyBIbTBiesaFn_sagsg; b lkxNsagsg;GaRsyeday
ktankarERbRbYlCaeRcIn. eRbIR)as;tMlTukcit GMBIryeBlsagsg;EpkelI
viFIsaRsKNnaKNitsaRs eyIgRsavRCaveGayc,as;enACMBUkeRkay.

53
III.7. begItRbtiTinkargardMbUg
eRkayeBleRCIserIsviFIsaRssagsg; nig kMNt;)anbNa)a:ra:Em:Rt/ eyIgbn
Gnuvtn_begItRbtiTinkargardMbUg.
begItRbtiTinkargarrYmman kMNt;viFIsaRsbgajRbtiTinkargar nig
lMdab;lMnaM]sSahkmeGaysmRsb edIm,IdMeNIrkarkargarsagsg;.
RbRktiTinkargarGacbgajeday RkahiVkepk/ RkahiVkeRTt/ DIya:RkambNaj.
eRCIserIsviFIsaRsNak_RtUvGaRsyeTAelITMh/M lkNsKsajrbs;sMNg;.
RkahiVkepksMEdgRbtiTinkargarsMNg;tUc nig lMnaM]sSahkmgayRsYl.
RkahiVkeRTt sMEdgRbRktiTinkargarsMNg;EdlTamTarkarR)akdRbCaGMBI
ryeBl nig TIlMh. RkahiVkeRTt GaclRbesIrelIkargarEdlman
brimaNtic. DIya:RkambNaj sMEdgRbtiTinkargarsagsg;sMNg;FM nig
sKsaj. kgenaHEdr ykcitTukdak;dl;lMnaM]sSahkm/ CanicCakaleRbI
R)as;lTPaBBeRgIkkargarRBmKa RsbKa edIm,Ikat;bnyryeBlsagsg;.
eRkABIenHkarBeRgIkkargarcaM)ac;ykcitTudak;dl;bBaaeRbIR)as;FnFan nig
FanaRkumCMnajmanskmPaBtamExSbBan.
begItRbRktiTinkargardMbUg GacGnuvtn_tam bI viFIdUcxageRkam.
a) erobcMkargar BIkargardMbUgtamlMdab;kargar dl;kargarbBab;. enHKW viFI
EdlniymeRbIeRcIn/ gayRsYl b:uEnTamTarGkbegItRtUvmanbTBiesaF_kg

kargarplit. CaFmtaeyIgerobcMkargaremmun EpkelIenaH eyIgerobcM
kargarEdlenAsl; eTAtamTMnak;TMngerobcMRKb;RKg. cMeBaHsMNg;FM
karbegIttamviFIenH vaBi)akNas; edIm,IQandl;lTplcg;)an.

54
b) erobcMkargartamtamxNeBlkMNt;mun edayeTAbBaas;kargarxagmux.
enHCaviFIbegIttamTisedAkMNt;mun/ CaFmtaeyIgEtgykeBlevlakMNt;
karbBab;sagsg;sMNg;/ eBlevlabBab;bNadMNak;kaleFIVCa cMNuccab;
epIm rkRcas;mkvijbNakargarmanTMnak;TMngmun. viFIenHqab;sMerc
TisedA b:uEnbNakarplitKYreGay)armN_ eRBaHkarkMNt;xNeBl
kargarminc,as;las;eFIVkargarrgkarxUcxac.
c) eRbIR)as;KNitsaRs DIya:RkambNaj edIm,IbegItRbtiTinkargar.
enHCaviFIQanmuxCYyeGayeyIg edaHRsay)ankrNIsKsajmYycMnYn.
viFIenHCadMbUgeKeRbIKNitsaRspMlMnaMsagsg;sMNg; mannyfaeRbI
DIya:RkambNaj edIm,IbgajbNalMnaM]sSahkm LOGIC nig
karRKb;RKgsagsg;sMNg;caM)ac;/ eRkaymkeRbIR)as;KNitviTaedIm,I
KNnarkbNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;plitkm RbtiTinkargar dak;ecj
eRkaymkbgajmkvijTisedArbs;Epnkarplit.
III.8. RtYtBinitRbtiTinkargardMbUg
eRkayeBlRbtiTinkargar)anbegIt/ eKGnuvtn_KNnabNaniTsSn_rbs;va
ehIyeRbobeFobnigbNatMrUvkarEdl)anelIkeLIg. bNatMrUvkarTaMgenaHCa
FmtaEtgEtCaryeBlsagsg;kMNt;/ kMriteRbIR)as;FnFan/ kMritesrPaB
eRbIR)as;edImTun/ Blkm/ tMlffrKMerag. ebItMrUvkarbMeBj)annUv
RbtiTinkargardMbUg/ eyIgnwgbneFIVeGayRbesIrtamlkNsm,tisagsg;
edim,IelIkkMBs;esdkic/ beckeTs.
55
kgkrNImannisSn_xHEdlminTan;RKb;RKan;/ eyIgRtUvEksMrYlRbtiTinkargar
dMbUg. kargarRtYtBinitnwgRtUv)anGnuvtn_tameRcInCMudUcxxageRkam
CMu 1 RtYtBinitCMhan begItRbRktiTinkargardMbUg erobcMeLIgvijnUv
kargar ebIminTan;seRmcGnuvtn_RtYtBinitCMubneTot.
CMu 2 RtYtBinitbNa)a:ra:Em:RtRKb;RKg eLIgcuHcMnYnBlkm/ eRKOgcRk.
enHCaCMhanRKb;RKgeLIgvij ktaplitkmebIminTan;sMerc Gnuvtn_
bnCMueRkay.
CMu 3 RtYtBinitviFIsaRssagsg;. enHCa CMuRtYtBinitEksMrYlviFIsaRs
sagsg; pas;brRbePTeRKOgcRk/ eRCIserIsviFIsaRssagsg;epSg
eTot>>> ebIminTan;sMerc)aneyIgRtUvRtYtBinitCMucugeRkay.
CMu 4 enHCa CMuRtYtBinitlMnaM]sSahkmplit. eRBaHbNaviFIsaRs
RKb;RKg nig beckeTs suTEtminseRmc eyIgRtUvEkERblMnaM
]sSahkmsagsg; ]TahrN_ brBIebtugcak;enAkEng mkeRbIR)as;
cab;tMeLIg/ brssrRKwH sgt;mun mkeRbIssrRKwHsgt;eRkay >>>>.
CakarBitehIy CMunimYyGacGnuvtn_mYy bBirbIdgenAeBlEdlminTan;seRmc
eTIbbnmkCMubnab;eTot. karRtYtBinitRbtiTinkargarEtgEtlM)akebIsMNg;
enaHFMsKsaj eBlenaHeKcaM)ac;CMnYyrbs;kMBTr.

56
III. bgajRbtiTinkargarelIRkahiVkepk ( GANTT CHART)
dUceyIg)andwg RbtiTinkargarGacsMEdgecjtam RkahiVkepk/ RkhiVkeRTt/

DIya:RkambNaj GaRsyedaylkNsMNg; nig TisedArbs;GkbegIt. kgbI
rebobbgaj KWRkahiVkepkmanRbCaRbiyCagTaMgGs;. eKEtgeRbIR)as;RkahiVkepk
kgbNakrNI sMNg;gayRsYl/ RbtiTinkargarEdlRtUv)anbegItedayRkhiVk eRTt
b DIya:RkambNaj b:uEnedIm,IeGaygayRsYleRbIR)as; eKbrmkRkahiVkepk.
eRBaHRkahiVkepk gayRsYlcab;)an edayGBnBaaN/ gayRsYlGan/ gayRsYl
tamdan nig enAmankargayRsYlkgkarbgajbNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrg EdlRkahiVkepSg
minGacbgaj.
xwmsarrbs;RbtiTinkargarmYyEdlbgajtamRkahiVkepk rUb 4>3 CaFmtarYm
manBIrEpk/ EpkTinny nig EpkRkhiVk.
EpkTinny kargarRtUv)anpt;pg;TinnymYycMnYnEdlcaM)ac;bMerIkargarsagsg;
EdlrYmman 12 CYrbBar Columns rUb 4>2
Colunm 1: sresrelxerogtamtaraglMdab;kargar ehIyk_GacbUkrYm
kargareRcInCakargarmYy RbtiTinkargarTUeTA.
Colunm 2: eQaHkargarsresrtamlMdab;kargar b dak;eQaHfIebIkargar
enaH CakargarsrubTUeTA.
Colunm 3: ktaCaFmtaeRbICaktargVas;brimaN/ ktarUbIuvt.

57
Colunm 4: brimaNkargarsresreGayRtUvnigktaeRbIR)as;.
Colunm 5: bTdanBlkm-cMNayBlkm edIm,IseRmcmYyktaplitkm
yktambTdankMBugGnuvt.
Colunm 6: bTdaneRKOgcRk-cMNayema:geRKOgcRk ebIsagsg;eRbI
eRKOgcRk sMrab;ktaplitkmmYyyktambTdankMBug
Gnuvt.
Colunm 7, 8: CatMrUvkarBlkm fBlkm nig eRKOgcRk
evneRKOgcRk/ CalTplrbs;plKuN Colunm 4 CamYy
Colunm 5 nig 6.
Colunm 9: rbbeFIVkargar-cMnYnevneFIVkargarkgmYyf/ EtgEtyk 1 evn

sMrab;BlkmdeCIg/ 2/ 3 evnsMrab;sagsg;edayeRKOgcRk.
Colunm 10, 11: cMnYnkmkr/ cMnYneRKOgcRkkgktaGnuvtkargar
emIlxwmsarkgcMNgeCIg II
Colunm 12: ryeBlsagsg;RtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn 4>5/ 4>6.
eBlkargarsagsg; manTaMgeRKOgynlayCamYyBlkm
ryeBlkMNt;tameRKOgyn. cMnYnkmkr nwgGnueLameTAtam
nigryeBleFIVedayeRKOgyn.
EpkRkahiVk bgajEpnkarsagsg; rUb 2>2 . kargarnimYy RtUv)an

bgajedaybnat;Rtg;mYy manRbEvgesInigryeBlsagsg;. kargarnimYy
58
kMNt;elIGkSryeBlrbs;RbtiTin. xNeBlnimYyelIRbtiTinkargar RtUv

)ankMNt;tamf Ex qaM.
CaFmtakargarRtUv)anbgajxNeBlcab;epIm nimitsBaa S nig xNeBl
bBab; nimitsBaa F . bNakargarEdlGacbnayeBlevlasagsg;elIs
ryeBl)ankMNt; enaHeyIgKUsbnedaybnat;dac; - - - - - enAxageRkay
kargar a / enAxagmux kargar b ebIbgajlTPaBcab;epImqab;.
bNakargarEdlmanTMnak;TMnak;KakgkarRKb;RKg nwgRtUvPab;CamYyKaedaybnat;
dac; kargar a, d, f . bNakargar EdlrkSatYnaTIdwknaM
RbtiTinkargarsagsg;RtUv)anbgajedaybnat;RkasCageK a, d, f, e .
kargarmYyeBlerobcMRKb;RKgsagsg; EbgEcgCakargartUceRcIn RtUv)an
bgajedaybnat;mYykat;elIBYkva kargar C , C , C .
1 2 3
elIbnat;bgajkargar eKGacdak;TinnyeRcInepSgKa dUcCa Blkm/ sMPar/

eRKOgcRk/ fvikar >>>> .
DIya:RkameRbIR)as;FnFan RtUv)anKUsxageRkamRbtiTinkargar. CaFmtaeK
bgajEtbNaFnFansMxan; dUcCa Blkm/ fvika/ sMPareRbIR)as;eRcIn f/
xSac;/ \d/ sIum:g;t_ >>> RtUvpt;pg;Cab;lab;. cg;KUs)anDIya:RkamFnFan)anc,as;
las; eKRtUvbgajeGayRtUvnigkargarnimYy rbs;RbRktiTinkargar/ eRkayeBl
KUsrYc eyIgRKan;EtbUkFnFan tamRbePTkargarnimYy enaHeyIg)anRkahiVk
ebIeRbIR)as; kmviFImanRsab; Microsft Project ma:sIunnwgsVyRbvtiKUs.

59
IV. bNaeKalkarN_sMxan;edIm,IbegItRbtiTinkargar
edIm,IRbtiTinkargarEdlbegIteLIg CitRtUvnigkargarCak;Esg nig esckIRtUvkar
rbs;sMNg;/ eFIVeGaykarsagsg;sMercRbkbeday lTplesdkicbeckeTs
eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvGnueLamtambNaeKalkarN_sMxan;CamUldandUcxageRkam.
1. esrPaBelIbNakargareRtomTan;eBl edIm,IGnuvtn_sagsg;sMNg;sMxan;
kargarsagsg;sMNg;Gnuvtn_edaygayRsYl b mindUecHeT KW GaRsyedaybNa
kargareRtommYycMnYn. CaFmta sagsg;sMNg;mYy eKEckecjCaBIEpk
EpkkargareRtom nig EpksMNg;sMxan;. EpkeRtomrYmman eRtomTIlansagsg; nig
sg;CMrMu/ pvfl;beNaHGasnbMerIkargarsagsg;/ cMENkEpksMNg;sMxan; rYmman
sagsg;sMNg; nig dak;sMNg;eGayeFIVskmPaB.
bNakargareRtomTIlansagsg;rYmman vaybMEbk b pas;TIpHsMEbg/ TIlanEdl
RtUvsagsg;sMNg;enAkardan sMGat/ beBajTwk/ eFIVfl;bMerIkarsagsg;. EsVgrk
RbPBpt;pg;famBl/ vtFatuedIm/ GKIsnI/ Twk>>>.l.
sagsg;sMNg;beNaHGasnrYmman sagsg;sMNg;fI/ CYsCulsMNg;/ CMurMu/ eragCag/
bNatMbn;rs;enArbs;buKlikkmkr.
bTBiesaFn_bgajfa kargareRtommanlkNl nwgeFIVeGaykargarsagsg;
sMNg;sMxan;Gnuvtn_)anelOn nig sMercRbkbedaylTplx<s;. BitNas;fa minEmn
bNakargareRtomTaMgGs; elIRbtiTinkargar suTEtRtUvbBab;muneBlebIkkar
sagsg;sMNg;sMxan;enaHeT. eBlbegItRbtiTinkargar eKkMNt;EtelIkargar
60
EdlRtUvGnuvtn_mun/ bNakargarRtUveFIVCamYykargarsMxan;. kareRCIserIsmuneRkay

EpkelIeKalkarN_ KwbegItlkxNlbMput edIm,IeFIVkargarsagsg;sMxan; b:uEnrYmpSM
kareRbIR)as;FnFan/ famBltamrebobmYysmRsb/ snSMsMc.
edIm,IbnyEpksagsg;sMNg;beNaHGasn eBlbegItRbtiTinkargar RtUvkMNt;
)ankarcUlrYmeRbIR)as;sMNg;GciRn eTAkgTisedAeRbIR)as;beNaHGasn/ CaBiess
KW Epksagsg;pvfl;/ bNajbeckeTs/ bgn;Gnamy.
2. eRCIserIslMdab;erogkargarsmRsb
eBlsagsg; sMNg;FM mYycMnYn/ sKsaj/ manlMdab;erogkargareRcIn Edlman
TMnak;TMngKaedaylMnaM]sSahkm/ lkxNsagsg; dUcenHkareRCIserIslMdab;erog
kargarRtUveGaysmRsb. manbNakargarxH RtUv)ankMNt;PamtaMgBIKNna
RKb;RKgsMNg;. eBleRCIserIslMdab;erogkargar karcab;epImGnuvtn_RtUvcaM)ac;
ykcitTukdak;dl;bBaadUcxageRkam
bNakargarsagsg;tamlMdab;RtUveFIVtamlMnaM]sSahkmplitkm/ vanwgman
tYnaTI naMEpknimYy bEpksMNg;TaMgmUlcUleFIVskmPaB nig kMNt;sMerc
ryeBlsagsg;. ebIlMdab;erogkargarminFana nwgeFIVeGaybnayryeBl
sagsg; b eFIVeGayfyGtRbeyaCn_esdkicrbs;KMerag.
caM)c;ykcitTukdak;dl;lMdab;kargarmYycMnYn EdlkMNt;bBab;ryeBlkMNt;
sagsg;/ CaBiessykcitTukdak;dl; bNabnat;kargarmYycMnYn EdlcMNay
ryeBlsagsg;yUr b:uEnEbrCacegt bkCaRbePTbnat;Cit. lMdab;kargar

61
mYycMnYn EdlsitkgRbePTenH dUcCa s<an/ eRkamdI/ sMNg;]sSahkm >>>

KwvaBi)akyk eCaKCyNas; eBlEdleyIgcg;CMrujelOnRbtiTinkargar.
RkumlMdab;kargarmYycMnYn kgExSbBanplitkmmYy kKYrpl;GaTiPaBBeRgIk
kargarRBmKa/ edIm,IeBlnaMsMNg;eTAeFIVskmPaB enaHbNasMNg;pt;pg;k
eRtomlkNCaeRsc.
kgsMNg;nimYy bNakargarcab;epImtamlMdab;eroglMnaM]sSahkmsmRsb
bMput/ RbwgERbgFana)annUvlkNbnbnab; efr sMrab;RkumCagsMxan;.
CaFmtatamlMnaM]sSahkm eKcab;epImkargardUcxageRkam sagsg;BIkgecjeRkA/
EpkeRKOgbgMsMNg;BIeRkameLIg/ BIRbBnsMxan; em mkRbBnrg/ BIRbBnrg
kMlaMg mkRbBnminrgkMlaMg/ EpkbegIysagsg;BIelIcuHeRkam/ BIkgecjeRkA.
CakarBitehIy lMdab;kargarenaH minEmnsuTEtRtUvGnuvtya:gdUcenHeT/
vaGaRsyeTAtamkargarCak;Esgrbs;sMNg;nimYy nig lkNlMnaM]sSahkm
EdleyIgeRbIR)as;.
BeRgIkkargark_RtUvykcitTukdak;dl;sanPaBFatuGakas edIm,Idkecjkardac;
ecj rvagBYkvaEdlekIteLIg.
karRbmUlBlkmRtUvykcitTukdak;dl; RBMEdnmYycMnYnGMBIFnFan nig FananUv
eKalkarN_rnMkgkarerobcMRKb;RKg.
kargarsagsg;Bi)akmYycMnYn RtUvcat;EcgbNaviFIsaRsmYycMnYn CaCMnYy
eBlcaM)ac; edIm,IrkSa)aneKaledAeBlbegItRbtiTinkargar.
62
3. FanaryeBlsagsg;
mYykgcMeNamTisedAsMxan;rbs; KNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; KWFanac,ab;ryeBl
kMNt;sagsg;. c,ab;ryeBlkMNt;; GaRsyedayesckIsMercrbs;
rdaPi)alsIGMBIkarRKb;RKgsMNg; ebIsMNg;siteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdaPi)al/
ebIsMNg;mas;vinieyaKCaBaniCkr KWGaRsyedayBaniCkrkMNt;. eTaHebImas;
vinieyaK CaEpkesdkicNak_eday ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;sMNg; RtUv)ancat;Tuk
Cac,ab;EtenAeBlmansresrkgkicsnavinieyaK. ryeBlbBab; dak;sMNg;eFIV
skmPaBsMxan;CaTIbMput. CYnkalvakMNt;nUveCaKCy nig braCyrbs;KMerag/
dUcenHral;karERbRbYlryeBlsagsg; suTEtRtUvGnuvtn_tambNamaRtaEdl
)ansresrkgGtbTnkicsna CUnrgVan;ebIfyryeBlsagsg;/ pakBiny
eBlbnayryeBl b mineKarBkicsna.
ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;RtUv)anyl;fa CaryeBlGnuvtkargarsagsg; nig
naMsMNg;eFIVskmPaB fKNkmkarBinit nig cuHhtelxaRbKl;-TTYl.
edIm,IsMNg;bBab;RtUvtamc,ab;ryeBlkMNt;/ RbtiTinkargardMbUgbegItRtUv
GnueLamtamlkxNenH. kgeBlbegItRbtiTinkargar/ ryeBlkMNt;
sagsg;sMNg;GaRsyeTAelIryeBlkMNt;sagsg;rbs;rbs;kargarnimYy nig
karerobcMBYkvatamryeBl. dUcecH GkbegItRbtiTinkargarRtUveFIVmas;elI
bNakargar nig cab;)annUvlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;sMrab;sMNg;TaMgmUl. ebI
RbtiTinkargar begIttamrebob a ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;sMNg;dMbUg Etg
xusCamYynigc,ab;ryeBlkMNt;eRcInRKan;ebI dUcenH RtUvEktMrUv/ begIttamerob

63
b ryeBlkMNt;rbs;RbtiTinkargardMbUg eGaykan;EtRtUvnigc,ab;ryeBl
kMNt;.
CaFmtaRbtiTinkargardMbUgbegIt eRkayeBlKNna nwg ekIteLIgbIkrNI
dUcxageRkam
krNI 1 -eBlryeBlkMNt;RbtiTinkargar (T) tUcCagc,ab;ryeBlkMNt; (T )
L
T<TL eBlenaHelceLIgnUv T = T - T / GksMNg;GaceRbIR)as;

l
edIm,IEktMrUvkglMnaMGnuvt CamYyTisedAPaBrnMFnFan.
krNI 2 T = T cat;TukfaRbtiTinkargar Edl)anbegItsmmUllkxN
L
ryeBlGacTTYlyk)an. krNIenHlTPaBEktMrUvkareRbIFnFan
tictYcNas;.
krNI 3 T > T RbtiTinkargarEdl)anbegItminTTYlyk)an/ caM)ac;bgMRtUv
L
EktMrUveLIgvij dl;eBlNasmmUllkxN T T . L
4. eRbIR)as;BlkmrnMkgplitkm lkNrnMvaytMledayRkahiVkBlkm
RkahiVkBlkmrnMeBlcMnYnBlkmekInCabnicmg kgryeBlEvg nig fybnic
mgEdr enAeBlkardanbBab; minmankarekInfyxaMgxa. ebIcMnYnkmkrEdleRbI
minrnM eBlxH nwgelceLIgcMnYnkMlaMgBlkmRbmUlpMx<s;CaTIbMput/ eBlxH
cuHCaTabxaMg eFIVeGaybNa fQlekIntam nig xaHxayFnFan. bNafQl
enaH cMNayelIkareRCIserIs/ sagsg;pHsMEbg CMurMu nig hUbcukRbcaMf.
64
RbmUlpMmnusSeRcIn kgryeBlxIbegItnUvkarxHxay elIbNamUldanmYycMnYn

kdUcCaeRKOgyn eRBaHeRbIR)as;ticminTan;sPaBkarN_. dUcenH RkahiVkBlkm
mYysmRsb ekInbeNIr enAxagedIm nig fybeNIrenAxagcug/ cMnYnmnusS
zitefr kan;EtxitCitkMrti mFmkan;Etl KWCaKMrUvaytMlRbtiTinkargarmYy .
elIRkahiVkBlkm lkNrnM bgajedaybnat;ekag eLIgcuHbeNIr minmankar
ERbRbYl rUbPaB 2>3/ bnat; c .
vaytMlRkahiVkBlkm eKeRbIR)as;bNaemKuNrnM K nig emKuNesrPaB K

1 2
K1 = La / Lmax
K2 = T v / T
kgenaH La cMnYnkmkrmFmPaKKNnatam 2>12
La = L r / T 2>12
Lmax cMnYnkmkrRbmUlpMx<s;bMput/

65
T ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;/
T ryeBlcMnYnkmkrRbmUlpMEdlhYsputcMnYnkmkrmFm/
v
L kmkrcaM)ac;sMrab;sagsg;sMNg;/ KWCaprvagGkS T nig

r
RkhiVk.
Cak;Esg K nig K QaneTArk 1 kan;Etl. qgemKuNefr K
1 2 2
eyIgeXIjeBlRkahiVkBlkmmanbMErbMrYlxH ERbRbYlminFmta RtUvGnueLam

tam k,nc,ab; minGnuBaategIbx<s; edayryeBlxI nig cuHeRCAedayryeBl
Evg rUbPaB 2>4 eRBaHTaMgBIrkrNIenH suTEteFIVeGayfytMl K nig K .
1 2
pkMNt;kgRkahiVkBlkm bgajkMlaMgBlkm. dUcenH pkan;EttUcbgaj

sMNg;eRbIR)as;BlkmticfamBlBlkmx<s;. enHkCa TisedAmYyrbs;GkbegIt
Epnkarsagsg;.
cMnYnBlkm cMnYnBlkm
rUbPaB 2>4> RkahiVkBlkmminefr

egIbx<s;kgryeBlxI/ cuHeRCAkgryeBlEvg

66
5. naMfvikaedImTuncUlkgsMNg;smRsb
TunvinieyaK KWCabrimaNfvika e)aHcUlsMNg;. fvikaedImTun KWCaRbePTFnFan
eRbIR)as;mYyelIk/ va)ancMeNjEteBlsMNg;eFIVskmPaB. dUcenH kardak;Tun
eTAkgsMNg; KWCatMrUvkarmYysMxan;rbs;RbtiTinkargarmYy.
eBlKNnaRKb;RKgsMNg; eKEtgEtBinitemIlRkahiVkpt;pg;TunsMNg;dMbUg.
cMeBaHGksagsg; edImTunEtgEtxIFnaKar EdlRtUvTTYlrgnUvtMlkarR)ak;.
Gksagsg; sg)anEtenAeBlNa PaKI :k : pl;R)ak;mun b TUTat;tamkicsna.
kgkrNI PaKI :k : pl;R)ak;munminTan; enaHPaKIGkTTYlkar RtUvTTYlbg;
karR)ak;FnaKar. dUcenH fvikadak;cUlsMNg;kan;Etqab;kan;EtgayrgnUvkarsH
bgkarxUcxateGayGksagsg;. eKRtUvrkrUbmnmYy edIm,Idak;fvikaedImTuneTAkg
sMNg;ya:gNa eGaykar)at;bg;fvikaTabbMput.
rUbmnedIm,I dak;fvikaedImTuneTAkgsMNg;man bIRbePTCamUldan EdlRtUv)an
bgajelI rUbPaB 2>5. bnat;DIepr:gEsl dak;TuncUlkgsMNg; bgajnUv
brimaNfvika cMNaysMrab;bNakargarsg;tMeLIg enAbNaryeBltam
RbtiTinkargar s)ah_/ Ex/ qmas/ qaM.
rUbPaB 2>5a - dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;eTogeBl/ cab;BIeBlcab;epImdl;eBl
bBab; brimaNfvikavinieyaKkgryeBldUcKaesIKa.
rUbPaB 2>5b - dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;ekInbnicmg/ eBldMbUgcMNayticeRkaymk
ekInbnicmg/ eBlbBab;dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;eRcInbMput.

67
rUbPaB 2>5c - dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;fybnicmg/ eBldMbUgcMNayeRcInbMput

eRkaymkfybnicmgesIKa/ eBlbBab;dak;fvikaeTAkgsMNg;ticbMput.
edIm,IvaytMl rUbPaBvinieyaKTaMgbIxagelIeTAkgsMNg; eKKUsRkahiVkGaMgetRkal
edImTunvinieyaK bnat;cMNaysrub. elIrUbPaB 2>6 eyIgmanbnat;
GaMgetRkalbI smmUlCamYyviFIvinieyaKTaMgbIxagelI.
rUbPaB 2>5> rUbPaBvinieyaKeTAkgsMNg;

vinieyaKesI/ ekInbnicmg/ fybnicmg
rUbPaB 2>6> bnat;GaMgetRkaledImTuneTAkgsMNg;

vinieyaKesI/ ekInbnicmg/ fybnicmg
bnat;GaMgetRkalbgajedImTunsrub Edldak;cUleTAkgsMNg; dl;bNaxNeBl
elIRbtiTinkargar. vabgajcMnYnfvikasrub EdleRbIR)as;kgkarGnuvtkargar
sMNg;dl;xNeBl t. Cak;Esg ragbnat;GaMgetRkalGaRsyeTAnigbnat;
Diepr:gEsl. bnat;GaMgetRkal 2>6 a KWCabnat;Rtg;/ bnat; 2>6 b KWCa
)a:ra:bUlpt cMENkbnat; 2>6 c KWCa)a:ra:bUle)a:g. eRBaH TaMgbIrUbPaBvinieyaK
sMrab;sMNg;mYyCarYm dUcenH tMlcugeRkaysuTEtesIKa (C). pqtrvagbnat;
68
GaMgetRkal nig GkS (T) bgajkareRbIR)as;fvikaedImTuneTAkgsMNg;. TisedA

rbs;GkeFIVesdkic KW eFIVya:gNaeGaykareRbIR)as;TunTabbMput - c,as;las;
eBlbnat;GaMetRkalmanpqtbeBagtUcbMput.
cMeBaHsMNg;mYyeTaHCavinieyaKtamviFINak_RtUvFanaryeBlkMNt;sagsg; nig
tMlsrubminERbRbYl. mannyfa man (T) nig (C) rYmKa. dUcenH CamYynigviFI
KNnaGaMgetRkalsamBaeyIgKNna)an
Fa = 0.5CT ; Fb = 0.33CT ; Fc = 0.66CT
dUecH eBlbegItRbtiTinkargarsagsg; eyIgerobcMRKb;RKgbNakargar

ya:gNaeGay bnat;DIepr:gEslvinieyaKTunekIntamlMdab; edIm,Ibnat;GaMgetRkal
manptUcbMput.
BitehIy eBlEdlRbtiTinkargarbegIttambnat;GaMgetRkal manptUcbMput
mannyfa bNakargarfyeTAeRkay CaBiessbNakargarmYycMnYn mancMNay
FM nwgbgreRKaHfak;eBlRbtiTinkargarmanPaBlMeGog.
IV. bNaviFIsaRsRtYtBinitkargarGnuvtRbtiTinkargar
edIm,IsMNg;sagsg; RtwmRtUvtamEpnkar bNakargarkgRbtiTinkargarRtUv)an
GnuvtRtUveBl. PaBlMeGognimYy kglMnaMsagsg;k_GacnaMdl;lTplxus
bMNgEdlcg;)an. edIm,IvaytMlTan;eBl nig manviFIsaRsedaHRsayRtwmRtUv
eKRtUvGnuvtRbBnRtYtBinitkarGnuvtn_RbtiTinkargarTaMgmUl b kargarmYy
cMnYn. GacRtYtBinittameBlevlakMNt;mun b minkMNt;mun.

69
eBlRbtiTinkargarsagsg;bgajelIRkahiVkepk. eyIgGacGnuvtRtYtBinit
tam`BIrviFIsaRs
1. viFIsaRsBinittambnat;PaKry/
2. viFIsaRsBinitRBwtikarN_RbcaMf.
1. viFIsaRsBinittambnat;PaKry
enH KWCaviFIsaRseRbIR)as;sMrab; GnuvtRtYtBinitkargareRcInkgxNeBlmYy
enAelIRbtiTinkargarEdlbgajedayRkahiVkepk. elIrUbPaB 2>7 BiBNna
GMBIviFIRtYtBinittambnat;PaKry.
kargar
rUbPaB 2>7> RtYtBinitRbRktiTinkargaredaybnat;PaKry

bnat;RtYtBinit/ bnat;PaKry
kagar nig minBiniteT

70
viFIsaRsenHGnuvtdUcteTA elIRbtiTinkargarEdlsMEdgedayRkahiVkepk/
kargarnimYy RtUv)anbgajedaybnat;Rtg;mYyEdlmanRbEvgesInig 100% n
brimaNkargar. enAxNeBl t NamYyminkMNt;EdlRtUvRtYtBinit eKKUs
bnat;Rtg;Qr/ bnat;enaHehIyKWCabnat;RtYtBinit. elIRbtiTinkargarbNa
kargarnimYysitenAmYykgBIrkrNI. krNIkargarnimYy)anbBab;bminTan;
)ancab;epIm minkat;bnat;RtYtBinit eyIgelIkElg. krNIkargarmYycMnYnkMBug
sagsg; - kat;bnat;RtYtBinit RtUvykTinnybrimaNEdl)anGnuvtKitmk
dl;xNeBlenaH. tamPaKrybrimaNTaMgmUl/ cMnYnPaKryGnuvt)an RtUv
dak;elIRkahiVk/ BYkvaPab;Ka begIt)anCabnat;PaKry. enaH KWCabnat;Gnuvt
Cak;Esg. emIlbnat;PaKry eKdwg)ansanPaBGnuvtRbtiTinkargar.
ebIbnat;PaKryenAxagsaMcMNit - bNakargarenaHGnuvtelIskMritEpnkar/
ebIbnat;PaKryenAxageqVgcMNit - kargarGnuvtyWt. b:uEncMNucEdl bnat;
PaKryRtYtelIcMcMNit - kargarGnuvtcMEpnkar.
enHCaviFIsaRsEtgEteRbIR)as;kgkarBinitminkMNt;mun. vaCYyeGayGkdwknaM
dwg)ansanPaBGnuvtkargarCak;Esg enAxNeBlcM)ac;.
2. viFIsaRsBinittamRBwtikarN_RbcaMf rUbPaB 2>8
enHCaviFIRtYtBinitral;frbs;kargarnimYy. tamEpnkar kargarnimYy
RtUvGnuvtnUvbrimaNkargarkMNt;mYyCaerogral;f .

71
kargarTaMgenHRtUvbgajedaybnat;EpnkarmYy Caerogral;feRkayeBleFIVkar
rUbPaB 2>8> RkahiVkkMNt;ehtukargar

EpnkarN_/ Gnuvtn_Caerogral;f
brimaNkargarGnuvt RtUvkMNt;)an nig KUscUleTARkahiVk/ eyIg)anbnat;Gnuvt.

tamRkahiVkbgajeyIgnUvsmtPaBrbs;fnimYy )ansMerc b min)ansMerc
edIm,I EksRmYlsMrab;fbnbnab;eTot. viFIenHc,as;las; Tan;eBl
b:uEnxateBlevla eRbIR)as;)anEtsMrab;RkummanCMnaj b kargarTamTarkar
RtYtBinitlMGit.
Casegb/ bNaviFIsaRsxagelI pt;pg;)anEtsMrab;eGayeyIgnUvsanPaBGnuvt
RbtiTinkargar. cMENkmUlehtu nig plvi)aknPaBlMeGogTaMgenaH
CakarBitbNaviFIsaRsxagelIminTan;)anelIkeT,Ig. edIm,Icab;eGay)aneRCARCH
eyIgRtUveFIVkarviPaK nig eRbIR)as;bNaviFIsaRsvaytMl nig BakrN_ Edlnwg
dak;eGayRsavRCavc,as;las;enAbNaCMBUkbneTot.

72
CMBUkTI 5
erobcMRKb;RKgsMNg;tamviFIsaRsExScgVak;
1. niymnyGMBIbNaviFIsaRserobcMplitkm
sMNg;KWCa CMnajplitkm]sSahkm eRBaHtamryplitkm sMNg;eK)an
ERbkaybNa sMPar/ brikar eGaymkCaplitplsMrab;sgm dUcCa lMenAdan/ GKar
kgkarbMerIeGayesdkicrs;enArbs;Blrd.
edIm,IsMercParplit GkGnuvtkargarsg;tMeLIgRtUvRbmUlpMsMPar/ eRKOgma:sIun/
brikareGayRKb;RKan; nig CaBiesslkNsm,tirbs;mnusSedIm,IGnuvtn_kargar.
karBeRgIkkargarplitkmGacGnuvtn_tameRcInviFIepSgKa EdleyIgehAfa viFIsaRs
erobcMRKb;RKgplitkm.
eRbIR)as;viFIsaRsNakRtUvGnueLamtamk,nc,ab;mUldanrbs;karerobcMplitkm/ edayELk
erobcMplitkmsMNg;/ enaHKW
GnueLamtamlMnaM]sSahkmplitkm edIm,IFanaKuNPaBsMNg;.
FanaryeBlkMNt;sagsg;.
tMlplitplTab.
mkTl;eBlenHeKGacEck viFIsaRserobcMplitkmsMNg; CabI viFIsaRssMxan;KW

tamlMdab;/ Rsb nig viFIsaRsExScgVak;. viFIsaRsnimYy manbNaKuNsm,ti
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn RKb;RKgsMNg;tamviFIsaRsExScgVak;
73
edayELk/ GaRsyeTAtambNalkxN Cak;Esg ehIybNaviFIsaRsTaMgenaH
RtUv)anGnuvteBjelj b tamEpk b rYmpSM / suTEtCamYynigTisedAKw
naMmkvijnUvlTplplitkmx<s;bMput.
a. vIFIsaRstamlMdab; rUbPaB 4>1
KWCaviFIsaRserobcMplitkm bNakargarEdl)ansMercenATItaMgenH eTIbelateTAeFIV

enATItaMgepSgbneTot.
1
Tc Tc Tc Tc
T1 = M.Tc
R
R1 R1 R1 R1 R1
O t
rUbPaB 4>1> erobcMplitkmtamlMdab;eday M sMNg;
elIrUbPaB 4>1 eyIgeXIjbNasMNg; A, B, C, D RtUv)ansagsg;tamlMdab;/

cb;kargarsMNg; A eTIbbrmk B/ cb; B eTIbbrmk C >>>>.l. ebIryeBlsagsg;
sMNg;mYy KW T enaHryeBlsrub (T ) sagsg; M sMNg;KW
c 1
T1 = M.Tc (3.1)

74
ebIcMNayFnFanmFmsagsg;sMNg;mYyKW R enaHRkahVikcMNayFnFanKW R = R
c 1 c
mintwgEtg. TMrg;erobcMplitkmenH smRsbCamYynig FnFan EdlBi)akclt nig

sagsg;gayRsYl.
b. erobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRsRsb rUbPaB 4>2
Tc
T2 = Tc
R R1
R1
R1
R1
O
t
rUbPaB 4>2> erobcMplitkmRsbeday M sMNg;
qgtamrUbPaB 4>2> eyIgeXIjtamviFIsaRserobcMRsb bNasMNg;rYmGnuvt

sagsg;RBmCamYyKa.
eBlsMercsagsg;sMNg;mYy enaHbNasMNg;epSgeTotk_RtUvbBab;. eBlenaHeyIg
eXIjryeBlsagsg;sMNg;mYyKW T enaHryeBlsagsg;sMNg;TaMgGs; T = T .
c 2 c
eRBaHBRgIksMNg;TaMgGs; M dUcenHFnFancltmFmsMrab;sMNg;TaMgGs;ekIn M dg/

75
R2 = M.Rc (3.2)
dUcenHerobcMsagsg;tamviFIsaRsRsbryeBlsagsg;KW xINas;b:uEnFnFaneRbIR)as;
Gtibrma.
viFIsaRsenHGnuvt eBlRtUvkarryeBlsagsg;xI nig FnFaneRbIR)as;minkMNt; .
CaFmtaryeBlsagsg;Gb,brmakmanRBMEdnkMNt;Edr/ vaGaRsyeday lMnaM
]sSahkm sagsg;rbs;sMNg;.
c. viFIsaRserobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRsExScgVak;
BIrviFIsaRsxagelIman KuNsm,ti nig KuNvibtibBaHKaeday ryeBlsagsg; nig

kMriteRbIR)as;FnFan. b:uEnmanKuNvibtimYyrYmKW ykcitTukdak;tictYcdl;kargar
rbs;RkumCagEdlmankeTskm nig nirnrPaB.
edIm,IeFIVeGayRbesIrbNaKuNvibti nig GPivDn_KuNsm,ti/ bNaGkerobcMplitkm
dak;ecjviFIsaRserobcMplitkmtamExScgVak;.
lkNrbs;erobcMplitkmtamExScgVak; RtUv)anbgaj edayrUbPaB 4>3.
edIm,IGnuvtn_plitkmtamviFIsaRsExScgVak; eKEbgEcksMNg;CabNa kMNat;kargar
manviCakeTskmedayELk. kMNat;kargar kargar edayELknimYy RtUv)an
erobcMmYyRkummanviCakeTsshsm<nGnuvt. dUcenHbNaRkumnwgbBanKa
cltKaeTAvijeTAmk bBab;kargarrbs;xnBIsMNg; kMNat;kargar enHeTA
sMNg;epSgeTotrhUtdl;Gs;.
elIrUbPaB 4>3 manbYnsMNg; A, B, C, D EdlmanlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;dUcKa.
eyIgEbgEcklMnaM]sSahkmenaHCabYnkargarmanCMnajkeTsepSgKa. bYnkargar

76
enH)anbYnRkum 1, 2, 3, 4 Gnuvt. bNaRkumTaMgbYnbBanKa Gnuvtn_kargar
rbs;xntamlMnaMplitkm nig bBan BIsMNg; A eTA, B, C nig D.
M sMNg;
D 1 2 3 4
C 1 2 3 4
B 1 2 3 4
A 1 2 3 4
Tc
Tc <T3 < M.Tc
R
Rc
Rc
Rmax Ra
Rc
Rc t
rUbPaB 4>3> erobcMplitkmtamExScgVak;

qgtamrUbPaB 4>3 eyIgeXIjryeBl T sMerckargarsagsg;TaMgbYnsMNg;xI
3
CagerobcMtamlMdab; T nig EvgCagerobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRs RsbKa T :

1 2
T2 < T3 < T1 (3.3)
cMENkcMNayFnFank_dUcKa/ bnyPaBtwgEtgCageBlerobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRs
RsbKa nig x<s;CagerobcMtamlMdab;.
77
R2 < Rtb < Rmax = M.Rc (3.4)
dUcenH erobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRsExScgVak;KW EbgEcklMnaMplitkmecjCakMNat;

kargarmankeTskmedayELk nig erobcMRkummanviCakeTsshsm<nGnuvt
dUcCaExScgVak;plitkmmYyBIsMNg; cMENkkargarenHbBanmksMNg; cMENk
kargarepSgeTot. eBleFIVkargar ExScgVak; nwg RtUvrYmpSMCamYyKatamryeBl
nig lMh tamviFImYyya:gsiTsal. edayPaBcgsm<nya:gsiTsaldUcenH
EdlviFIsaRserobcMplittamviFIsaRsExScgVak;manKuNsm,tieRcIn naMmkvijnUv
GtRbeyaCn_elIesdkickdUcCasgm.
2. bNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;ExScgVak;
erobcMplitkmtamviFIsaRsExScgVak; KWCaTMhMplitkmEdlmankarcUlrYmya:gsitrmYt
rvaglMnaM]sSahkm / ryeBl nig lMh .
1. )a:ra:Em:RtlMnaM]sSahkm
cMnYnsmasPaBExScgVak; (n) enHKWCa RbePTkargarEdlRtUv)anEckecj

edIm,IeFIVkargaredaykraCtamExScgVak;viCakeTs.
cMnYnsmasPaBExScgVak;GaRsyelI lMnaM]sSahkmplitkm nig GaRsy
edaykMriteFIVkeTskmkgplitkm. ]sSahkmsagsg;sKsaj naMeGay
cMnYnRkum ExScgVak;smas b ExScgVak;eTal kan;EteRcIn. kMrti eFIV
keTskmkan;EteRcIn eFIVeGaycMnYnRkumEbgEckkan;EttUc.
kgplitkmkMrti eFIVkeTskm kan;Etx<s; enaHKWKuNPaBkargar kan;Etl
b:uEnerobcMkan;EtBi)ak nig EtgeFIVeGayryeBlkMNt;RtUvGUsbNay.
CaFmtaeKeRCIserIscMnYnkMNat;ExScgVak; ya:gNa FanakMriteFIVkeTskm

78
caM)ac;CamYynigcMnYnExScgVak;ticbMput edIm,IkargarerobcMgayRsYl. Canickal
kareRCIserIscMnYnkMNat;ExScgVak; RtUv eyageTAnigplitkm.
brimaNkargar (Q) KwbrimaNkargar EdlExScgVak;eTal
RtUvGnuvtelIlMhkMNt;mYy kgryeBlmYykMNt;mun. brimaNkargarEtg
sMEdgedaybrimaNBlkm/ vaGaRsyedayeTAnigkMritCMnajbeckeTs nig
kMrti EbgEcklMhkargarrvagbNaRkumnimYy.
ExScgVak;mYymanskmPaBl eBlEdlbrimaNkargarRKb;RKan; b elIsbnic
eFobeTAnigfamBlrbs;va edIm,IFanaExScgVak;eBlNaksMerc nig qgputkMrit
Epnkar. eyagelI brimaNkargareyIgeRCIserIsbuKlikrbs;Rkumplit.
plitPaBrbs;ExScgVak; (I) : KWCabrimaN plitplrbs;ExScgVak;
kgmYyevneFIVkargar. plitPaBGaRsyeTAnigfamBl plitkmrbs;
Rkumkargar. ebIsagsg;edayBlkmenaHvaGaRsy nigcMnYnkmkr (N)/
cMENksagsg;edayynkm GaRsy cMnYneRKOgcRkeFIVkargar (M) :
I = N.S b I = M.P (3.5)
kgenaH S bTdaneFIVkargarrbs;kmkr/
P famBlRbtibtirbs;eRKOgcRk.
2. )a:ra:Em:RtlMh: eBlGnuvtkargarTamTarlMhkMNt;mYy/ vasMEdgtambNa

)a:ra:EmRtlMh dUcCa TItaMgkargar/ bnat;kargar/ kMNat;kargar/
dMNak;kalsagsg; /
TItaMgkargar (f): KWCacMgaylMhtUcbMput edIm,IkmkreFIV kargar)angayRsYl/
suvtiPaB/ manfamBl. TItaMgkargarGaRsyeTAnig RbePTkargar/

79
brikarsMrab;sagsg; nig lTPaBeFIVkargarrbs;kmkr. eBl erobcMsagsg;
nig eyIgeRCIserIsTItaMgkargarsmlmKWmanlTplbMput. cegteBk
nwgfyfamBlgay)at;bg;suvtiPaB/ TUlayeBkeFIVeGayryeBl
sagsg;RtUvGUsbnay CYnkalfyfamBl.
bnat;kargar (F): KWCasMNMunbNaTItaMgkargarrbs;RbePTkargarnimYy.
bnat;kargarman bnat;biT nig bnat;ebIk. bnat;ebIkKWCa
bnat;GacBRgIkkargar)anPam/ bnat;biTKWCa bnat;BRgIkkargar)an
EtenAeBlkargarmun)anbBab;.
kMNat;kargar (j, m) KWCakMNat;sMNg;EdlRkumkargarmYy GacBRgIk/
bBab;kargarelIenaHedaykraC/ GPivDn_eBjfamBl nig minraMgsHkargar
rbs;GkepSg. kgkarerobcMplitkmExScgVak;/ kargareRCIs kMNat;kargar
KWsMxan;Nas;/ vaCH\TiBledaypal;dl;KuNPaB k_dUcCael,nsagsg;.
eRCIserIskMNat;kargar RtUvsmRsbniglMnaM]sSahkm/ sabtkm/
eRKgbgMsMNg; nig bMNgerobcMplitkm. rIlMnaM]sSahkmRtUvFanakargar
Gnuvtn_sMerc)anKuNPaB/ brimaNsagsg;RtUvsmlmgayGnuvt/ smRsb
nig kMlaMgplitkmEdlnigBRgIk. sabtkmRtUvFana)anesaPNPaB. eRKOgbgM
RtUvFanabNakMNat;sagsg;cb; eRKOgbgMrwgmaM ebIQb;minman\TiBl
dl;lTPaBrgkMlaMg. cMENk/ karerobcMplitkmRtUvFanabrimaNkargarlm
nig kMlaMgplitkm nig ryeBlsagsg;sMNg;TaMgmUl. brimaNkargarelI
kMNat;nimYy RtUv)anehAfa kargarmYy/ vaGacsagsg;/ KNnaedaykraC.

80
kMNak;kalsagsg;: KWCalMhtamkMBs; eBlsagsg; sMNg;mancMNuc
Qb;tamkMBs;. kMNak;kalsagsg; EtgeRbIR)as;enAeBleFIVsMNg;eRcInCan;
beRKagsMNg;mankMBs;x<s;.
3. )a:ra:Em:RtryeBl
ExScgVak;plitkmbgaj lMnaMbegItecjplitplmYy/ vaEtgEtskm.
skmPaBenaH bgajtambNa)a:ra:EmRtryeBl ryeBl / CMhan/ pak nig
ryeBlkMNt; rbs;ExScgVak;.
ryeBlrbs;ExScgVak; (t ) : KWCacenaHeBleFIVskmPaBrbs;ExScgVak;
ij
kMLgeBl i elIkMNat; j rUbPaB 4>4.

tij = Qij / a.Nj (3.6)
sMNg; kMNat;
i
j

D
C tij C
B tij
ryeBlsagsg; t
rUbPaB 4>4 RkahiVkepkrbs;ExScgVak;/ - Rkumplitkm
Module (K) KWCacenaHeBlExScgVak;eRCIserIs edIm,IeFIVeGayRbesIrbNa
)a:ra:Em:RtryeBl/ EtgCafeFIVkargar (K = 1; 2; 3). eKEtg eRCIserIs
ryeBltUcbMputrbs;ExScgVak;eFIVm:UDulxYb/ eBlExScgVak;manryeBlesIKa
enaH Module (K) dUcKaCamYynig (t K) eBlenaH ktaryeBleRbI K
ij
eFIVCaeKal.
CMhanrbs;ExScgVak; (K ) : KWCacenaHeBl BIcab;epIm ExScgVak; ( i-1 )
0i
dl;cab;epImExScgVak; ( i ) enAkMNat;dMbUg.
81
m 1 i-1 i i+1 n
...
kMNat; 1
K0I-1 K0I K0I+1

K0n
rUbPaB 4>5> CMhanrbs;ExScgVak;
I
tI-1;j Kj out
i
kMNat;kargar j
I
Kj in t;ij
rUbPaB 4>6> CMhanrbs;ExScgVak;elIkMNat;kargar

cenaHeBl rvagExScgVak;BIrCab;KaelIkMNat;kargarEtmYyehAfa CMhanrbs;
ExScgVak;enAkMNat;kargarenaH. cenaHrvagxNeBlcab;epIm KWCaCMhancUl
cMENkxNeBlbBab;KWCa CMhanecj.
rvagryeBl/ CMhanecj/ CMhancUl manTMnak;TMng
tI-1;j + Kijout = tij + Kijin (3.7)
kgenaH ti-1;j nig t KWCaryeBlExScgVak; i - 1 nig i enAkMNat;kargar

ij
j/

82
K KWCaCMhanecjrbs;ExScgVak; i elIkMNat;kargar j/
ij
out
K KWCaCMhancUlrbs;ExScgVak; i elIkMNat;kargar j/
ij
in
pakkargar (Z ) KWCacenaHryeBlTMenrelIkMNat;kargar j rvagExScgVak;

j
I,I+1
BIrbnak;Ka nig minmanExScgVak;NamanskmPaB. rUbPaB 4>7

Rkum i Rkum I+1
kMNat;kargar j
ryeBlTMenr
i, i+1
Zj
rUbPaB 4>7> pakkargarrvagExScgVak;BIrelIkMNat;kargar j

pakkargar KWCacenaHeBlGvtmanrbs;mnusSelIkMNat;kargar. pakkargar
ekIteLIgedayehtuplBIr beckeTs nig erobcM.
pakkargarbeckeTs KwedaytMrUvkarrbs;lMnaM]sSahkm RtUvmancenaHeBl enaH.
pakkargarerobcM KwpakkargaredayerobcMplitkmekIteLIg.
3. bgajExScgVak;elIRkahiVk
kgCMBUk 3 eyIg)andwgRbtiTinkargarGacbgajtambIRbePT epk/ eRTt/ bNaj.

eBlerobcMsagsg;tamExScgVak;KW RbtiTinkargar kGacbgajtamTaMgbIRkahiVkenaH.
1. bgajelIRkahiVkepk
GkSryeBlRtUv)aneRCIserIsKWCa GkSedk edIm,IbgajbNa )a:ra:Em:Rt

ryeBl. )a:ra:Em:RtlMnaM]sSahkm RtUv)ansMEdgedaybnat;kargar.
)a:ra:Em:RtlMh manBIrviFIbgaj viFITI 1 rUbPaB 4>8 kMNat;kargarRtUv)an
83
bgajedayGkSQr/ viFITI 2 rUbPaB 4>9 kMNat;kargar
RtUv)anbgajedaykMNt;sMKal;elIbnat;kargar.
KoB KoC KoD
1
A B C D
2
A B C D
kMNat;kargar
j
A B C D
tAJ TBJ TCJ TDJ

m
A B C D
rUbPaB 4>8> RbtiTinkargarbgajedayRkahiVkepk
elIrUbPaB 4>8 eyIgeXIjbNaExScgVak; kargar A, B, C, D sMEdgeday

bNabnat;fak;. fak;nimYy KWCamYykMNat;kargar/ RbEvgkMNat;elIfak;
nImYy KWCaryeBlrbs;kMNat;enaH. sMNg;manb:unankMNat;kargar
enaHbnat;fak; bgajb:uNwg. dMeNIrkarsagsg;manb:unansMNg; enaHmanbnat;
fak;b:uNwgEdr. RbtiTinkargarbgajbn tam TaMgGkSQr nig GkSepk.
nirnrPaB rbs;kargarRtUv)anbgajedaybNa bnat;Pab;dac;.

84
A
A1 A2 Aj Am
tAJ
B
B1 B2 Bj Bm
KoB
kargar tBJ
C
C1 C2 Cj Dm
KoC
tCJ
D
D1 D2 Dj Dm
KoD tDJ
T
rUbPaB 4>9> RbtiTinkargarbgajedayRkahiVkepk

elIrUbPaB 4>9 GkSQrminbgajkMNat;kargar)an b:uEnbgajkargar/ kargar
nimYysMEdgedaybnat;Rtg;mYy/ RbEvgrbs;bnat;nimYybgajGMBIryeBl
kMNt;eFIVskmPaBrbs;RkumCageFIVkargarenaH. elIRbtiTinkargarmanb:unan
RbePTkargar enaHmanbnat;kargarbgajb:uNwg. edIm,IkMNt;sMKal;
(distinctions) ryeBlrbs;ExScgVak;smas eKkt;sMKal;elIbNabnat;
Edl)anbgaj. Ca]TahrN_ A , A , , A KWCakargar A eFIVelIbNakMNat;
1 2 j
kargar 1, 2, j / RbEvgrbs;bNakMNat; KWCaryeBlrbs;ExScgVak;elI

kMNat;enaH.
2. bgajedayRkahiVkeRTt
elIRkahiVk ryeBlbgajedayGkSepk cMENkkMNat;kargarbgajeday
GkSQr/ bNakargarRtUv)anbgajedaybnat;EdlvivDn_tamTaMgBIrTis nig
ryeBlbegIt)anCabnat;eRTt. kargar ExScgVak;smas nimitsBaaeday
(i) cMENkkMNat;kargarKW (j). cMeNalrbs;bNaExScgVak;
85
elIGkSepksmmUlnigkMNat;kargarnimYy KW ryeBl (t ) rbs;ExScgVak;elI ij
kMNat;kargarenaH. elIRkahiVk eyIgeXIjCMhanrbs;ExScgVak; (K ) kdUcCa oi
CMhancUl/ CMhanecj rbs;bNaExScgVak;elIkMNat;kargarnimYy. dUecH

bgajExScgVak;edayRkahiVkeRTt KWc,as;las; nig RKb;RKan;bMput. elIRkahiVk
eyIgeXIjkarvivDn_rbs;RkumCag nig bNacMNucRtUvRbyt cab;epIm/
ecjcUl nig bBab; eBlRbtibtiplitkm. edayehtuenH RbRktiTinkargar
plitkmtamExScgVak;EtgbgajedayRkahiVkeRTt.
m
K2out
1 2 i n
m m m
Z12 Z1n
KMNat;kargar
j m
K2in
2 t11 2
Z12
1 1
Z2i
K02 K0i K0n tn1
rUbPaB 4>10> RbtiTinkargarbgajedayRkahiVkeRTt
3. bgajedayDIya:RkambNaj
ExScgVak; bgajedayDIya:RkambNaj manlkNsKsajeRcIn b:uEnCak;
c,as; ehIyeyIgeFIVkarsikSaenACMBUkeRkay.

86
4. bNaCMhanbegItExScgVak;sagsg;
begItExScgVak;plitkm sMxan;KwbegItEpnkarplitkmbgajtamRbtiTinkargar
kgenaHeKykcitTukdak;Gnuvt bNak,nc,ab;rbs;ExScgVak;. CaFmta/ eBlbegItExS
bBansMNg;mYyeKGnuvt bNaCMhandUcxageRkam rUb 4>11.
CMhanTI 1 viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;EpkelIbNakarkMNt;rbs;KNnasagsg;
viPaKdMeNIrkarbeckeTsGaceRbIR)as;edIm,Isagsg;sMNg;. rkTMnak;TMng
GMBIlMnaM]sShkm EdlGkRKb;RKgplitkmRtUvGnuvtn_tam kgenaHcab;
GarmN_dl;TMnak;TMng pakkargarbeckeTs. bNaeRKOgcRkbrikarnwg
RtUveRbIR_)as;eBlsagsg;.
CMhanTI 2 kMNt;kMritkeTskmedIm,IbegItlMdab;erogkargar
elImUldanviPaKlkNsm,tilMnaM]sSahkm eKEckdMeNIrkarsagsg;
CalMnaMsmas. bNalMnaMsmas RtUvsagsg;edaykraC enATItaMg
epSgKaelIsMNg;. BYkvaRtUv)anGnuvtn_tamlMdab;lMeday]sSahkm
kMNt;. eTAtamTMhMrbs;sMNg; EdlbNalMnaMsmas mankMritEbgEck
tUcepSgKa. lTplEbgEckkargar eyIgbegIt)anlMdab;erogkargar
sagsg;.
CMhanTI 3 kMNt;bNa)a:ra:Em:RtlMnaM]sSahkm
begItRkumplitkm manviCakeTskmsmRsb CamYynig bNalMnaM
plitkm begIt)anCabNaExScgVak;smas. bNaExScgVak;smas
TaMgenaH nwg GnuvtEbgEckkargartamlMdab;lMedaybnbnab;KaBI
TItaMgenHmkTItaMgbnbnab;eTot.

87
Start
viPaKlMnaM]sSahkmsagsg;sMNg;
begItlMdab;kargar
begItbNaRkumplitkmCMnaj
EbgEckpsagsg;
kMNt;ryeBlrbs;ExScgVak;
TMnak;TMngExScgVak;tamryeBl nig lMh
KNnabNatMrUvkarrbs;ExScgVak;
- vaytMltMrUvkar
+
bgajedaytaragRbRktiTinkargar
begIttaragtMrUvkarFnFan
End

88
eyagtamkMritEbgEckbNalMnaM plitkm EdlmankMritCMnajkeTs
rbs;bNaRkum RkumkeTs/ rYmpSM b BhuCMnaj. CMnajkeTs nig
BhuCMnajrbs;RkumCag KWCabBaaBIr rbs;erobcMRKb;RKg. begInEpkNa
edIm,IsMerc)anlTplplitkm KWCa karqatvrbs;GkerobcMRKb;RKg
plitkm. eRkaymkkMNt; rbbeFIV kargarrbs;RkumCagtamviFI
)ansal;.
CMhanTI 4 kMNt;)a:ra:Em:RtlMh
elImUldanviPaKlkNedayELkrbs;sMNg; sabtkm/ eRKOgbgM/
smPaBBlkm nig lMnaMbeckeTssagsg; eyIgEbgEckpsagsg;Ca
kMNat;kargar. karEbgEckkMNat;kargarRtUvRsbCamYynigbeckeTs
nig RKb;RKgsagsg;.
CMhanTI 5 kMNt;)a:ra:Em:RtryeBl/ kMNt;ryeBlrbs;ExScgVak;
elImUldanEbgEckkMNat;kargar nig erobcMRKb;RKgrbs;ExScgVak; eyIg
kMNt;ryeBlrbs;BYkvaEpkelIrUbmn eBlsagsg;edayBlkm
tij = Qij / a.Ni
b eBlsagsg;edayynkm
tij = Qij / a.Mi
kgenaH ryeBlrbs;ExScgVak; elIkMNat;kargar /
tij -
Q - brimaNkargarKittam fBlkm Blkmb evn

ij
ynkm/
a - cMnYnevneFIVkargarkgmYyf rbbeFIVkargar/
N , M - cMnYnkmkr/ cMnYneRKOgeFIVkargarenAExScgVak; i/
I j

89
CMhanTI 6 sg;ExScgVak;mannyfa cgsm<nbNaExScgVak;tamryeBl nig lMh
eRkayeBlkMNt;)anbNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;ExScgVak;kargarsg;ExScgVak;KWCa
karcgsm<nbNaExScgVak;eTalCamYyKa begIt)anExScgVak;plitkm.
kargarcgsm<nbNaExScgVak;eTal bgajtambNa)a:ra:Em:Rt lMh nig
ryeBlelIeKalkarN_BIr lMnaM]sShkm nig erobcMRKb;RKgExScgVak;.
eKalkarN_lMnaM]sSahkm KWExScgVak;rYmpSMCamYyKa tamlMdab;erog
]sSahkm/ FanalMnaMbeckeTs edIm,IviFIsaRsmanlTPaBsMerckargar.
cMENkeKalkarN_erobcMRKb;RKg KWExSbBaeFIVkarrnM mannyfaeFIVkar
CamYynigplitPaBefr/ kgryeBlmYydUcKa ExScgVak;eRbIR)as;FnFan
dUcKa/ plitecjnUvplitplesIKa.
CMhanTI 7 KNnabNatMrUvkarrbs;ExScgVak;
enACMhanTI 6 eyIgmanExScgVak;plitkmmYy sagsg;sMNg; tam
eKalkarN_lMnaM]sSahkm nig erobcMRKb;RKg dak;ecj. CaFmta
ExScgVak;dMbUgEdl)anbegIt minTan;bMeBj)anPamnUvbNatMrUvkarrbs;
Gksagsg; edIm,IvaytMlva eKGnuvtn_KNnabNatMrUvkardak;ecj.
bNatMrUvRtUvKNnaKW ryeBleFIVskmPaBrbs;ExScgVak;/ esrPaB/
PaBrnM/ plitPaB/ tMrUvkarGMBIFnFanmFm nig xNeBlx<s;bMput >>>.
CMhanTI 8 vaytMlbNatMrUvkarrbs;ExScgVak;)anbegIt
bNatMrUvkarrbs;ExScgVak;)anbegIt
caM)ac;RtUv)anvaytMledayviFIeRbob eFob eTAnigbNatMrUvkardak;ecj
rbs;mas;vinieyaK/ Gksagsg;. ebI tMrUvkardMbUgRKb;RKan;

90
enaHExScgVak;EdleTIbbegIt)an GackayCa
RbtiTinkargarmankarTTYlsal; eBlRtUv)anTaMgBIrPaKI :k : nig :x :
BinitsMerc.
ebIbNatMrUvkarminGacsmRsbCamYytMrUvkardak;ecj enaHExScgVak;RtUv
)anEktMrUv eGaysmRsbtamlMnaMxageRkam.
CMuTI 1 sg;eLIgvijExScgVak;tamviFIbrkarcgsm<nnlMh nig ryeBl
eBllkxNGnuBaati. qgtamryenaH bNatMrUvkarrbs;
ExSbBanplitkmpas;bredayTItaMg rbs;ExScgVak;smasbrnUv
brimaN cMENkKuNPaBrkSaenAdEdl. dUcenH CMuTI1 enH eyIg
ehAfaCMuEktMrUverobcMRKb;RKg ebICMuTI1 enAEtminRKb;RKan;/
eyIgRtUvGnuvtn_EktMrUvCMuTI 2.
CMuTI 2 EktMrUvplitPaBrbs;bNaExScgVak;edayvIFIEfmfyBlkm/
eRKOgcRkrbs;Rkumplitkm. ebItamCMuTI 2 enAEtminTan;bMeBj
)antMrUvkardak;ecj eyIgRtUvGnuvtn_CMuTI 3
CMuTI 3 EktMrUvviFIsaRserobcMbeckeTs edayviFIbrkMritCMnajkeTs
ehIyQandl;brEbgEcklMh kMNat;/ dMNak;kal eFIVeGay
ExScgVak;plitkmpas;breRcIn eRBaHbNa)a:ra:Em:RtmUldanbr.
CMhanTI 9 bgajedayRbtiTinkargar
eBltMrUvdak;ecjRtUvExScgVak; Edl)anbegItbMeBj)an enaHExScgVak;
plitkmenaH GacbrmkRbtiTinkargarmankarTTYlsal; eBlRtUv)an
TaMgBIrPaKIRsuHRsYl dak;cUlkgxwmsarnkicsna esdkic-
beckeTs.
91
ExScgVak;RtUv)anbrmkRbtiTinkargar edayviFIPab;vaeTAnigeBlevla
kMNt;. bNaxNeBlrbs;kargar epIm - bBab; ryeBlsagsg;
RtUv)anbgajelIGkSryeBlenaH . bNaExScgVak;smas RtUv)anbgaj
edaybNabnat;Edlcab;epImBIxNeBleFIVkargarbnKardwk dl;bBab;
kargarrbs;va. edayehtuenH karRbKl;EpnkarN_eGayRkumplitkm
manlkNsamBa nig mansarRbeyaCn_.
CMhanTI 10 begIttaragpt;pg;FnFan
dUcral;Epnkarplitkm/ kargarpt;pg;lKWCabBaacaM)ac; edIm,IdMeNIr -kar
sagsg;cMEpnkar/ BiessKW eBlerobcMplikmtamExScgVak;. bNa
taragrbs;ExScgVak;GacCa karpt;pg; sMPar/ Blkm/ eRKOgcRk/
plitPaB nig fvikar .l.
5. c,ab;rbs;ExScgVak;eTal smas
c,ab;ExScgVak;KWCa karbgajcMNgrvagbNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;BYkva/ CaFmtabgajBI

ryeBlkMNt;eFIVskmPaBrbs;ExScgVak;. elIrUbPaB 3>11 eyIggayeXIjryeBl
eFIVskmPaB t rbs;ExScgVak;eTalrnM nig minrnM.
i
Tim Tim
m tij m tij
ti2
KMNat;kargar
KMNat;kargar
j j
ti2
2 ti1 2 ti1
1 1
k k k k k k k k k k k k
T = m.k T=

92
eyIgmanrUbmn
t i = m.k
m
t i = t ij
j =1
dUcenHExScgVak;manesrPaBKW
Vij Vij Qij
I i = N .P = const nig t ij =
I
=
N i .P
=
Ni
/
kgenaH V , Q brimaNkargar nig brimaNBlkm i elIkMNat;kargar j,
ij ij
P- smPaBBlkmrbs;mnusSmak; f/
eBlExScgVak;rnMeyIgman
Qij
t ij = = const
Ni
eRBaH N = const enaH , Q = const,

j ij
mannyfa cg;)anExScgVak;rnM brimaNkargarelIbNakMNat;kargaresIKa.

Cak;EsgeBlbrimaNkargareRkam 25 eyIgGaccat;TukdUcCaryeBlsagsg;
esIKa. mannyfa Q const enaH t const/ eyIgmanExScgVak;minrnM.
ij ij
ryeBleFIVskmPaBrbs;ExScgVak;eTalGacsMEdgedayrUbmnxageRkam/ ExScgVak;rnM
m.Qij
t i = m.k =
Ni
ExScgVak;minrnM
m
m Q ij
t ij = t ij =
j =1
j =1 Ni

93
ya:gNamij eyIgkGackMNt;cMnYnkmkrrbs;ExScgVak;smmUl
M .Q
N =
t
b i
i
Q ij
Ni =
j =1
ti
/
m
kgenaH M,Q , Q - brimaNsrubkargarrbs;ExScgVak; i/
i
j =1
ij
6. c,ab;rbs;ExScgVak;keTsrnM
eBlerobcMExScgVak;keTsmYy manryeBlrbs;bNaExScgVak;smasminERbRbYl
nig esIKa eyIgmanExScgVak;rnM. eBlenaH eyIgman
ti = const i, j
Vij
mannyfa t ij =
Ii
= const
tameKalkarN_ erobcMExScgVak;KW I = const plitPaBefr naMeGay

Vij = const
dUcenHlkxN EdlGac)anExScgVak;rnM KWCa brimaNkargarelIkMNat;kargarRtUv

esIKa. kgkargarCak;Esg brimaNkargarelIbNakMNat;kargarmaneBlxHxusKa.
ebIPaBxusKaenaHeRkam 20 eyIgkGaccat;TukfaCaesIKa eRBaHeyIgGacbegIn
plitPaB edIm,IryeBlminmanERbERbYl.
edayryeBlrbs;ExScgVak; minERbRbYl nig esIKa enaHeyIgGacykryeBlrbs;
ExScgVak;eFIVCa m:UDulxYb t = K . dUcenH elIRkahiVk/ ktaryeBlKW K rUbPaB
ij
4>12.

94
elIrUbPaB 4>12 eyIgfa ryeBlkMNt;rbs;ExScgVak; KWCa cenaHeBlBeRgIkkargar
bNaExScgVak;smas T bUkCamYynigskmPaBrbs;ExScgVak;eTalcugeRkay t .
1 n
eyIgmanrUbmn
T = T1+tn
ma:geTot T1- enAehAfaxYblMnaM]sSahkmplitkmeBlenaHnimitsBaaCa /

T - enAehAfaryeBlbegItecjplitplrbs;ExScgVak;.
n
kMNat;kargar
rUbPaB 4>12 ExSbBanrnM
eBlrvagbNaExScgVak;smasminmankarpakkargar/ tameKalkarN_enaHCMhanrbs;
ExScgVak;cMesIryeBlrbs;ExScgVak; (K =K)> dUcenH
0
= T1 = (n-1).k
tn = m.k
T = (m+n-1).k
eBlrvagExScgVak;mYyBIrmankarpakkargarbeckeTs rUbPaB 4>13 enaH

95
T1 = = (m 1).k + Z i ,i +1
ryeBlkMNt;rbs;ExScgVak; nwg GnuvttamrUbmn

T = (m + n 1).k + Z i ,i +1
kgenaH Z - karpakkargarrvagbNaExScgVak;eTal i nig i+1.

i ,i +1
Blkmrbs;bNaExScgVak;eTalkMNt;tamrUbmn
V .S Q m.Q Q
N =
K
=i
K
b N =
ij
m.K
=
t
i ij
i
ij i
i i
kgenaHkMNat;kargar
ij V , Q - brimaNkargar nig brimaNBlkmrbs;kargar i
ij
elIkMNat;kargar j /
S - bTdankargarrbs;kargar i.
i
dUcenH cMnYnBlkmGtibrma RtUvkarsMrab;ExScgVak;keTs KWcMnYnBlkmsrubrbs;

ExScgVak;eTas
n n
rUbPaB 4>13 ExScgVak;rnM nig karpakkargar

n Qij n
Q Q i
N = N =
max
i K
ib N i =1
max = i =
i =1 t i
1
ti
eBlExScgVak;minmankarpakkargar rUbPaB 4>12 eyIgman

n
T1 = K i ,in 0.1 = (n 1) K
2

n
T1 = K i ,in 0.1 = (n 1) K + Z
i=2

96
kMNat;kargar
cMnYnmnusS
rUbPab 4>14 karGPivDn_rbs;ExSbBan

RbRktiTinkargar/ RkahiVkBlkm

n
T3 = K 0i ,.out
m = ( n 1) K
i =2

n
T3 = K oi ,.out
m = ( n 1) K + Z
i =2
7. karvaytMlExScgVak;
dUceyIg)andwgExScgVak;plitkmsMNg; kan;EteFIVskmPaBEvgkan;EtTTYllTpll.
edIm,IvaytMl b eRbobeFobExScgVak; eKdak;ecjbNatMlCamUldandUcxageRkam
tMlesrPaB rbs;ExScgVak; vas;edaysmamaRtrvagryeBlExScgVak;
esrPaB CamYynigryeBlsrubrbs;va
T2
=
T

97
CamYynigExScgVak;keTsrnM eyIgeXIj
m n +1
=
m + n 1
tMlsMrab;eFIVeGayRbesIrcMNayFnFan vas;edaysmamaRtrvagkMrit
cMNayFnFanmFm eFobCamYynigbnat;Gtibrma. CaFmtaeKeRbIRkahiVk
BlkmedIm,IvaytMl.
Na
=
N max
kgenaH Na - cMnYnBlkmmFmeRbIR)as;kgExScgVak;/
N max - cMnYnBlkmGtibrmaEdlkgExScgVak;eRbIR)as;.
eBlExScgVak;rnM eyIgmanRkahiVkBlkm dUcelIrUbPaB 4>15

m
=
m + n 1
tMlrbs; nig kan;EtFMenaHExScgVak;kan;EtmanesrPaB nig RbesIr.

ehIyeyIgeXIjfa nig CanickaltUcCag 1. BYkvaesI 1 EteBlNa m
xitCit .
rUbPab 4>15 RkahiVkBlkmrbs;ExScgVak;rnM

98
< 1:
ehtuenH GaceXIjfa m kan;EtFMenaHExScgVak;kan;EtRbesIrCageK.

8. c,ab;rbs;ExScgVak;rnMxusrag
ExScgVak;keTskmmanExScgVak;smasrnM b:uEnkgenaHmanExScgVak;mYycMnYn
ryeBl rbs;BYkvaKWKuNEfmcMnYnrbs;ryeBlrbs;bNaExScgVak;epSg.
t ij = const eday i
t rj = c.t ij eday ri
elIrUbPaB 4>16 BIBNnaExScgVak;rnMxusrag. bNaExSbBan 1, 2, ,, i, n,
manryeBlesIKa nig esI K/ edayELkExScgVak; r manryeBl 2K .

Zo
1 2 r i n
j
kMNat;kargar
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
Zo
T=(c.m+n-1).k
rUbPaB 4>16> ExSbBanrnMxusrag
edaymanExScgVak;xusrag dUcenHrvagBYkvaekIteLIgnUv karsMrakkargar Z0 EdleFIV

eGayryeBlkMNt;rbs;ExScgVak;RtUvGUsbnay.
T = (m + n 1).K + Z 0

99
Z 0 = (c.K K ).m
T = (m + n 1).K + K (cm m)
T = (cm + n 1).K
qgtamrUbmnxagelI eyIgeXIjfa eFobCamYynigExScgVak;rnMryeBlkMNt;rbs;

ExScgVak;rnMxusrag EbCaGUsbNayeBlevla Z . Z smamaRtCamYynig m. dUcenH
0 0
m kan;EtFM enaHryeBlkMNt;kan;EtGUsbNayEfmeTot bgeGay)at;bg;pl
RbeyaCn_sMrab;plitkm.
dUcenHedIm,I bnydl;PaBKanGtRbeyaCn_enaH eyIgrkviFIedaHRsaykarpakEbbenaH.
eRBaH t = c.t
rj ij
Qrj c.Qij
=
Nr Ni
Qrj Qij
= = t ij
c.N r Ni
mannyfa cg;bnyryeBlrbs;ExScgVak; r eGaycuHesIryeBlExScgVak;epSg eyIg

RtUvbegIIncMnYnBlkmeLIg c dg. b:uEnerOgenH minGac)aneT eRBaHpsagsg;min
GnuBaateGay.
viFIlbMputedIm,I bnyeGayxIryeBlkarpakkargarKW tulaPaBExScgVak; eday
viFIsaRserobcMRKb;RKg.
krNItulPaBtamryeBlelOn
vIFITI 1 erobcMRKb;RKgRkumeFIVkargarRsbKa rUbPaB 4>17

100
rb
m
ra
1 2 i n
rb
j
kMNat;kargar
ra
rb
ra
3
rb
2
ra
1
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
T=(m+n'-1).k=(m+n+c-2).k
rUbPaB 4>17> tulPaBExSbBanrnMxusrag c=2

edayBIrRkum a, b eFIVkargarRsbKa
ExSbBan r manryeBl 2K cg;eGaymantulPaBryeBlCamYyExScgVak;epSg

eyIgerobcMExScgVak; r CaBIrExScgVak; ra nig rb eFIVkargarRsbKa. ExScgVak; a
eFIVkargarenAbNakMNat;kargaress nig ExScgVak; c eFIVkargarenAkMNat;kargarKU.
eBlenaHbNaExScgVak; r minmankarpakkargar. ryeBleFIVkargarrbs;ExScgVak;KW
T ' = (m + n'1).K
n' = n + c 1
kgkrNIrUbPaB 3>17 eyIgman

n' = n + 2 1 = n + 1
CMnYscUleyIg)an
T ' = (m + n).K

101
dUcKacMeBaHkrNI c=3 eyIgerobcMCa 3 ExScgVak; a, b, c eFIVkargarRsbKa rUbPaB
3>18
kgkrNIenH
n' = n + c 1 = n + 2
eyIgman
T ' = (m + n + 1).K
edIm,IgayRsYlExScgVak;smasmYy manryeBlrnMxusrag ck enaH erobcMCa c Rkum

eFIVkargarRsbKa. ryeBlrbs;ExScgVak;eRkayeBlmantulPaBKW
T ' = ( m + n + c 2) K .
ryeBlbnyeGayxI)an edayehtu tulPaBExScgVak;KW

T = T T '
CMnYscUlrUbmnxagelI eyIg)an
T = (cm + n 1) K (m + n + c 2) K
T = [(c 1)m c + 1]K = K (m 1)(c 1)
eBlmantulPaBtamviFIerobcMRkumeFIVkargarRsbKa BlkmeFIVkgExScgVak; nwgekIn

EfmesI cMnYnBlkmeFIVkargarRsbenARkumenaH.

102
rb
m
ra
1 2 i n
j rc
kMNat;kargar
rb
ra
3 rc
2 rb
ra
1
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
T=(m+n'-1).k=(m+n+c-2).k
rUbPaB 4>18> ExSbBanrnMxusrag c=3

edaybIRkum a, b, c eFIVkargarRsbKa
viFITI 2 erobcMRKb;RKgeFIVbEnmevn enAExScgVak;rnMxusrag rUbPaB 4>19

tamviFIenH bNaExScgVak;FmtaeFIVkargar 8ema:gf/ edayELkExScgVak;rnMxusrag
erobcM c Rkum eFIVkargar c evn kgmYyf.
m
1 r i n
j
kMNat;kargar
3
2
1
s c s c s c s c s c s c s c s c s c s c s c
k k k k k k k k k k k
(n-1).k t.n
T=(m+n-1).k
rUbPaB 4>19> erobcMeFIVkargarEfmevn

ExSbBan 1, i, n eFIVkargar 1 Evnf
ExSbBan r eFIVkargar 2 Evnf
dUcenHelIral;kMNat;kargar eBlNakmanEtmYyRkumeFIVkargar Fanapsagsg;.

dUcenH ryeBlrbs;ExScgVak;xICag c dg nig mantulPaBryeBlCamYyExScgVak;
EdlenAsl;.

103
ryeBlxIeRkayeBlbnyryeBleGayenAxI KW
T = T T ' = (c.m + n 1).K (m + n 1).K
T = (c 1)mK
mantulPaBryeBlelOntamviFIerobcM c eFIVeGayTan;eBlevla ExScgVak;Gnuvtn_

)anEteBl c = 2 b 3. krNI c>3 minGacGnuvtn_)aneRBaHfeFIVkargar # evn
KWGtibrma.

104
CMBUkTI 6
begItRbtiTinkargartamviFIsaRsdaRkambNaj
I. niymny
1.1. kargar KWCalMnaMsagsg;sitenArvagRBwtikarN_BIr/ RtUv)anbgajedayRBYj
(arrow) nig nimitsBaaedaybNaelxerogrbs;RBwtikarN_BIr mun nig eRkay.
i
kargar i-j j
rUbPaB 1
cMNaM lMdab;erogkargarRtUvFana i<j. mankargarbIRbePTdUcxageRkam
A. kargarBit KWCalMnaMsagsg;RtUvkarryeBl/ Blkm/ ynkm nig

sMPar. vaRtUv)ansMEdgedayRBYjCab;Ka/ eQaHkargarsresrenAxagelI
nig ryeBleFIVeGaycb;kargarRtUv)ansresenAxageRkamRBYj.
1
CIkdI 2
8 f
rUbPaB 2
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn RKb;RKgsMNg;tamDIya:RkambNaj

105
B. kargarnimit manEtcMNgTak;TgGMBIbeckeTsrvagkargarBIr b eRcIn.
vaelIkeLIgnUvkarcab;epIm nig bBab; rbs;kargarepSg dUcCa kargar
tubEtgbegIykglMenAdanRtUveFIVeRkayeBlkargarRbk;)anbBab;/ kargar
nimitminTamTarTaMgBlkmTaMgsMPar ehIyvaRtUv)anbgajedayRBYjdac;.
1 2
rUbPaB 3
C. kargarrg;caM KwkargarRtUvkarcaM)ac;EtryeBlEdlminRtUvkarBlkm/
sMPar dUcCa kargarrg;caMsmtrbs;RsTab;bUkeRkA b rg;caMPaBrwgmaM
rbs;ebtugsrsEdk. vaRtUv)anbgajedayRBYjCab;Ka.
1.2. RBwtikarN_ KWCakarcab;epIm b bBab;rbs; mYy b BIrbIkargar. elIdaRkam
bNaj/ bNaRBwtikarN_bgajedayrgVg;mUledaydak;eQaHtamelxerog (0-n).
eKmaneRcInRbePTRBwtwkarN_
0 i n
rUbPaB 4 rUbPaB 5 rUbPaB 6

RBwtikaN_cab;epIm RBwtikaN_samBa RBwtikaN_bBab;

106
1. RBwtikarN_cab;epIm KWCaRBwtikarN_ EdlmunvaminmanRBYjcUleTA enaH
KW cMNuccab;epImsagsg;sMNg;.
2. RBwtikarN_samBa KWCaRBwtikarN_ manTaMgRBYjcUleTA manTaMgRBYj
cakecj.
3. RBwtikarN_bBab; KWCaRBwtikarN_ EdleRkayvaminmanRBYjcak
ecj. enaHKWCacMNucbBabk; arsagsg;.
1.3. bnat;em nig bnat;rg
1. kgdaRkambNaj bNakargarerobtamlMdab;eday Pab;KabegIt
)anCabnat;. RbEvgrbs;bnat;KWCaryeBlsrubrbs;bNakargarnimYy.
BIRBwtikarN_cab;epIm rhUtdl;RBwtikarN_bBab;maneRcIn RbePTxusKa.
1 3
2
5
1
3
0 6 5
5 3
2 4
5
rUbPaB 7
2.bnat;em KWCabnat;Pab;BIRBwtikarN_cab;epImdl;RBwtikarN_bBab;
manRbEvgEvgbMput/ enaHKWCaryeBlsagsg;sMNg;TaMgmUl. ryeBl
bBab;EpnkarN_. cgcaMfa kargarnimitkGacsitelI bnat;em.
eKtagbnat;emeday T . m
3. bNakargarenAelIbnat;em KWCabNakargarsMxan; kargarem nig
bgajelIdaRkambNajedayRBYjditFM.
107
4.bNakargarminenAelIbnat;em KWCabNakargarrg/ kargarman
ryeBlbMrug.
]TahrN_ mandaRkamdUcrUbxagelI/ eyIgbegIt)antaragRbEvg
bNabnat;dUcxageRkam.
RbEvg ryeBl ryeBlbMrugrbs;

n bnat; (Ln)
rbs;bnat; bnat; R (Ln)
1 0-1-2-3-4-5 1+3+6+0+3=13 16-13=3
2 0-1-2-3-5 1+3+6+5=15 16-15=1
3 0-1-2-4-5 1+3+5+3=12 16-12=4
4 0-1-3-4-5 1+2+0+3=6 16-6=10
5 0-1-3-5 1+2+5=8 16-8=8
6 0-2-3-4-5 5+6+0+3=14 16-14=2
7 0-2-3-5 5+6+5=16 16-16=0
8 0-2-4-5 5+5+3=13 16-13=3
vaytMl tamlTplenAtaragxagelIKWbnat;TI & qgtamRBwtikarN_ 0-

@-#-% manryeBlFMbMput. dUcenH BitCabnat;em bnat;sMxan;
rbs;bNaxagelI.
5. PaBxusKarvagRbEvgbnag;em nig bnat;NamYyminkMNt;
KWCaryeBlbMrugTaMgmUl (R) rbs;bnat;NamYyenaH. R eGay

dwgBIryeBlsrub EdlGacbegIneGayral;kargarrg EdlmineFIVeGay
ekInryeBlbBab;sagsg;sMNg;.
6. bNabnat;rgmanryeBlbMrugTaMgmUl enaHKW bNakargarenA
elIbnat;enH suTEtmanryeBlbMrugedayELk (r) rbs;BYkva.

108
II. bNac,ab;begItdaRkambNaj
A. kgdaRkambNaj minGnuBaati
1. mankargareRcInkat;Ka rUbPaB 8.
2. manbNakargarBeRgIkxntamCMu xYb rUbPaB 9.
3. nimitsBadUcKarbs;bNakargarepSgKa rUbPaB 10.
4. kargarRbmUlpMeRcIneBkeTAelIRBwtikarN_EtmYy b BIRBwtikarN_
EtmYymankargareRcIncakecj.
2
1 2
1 4
3
3
rUbPaB 8 rUbPaB 9
a) xus dgsc b) RtUv dgsc 6
EhVm EhVm
5 6 5 8
dMbUl dMbUl
rUb PaB 10 7
rUbPaB 11
B. daRkambNaj Gacbgaj
1. bNakargaredaybNaRBYjRtg; rUbPaB 12.a b edayRBYj kac;RCug
rUbPaB 12.b.

109
2. kargarmYycMnYnGnuvtn_Rsb b cab;epImBIRBwtikarN_mYy nig bBab;
enARBwtikarN_epSgKa enaHKWRtUv)anbgajtam rUbPaB 13.
a) b)
4
1 2 1 2 4
3 3
rUbPaB 12
7 8 9
6
rUbPaB 13
C. kgdaRkambNaj RtUvbgajRtUvcMNgTak;TgkargarCamYyKa
1. kargarmYycMnYnmanTMnak;TMngedayELkepSgKa enaHRtUvbgaj
eGaycMbNakargarTMnak;TMngepSgKaTaMgenaH.
a) xus b) RtUv
A C
3 A C 6 3 5 6
5
B D D
B
4 7 4 5' 7
rUbPaB 14
A- sg;LaMgtU B- sg;CBaaMg C- Rbk;dMbUl D- tMeLIgTVabgc

110
vaytMl ]TahrN_xagelI/ eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvdak;Efm RBwtikarN_

mYyfI (5) nig cMNgTak;Tg (5, 5) fI bgajRtUvnigbNa
TMnak;TMngedayELkepSgKaenaH rUbPaB 14 .b.
2. ebIkargarmYycMnYn B, C, D Gaccab;epIkargar)aneBlEdlkargar A
QrmunBYkva)anbBab; KWRtUvbgajkargar A CaeRcInEpk edIm,IeGay

bNakargareRkayGaccab;epIm)an rUbPaB 15> b.
a) 7 b) 7
B B
A C A A A D
5 6 8 5 6 6' 6'' 9
D C
9 8
rUbPaB 15
A- sg;CBaaMg B- sg;LaMgtU C- tMeLIgTVabgc D- sg;CeNIr

111
III. bNa)a:ra:EmRt nig KNnadaRkambNaj

A. bNa)a:ra:Em:Rtrbs;daRkambNaj
1. cMeBaHkargar
a) kMNt;RbEvgrbs;bnat;sMxan; bnat;em KW T . m
b) ryeBlcab;epImqab;rbs;kargar (i-j) t KWCaryeBlrbs;

se
i j
Ggt;bnat;EvgbMput Kitcab;BIRBwtikarN_cab;epIm dl;RBwtikarN_Qrmux

kargarenaH.
c) ryeBlbBab;qab;rbs;kargar (i-j) t KWCaryeBl Edlkargar
fe
i j
GacbBab;qab; ebIdUcEdlvacab;epIm BIxNeBlcab;epImqab;.

d) ryeBlcab;epImyWtrbs;kargar (i-j) t KWCaryeBl Edl
sl
i j
kargarGaccab;epImyWtbMput b CaryeBlyWtbMput edIm,IGaccab;epIm

Gnuvtn_kargarenaH EdlminCH\TiBldl;karbBab;sMNg;kgryeBl
)ankMNt;.
e) ryeBlbBab;yWtrbs;kargar (i-j) t KWCaryeBlyWtbMput
fl
i j
edIm,IGacbBab;kargarenaH ebIdUcEdlvacab;epImBIxNeBlcab;epImyWt.
f) ryeBlbMrugTaMgmUlrbs;kargar (i-j) R KWCaryeBlGac
i j
brxNeBlcab;epImkargar b GacbegIn bGUsbnay ryeBl t i-j
rbs;kargarenaH EdlmineFIVeGayERbRbYl ryeBlkMNt;sagsg;sMNg;

TaMgmUl.

112
g) ryeBlbMrugedayELkrbs;kargar (i-j) r KWCaryeBlGac
i j
brxNeBl eBlcab;epImkargarenaH b GacbegIn bGUsbnay

ryeBl t rbs;kargarenaH EdlmineFIVeGayERbRbYl xNeBl
i-j
cab;epImqab; rbs;kargarbnbnab;vaenaH.
cMNaM bNakargarsitenAelIbnat;emTaMgGs; suTEtminmanryeBl
bMrugNamYyeLIy.
2. cMeBaHRBwtwkarN_
a) eKEckrgVg;mUlRBwtikarN_ j ecjCabYnRbeLaHrUbkgcRk nig sresr
cUlRbeLaHenaH nUv)a:ra:Em:RtmYycMnYnrbs;RBwtikarN_enaH
N
o
j
t t
se fl
j-k i-j
rUbPaB 16
rUbkgcRkelIbgs; KWCaelxerogrbs;RBwtikarN_.
rUbkgcRkxageqVg KWCaryeBlqab;edIm,IbBab;RBwtwkarN_ xN
eBlbBab;qab;.
rUbkgcRkxagsaM KWCaryeBlyWtedIm,IbBab;RBwtwkarN_ xN
eBlbBab;yWt.
rUbkgcRkeRkambgs; KWCaelxerogrbs;RBwtikarN_ ekIteLIg
muntambnat;em.

113
b) ryeBlbBab;qab;rbs;RBwtwkarN_ j T KWCabnat;EvgbMput
j
fe
KitBIRBwtikarN_cab;epIm dl;RBwtikarN_ j b KWCacMNuccab;epImqab; bMput

rbs;bNakargarTaMgGs; EdlcakecjBIRBwtikarN_ j.
c) ryeBlbBab;yWtrbs;RBwtwkarN_ j T KWCaryeBlbBab; yWtbMput
j
fl
rbs;bNakargarTaMgGs; EdleTAdl;RBwtikarN_ j.
d) ryeBlbMrugrbs;RBwtikarN_ R sMxan;KWryeBlbMrugelIEpkTaMgmUl
j
rbs;bnat;EdlEvgbMput qgtamRBwtikarN_enaH. kargarmYycMnYnEdlman

R = 0 KwbNakargarmYycMnYnEdlsitenAelIbnat;em/ bNakargartPab;
nigbNaRBwtikarN_enaH KW bNakargarem.
B. viFIKNnadaRkambNaj KNnadaRkambNaj GacGnuvtn_)antambI
viFIsaRs dUcxageRkam.
KNnaedayd edaybegIttarag BiBNnaenAEpkKNnatamkargar/
KNnaedayd minbegIttarag BiBNnaenAEpkKNnaRBwtikarN_/
KNnaedayma:sIun minBiBNnaenACMBUkenH/
1. KNnatamkargar
A. enATIenHeyIgRtUvkMNt;)an
ryeBlcab;epImqab;bMput nig yWtbMput/ ryeBlbBab;qab;bMput nig
yWtbMput rbs;ral;kargarnimYy.
ryeBlrbs;ral;bnat;em.
ryeBlbMrugmYycMnYnrbs;kargarEdlminEmnCaem.

114
B. CaCak;EsgbNaCMhanKNnamandUcxageRkam
t = 0 / t = max t
se
f CamYynig 0-i KWCanimitsBaarbs;bNakargar
se
i j 0i
Qrmunkargar i-j
t ife j = t ise j + t i j
Tm = max t i j
/ t = T max t CamYynig j-n KWCanimitsBaarbs;

t ffl = Tm fl
i j m j n
bNakargarQreRkaykargar i-j.
t isl j = t ifl j t i j
Ri j = t isl j t ise j b Ri j = t i fl j t i fe j
.
ri j = t sej k t ife j
2. KNnatamRBwtikarN_
A. bNaCMhanGnuvt
bBab;qab;rbs; RBwtikarN_dMbUgesIsUn t = 0 . 0
fe
xNeBlbBab;qab;rbs;RBwtikarN_Nak_eday RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmn
T j fe = Ti fe + t i j
ebImankargareRcIneTAdl;RBwtikarN_ j enaHxNeBlbBab;kargarqab;rbs;
RBwtikarN_enH KwmancMnYnFMbMput kMNt;edayrUbmn
(
T j fe = max Ti fe + t i j )
bBab;yWtrbs;RBwtikarN_cugbgs; KwsmmUlCamYynigbBab;qab;rbs;
RBwtikarN_cugbgs;enaH.

115
xNeBlbBab;yWtrbs;RBwtikarN_Nak_eday RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmn
T j` fl = T f fl t j k
ebImankargarcakecjRBwtikarN_ enaHxNeBlbBab;yWtrbs;RBwtikarN_
enH KWCacMnYnticbMput/ kMNt;tam
(
T j fl = min T f fl t j k )
ryeBlbMrugrbs;rbs;RBwtikarN_ kMNt;tamrUbmn
R j = T j fl T j fe
IV. daRkambNajelIGkSryeBl
1.1. viFIbegIt KUsbnat;epkmYy eFIVCaGkSryeBl/ elIenaHmanKMnUsTTwgelI
GkSenaH xI esIKa/ smmUlCamYynigfeFIVkargar. elIGkSryeBlenaH/

eyIgKUs bNakargarsMxan;mun Cabnat;Rtg;ditFM rYm eRcInkMNat;bnrKa Pab;BI
RBwtikarN_cab;epIm dl; RBwtikarN_bBab; eFIVCabnat;KMrU. eRkayenaH eTIbeyIg
erobcMbNakargarrg kargarminsMxan; epSg KUsenAxagelI nig xageRkam
KUskargarsMxan; rUbPaB 17. ryeBlbMrugGacenAdMbUg/ enAkNal benA
xagcugbBab;kargar GaRsyedayviFIerobcMrbs;eyIg edIm,IEksMrYleGaytarag
Blkm)anFURsal.
1.2. EksMrYl
a) ebIryeBlbnat;emrbs;viFIsaRs daRkambNajdMbUg tUcCagryeBl

kMNt; T < T mannyfaeyIgmansl;ryeBl nig eyIgGaceRbIcMnYn
m l
ryeBlEdl sl;enaH edIm,IbegInryeBlrbs;kargarem kgkareFIVeGay

RbesIrdaRkambNaj.

116
1
1 2
12 6
3
6
0 2 3 5
5 6 5
12 6 6
4
5 3
6 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
24
18
12 12
6 6
b) ebI T > T enaHeyIgrkviFIBRgYjeGayxIbNajeLIgvij sMedAbny

m l
ryeBlbBab;EpnkarN_.
manbIviFIsaRsBRgYjeGayxIryeBl T dUcxageRkam m
bnyryeBlsagsg;RKb;kargar edayviFI
begIncMnYnkmkr.
begIncMnYneRKOgcRk/ brikar.
begIncMnYnevneFIVkargarkgmYyf.
bnyryeBlsagsg; edayviFIpas;brviFIsaRssagsg;.
bnyryeBlsagsg; edayviFIerobcMsagsg;tamvIFIsaRsRsb bBal
kargareRcInkgeBlEtmYy.

117
CMBUkTI 7
kargardwkCBan nig pvbeNaHGasn
kgkarerobcMkardan
1. niymny
bMerIbMras;rbs;kardwkCBan
1. cg;sagsg; eyIgRtUvkardwkCBandl;kardannUv
sMParsMNg; xSac;/ f/ eRKaH/ \d/ sIum:g;t_/ Edk/ eQI/ >>>> CaedIm.
brikar nig eRKOgcRk bMerIeGaykargarsagsg;.
2. edayELkkargardwkCBansMPar niyayTaMg dI/ f/ >>>> nig elIdak;
)andeNIrdl;
50 brimaNsrubrbs;kargarenAkardan.
30 tMlsMNg;.
3. edayehtuplxagelI eKRtUvRsavRCaverobcMkargardwkCBaneGaysmRsb
edIm,I bnyBlkm nig cMNaydwkCBan.
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn kargardwkCBannigpvbeNaHGasn

118
lMdab;erobcMkargardwkCBan
kMNt;brimaNsrubrbs;sMParEdlRtUvdwkCBan.
kMNt;brimaNsMPareFIVcracrral;elIpvEdlRtUvdwkCBan.
eRCIserIsmeFa)aydwkCBan.
KNnakMlaMgGUsrbs;rfyn/ lTPaBcrracr rbs;pv nig KNnacMnYn
rfynEdlRtUvkar.
edaHRsaypv erobcMXaMg nig kEngelIdak;sMPar.
kMNt;smasPaB nig erobcMEpkRKb;RKg kargardwkCBan
KNnasagsg; pvfl;/ s<anlU/ sanIy_.
2. kMNt;brimaNsMParsrubEdlRtUvdwkCBan
bNaRbePTsMParmanRbmaN 75 eTA 80 nbrimaNsMParsrub Edl

RtUvdwkCBanenAkardan. eKEpkelIRbRktiTinkargarsagsg; edIm,IkMNt;brimaN
nig ryeBldwkCBan.
eRkABIbrimaNniyayxagelI/ eyIgenARtUvdwgdl;bNabrimaNepSgeTot dUcCa
brikabeckeTs/ sMParbMerICIvPaBrs;enA/ bNatMrUvkarGMBIvtFatuedIm/
FatucMehH/ >>>> CaedIm.

119
3. kMNt;brimaNsMParEdlRtUvdwkCBanral;f
kMNt;brimaNsMPardwkral;felIpvfl; RtUv)anKNnatambrimaNsMPar
mYyqaM/ tamrUbmn
Qral;f = k.Qn / T
kgenaH
Qral;f - brimaNsMPardwkCBanral;f etan/
Qn - brimaNsMPardwkCBanmYyqaM etan/
T - ryeBldwkCBankgmYyqaM f/
k - emKuNkgkardwCBanral;f/ k = 1.5
cMeBaHpvEdk nig k=2 cMeBaHpvrfyn.
4. eRCIserIsmeFa)aydwkCBan
tamRbePTpv eyIgmankardwkCBantampvEdk/ pvrfyn/ pvTwk.

tamkMlaMgGUs eyIgmankMlaMgcMyayTwk/ kMlaMgpH/ kMlaMgGKIsnI/
kMlaMgBahn.
tamsanPaB eyIgmankardwkCBaneRkA BIxageRkAmkdl;kardan/
dwkCBankg BIXaMgsMPar/ BIeragCagdl;TIkEng
sagsg;

120
dwkCBaneRkA eyIgRtUvykcitTukdak;dl;cMgay nig PUmisaRs.
eKEtgeRbIpvrfyn/ pvEdk/ pvTen nig pvsmuRT rbs;
saFarN. vadeNImRbmaN 9 tMlsMNg;.
dwkCBankg RtUvykcitTukdak;dl;lkxNCak;Esgrbs;TItaMg nig
sMParEdlRtUvdwkCBan. eKEtgeRbIpvbeNaHGasn
CamYynig meFa)ayynkm rFM/ rlm/ rtUc/
rfyn/ ma:sIunGUs/ kMlaMgTwk/ xl;sgt;/ nig
kMlaMgBlkm GaceRbIbNaRbePTreTs dUcCa
reTseKa/ RkbI/ es edIm,IdwkCBandI/ xSac;/ f/ RKYs/
CamYynigbrimaNmYyreTsRbmaN 0>35 dl; 0>45
Em:RtKUb nig eRbIlenAkardanEdlmanTIFacegt
deNImRbmaN 13>5 tMlsMNg;.
sMKal;
eBlsMPardwkCBan CasMParsMNg;manTMhMFM dUcCa eRKOgbgM nig
brikarFn; elIkMNat;pvEvg 50 KWLUt_Em:RteLIgeTA KW eRbIR)as;
pvEdknwgmanplRbeyaCn_Cagpvrfyn.
eBlpvdwkCBaneRkam 50 KILt_Em:Rt Biess KW cMgayBI 10 eTAdl; 15
KILt_Em:Rt KW kardwkCBanedayrfynlRbesIrCag
enATItaMgsKsajRtUvqgkat;Ten/ eLIgcuHPM/ TITYl/ TMnabrkibrkub
KWkargardwkCBansMParsMNg;lbMput KWeRbIR)as;pvExSkabeyag.

121
ebIcMgaydwkCBanxIBI 1 dl; 2 KILt_Em:Rt KWeyIgKYreRbIR)as;
rfynseNag edIm,IdwkCBansMPar. RbePTenH eTaHCamanel,nyWtCag
rfynKanseNag b:uEnmanKuNRbeyaCn_epSg KW mincM)ac;)at;bg;
eBlevlaeFIVpvflb; eNaHGasn.
5. KNnakMlaMgGUs/ cMnYnrfyn niglTPaBcracrrbs;pv
KNnakMlaMgGUsrbs;yan
1. kMlaMgGUsrbs;rfyn RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmn
FGUs = 270.NCak;Esg / v (kgf)
CamYynig
270 - tMlbrBIkMlaMgess
NCak;Esg - kMlaMgCak;Esgrbs;ma:sIun KitCa ess
RtUv)anKNna tamrUbmn
NCak;Esg = Ni.f
eday
Ni - kMlaMgRTwsIssrelIma:sIun.
f - emKuNeRbIR)as; mannyfa emKuNclnarvag kMlaMg nig
kg;rfynvil. eKeRcInyk f = 0.85 0.95

122
v - el,nrt; Km/h
2. tMlrbs;kMlaMgGUs FGUs mincaMFMCagtMlrbs;kMlaMgc,am Fc,am
rbs;kg;rfyn b rbs;kg;Rcva:k;ma:sIunTaj elIdIeT.
ebI FGUs > Fc,am enaHKW minGacbMlas;TI)aneT EdlxNenaH
ekIteLIg)atuPUtkg; rfynRkan;vilenAkEng. dUcenH eyIgRtUvmanlkxN
FGUs<= Fc,am
eRBaH FGUs bgajeday kgf cMENk Fc,am EbrCabgajeday tf

dUcenHeyIgRtUv
FGUs <= 1000..Pc,am
eday
- emKuNc,ampv emIlenAtarag 6>1
Pc,am- TMgn;elIrfynbBanmkkg;rbs;vamantMldUcxageRkam
RbePTefynRsal Pc,am= 0.55 0.68 (P+Q)
RbePTefynFn; Pc,am= 0.68 0.75 (P+Q)
RbePTefynGUskg;ekAsU Pc,am= 0.7 (P+Q)
RbePTefynGUskg;Rcva:k; Pc,am= (P+Q)
P - TMgn;pal;rbs;yan (tf), Q - TMgn;sMPar (tf)

123
taragtMlmFmrbs;emKuNc,am sMrab;rfyn nig ma:sIunGUs.
RbePT nig sanPaBpv rfyn ma:sIunGUs
st 0.6 0.9
pvdI
0.3 0.8
esIm
0.6 0.4
st
pvRkalebtug
0.4 0.3
esIm
0.6 0.4
st
pvsmas
0.4 0.3
esIm
0.7 0.7
st
pvf
esIm
3. lkxNmUldanedIm,ImeFa)aydwkCBanGacclt)anelIkMNat;pvNamYy
kMlaMgGUsRtUvFMCagkMlaMgfy/ mannfa
FGUs > Qt . W
kgenaH
Qt - TMgn;sMParsrub (tf)
Qt = P + Q
P - TMgn;pal;rbs;yan (tf)
124
Q - TMgn;sMPar (tf)
W- kMlaMgfysrub KitCa kgf elI ! tf TMgn;rbs;meFa)aydwkCBan
kgf / tf kMNt;eeday
W = Wfyem + Wi + W kMlaMgfyrg
eday
Wfyem - kMlaMgfysMxan;)anmkBITMgn;rbs;rfyn
nig sMParbgreLIg.
Wi - kMlaMgfyrg )anmkBIkMritCMralrbs;pv
bgreLIg.
Wfyrg - kMlaMgfyrg )anmkBIkMritekagrbs;pv
bgreLIg.
BinitCak;EsgbNakMlaMgfy/ eyIgman
tMlrbs;kMlaMgfyem Wfyem kargardwkCBanedayrfyn b
ma:sIunGUs/ GaRsyeTAnigsanPaBepSgKarbs;pv/ eyIgGnuvtn_
tamtarag 6>2
tMlrbs;kMlaMgfyrg W i smmUlCamYynig 1000i Edl kgenaH
i
i; CakMritCMral. pvmYymankMritCMralKW i = 5% KWtMlrbs; 0
kMlaMgfyrgeBlenaH RtUv)anKNnaCa W = 5kgf / tf. ebIrfyn

i
rt;elIpvrab minmankMritCMral KWeBlenaHeyIgman W = 0. i

125
tMlrbs;kMlaMgfyrg Wfyrg CamYynigpvEdkcegt KWkMNt;
tamrUbmn
Wfyrg = 500.e / R
kgenaH e- cMgayrvagGkSrfyn.
R - kaMrbs;pvekag.
ebIrfynrt;elIpvRtg; Wfyrg KW kMlaMgfyrgseBlenaH Wfyrg = 0.
cMNaM eRkABIkMlaMgfyTaMgbIxagelI/ eyIgenAykcitdl;kMlaMg fybNalmkBI
cab;epImbeBaHma:sIunekIteLIg.
tarag 6>2
ma:sIunGUs rfynseNag
sanPaB
l>r RbePTpv rfyn kg; kg;
rbs;pv kg; xSl; kg; xSl;
Rcva:k; Rcva:k;
1 ebtug/ ebTIm l 7-20 50 20 20 20
2 Rkalf/ eRKaH mFm 25-40 50 50 40 50
mFm 30-40 50 50 40 50
3 Rkalf
Gn; 40-80 80 80 100 80
mFm 80-100 80 90 100 90

4 dI
Gn; 100-150 140 150 140 100
Gn; 150-200 120 250 200 100

5 dIfIeTIbCIk
ya:gGn; 200-300 150 300

126
4. ykcitTukdak;
krNIdwkCBanedayrfyn/ eyIgman
Q = FGUs / (Wfyem + Wi ) - P
krNIdwkCBanedayma:sIunGUs/ eBleGaykMlaMgGUsenAkMlaMgc,am
pv eyIgman
Q = FGUs / (Wfyem + Wi )
6. KNnabrimaNrfyn
1. KNnaryeBleTAmkrbs;efyn b rfePIg elIkMNat;pv rfyn / Edk/

RtUeL kMNt;tamrUbmn
t = telIdak; + L / v1+ tdak;cuH + L / v2 + teCos
kgenaH telIdak; - ryeBlelIkdak;sMPareLIgrfyn ema:g

tdak;cuH - ryeBldak;cuHsMParBIrfyn ema:g
teCos - ryeBlrg;caMenARtg;kEngeCosKa ema:g
v1 nig v -el,ncltrbs;rfyneBldwksMPar nig eBlmindwk
2
rfynbrTeT KILt_Em:Rt ema:g

127
sMKal;
a) CamYynigpvmYyTis nig sMPardwkmYyTis enaHryeBlrbs;rfyn
mYyeCIgKW
t = telIdak; + tdak;cuH + 2L / vmFm
eday vmFm - el,nmFmrbs;rfynTaMgeTATaMgRtLb;mkvij

KILt_Em:Rt ema:g
b) CamYynigpvmYyTis b:uEnmankMNat;eCosKa enaH enaHryeBlrbs;
rfynmYyeCIgKW
t = telIdak; + tdak;cuH + teCos +2L / vmFm
eday teCos- ryeBlrfynQb;eCosKa ema:g

2. cMnYneCIg niyayTaMgeTATaMgmk kgmYyfrbs;rfyn RtUv)anKNna
tamrUbmn
m = (T + t0) / t
kgenaH T- ryeBlsrub
t0 - ryeBl)at;bg;bNalBI brrfyn b edaysarrfynrt;
mindwksMParBIkEngpkdl;kardan nig RcaseTAvij.
CamYynig rfyn nig ma:sIunGUs t = 0.5 - 2 ema:g
0
3. cMnYnrfynEdlRtUvkar (n) kMNt;tamrUbmn

128
n = Q / (q.m)
kgenaH Q- TMgn;sMParRtUvdwkkgmYyryeBl evn

q- TMgn;eRbIR)as;rbs;rfyn.
7. lTPaBcracr nig lTPaBdwkrbs;pv
1. lTPaBcracrrbs;pv KWCacMnYnrfyn cMnYnExSrfePIg Gaccracr)anelI
kMNat;pvkgmYyf.
2. lTPaBdwkrrbs;pv KWCabrimaNsMParGacdwkelIkMNat;pvkgmYyf
edaybrimaNrfyn ExSrfyn manRsab;.
8. pvbeNaHGasnenAkardan
pvbeNaHGasnenAkardan minEmnRtUvtamsMNUmBrbeckeTsrbs;pvGciRneT/
b:uEnenAEtRtUveKarBbNalkxNeBjeljsMedAFana)ansuvtiPaBcracrcM)ac;.
1. pvrfyn eKeRcIneFIVpvrfynbeNaHGasn bMerIkarsagsg; elIkardan
rYmCamYynig pvrfyn GciRn edIm,IbnycMNaysagsg;pvfl;.
eyIgEteFiVItamCMhandUcxageRkam
dMbUg/ eyIgeFIVpvbeNaHGasn dUcCa pvdI/ pvdIEkc/ pvflit b RKYs/
pvfbMEbk/ pvbnHebtugcak;Rsab; b pvRkalbnHeQItamkg;rfyn.
eBlmanTuneyIgnwgeFIVpvGciRn b bBab;pvbeNaHGasn eRBaHva minRtwmEt
RtUveRbIkgkargarsagsg;beNaHeT EfmTaMgenAeRbIsMrab;bMerI plitkm
eRkaymk.

129
pvbeNaHGasn manmuxkat;TTwgdUcxageRkamenH
4 3 2 1 2 3 4
Epk ! KWsMrab;rfynbr/ EpkTI @ KWCacieBaImpv edIm,ImnusSeFIVdMeNIr nig

rfyneCosKa/ EpkTI # RbLaybgrTwk/ EpkTI $ KWCa TIFadak;sMParbMrug edIm,I
kargarCYsCulpv.
RsTab;dI CaFmtaRT)anTMgn;BI 0>5 2>5 Kgf/cm b:uEnTMgn;kg;rfyn CaFmta
eLIgdl; 5-5>5 ehtuenH elIRsTab;pveKRtUvRkalbEnm edIm,IbegInkMlaMgRT
rbs;RsTab;pv.
a) RsTab;pvdI RtUv)aneFIVedayviFIeGayma:suInruj (Bulldozer) edIm,IeGay
prabesI ehIyeRkaymkeGayma:sIunbgab; (Roller) mankMlaMgbgab;BI 2-6
etan/ bgab;eRcIndg edIm,IbegIt)anCaRsTab;rwgmaMl.
b) RsTab;pvdIEkc eFIVedayvIFIRkalmYyRsTab; CaFmta BI 15-20 sm
smas EdlsmasPaBrYmman
dIFn; (Heavy soil) BI 6-14
dIxSac; (Sandy soil)BI 70-75
EpkenAsl; KWCaRKb;tUcepSg dUcCa RKYsEdlmanRKb;tUc
cMNaM
130
ebIRKwHpvCadIFn; enaHeyIgefmxSac; edIm,IpveCosputBIpt; b rGileBl
manePg.
ebIRKwHpvCadIxSac; enaHRtUvEfmdIFn; edIm,IbegInkMritsit nig eday
ehtuenaH eBlmanePg nwgeCos)ansanPaBhUreRcaH.
c) pvmakadam (Macadam) Gaceday RkYs b f eyIgRtUvRkalCaRsTab;
FmtakMras;BI 15-20 sm.
enARsTab;nImYy RtUvbgat;ya:ghab;edayma:sIunbgab; (Roller). EpkRKwH
pvRtUvBUn/ eKkRtUvRkalCaRsTab; nig bgab;ya:gENntan;tab;. tambeNa
pv/ caM)ac;RtUvmanRbLaybgrTwk edIm,IFanapveRbIR)as;)anyUr.
2.0 M b/2
i=3-4 %
%
i=5-6 RsTab;f b RkYs
RbLaybgrTwk RKwH

131
d) pvRkalbnHebtugsrsEdkcak;Rsab; bnHebtugCaFmtamanTMhM
0.15x1x3.0m .
sMKal;
ebIrfynmankMlaMgpk 10 etan enaHeRbIbnHkMras;BI 12-14 sm.
ebIrfynmankMlaMgpk 25 etan enaHeRbIbnHkMras;BI 18-20 sm.
eKeRcIneRbIeRkn edIm,IscRkal. muneBlRkalbnHebtug eyIgRkal
RsTab;xSac;kMras;BI 7-10 sm edIm,IeRkayeBleRbI KWGacelIkbnHenaH
eLIg edaygayRsYl edIm,IykeTAeRbIenAkEngepSg.
e) pvbeNaHGasnRkalbnHeQI eKEtgeRbIenAkEngRB. RbePTpvenH
RtUv)anRkaltamkg;rfyn dUcrUbxageRkam
cMeBaHkEngekag eyIgRtUvmanTTwgFMCagTTwgFmtaBI 1-2 m nig CMral 60
eTeTApitrbs;kaMekag.
0.75 0.90 0.75
0.06x0.20x0.60 1.20x1.4x3.20
a 100
0.40 2.40 0.40
3.20

132
tarag TinnyeRbIedIm,IKNnapvrfynbeNaHGasn dUcxageRkam
kta RbePTpv
l>r tMrUvkarbeckeTs
II III
1 2 3 4 5
1 snsSrfynkgmYyema:g eRKOg 16-100 <= 15
2 TTwgEpkrfyn
CamYypvmYyTis m 3/5-4/0 3/0
CamYypvBIrTis m 6/0 5/5
3 Ggt;pwtpvekagGb,brma m 30 20
4 CMralGb,brma 7 8
5 TisSmanPaB PaBGacemIleXIj
tamTisrfynrt; m 70 50
tamTissgagpvExVg m 50 35
sMKal;
RbePT II KWCapvRkalf/ RKYs nig Fatusit/ KWpvekAsU.
RbePT III KWCapvdI/ bpvRkal f /RKYs minmanFatusit b:uEnbgab;ya:ghab;.

133
CMBUkTI 8
erobcdgsc ma:sIun nig ]bkrN_sMNg; elIkardan
eBlrbrsMNg;QaneLIgtamTis]sSahtUbnIykm, TMenIbkm/ KWman CRANE/ ma:sIun nig
]bkrN_ sMNg; CaeRcInRbePT RtUv)anrIkcMerIn nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as; elIkardan sMNg;.
bNama:sIun nig ]bkrN_sMNg; BImYyfeTAmYyf kan;EteRbIeRcIn/ eRcInsNan/
lTPaBbeckeTsmankarpas;brfIeRcIn nig TMenIbeTA.
dUcenH karRsavRCavedIm,IerobcM nig eRbIR)as; CRANE mYy b ma:sIunmYy/ ]bkrN_sMNg;
nwgmankarENnaMenA catalog b enA technical drawing.
enATIenH RKan;EtBiBNnabNaeKalkarNrYm/ karENnaMcaM)ac; edIm,Ikargar erobcM nig
eRbIR)as; bNaRbePT CRANE, ENGINE, EQUIPMENT sMNg; elIkardan RtUvbeckeTs
nig FanasuvtiPaBBlkm.
eRBaH ma:sIunsMNg; CaeRcInmanlkNrYm/ dUcenH RKan;Etsgt;Fn;elIRbePT CRANE,
ENGINE, EQUIPMENT sMNg;mYycMnYn EdlEtgCYbenAkardansagsg;.
CRANE: STATIC TOWER CRANE & MOBILE TOWER CRANE
MATERIALS HOIST: dgeyag edIm,ICBansMPareLIgkMBs;

PASSENGER HOIST: dgeyag edIm,ICBanmnusSeLIgkMBs;
CONCRETE MIXER: sanIy_layebtug nig lay)ayGrbUk
1. CRANE
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn erobcMeRknma:sIunnig]bkrN_sMNg;elIkardan

134
CRANE EtgeRbIsMrab;tMeLIg sMNg;sIuvil nig ]sSahkm/ b bMerIeGaykargarCBan
eLIgkMBs;. eBlsagsg;GKareRcInCan; edayebtugsrsEdk CRANE CasMxan;bMerI
kargar CBanBum/ srsEdk/ ebtug/ cegIr>>> nig sMParmYycMnYneTotEdlmanTMgn;
Fn;.
TOWER CRANE
bcb,nmanBIRbePT CRANES RtUv)aneRbITUlMTUlaykgkarsagsg;GKareRcIn

Can;.
MOBILE TOWER CRANE rt;elIrmanTMgn;tulPaBenAeRkam TOWER
STATIC TOWER CRANE QrkMNt;mYykEngmanTMgn;tulPaBenAelI
TOWER/ RbePTenHmanBIrRbePT
RbePTQrnwgedayeCIg)ateRkam.
RbePTQrnwgedayviFIe)aHeCIg TOWER eTAkgRKwH.
GMBIbeckeTs/ manRbePT tY TOWER kMNt; fix/ manRbePT tY TOWER
ERbRbYlsVyRbvti. manRbePT CRANE eBlbgVildgsc enaHvilTaMgtY nig TMgn;
tulPaB enAeRkam TOWER. manRbePT CRANE vilEtdgsc cMENktY QrRTwg.
dUcenH CamYynig CRANE nimYy manvIFIerobcM CRANE mYy elITIlansagsg;
epSgKa/ b:uEnsuTEtmantMrUvkarrYmKW
TItaMgQr nig cltrbs; CRANE RtUvmansarRbeyaCn_bMput sMrab;
TIlaneFIVkargar/ gayRsYl kgkarsc bCBansMPar/ eRKOgbgM >>>.

135
TItaMgQr nig cltrbs; CRANE RtUvFanasuvitPaBeGay / eGaysMNg;
nig eGaykMlaMgBlkm/ gayRsYlsMrab;kargartMeLIg nig ruHTuk
CRANE.
FanalkNesdkic Gnuvt)ankMlaMgpk/ manGgt;pwtbMerIsmRsb/

famBlx<s;.
a) erobcM TOWER CRANE rt;el:r
cMgayBIpwtrbs; CRANE dl;GkSxagrbs;sMNg;RtUv)anKNnadUcxag

eRkam
A = l c + l s + l sf, (m),

136
kgenaH
lc : cMgayrbs;TMgn;tulPaB KitBIpwtrbs; CRANE dl;
EKmxagrbs; TMgn;tulPaB
ls : cMgaysuvtiPaB/ ls=1m
l sf : TTwgrbs;cegIr + cMgaysl;edIm,Isagsg;.
elITIlansagsg;srub/ CRANE RtUv)anbgajdUcrUbPaB 7>1 nig 7>2.
b) eRknQrnwg STATIC TOWER CRANE
STATIC TOWER CRANE manTMgn;tulPaBenAelI nig manBIrRbePT
RbePTQrnwg edayeCIg)ateRkam enAelIr b enAelIdI)aneFIVeGay
RbesIr nig cak;ebtugsrsEdkmYyRsTab; b tMeLIgedaybNabnH
ebtugsrscak;Rsab;. eBlenH CRANE RtUvenATItaMg ya:gNaeGay
pwteFIVskmPaBrbs;dgsc RKb;RKg)ansMNg;TaMgmUl. cMgayBIGkS
rbs; CRANE dl;EKmeRkArbs;sMNg; RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
A = (r c / 2) + l s + l sf, (m),
kgenaH
rc : TTwgrbs;r b eCIg)ateRkamrbs; CRANE
ls : cMgaysuvtiPaB/ ls=1m
l sf : TTwgrbs;cegIr + cMgaysl;edIm,Isagsg;.
137
cMeBaHRbePT CRANE QrnwgmaneCIge)aHcUlRKwH KWCaRbePTTMenIb/
elIkdak;kMBs;tY TOWER edayxnva nigRbePT CRANE enH vilEtdg
sc cMENktYvaenAQrRTwg/ cMgayrvag CRANE nig vtCitbMput
cegIr/ ssrCBaaMg >>> RtUv)aneragcRkplitkMNt;elI catalog
Pab;CamYy. elIrUbPaB 7>5 KWCa]TahrN_bBaak;.
sMKal; eBltMeLIg CRANE edIm,Icak;ebtugreNARKwH/ b bNasMNg;eRkamdI/
eRkABIkareRCIserIscMgay dl;sMNg;/ RtUvEtBinitlkxNsuvtiPaB
eGayreNARKwH edayviFIKNnacMgay A manniyayTaMg kMritRCalrbs;
CMralRKwH rUbPaB 7>7.
eBlenHcMgay A RtUvKNnadUcxageRkam
A = l s + B, (m),
kgenaH
ls : TTwgrbs;cegIrGaRsyedayRbePTdInig CRANE /
Etgyk l = 1-3 (m)
s
B = H.Cotg
H : CMerAreNARKwH
: mMurbs;CMralrbs;dIKittamRTwsI
eRknclt MOBILE TOWER CRANE

138
MOBILE TOWER CRANE kg;Rcva:k; b kg;ekAsU/ EtgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;
tMeLIgeragcRk 1 Can;/ cab;tMeLIg b CBaneLIgx<s; eBlsagsg;sMNg;sIuvil
rhUtdl; 5 Can;. TItaMgrbs; CRANE elITIlansagsg; RtUv)ankMNt;eday
TIRbCMuTMgn;rbs; CRANE nig RtUvKNnatamviFIsaRsviPaK b KMnUrbg;
kgEpkKMeragbg;lMnaM]sSahkmsMNg;.
elITIlansagsg;TaMgmUl RtUvkarkMNt;pvcltrbs; CRANE CuMvijsMNg;.
kMNt;pvrbs; CRANE CamUldansMrab;kargarerobcM sMNg;beNaHGasn dUcCa
TIkEnglayebtug/ XaMgsMPar eRKOgbgM >>> .
edIm,IsnSMsMc de)aHrbs; CRANE/ ebITIlanGnuBaati/ EterobcMeGay CRANE
rt;CMuvijsMNg;/ ebITIlanminGnuBaati enaHKW CRANE RKan;Etrt;EtmagsMNg;/
eBlenHpv CRANE gayRsYlKWCa mYykMNat;pvRtg;.
BIkaMeFIVkargarrbs; CRANE (R) kMNt;)anGkSpv. edIm,IkMNt;TTwgpvRtUvyk
citTukdak;dl;
kMNat;pv CRANE cltpg rt;beNay nig Qb;edIm,IeFIVkargarpg
bgVilTTwg b beNay RtUv)anyk
A= cMgaydgsc + 2m
cMgayrbs;dgsc KWCacMgay rvagkg;mux nig kg;eRkay
ebICadgsckg;ekAsU/ esIcMgayrbs;EpkRcva:k;rt;elIdI ebICadgsckg;
Rcva:k;. bNaRbePTdgsceRbIkgsMNg; EtgmanRbEvg 4-6 m/
eBlenH A = 6 8 m.

139
kMNat;pvRKan;Etdak; CRANE cltKNnatamTTwgrbs;dgsc RtUv)an
KNnaKW B = 1 pvrfynRbePTFM.
edayRtUvcltelIpvKmnaKmn_Cati b kgTIRkug/ dUcenH CRANE RtUv)anKNna
smRsbnigpvrfyn. dUcenHGacykmYypvrfyn TMhM 4 Em:Rt. kaMekag
Gb,brma enAkEngbt;Gacyk R = 15 m.
2. MATERIAL HOIST AND ELEVATOR
enAbNakardansMNg;GKareRcInCan;/ eRkABI CRANE eFIVParCBaneLIgx<s;

enARtUvkarerobcM dgeyag edIm,ICBansMParmanTMgn;tic nig TMhMminFM dUcCa \d/
kar:U/ )ayGrbUk/ nig brikarGnamy/ brikarGKIsnI >>> b:uEnebIeRbI CRANE KW nwg
minesdkic. enAbNasMNg;x<s; edIm,IkmkreLIgCan;nimYy eFIVkargargayRsYl/
GacerobcM CeNIreyag edayELksMrab;GkeLIgcuH.
MATERIAL HOIST
CamYynigsMNg;tUc/ sagsg;edayeRbIkMlaMgBlkm minman CRANE / KW

MATERIAL HOIST manParsMxan;rbs;kargarCBaneLIgx<s;/ eBlenH ebI
erobcM MATERIAL HOIST mYy KWnwgerobcMenAkNalsMNg;. ebI erobcM

MATERIAL HOIST BIr EdlTIlansagsg;GnuB aati KWKYrerobcM mYyenAxagmux
nig mYyeTotenAxageRkaysMNg;. ebITIlansagsg;minGnuBaati

KWGacEckCaBIsMNg; / edIm,I MATERIAL HOIST nimYybMerIBak;kNalGKar/
ebIGKarEvgRtUvEckCabI b bYnEpk/ b:uEnEpknimYyRtUvkar MATERIAL HOIST
mYy bMerIkar KWnwgerobcM cMnYn MATERIAL HOIST smmUl.
krNIBiessGacerobcM MATERIAL HOIST enATaMgBIrxag edIm nig cug.

140
TItaMgerobcM MATERIAL HOIST RtUvclnaeGayeBjTMhwg/ RKan;EtmanTIlan
sagsg;mYyTUlaylm edIm,ItMeLIg MATERIAL HOIST nig pveGayrfyn
KWGactMeLIg)an. krNIenH emIlrUbPaB 7>9 nig 7>10.
enAkardansMNg;eRcInCan;mYycMnYn man MOBILE TOWER CRANE/ eRBaHpv
CRANE eBlNak qayBIsMNg;cMgaymYy/ lm edIm,ItMeLIg MATERIAL
HOIST dUcenH TItaMgerobcMdUckrNIkardanmanEt MATERIAL HOIST

emIlrUbPaB 7>9 nig 7>10.
kardansMNg;GKarCan;x<s; man CRANE KW MATERIAL HOIST RtUvGnueLam
tameKalkarN_xageRkam
ebI CRANE cltelIr KW MATERIAL HOIST erobcMeTATissMNg;
minmanpv CRANE / cMnYn MATERIAL HOIST GaRsytamRbEvg nig
TMhMsMNg; rUbPaB 7>11.
ebI CRANE Qrnwg/ KWenAEtKYrerobcM MATERIAL HOIST enATisminman
CRANE/ TukCaeRscTIFapt;pg;/ CBansMPar b:uEnebITIFaxagminman
CRANE cegt/ minRKb;edIm,ItMeLIg nig eRbIR)as; MATERIAL HOIST
KWGactMeLIg MATERIAL HOIST eTATisman CRANE enATItaMg kan;Et

qayBI CRANE kan;Etl emIlrUbPaB 7> 12.
ELEVATOR
GMBIeKalkarN_eFIVkargar/ ELEVATOR kdUcCa MATERIAL HOIST RKan;Etxus

lMGitmYycMnYn/ enaHKW RTugrbs; ELEVATOR RtUv)aneFIVBIEdk mansMNaj;
karBarCMvij nig TVasMrab;ecjcUl.
141
TItaMg ELEVATORminsMxan; nig minmantMrUvkarx<s;dUccMeBaH MATERIAL
HOIST/ dUcenH Etgpl;GtiPaBerobcM MATERIAL HOISTmun eTIberobcM
ELEVATOR CaeRkay. ELEVATOR RtUverobcMeRkAtMbn;eRKaHfak;/ EtgqayBI
CRANE/ MATERIAL HOIST/ ma:sIun lay MIXER/ GacenAEkgsMNg; b
edImkEng EdlmnusSGaceTAmkmansuvtiPaB.
CaBiessykcitTukdak; TMnak;TMngrvag TItaMg ELEVATOR nig pvCMuvijsMNg;/
ya:gNaeGayeBlpvmnusSBI ELEVATOR edIrecj/ minkat;nigpvrfyn/ b
enAEkgkMeNagpvrfyn b enACitpvrfyneBk. caM)ac;RtUvmancMgaymYy
nig manpkMNt;mYy/ edIm,IeyIgGactamdan.
3. CONCRETE MIXER ma:sIunlayebtug
eRkay eRkn nig dgeyagsMPar MATERIAL HOIST/ ma:sIunlayebtug
CRANE
CONCRETE MIXER RtUv)anpl;GtiPaB erobcMelITIlan sagsg;.
eTAtamTMhMsMNg; nig brimaNebtugRtUvkar EdlGacerobcMCakEnglay ebtug

edIm,Ipt;pg;eGaykardanTaMgmUl/ eBlenHkEnglaymankMlaMgFM Nas;/
ebtugRtUv)anCBandl;kardan edayrfyn b meFa)ayepSg.
]TahrN_ kEnglayebtugpt;pg;eGaykaardansMNg;TaMgmUl. eBlenH
TItaMgkEnglayRtUvkarBinit elImUldanTMnak;TMngrYm rvagsMNg;elI kardan/
GacedaHRsaycMeNaT rkTItaMgtUcbMputrbs;kEnglayebtug ya:gNa
eGaytMldwkCBanebtugsrubdl;kardanmantMltUcbMput.

142
CamYynigkardanRtUvkarerobcM kEnglayebtugEtmgenACitsMNg; KWkEng
layerobcMtameKalkarN_xageRkam
bNama:sIunlayebtugkan;EtCitkEngeRbIkan;Etl.
]TahrN_ eBlcak;ebtugRKwH/ bNama:sIunlayGacerobCMuvijbrimaRtRKwH. b
eBlsg;GKareRcInCan; manTIlansagsg;cegt Gacykma:sIunlaymanmaD
tUc V = 100 lIRt b V = 200 lIRt eLIgelICan;/ edIm,IlayebtugbUk
bMerICan;enaH.
bNama:sIunlayebtugkan;EtCitmeFa)ayCBaneLIgx<s;kan;Etl/ b:uEnRtUv
FanasuvtiPaBBlkm.
]TahrN_ ebI meFa)ayCBaneLIgx<s;KWCa dgeyagsMPar KWkEnglay
ebtugkan;EtCitdgeyagsMParkan;Etl. ebImeFa)aCBaneLIgx<s;Ca CRANE
nig TIlansagsg;TUlay/ KYrerobcMkEnglayenAeRkAtMbn;maneRKaHfak; rbs;
CRANE ticbMput 2 Em:Rt/ cMENkebITIlancegt/ caM)ac;RtUverobcM kEnglay
enACit CRANE KWcaM)ac;mandMeNaHRsaysuvtiPaB.

ebIkardanmanTIlanTUlayKW RtUverobcMticbMput BIrkEnglayebtug enAsgag
CRANE/ dUcenHkargarerobcMTIlanXaMgsMPar dUcCa xSac;/ f/ RkYs/ minRtUv
)anRbmUlpMenAEtmYykEng/ begItlkxNeGaykargarCBan/ elIkdak;

sMPar/ gayRsYl nig suvtiPaBBlkm.

143
ebIkardansMNg;cegt erobcM)anEtkEnglaymYy/ KWkEnglaymYy RtUvman
ticbMputma:sIunlayBIr/ edIm,IFanapt;pg;ebtugbnbnab; min)ac;caMyUr nig
sMrYlKa ebImanma:sIunmYyxUcRtUvkarCYsCul.

144
CMBUkTI 9
pt;pg;TwkenAkardan
1. pt;pg;TwkbeNaHGasn
kargarsMxan;rbs;kargarpt;pg;TwkbeNaHGasn bMerIeGaykarsagsg;enAkardan
rYmman
kMNt;brimaNTwkEdlRtUvkar
kMNt;KuNPaBTwk
eRCIserIsbNajpt;pg;Twk
erobcMbrikarpt;pg;Twk
eRCIserIsRbPBTwk nig RbBneRcaHTwk
A. kMNt;brimaNTwkcaM)ac;
bMerIelI brimaNTwkplitkm/ TwkbMerItMrUvkarrbs;mnusS nig
TwkBnt;GKIPy.
1. brimaNTwkplitkm eRbIsMrab;layebtug/ lay)ayGr >>>>
RtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn
Q plitkm = 1.2.(k.Qm) / 8.3600
kgenaHeyIgman
1.2 - emKuNKitdl;ma:sIunEdlminTan;briyayGs;/
k - emKuNeRbI)as;TwkminEkc Etgyk k = 12/
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn pt;pg;TwkenAkardan

145
QmbrimaNTwkplitkmrbs;ma:sIunnimYy
-
kgmYyevn.
2. brimaNTwktMrUvkarrbs;mnusS RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmn
Q L = Qa + Qb
kgenaH
Q brimaNTwkbMerItMrUvkarrs;enArbs;mnusSelIkardan/ RtUv)anKNna
a
Qa = ( k.N1.Q n ) / 8.3600
kgenaHeyIgman
k - emKuNeRbI)as;TwkminEkc/
N1 - brimaNkmkrsak;enAkardan/
Qn - tMrUvkarTwksMrab;kmkrmak;eRbIR)as;kgmYyevn
enAkardan Etgyk BI Q = 10 15lIRt / mak;

n
Qb brimaNTwkbMerItMrUvkarrs;enArbs;mnusSelIkardan/ RtUv)anKNna
Qa = ( k.N2.Q n ) / 24.3600
kgenaHeyIgman
k - emKuNeRbI)as;TwkminEkc/
N2 - brimaNkmkrsak;enAkardan/
Qn - tMrUvkarTwksMrab;kmkrmak;eRbIR)as;kgmYyf
enAkEngsak;enA Etgyk BI Q = 25 30lIRt /

n
mak;.
dUcenH
Q L= (k.N1.Qn) / 8.3600 + (k.N2.Qn) / 24.3600

146
3. brimaNTwkBnt;GKIPy GaRsytamTMhM nig RbePTsMNg;
eyIgmanbrimaNTwkBnt;GKIPysmRsb.
a) Cak;Esg
TIlansagsg;tUcCag 3 hita KWbrimaNTwkBnt;GKIPy KW
q = 10 / s nig ebIEfm 5 hita KW Efm 5 / s.

ef l l
CamYynigGaKarCan;tic/ cMnYnkmkrticCag 10>000 nak; yk
q = 5 / s nig FMCag 10>000nak; yk Q =10 / s.

ef l ef l
b) eKenAkMNt;brimaNTwkBnt;GKIPy tamtMlGtibrmarvagrUbmn
xageRkam
Q = Q + Q (l/s) b Q = q + 0.5(Q +Q ) (l/s)
ef p l ef ef p l
eRbobeFobvIFIKNnaTaMgBIrxagelI rYcehIyeyIgykmYytMlNa
EdlFM.
B. kMNt;KuNPaBTwk
eyIgRtUvBinitTwkkgbnb;BiesaFn_. KuNPaBTwkRtUvsmRsbCamYybNa
tMrvU karkMNt;. TwkedIm,Ilayebtug RtUv)anrMedaHeGayGs;FatuminsMxan;/
FatuCUr/ Fatuxaj;.
ebITwkminbMeBj)ansMNUmBrbeckeTs KWeyIgRtUvBinitdl; lTPaBeRcaH
Twk.
C. eRCIserIsbNaypg;pg;Twk
erobcMbNajbMBg;Twk CaFmtaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;tamtaragbIxageRkamenH

147
1. DIya:RkambiTCit EtgRtUv)anerobcM enAtMbn;rbs;enArbs;buKlki
kmkr/ dUcenHnigFana)anTwkmanRKb;eBl rUbPaB 8>1.
rUbPaB 8>1
2. DIya:RkamExVg EtgRtUv)anerobcMenAelIkardan eRBaHExS
KWxIbMput nig tMlefakbMput rUbPaB 8>3.
rUbPaB 8>2
3. DIya:Rkamsmas ExSbiTCitbMerIkEngeRbIR)as;sMxan;
cMENkExSExVg nigbMerI bNakEngeRbIR)as;rg rUbPaB 8>3.
rUbPaB 8>3

148
D. KNnabMBg;
kMNt;bMBg; RtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmn
4.Q.1000 Q
D= = 63.2 (mm)
.v .v
eday
D - Ggt;pitbMBg; (mm),
Q - brimaNTwkRtUvkarsrub (l/s),
v - el,nrbs;TwkenAkgbMBg;/ v =0.8 2m/s/
1000 - tMlbrBI Em:RtKUbeTA lIRt.
elIkardan/ eKEtgeRbIbMBg;Edk/ minkb;eRCA.

149
CMBUkTI 10
erobcMpt;pg;nigXaMgsMPar
1. kargarpt;pg;sMPar
A. RtUvFanapt;pg;bNasMParsMNg; nig brikarcaM)ac;eGaykargar
Gnuvtn_dMeNIrkarsagsg;)andak;ecj/ ya:gNaeGay
1. RKb;cMnYn/
2. cMKuNPaB/ nig
3. Tan;eBlevla.
B. bNaParsMxan; rbs;Epkpt;pg;KW
1. dak; nig TTYlsMPar dUcCasMParsMNg;/ sMParBak;kNal
sMerc/ eRKag/ brikarGnuvtn_/ >>> rYmmanbNaEpkCak;Esg
dUcxageRkam
a) begItEpnkar/
b) plf; vikar/
c) cuHkicsna ykcitTukdak;RtYtBinit nig tamdankargar
Gnuvtn_/
d) EbgEckvtFatuedImeGaykEngTTYlEkc/
e) TUTat;CamYynigbNasabnpt;pg;/
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn erobcMpt;pgn; igXaMgsMPar

150
f) dwgBIsMParmankgXaMg/ ebIvaminRtUvkarsMrab;kardaneTot
KWGac RtUv)anlk; b edaHdUeGaysabnepSg.
2. dwkCBansMPar
a) tamdankargardwkCBanelIkMNat;pvcracr.
b) TTYlTMnijenAcMeNatrfyn nig XaMgkardan.
3. Tukdak;/ EfTaM nig EckcayTMnijeGayEpksagsg;
a) bBalbeBaj/ EfTaM RtUvkt;TukkgbBaIeGayc,as;las;
b) EckcayeGayEpksagsg;
2. erobcMXaMgdak;sMPar
A. RbePTXaMg
1. XaMgkNal erobcMenAkEngRtUvkarelIkdak;sMPar BImeFa)ay
dwkCBanenH eTA meFa)ay dwkCBanepSgeTot dUcCa BIpvTwk b BIpvEdk
eTApvrfyn. sMParsitenAkgXaMg EtmYyryeBlxI RbmaNBIbIf.
2. XaMgem Gacdak;enAkg b eRkAkardan ebICakardanenAkEngcegt dUcCa
sMNg;enAtMbn;]sSahkm b kgTIRkugFM . enHCakEngTukdak;;/ EfTaMsMPar
b eRKagsMNg; edIm,Ipt;pge; GaysMNg;TaMgmUl.
3. XaMgtMbn; RtUv)andak;enAtMbn;NamYyenaH rbs;kardan nig pkEtRbePT
sMParEdlenAXaMgsMNag;minGacEfTaM)an. XaMgenH dak;RbePTsMPar
EdlRtUveRbIeGaytMbn;mYyrbs;sMNg; nig GaceCosvag)an \TiBlrbs;
briyakas dUcCa sIum:g;/ brikarGKIsnI nig bNaRbePTsMParsMxan;epSg.

151
4. XaMgsMNg; EtgCavaldak;enAkNalval/ enACitbegIysMNg;kMBgu
sagsg;/ dak;bNasMParminrg\TiBlrbs;briyakas dUcCa xSac;/ f/
RkYs/ \d/ ek,g/ )a:ENl.
5. XaMgrbs;eragEkc dak;enACiteragCag/ KWCakEngTukdak;bNavtFatuedIm
nig RBmCamYyenaH kCakEngEfTaMsMParrbs;eragenaHeTot.
B. tYnaTIrbs;XaMg
1. TTYlsMPar nig eRKagsMNg;
2. Tukdak; nig EfTaM/
3. vicxb;sMPar/
4. EckcayeGayEpksagsg; b kEngTTYleRbIR)as;sMParepSg/
5. eFIVkMeragkMriteRbIR)as;vtFatuedIm.
C. kMNt;brimaNsMParbRmug
sMParbRmug KWedIm,IFanapt;pg;eGaykargarsagsg;)anCab;lab;. KYrRbytfa
brimaNsMParbRmug minRtUvFMeBk eRBaHebIdUcenH nigeFIVeGayfivikacMNay
rgkarxatbg; CH\TiBldl;skmPaBesdkicrbs;sabnsagsg;.
brimaNsMParbRmugRtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmnxageRkam
Q = q.T
kgenaHeyIgman
q - brimaNsMPareRbIR)as;RbcaMf RtUv)anKit Ca m3
b etan/ ehIyRtUv)anKNnatamrUbmn
q = k.Q / ti

152
kgenaH
Q - brimaNsMParsrub m3/ etan RtUv)aneRbIR)as;
kgmYyryeBlrbs;EpnkarN_/
ti - ryeBleRbIR)as;sMPar f/
k - emKuNeRbIR)as;kMNt;tamRbtiTinkargar/
T - ryeBlpt ;pg;sMPar/ RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmn
T = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t5
kgenaH
t1 - ryeBlrvagTTYlsMParTaMgBIrdg/
t2 - ryeBldwkCBan sMParBIXaMgdl;kardan/
t3 - ryeBlxb; nig TTYlsMParenAkardan/
t4 - ryeBlBiesaFn_/ dak;tamRbePT nig eRtomsMPar
EdlEckcay/
t5 - ryeBlbRmugGb,brmaedIm,IkarBarkarrGak;rGYl
eFIVeGaykargarpt;pg;sMPardl;XaMgmin)anbn
bnab; EdlmankgtaragxageRkamenH
meFa)aydwkCBan
l>r briyaysMPar pvrfyn
pvEdk
< 10 km 10 50 km
1 Edk/ bMBg;/ srsEdk/ eQI 25 30 10 15 20
2 sIum:g;t_/ kMe)ar/ faM/ kBak;/ Rkdas/ Rkdasxat; 20 25 7 10 10 15
3 \d/ f/ RkYs/ xSac; 15 20 58 8 12

153
D. KNnaRkLapXaMg
ehA F CaRkLapEdlmansarRbeyaCn_ eRbIR)as; - dak;EtsMPar/
minniyaydl;pvedIreTAmkkgXaMg RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmn
F=Q/q
kgenaH
Q brimaNsMPardak;kgXaMg/
-
2
q - brimaNsMPardak;kg m .
ehA S CaRkLapXaMg niyayTaMgpvedIreTAmk RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmn

S = .F
kgenaH
emKuNeRbIR)as;TIFarbs;XaMg = 1.1 1.7/
-
eRkayeBlKNna)anRkLaprbs;XaMg/ eKRtUvkMNt;RbEvg nig TTwgXaMg

elITIFasagsg;.
RbEvgXaMg L RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmnxageRkam
L = n.l + l1 (n-1)
kgenaH
n cMnYnrfyndwk elIkdak;sMParkgeBlEtmYy/
-
l - RbEvgrbs;ExSrfyndwksMPar (m) /
l - KMlatrvagExSrfyn (m) . CamYynigpvEdkyk

1
CarYmKW 1m cMENkpvryn eyIgyk l = 1.5

1
2.5 m.
cMENkTTwgXaMgEtgyk BI (6-10m).

154
CMBUkTI 11
erobcMCMrkbeNaHGasnenAkardan
1. niymny
A. enAkardan/ eKEbgEckCMrksak;enAbeNaHGasnCaBIrRbePT
1. CMrkplitkm eyIgEtgCYbRbTHCajwkjab; bNaCMrkbeNaHGasn
bMerIplitkm sagsg; KWCa XaMg/ eragCagkc eQI/ Edk
kEnglayebtug >>>. enAkardanFM eyIgenACYbCMrkplitkm
beNaHGasn bMerIeGaysagsg;dUcCa sanIy_ynkm/ kara:s;/
bnb;BiesaFn_.
2. CMrkbuKlik CMrkeFIVkargarrbs;nayk/ bnb;RbCMu nig bnb;BiPakSa kargar
bMerIkargarEktRmUv nig RKb;RKgkargarsagsg;.
CMrkTaMgBIrRbePTxagelIRtUv)anerobcMkgtMbn;sagsg;enAkardan.
sMKal;
eRkABIBIrRbePTxagelI/ enAkardan/ edIm,Ikargarsagsg;
dMeNIrkar)anl/ eKenARtUvBinitdl;CMrksak;enA dUcCa
CMrkrYm/ CMrkRKYsar/ CMrkePJov nig CMrkbMerICIvitrs;enA/
vb,FmeGaybuKlikkmkrenA kardan CMrkbriePaK/ CMrkekg/
CMrkBa)alCMgW/ CMrkCMnYb/ kib>>>. RbePTCMrkenH RtUv)an
sg;enAtMbn;rs;enArbs; buKlikkmkr/ EckeGaydac;
CamYytMbn;sagsg;enAkardan.
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn erobcMCMrkbeNaHGasnenAkardan

155
EpktUcmYynCMrkbeNaHGasnbMerIkargarepSg dUcCa
CMrkTTYlTanfRtg;/ sMrakfRtg;/ sf >>> RbePTCMrkenH
RtUv)ansg;kgtMbn;sagsg; enAkardan/ taMgenArvagtMbn;
plitkm nig tMbn;RKb;RKg.
B. cMNaysagsg;CMrkbeNaHGasn bMerIkargarsagsg;enAkardan )an
GnuBaatiyk 2>8 nedImTundMbUg.
C. bNadMeNaHRsaybegItcMNayelICMrkbeNaHGasn bnyeGayman
kMrti TabbMput b:uEnenAEtFanaeFIVkargar nig CIvitrs;enArbs;buKlikkmkr
)anlKW
1. eRbIR)as;bNaCMrkcas; sitkgPUmisaRskardansagsg;.
2. RbwgERbgsagsg;elOn CMrkGciRn kgParsagsg; edIm,IeFIVCMrk

RKb;RKg.
3. eRbIR)as;CMrkgayRsYlruserI nig RsYlclt.
D. CMrkbeNaHGasntUctacepSg dUcCa b:us_yam/ bnb;Twk/ >>>.

enAkgtMbn;sagsg; RtUv)anKiteTAcMNaybEnmsMNg;.
2. kMNt;cMnYnmnusSenAkardan nig tMrUvkarCMrkbeNaHGasn
A. kMNt;cMnYnmnusSenAkardan eKEckbuKlikkmkrelIkardan CaR)aMRkumdUc
xageRkamenH
Rkum A kmkrsMNg;mUldan
Rkum B kmkreFIVkargarenAbNaeragCagplitkm

156
Rkum C buKlki beckeTs
Rkum D buKlki RKb;RKg
Rkum E kmkr/ buKlikbMerI karbriePaK/ suxmalPaB >>>
1. Rkum A kmkrsMNg;mUldanRtUv)ankMNt;tamtaragBlkm enAtarag
RbtiTinkargarsagsg;/ KNnaedaycMnYnGtibrma nig ryeBlsagsg;
yUrbMput.
2. Rkum B kmkreFIVkargarenAbNaeragCagplitkm kMNt;tamrUbmn
B = m.A / 100
eyIgGacyk m = 20 - 30 cMeBaHsMNg;]sSahkmRbePTtUctac/
RbePTlm nig sMNg;sIuvil/ m = 30 - 50 cMeBaHsMNg;]sSahkmFM.
3. Rkum C buKlki beckeTs kMNt;tamrUbmn
C = 4 8% (A + B)
4. Rkum D buKlki RKb;RKg kMNt;tamrUbmn
D = 5 6% (A + B)
5. Rkum E kmkr/ buKlikbMerI karbriePaK/ suxmalPaB >>> kMNt;tam
rUbmn E = p.(A +B+C+D) / 100
cMeBaHCMrkbeNaHGasntUc < 100 nak; eyIgyk p = 510/ cMeBaH

bNaCMrkbeNaHGasnTMhMmFm 100 500 nak; eyIgyk p = 1015/
cMeBaHCMrkbeNaHGasnFM > 500 nak; eyIgyk p = 1520.
ebIyksmamaRtGkmanCMgWCamFm 2% nig sMuc,ab;sMrakRbcaMqaM 4%
enaHKW cMnYybuKlikkmkrelIkardannwg)ankMNt;edayrUbmn
G = 1,06.(A + B+C+D+E)

157
ebIniyaydl;emKuNRKYsarKW cMnYnmnusSelIkardanRtUvkMNt;tamrUbmn
N = (1.5 + 2) G
B. tMrUvkarCMrkbeNaHGasnenAkardan dwgcMnYnmnusSelIkardan N nig G

eKEpkelIbNabTdanRkLap nig karrs;enA/ sil, eFIVeGayeyIgKNna)an
tMrvU karCMrkbeNaHGasnelIkardan.
bTdanpRkLarbs;CMrkbeNaHGasnmYycMnYn
l>r RbePTCMrk kta bTdan
! CMrkrYm m2 nak; 4,00
@ CMrkeGaybuKlik m2 nak; 6,00
# CMrkeFIVkargarrbs;buKlik m2 nak; 4,00
$ CMrkeFIVkargarrbs;fak;dwknaM m2 nak; 16,00
% CMrkGaharrYmkmkrplitkm kEng !00 nak; 40 50
^ CMrkEfrkSaekg kEng !000 nak; 20 30
& mnIreBT kEng !000 nak; 8 10
* kib kEng !00 nak; 40 50
( bnb;Twk m2 @0 nak; 2,4 2,5
!0 bnb;Gnamy m2 @0 nak; 2 2,5
!! bnb;pas;brsMelokbMBak; m2 #0 nak; 0,4 0,5

158
CMBUkTI 12
kar)a:n;sancMNay
cMNayEdlTak;TgCamYykargarsMNg;
bNacMNayrbs;kargarsagsg;mYyEdlmas;sMNg; (owner) RtUvcMNayrYmman
karcMNayTundMbUg (the initial capital cost) nig cMNayeRbIR)as; eRkaybBab;sagsg;
nig cMNaykargarEfTaM (the subsequent operation and maintenance costs).
karcMNayTun (The capital cost) sMrab;KMeragsagsg; (construction project) mYy
rYmman ral;karcMNayEdlTak;Tgdl;karbegItdMbUgrbs;kargar (the expenses related
to the initial establishment of the facility)
dIEdl)anmk (Land acquisition)

sikSaEpnkar nig lTPaBGnuvtn_ (Planning and feasibility studies)
KMeragbg;sabtkm nig visVkm (Architectural and engineering design)
sagsg;/ rYmmanTMag sMPar/ brikar nig Blkm (Construction, including
materials, equipment and labor)
RKb;RKgkardansMNg; (Field supervision of construction)

hirBab,Tansagsg; (Construction financing)
Fanara:b;rg nig Bn kgryeBlsagsg; (Insurance and taxes during construction)
kariyalyrbs;massMNg;; (Owner's general office)
brikar nig sgarwm minrab;bBalkgkarsagsg; (Equipment and furnishings not
included in construction)
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn kar)a:n;sancMNaysMNg;

159
GFikardan nig BiesaFn_ (Inspection and testing )
cMNayeRbIR)as; nig kargarEfTaM (The operation and maintenance cost)
eRkayeBldak;eGayeRbIR)as; rYmmandUcxageRkam
CYldI/ ebIman (Land rent, if applicable)
buKlikbMerIkargar (Operating staff)

Blkm nig sMPar sMrab;kargarEfTaM nig CYsCul (Labor and material for
maintenance and repairs)
EksMrYlfIE dlmanCaerIy (Periodic renovations)

Fanara:b;rg nig Bn (Insurance and taxes)
cMNayhirBab,Tan (Financing costs)
rbs;rbrepSg (Utilities)
bNakarcMNayepSgrbs;mas;KMerag (Owner's other expenses)
TMhMnsmasPaBtMlnimYy GaRsyelI sanPaBTUeTA/ TMhM nig TItaMg (depends on the
nature, size and location) rbs;KMerag. mas;KMeragKYrcab;GarmN_dl;karsMerc
nUvlTPaBcMNayelIKMeragTaMgmUl eGaymantMlTabbMput EdlsmRsbCamYy

vtbMNgvinieyaKrbs;kargarsagsg;TaMgenaH.
vaCakarsMxan;Nas;sMrab;GkeFIVKMeragGaCIB (design professionals) nig GkRKb;RKg sMNg;
(construction managers) edIm,IeFIVeGaysMercfa eBlEdltMlsMNg;NamYy
GacCasmasPaBmYyFMbMputnkarcMNayTun rIsmasPaBnkarcMNayepSgeTot
k_sMxan;Edr.
BITsSnvisyrbs;mas;vinieyaK (From the owner's perspective), vamansarsMxan; dUcKa
kgkar)a:n;sancMNayeRbIR)as; nig EfTaM (the corresponding operation and maintenance

160
cost) eTAnigkareRCIserIsnimYy elIkargarEdlRtUvesI. karcMNayFM (The large
expenditures) mYyeTotEdlRtUvkar KWkargarEfTaM/ CaBiesssMrab;

ehdarcnasm<nsaFarNrbs;pgeyIg/ ehIykCakarrMlwknUvkareFVsRbEhsEdlman
kngmk edIm,IeFIVkarBicarNaeGayc,as; elITMnak;TMngntMleRbIR)as; nig karEfTaM
enAdMNak;kalsikSaKMerag.
kgfvikasMNg; (construction budgets) mYycMnYnFM/ mankarGnuBaatimYysMrab;tMl Gnimit
dMeNIrEdlrkehtuCaerOgkMNt;Kan b edaycdn (contingencies or unexpected costs)
kgeBlsagsg;. brimaNGnimit (contingency amount) enH
GacRtUvbBalkgeQaHcMNay (cost item) b RtUv)anrYmbBalkgEpkmYyrbs;
sMNg;Gnimit. brimaNGnimit (The amount of contingency) RtUv)anEpkelI bTBiesaFn_
(historical experience) nig PaBsKsajEdlGacnwg ekIteLIg (the expected difficulty)
rbs;KMeragsagsg;. Ca]TahrN_/ kardansMNg; mYyeFIVkar)a:n;sancMNayenA

R)aMtMbn;epSgKa.
KMeragGPivDn_pas;br (Design development changes)
RbtiTinkargarmankarEksMrYl (Schedule adjustments)
cMNat;karrYmpas;br (General administration changes)
lkxNkardanedayELk EdlGacnigekIteLIgenaH (Differing site conditions for
those expected) nig
kasniymkgeBlsagsg; (Third party requirements imposed during
construction).

161
RbePT)a:n;santMlsagsg;
)a:n;tMlsagsg; (Construction cost estimates) GacemIlBITsSnvisyepSgKa
BIeRBaHesckIRtUvkarepSgKa. RbrPT)a:n;tMl CaeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enA
dMNak;kalepSgKarbs;KMerag/ )a:n;tMlCakarlGacEbgEckCa bIRbePTsMxan;
tamtYnaTInimYyrbs;BYkva. )a:n;tMlsagsg;bMerIeGaymYy kgcMeNambIkta
mUldan KMeragbg; design/ dak;tMl (bid) nig RtYtBinit (control).
1. )a:n;sanKMeragbg; Design Estimates sMrab;mas; b GkeFIV KMeragbg;GaCIB
(For the owner or its designated design professionals),
RbePTn)a:n;tMlrt;RsbCamYy EpnkarN_ (planning) nig KMeragbg; (design)
dUcxageRkam
o )a:n;sanedaykarbgaj b karerobcMTMhM)a:n;RbmaN Screening estimates
(or order of magnitude estimates)
o kar)a:n;sanbzm b kar)a:n;santamkMNt; Preliminary estimates (or

conceptual estimates)
o kar)a:n;sanlMGit b kar)a:n;sanseRmc Detailed estimates (or definitive

estimates)
o kar)a:n;sanbeckeTs EpkelI KMeragbg; nig sMraybBaak;beckeTs

(Engineer's estimates based on plans and specifications).
2. kar)a:n;sandak;tMl Bid Estimates sMrab;Gkem:Akar (for contractor),

kar)a:nsandak;tMl (bid estimate) RtUv)andak;CUnmas;sMNg;NamYy edIm,I
RbKYtRbECgkaredjf (for competitive bidding) EdlniyayTaMg
karRKb;RKgkardan (field supervision), bUkCamYynigkartemIgtMl edIm,IRKb;RKg
cMNaysrub (general overhead) nig R)ak;cMeNj (profits). tMlpal;rbs;sMNg;

162
cMeBaHkar)a:n;sandak;tMlCaerIy RtUv)anmkBIRbPB
nkarpSMrbs;smasPaBdUcxageRkam
o kardak;tMlrbs;Gkem:Akarrg (Subcontractor quotations)
o brimaNcMlg (Quantity takeoffs)
o TRmugkarsMNg; (Construction procedures)
3. kar)a:n;sanRtYtBinit Control Estimates sMrab;tamdanKMeragkg
kMLgeBlsagsg; (For monitoring the project during construction)
karbegItkar)a:n;sanRtYtBint RtUv)anRbPBmkBIBtmanEdlman (available
information) dUcxageRkam
o kar)a:n;sanfvikasMrab;hirBab,Tan (Budget estimate for financing)

o karcMNayfvikaeRkayeBlcuHkicsna b:uEnmuneFIVkarsagsg; (Budgeted
cost after contracting but prior to construction)
o fvikacMNayrhUtdl;bBab;kgkMLgeBldMeNIrkarsagsg; (Estimated cost

to completion during the progress of construction) .
kar)a:n;sanKMeragbg; Design Estimates

enAdMNak;kaleFIVEpnkaN_ (planning) nig KMeragbg; (design) rbs;KMerag/
kar)a:n;sanKMeragbg;nimYy (various design estimates) CH\TiBldl;dMeNIrkar
rbs;KMeragbg;. enAdMNak;kalRbjab;/ )a:n;sanedaykarbgaj b karerobcMTMhM )a:n;san
(screening estimate or order of magnitude estimate) EtgeFIVmuneBl kargarenaH
bBab;KMeragbg;/ nig eCOCak;elITinnytMlrbs;kargar RsedogKaEdl

)ansagsg;kngmk. kar)a:n;sanbzm b kar)a:n;santamkMNt; (preliminary estimate or
conceptual estimate) KWEpkelIeKalKMnitKMeragbg; enAeBlEdlbeckeTs

163
dMbUgsMrab;KMeragbg;RtUv)anTTYlsal;. )a:n;sanlMGit b kar)a:n;sanseRmc (detailed
estimate or definitive estimate) RtUv)anbegIt eBlkargar)ansMercc,as;las; nig
KMeragbg;lMGitkMBg;dMeNIrkar dUcenHcMNucsMxan;rbs;kargarsagssg;GacTTYl
sal;)an. kar)a:n;sanbeckeTs (engineer's estimate) KWEpkelIbg; nig
sMraybBaak;beckeTs (plans and specifications) )anbBab;saBr ehIyeBlEdlBYkva
manlkNRKb;RKan;eGaymas;sMNg; viPaKkardak;fBIbNaGkemA:karsMNg;. kg
kareobcMcat;Ecg)a:n;tMlenH/ GkelIkKMeragGaCIB nig dak;bBalbrimaNEdlCaTI
TukcitsMrab;cMNaysrub nig R)ak;cMeNjrbs;GkemA:kar (contractors' overhead and
profits).
Ca]TahrN_mYy BinittMl)a:n;sansMrab;sMeNIsg;s<anmYykat;TTwgTenmYy.
kar)a:n;sanedaykarbgaj (screening estimate) RtUv)aneFIVsMrab;ral;CMerIsskanuPUt
minTan;eXIjCak;Esg dUcCa s<anekag b s<ancegIr. kgeBlRbePTs<an
RtUv)aneRCIserIs/ ]TahrN_ lMnaM]sSahkmRtUv)aneRCIserIss<ankMeNag CMnYseGay
TMrg;s<anfImYy/ )a:n;sanbzm (preliminary estimate) RtUv)anbegItelI
mUldannviFIbkRsayKMrURBagrbs;TMrg;s<anEdl)aneRCIserIs elImUldanKMeragdMbUg b
tamkMNt;. )a:n;sanlMGit (detailed estimate) RtUv)aneFIVelImUldan
kargar)ankMNt;c,as;las;rbs;KMerag. enAeBlbg;lMGit nig sMraybBaak;
beckeTsRtUv)anbBab;/ )a:n;sanbeckeTs GacRtUv)anbegItelImUldan lMdab;erog nig
brimaNrbs;kargar (items and quantities of work).
kar)a:n;sandak;tMl Bid Estimates
kar)a:n;sandak;tMlrbs;GkemA:karCaerIy bgajnUvectnarbs;GkemA:kar edIm,IrkSa
suvtiPaBkargar dUceTAnig)a:n;sancMNayGaRsybMerIbMras;rbs;kargar. GkemA:kar
mYycMnYneFIVkar)a:ns; anl kgeBlGkemA:karxHmineFIV. manEtGkedjfTabeT
nwgkayCaGkQHkicsnakgkarRbECgdak;tMl/ karxMRbwgERbgcMNaykMlaMgsMrab;

164
kar)a:n;sandak;tMl CakarcMNaykMlaMg\tRbeyaCn_ dl;GkemA:karEdlminEmnCa
GkTTYleCaKCykgkardak;tMl. dUcenH GkemA:karKYrdak;tMlTabbMputEdlGac
sMrab;eFIVtMl)a:nsan ebIeCOCak;fa kaseCaKCykgkaredjfminx<s;.
ebIGk emA:karbRmugeRbIR)as;GkemA:karrg (subcontractors) kgkargarsagsg;/
vaGacRbmUltMldak;edjfBIbNaGkemA:karrg. dUcenH GkemA:karrg TTYlPar
)a:n;santMlbnBIGkemA:kar. ebIral; b EpkmYyrbs;sMNg;RtUv siteRkamGkemA:kar/
kar)a:n;sandak;tMl GacerobcMelImUldanbrimaNcMlgecjBIbg;Edl)anpl;eday
mas;KMerag b elImUldanTRmugkarsMNg; Edl)anbegIteLIg edayGkemA:karsMrab;
karRbtibtiKMerag.
kar)a:n;sanRtYtBinit Control Estimates
TaMgmas;TaMgGkemA:karRtUvyl;RBmeKalkarN_NamYy sMrab;karRtYtBinittMlkg
kMLgeBlsagsg;. cMeBaHmas;/ kar)a:n;sanCafvikaRtUv)anyl;RBmeGayTan;eBl
edIm,IbegItEpnkarN_hirBab,TanmanryeBlEvg. dUcenH/ kar)a:n;sanlMGit
Cajwkjab;RtUv)aneRbI dUc)a:n;tMlCafvika enAeBlEdlvaRKb;lkNpl;eGayKMerag vij
nig manCaeRscnUvryeBlEvg munkar)a:n;sanbeckeTs. kgeBlkargar dMeNIrkar/
karcMNayEdllTuk RtUvBiniteLIgvij edIm,IkMNt;eBlpl;mkvij
nUvtMl)a:n;sanrhUtdl;bBab;.
cMeBaHGkemA:kar (For the contractor)/ )a:n;sandak;tMl CaFmtaRtUv)ancat;TukdUc
)a:n;sanCafvikar/ EdlnwgRtUveRbIsMrab;RtYtBinitTisedAGnuvtn_ dUcKanigerobcM
EpnkarN_hirBab,TansMNg;. karcMNayEdllTuk KYrRtUv)aneFIVeGayRbesIrpgEdr
edIm,ITTYl)anvijnUvtMl)a:n;sanrhUtdl;bBab; kdUcCaFanafvikarsmlmsMrab;
karbBab;rbs;KMerag.

165
CMBUkTI 13
ryeBl nig tMl
kgdMeNIrkarRKb;RKgsMNg;
1. lkNTUeTA
bnyryeBlsagsg; edIm,InaMsMNg;dak;eGayeRbIR)as; KWCabBaaya:gsMxan;cMeBaH
sMNg;. sBVf enARBHraCaNacRkeyIg/ sMNg;CaeRcIn ]sSahkm nig sIuvil/
RtUvkarbBab;qab;rhs edIm,ITTYlplmkvij .
cMeBaHGkerobcM/ RKb;RKg cg;bnyryeBlsagsg; RtUvykcitTukdak;CamYynig
ktaesdkic - beckeTs rbs;sMNg;/ kgenaH ktaBIrsMxan;eTotedIrTnwmKaKW
ryeBl nig tMl BiessTaMgkgkarbegItEpnkar nig cglbgajdMeNIrkar
sagsg;.
kgkarbegItEpnkar nig cglbgajsagsg;/ ktaryeBl nig tMl edIrCamYyKa
ya:gsitrmYt.
tMlsMNg; KWbgajedayrUbIvt rbs;bNacMNay Blkmrs; nig Blkm)at;bg;
rbs;mUldanplitkm kglMnaMbegIteGayecjplitpl.
tMlKWCa karcMNaysrubmYy TTYl)anmkBIkMritcMeNHdwgRKb;RKg/ Epnkar nIykm/
RKb;RKgbeckeTs nig plitPaBBlkm. BiR)akdNas;BIehtuplxaelI/
cab;taMgBIkarbegItEpnkar/ eyIgRtUvkaredaHRsaylcMNgTak;Tgrvag ryeBl
plitkm nig cMNayplitkm.
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn ryeBlnigtMl

166
bBaaEdlEtgRtUv)anykcitTukdak;KW bnyryeBlsagsg;sMNg;/ ehIyva
RKan;EtmanGtny eBlpSarPab;CamYynigtMrUvkar eFIVya:gNaedIm,I karekIn cMNay
edaybnyryeBlKWxIbMput. enHCacMeNaT edaHRsayya:gssaj
eRBaHRtUveRbobeFobCamYyvIFIsaRsEdlGacbnyryeBlCaeRcIn. bcb,nenH/
edayedayviFIsaRselx eyIgGacmanlTPaBeRcInKNnadUcCa DIya:Rkam
bNaj.
2. ryeBl nig tMl
cMNgTak;TgrvagryeBl nig tMl rbs;kargar (i-j) GacbgajtamRkhiVk
xageRkam rUbPaB 0!.
C tMl
cMNucEdnkMNt;
ExSekagRTwsI C nig t
CA A
ykRbhak;RbEhlCabnat;
CB B
cMNucFmta
ryeBl t
tA tA
rUbPaB 0!
BIRkahiVkxagelI eyIgeXIjfa
ebIkargarGnuvtkg lkxNFmta cMNuc B KWtMlGb,brma.
ebIbnyryeBlsagsg;nigRtUvekInEfmcMNay b:uEndl;kMrti EdnkMNt;

cMNuc A enaHeTaHCabegInEfmcMNay enAEtminbny)anryeBl
eTAeTot edayehtuplbeckeTs.

167
ebItamcMNucFmta B enaH karGUsbnayeBlevla kRtUveFIVeGay
ekIncMNay.
kgviFIsaRsDIya:RkambNaj/ eyIg)ankMNt; ryeBlGnuvtkargarnimYy (i-j) KW
(tij). dUcenH/ ryeBlenH KWCacMnYnefr. eBlRtUvkarbnyryeBl
enaHryeBlGnuvtkargarmYycMnYn kayCabMErbMrYlkraC RtUv)ankMNt;kg
ryeBl
t A t ij t B
kgenaH
tA
ryeBlGb,brmaGnuvtkargar i-j.
tB ryeBlGtibrmaGnuvtkargar i-j/ enAehAfaryeBl
FmtaGnuvtkargar i-j.
CamYyryeBlenH/ kargarRtUv)anGnuvtkgbNalkxNFmta nig
cMNayGb,brma.
emKuNtMl
eBlbnyryeBl enaHcMNay nig tMlekInEfm karekIntMl eBlbny
mYyktaryeBl rbs;kargarRtUv)anehAfa emKuNtMl.
BIrUbPaB 0! eyIgGackMNt;)an hc
CA CB $
Fc =
TB TA Time
emKuNtMlbgaj tMl EdleyIgRtUvsgeBlbnyryeBlGnuvtkargar.

tMlrbs;emKuNenH manxwmsarsMxan;kgkareRCIserIskargarNa RtUvbny
ryeBlxI ryeBlEdltMl TabbMput.
3. cMNaypal; nig cMNayminpal;kgsMNg;
168
minfamYysMNg;NaminkMNt; sIuvil b ]sSahkm/ tMlsrubrbs;sMNg;
rYmmanBIrEpk
- cMNaypal;
- cMNayminpal;
kMNt;tMlKMeragsagsg;sMNg;KWkMNt;RbePTcMNayTaMgBIrxagelI EdlcMNuc
BiessRbePTnimYy man\TiBledayELk dl;bBaarbs;BYkeyIg.
xageRkamenH eyIgBiniteGayc,as; tamRbePTmYy.
cMNayminpal;
tameKalnarN_ KNeny (Cost Accounting) cMNayminpal;rbs;sMNg;mYy
rYmman
- cMNayfak;dwknaM/ RKb;RKgrd)al.
- cMNayCYsCulsMNg;/ xUcxatFnFan.
cMNayminpal;ekIntamryeBlsagsg;. ebIcMNayminpal; RKan;EteRbIkargar
rd)al dUcCa fak;dwknaM/ Rkb;RKg/ RtYtBinit/ >>> enaHvaRtUvbgajedaybnat;
mYy. ebIbUkEfmcMNay)atbg;/ xUcxatFnFan/ CYsCulsMNg; enaHvaCa ExSekag.
cMNaypal;
tameKalkarN_KNeny (Cost Accounting) cMNaypal;rbs;sMNg;mYyrYmman
- TijsMPar/ brikarsagsg; .
- cMNayCYleRKOgcRk.
- cMNayR)ak;ebovtSsMrab;kmkr.

169
C tMl
cMNayminpal;srub
cMNayeday)at;bg;/ xUcxat/ CYsCul
cMNayrd)al
ryeBl t
rUbPaB 0@ RkahiVkcMNayminpal;
py nig cMNayminpal;/ cMNaypal;ekIneBlryeBlbny nig ryeBlhYsput

EdnkMNt; rbs;ryeBlFmta enaHcMNaypal;kekIn eBlryeBlekIn.
RkahiVkcMNaypal; KWExSekagdWeRkTIBIr manGtibrmaRtg;cMNucFmta. kgkargar
Cak;Esg EtgmanTinnyminRKb;RKan;/ dUcenHExSekagbgajcMNgTak;TgryeBl
nig EtgykRbhak;RbEhl KWCabnat;Rtg;mYy.
eyIgnwgman
Cij = hcij .t ij + bij
emKuN hcij man\TiBldl;lTplrbs;bBaa.

bij bgajcMnYncMNayefr minman\TiBlkgeBledaHRsaybBaaenH.

170
C tMl
D(tA , max)
D(tA , c A ) D(tB , c B )
C(ti , c i )
ryeBl t
tA ti tB
rUbPaB 0# RkahiVkcMNaypal;
BIbNaGnuKmn_rbs;kargar C eyIgGac)anGnuKmn_ tMlTaMgmUlrbs;KMerag
ij C
rUbPaB 0#.
GnuKmn_tMlTaMgmUlrbs;KMeragRtUv)anbgajeday
( )
C = C ij = f t ij .t ij + bij = min!
B: tMlGb,brmaCamYyryeBlFmta t B
A: tMlGb,brmaCamYyryeBlGb,brma t A
C: tMlGb,brmaCamYyryeBl t i
D: tMlGtibrmaCamYyryeBlGb,brma t A
t :
B ryeBlGnuvtKMeragkglkxNFmta
t :
A ryeBlGb,brmaGnuvtKMerag.
ebIkgDIya:RkambNaj kargarTaMgGs; suTEtGnuvtFmta enaHminmanbBaaeLIy/
eRBaHRKan;EtmanlTpl sMrab;tMlKMeragTaMgmUl cMNuc B elIrUbPaB 0#.
b:uEneyIgbnbnyryeBlGnuvtKMeragTaMgmUl enaHCaTUeTARtUvbnyryeBl
kargarmYycMnYn ehIynwgmanviFIeRCIserIsCaeRcIn EdleyIgGacbny)an/ edIm,I
171
FanaeBlevlakMNt; t . tMlKMerag (C) rbs;viFIenH CamYytMl (t ) dktMl (t )
i i B
smmUlCamYydMeNaHRsayFmta knwgxusKaGaRsy eyIgeRCIserIskargar Na

edIm,IbnyryeBl.
ebIenAryeBlnimYy (t ) t = 1, 2...k eyIgrk)antMlGb,brma rbs;tMlKMerag
i
TaMgmUl enaHTMnak;TMng tMl nig ryeBlKWlbMput nig eyIgGacyk

Rbhak;RbEhleGaysmRsb emIlExSekag BA elIrUbPaB 0#.
GacnaMeTAcMeNaTrkRbesIrdUcxageRkam
begItGb,brmaGnuKmn_TisedA
f (c ) = (hij .t ij + bij ) = min!
ij
CamYlkxN t t t
A ij B
enHCacMeNaTEpnkarQanmuxmYy man)a:ra:Em:Rt (t). edaHRsaylMhat;enH

eyIgnigrk)anbNatMl (t ) eFIVeGayGnuKmn_TisedAsMercGb,brma/
ij
mannyfatMlKMeragTaMgmUlGb,brma. lTplKNna eGayeyIgkUGredaen rbs;

cMNuc C(t , C ) elIbnat;tMl nig TinnyedIm,IKNna ryeBlTaMgGs; CamYy
i i
ryeBlkMNt;mun (t ). i
tMlKMeragsrub
eRkayeBlkMNt;)an cMNaypal;srub nig cMNayminpal;/ eyIgGackMNt;)an
tMlKMeragTaMgmUl.

172
C
tMlKMerag
Cmin
cMNayminpal;
cMNaypal;
t
t EdnkMNt; t Gb,brma t Fmta ryeBl
rUbPaB 0$ RkahiVkcMNayKMragsrub
eKalbMNgrbs;karviPaK tMl nig ryeBlKWeTArktMlmYyEdltUcbMput (C ) min
rbs;KMeragsmmUlCamYy ryeBlEdllRbesIrbMput. eBl)ankMNt;)an

DIya:Rkam tMlsrubrbs;KMerag/ enaHbBaarkryeBllsmmUlCamYytMl
Gb,brma minmanGIVBi)akeTot. kargarkMNt;tMlKMeragsrub eBlenHbreTACa
cMeNaTkMNt;cMNaypal;. dUcenHminmannyfa cMNayminpal; minsMxan; b gay
RsYlkMNt;/ b:uEnvaman\TiBltic dl;cMeNaTEdleyIgkMBg;kMNt;.
4. cMeNaTtMlTabbMput
kgksarvinieyaK/ tMlKMragsMNg; KWCa)a:ra:Em:RtmYysMxan; eFobeFobCamYy
bNa)a:ra:Em:RtlMnaM]sSahkmsMNg;/ lTPaBGMBIbNaGkCMnajbeckeTs/ brikar/
eRKOgcRksMNg;. dUcenH sagsg;elOnbMputCamYytMlsMNg;ticbMput
KWCaTisedArbs;bNaskmPaB vinieyaK. ehtuenH enHCacMeNaTmYyFM nig
manTisedaHRsayeRcInepSgKa.
enATIenH/ eyIgRKan;EtbgajcMeNaT CamYyviFIedaHRsayelIDIya:RkambNaj.
1. kMNt;taragcMNaypal;

173
kgCak;Esg/ karkMNt;cMNaypal; rbs;KMeragBi)akNas;/ BIeRBaHRKan;
EtRtUvkarRBwtikarN_mYycMnYntUc eyIgmanviFIsaRseRcInepSgKa.
xageRkamenH nwgkMNt;RTwsImUldanmYycMnYn rbs;karkMNt;ExSekag
cMNaypal; tam]TahrN_mYy.
]TahrN_ !> eGayDIya;RkambNaj CamYytMrUvkarbgajenAtarag !.
10 10
2
10 19
0 0
1 10 4 30 30
19 10
3
20 20
rUbPaB %
tarag !> bNaTinnyrbs;DIya:RkambNaj
kta 1 USD
kargar tn tl Cn Cl hdm
1-2 10 7 400 640 80
1-3 19 11 600 1160 70
2-3 10 8 500 600 50
2-4 19 15 700 1000 75
3-4 10 4 4 300 85
2500 4210
eRkayeBl KNnabNajxagelI/ EpkelIbnat;em eyIgdwg)anryeBl

bBab;KMeragKW #0 f CamYytMlpal;KW @%00 dularGaemrik. cg;eGay
174
EpnkarGnuvt @( f eyIgRtUvbnymYykgcMeNamkargarem. ebIminykcit
Tukdak;dl; tMl enaHeyIgGacbny minfakargaremNamYy eyIgGacman T
= 29 f. b:uEneKaedAmYycMnYn rbs;BYkeyIgKW bnyryeBlkMNt;pg/
RBmeBlCamYyenaH RtUvmantMlTabpg. tamtarag ! eyIgGacbny

kargar @-# eRBaHmantMl Gb,brma h = 50 USD nig ryeBlkMNt; t =
m l
8 f. ebIbnykargar @-# eTACa ( f enaH T = 29f.
tMlncMNayekIneLIgKW
C = 2500 + 50 = 2550 USD
lTplDIya:RkambNajbgajelIrUbPaB ^.
10 10
2
10 19
0 0
1 9 4 29 29
19 10
3
20 20

175
CMBUkTI 14
sBaakgdMeNIrkarRKb;RKgsMNg;
1. sBaabBaadgscedayd
eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sBaakgdMeNIrkarRKb;RKgsMNg;

176

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180
2. sBaasuvtiPaBkgdMeNIrkarsagsg;

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ក្រប់គ្រងសំណង់

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ក្រប់គ្រងសំណង់

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Available Formats

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn

CMBUk cMNgeCIgemeron TMBr

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn niymnynmuxCMnajRKb;RKgsMNg;

tMrUvkarrbs;TIpSa/ begIt[manrUbrag lTPaBvinieyaKrbs;

eRtomlkNvinieyaK Gnuvtn_kargar kareRbIR)as;

vinieyaKCakCnpgEdr. CakarBItehIy ebIeTAtamTMhMsMNg; enaHbNaCMhan

vaytMl vaytMl vay

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

lTPaBrbs;mas;vinieyaK/ bNaRbPBedImTunEdlGacclna/ TMhMvinieyaK .

TItaMgsagsg;sMNg; EdlnwgRtUvGnuvtn_KMerag CamYyniglTpl PUKBsaRs/

QrelImUldan bNaTinnyEdl)anviPaKkgkarsikSaKMerag nwgykmk

sMNg;kan;EtFM Kwkargarsabnakan;EtsKsaj/ TIlansagsg;kan;EtFMTUlay

sMParsMNg;/ lTPaBpt;pg;TwkePIg/ bNajpvKmnaKmn_/ kMlaMg

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

KmnaKmn_/ lTPaBeRbIR)as;bNashRKasCMnYy/ RbPBBlkmkgtMbn;/

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

4> kMriteRbIR)as;eRKOgcRk/ sVyRbvtielIlMnaM]sSahkmplit/ cMNat;fak;

4> bBaIeRKOgcRk/ brikar EdlRtUvykmkGnuvtn_elIKMerag.

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

K> KNnasMNg;sIuvil nig ]sSahkm

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

kgKNnaBIrdMNak;kal KNnasagsg; RtUveFIVeGayR)akd/ eFIVeGaylMGit

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

6> bBaIsrubsMPar/ lk;plitpl/ eRKagsMNg;sMxan;/ eRKOgcRk/

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

DIya:Rkampt;pg;sMPar/ eRKOgcRk/ tMrUvkarBIvtFatuedIm/ tMrUvkarBIBlkmtamCMnaj/

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

10> KMeragbg;KNnasagsg;sMNg;beNaHGasn/ CMrMu. RtUvGnuvtn_cb;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn sikSaKMeragsagsg;sMNg;

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

KMrUlixitedjf nig esckIbEnmmYycMnYn.

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn lMnaMRKb;RKgsMNg;mUldan

dMeNIrkarsagsg;rYmman lMnaM]sSahkm/ ryeBl/ TItaMg/ tYnaTI nig

rUbPaB 2>1> bNaCMhanbegItRbtiTinkargar

CYnkalmanTaMgeyabl;rbs;PaKITak;TgepSg dUcCa mas;pl;edImTun/

kargarGacGnuvtn_sagsg;kraCkglMh kdUcCaryeBlminrg nigk

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;

kargarmYyRtUvmanbrimaNRKab;RKan;sMrab;mYykta BYk/ Rkum eFIVkar

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;

smtPaBkargarrbs;Rkum. )a:ra:Em:RtTItaMgrYmman TItaMgeFIVkargar/

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;

cMnYnRbePTkargar kglMdab;kargar eRCIserIseTAtamkMritCMnajrbs;

Mmin Mij M max. 4>4

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;

L - brimaNBlkm fBlkm sMerckargar/

eroberogeday sYs cMerIn begItRbtiTinkargarkgplitkmsMNg;

kgkargarCak;Esg/ eKenAykcitTukdak;dl; ryeBlsagsg;qab;bMput nig

Gnuvtn_kargarGtibrma elIbnat;kargar nig lTPaBpt;pg;FnFan.