Fresh Water Flowing

ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា

ិ
CMBUkTI10 lMhUrTwksab
sUmRsém:Kit>>>
]bmafaGñkkMBugCiHTUkkat;tamExSTwkhUrcuHenAeRkamBnøéW f¶d¾RtcHRtcg;naeBlresol. GñkGaceXIjRKab;
RkYsenA)atsÞgw tamRKab;TwkB½N’exov.
Rsab;EtPøamenaH semøgd¾s¶at;RCgMuRtUv)anrMxanedaysemøgTwkhUr. Gñkkt;smÁal;facrnþTwkbegáInel,ÓnehIy
hUrkan;EtelOn. enAkñúgcm¶ayEdlGñkGacemIleXIjmanpÞaMgfµda nigTwkFøak;. erOgmin)anKitTuk)anekIteLIgEdl
TUkeTAbuknwgsilamYy ehIyrkklnwgRkLab;. GñkmansuvtßPi aB b:uEnþeRKOgEdlGñkerobcMTuksRmab;kareFVIdMeNIr
rbs;GñkenaH)anGENþteTAtamExSTwk)at;eTAehIy. GñkRbjab;Rbjal;TajTUkeLIgmkelIeKak. GñkEbreRkay
emIleTAFugTwkkkrbs;GñkEdlGENþteTATgÁicnwgsilaehIyRkLab;cuH.
ehIyedIrcuHtamExSTwkhUredayGs;kmøagM eBlenaHGñkB¤semøglUyTwkrbs;GñkenAerogral;CMhan. ExSTwk
cab;epþmI rIkFM ehIyyWtmþgeTot. PøamenaHGñkk¾)aneXIjFugTwkkkrbs;Gñkp¶areLIgenAelIpÞaMgfµmYypÞaMg. eTaHCaGVI²
enAkñgú FugRtUvRCuHecjGs;k¾eday k¾b:uEnþFugTwkkkenAEtGaceRbIR)as;)an.
GñkRsg;ykFugTwkkkmkTukenAelITUk ehIyk¾bnþdMeNIrkMsanþrbs;GñktamExSTwkhUrteTAeTot ehIyGñkk¾B¤
semøgrbs;ExSTwkhUrenaHmþgeTot.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 346 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
ិ
etImankmøagM FmµCatiGVEI dlGaceFV[I ExSTwkhUrmankarpøas;bþÚry:agqab;rh½sEbbenH? enAkñgú CMBUkenHGñk

nwgsikSaGMBIPaBpøas;bþrÚ rbs;Tkw elIdI nigTwkeRkamdIpøas;bþÚrmuxmat;PBrbs;eyIg.
etIGñkKitdUcemþc?
sUmBüayameqøIynUvsMNYrxageRkamenHenAkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk edayEp¥keTAelIGEVI dl
Gñk)ansikSarYcehIy.
1> etITwkmantYnaTIGVIxøHkñúgkarbegáIttaragépÞEpndI?
2> etIsMNwk nigkarcak;bgÁrmanPaBxusKñadUcemþc?
cUrGegát!
ExSTwkhUrcuHtic²
etIExSTwkhUr nigRbB½n§pøÚvTwkvivtþn_y:agdUcemþc? cUreFVIkarGegátdUcteTAenHedIm,IeqøyI nUvsMNYrenH.
dMeNIrkar
1> cak;xSac; nigRkYsmYyFugcUleTAkñúgPaCn_)aøscÞi FMmYy.
2> BRgayRkYsenA)atPaCn_. cak;xSac;BIelIRkYs[)ankRmas;RbEhl 4 eTA 5s>m>. begátI CRmalmYyeday
bEnßmxSac;[)aneRcInenAxagcugmçagénPaCn_.
3> ecaHrn§tUcmYyenA)atEBgsab‘)U aøsÞic. ykbg;RkNat;bitP¢ab;EBgeTAnwgEKmxagkñgú PaCn_enAxagEdlmanxSac;
eRcIn. cak;Tkw cUlkñúgEBg ehIysegátclnarbs;TwkEdlhUrelIxSac;.
4> kt;Rtakarsegátrbs;GñkcUlkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
viPaK
5> enAeBlcab;epþImkarBiesaFn_ etIclnaTwk)anCH\T§iBlGVIxøHeTAelIxSac;?
6> enAeBlbnÞab;mkeTot etIclnaTwk)anCH\T§iBlGVIxøHeTAelIxSac;?
7> etIGñkKitfalT§plEdlGñkTTYl)anGacTak;Tg;ya: gdUcemþcCamYynwgkarvivtþn_ExSTwk?
karKitbEnßmeTot
cUrGnuvtþns_ kmµPaBdEdl b:uEnþeBlenHsUmbEnßm
cMeNaténPaCn_edaykl;cugmçagénPaCn_[eTr.
etIkarbegánI cMeNatenH)anCH\T§BlGVIdl;karvivtþn_ExSTwk?
ិ
emeronTI1 Tenøskmµ
BaküKnøwH
- karhUreRcaH (erosion) - ExSEckTwk (divides)
- vdþTwk (water cycle) - pøvÚ Twk (channels)
- édTenø (tributaries) - bnÞkú (loads)
- GagTenø (drainage basins)
GVIEdlGñknwgRtUvsikSa
- bgðajGMBIvdþTwk.
- BiB½N’naGMBIGagTenø.
- Bnül;GMBIktþaFM²EdlCH\T§iBleTAelIGRtakarhUreRcaHedayExSTwkhUr.
- kMNt;GtþsBaØaNGMBIdMNak;kalénkarvivtþn_rbs;Tenø.
rUbTI1 eRCaHd¾eRCAenHmanTItaMgenAPaKBay½BütMbn;GarIhSÚNa. va)anekIteLIgGs;ry³rab;lanqñaM

enAeBlTwkhUrkat; ehIysIupþac;sila nigdI. enAkEnøgmYycMnYnéneRCaHd¾eRCAenHmanTTwgrhUtdl; 29 K>m>.
ិ
GñkRbEhlCaFøab;eXIjeRCaHd¾eRCAenH ¬rUbTI1¦ b:uEnþGñkmin)andwgeTfaRbEhl6lanqñaMknøgeTAehIytMbn;

mYyEdl\LÚvenH)ankøayeTACatMbn;EdlmaneRCaHd¾eRCAFøab;CaTIkEnøgmYyEdlmanépÞEdlesÞIrEtrabesµIdUcnM. Tenø
kULÚr:adU)ansIpu þac;sila ehIybegáItCaeRCaHd¾eRCAGs;ry³eBlrab;lanqñaMeday)ansIpu þac;dI nigsilaGs;rab;lanetan
BI)atTenørbs;va. dMeNIrkarenHKWCaRbePT karhUreRcaH . karhUreRcaH (erosion) KWCakarpøas;TI nigdwkCBa¢ÚnrUbFatu
épÞelIdUcCasila nigdI. TenøminRtwmEtCaPñak;garsMNwkb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþxül;/ ePøóg/ Twkkk/ nigRBil GacbNþal
[mankarhUreRcaHpgEdr.
edaysarEtkarhUreRcaHEdlbgáeLIgedayTwk)aneFVI[eRCaHd¾eRCAEdl\LÚvenHmanCeRmARbEhl 1>8K>m>
nigmanRbEvg 446 K>m>. enAkñgú emeronenH GñknwgsikSaGMBIkarvivtþn_rbs;ExSTwkhUr/ RbB½n§pøÚvTwk/ nigktþaxus²Kña
EdlCH\T§iBleTAGRtasMNwkedayExSTwkhUr.
1>TwkenARKb;TIkEnøg
etIGñkFøab;Edl)anq¶l;b¤eTfaetITenørkSalMhUrdUcemþc? ehIyetITenøTTYlTwkmkBINa? vdþTwknwgeqøIynUv
sMNYrTaMgenH. dUcbgðajkñúgrUbenAxageRkamenH vdþTwk (water cycle) KWCaclna\tQb;QrénTwkBIRbPBTwk
dUcCabwg b¤mha smuRT/ eTAkñgú Gakas/ enAelIdI/ enAkñúgdI/ nigRtLb;eTAkan;RbPBTwkvij.
taragKMnUsbMRBYjvdþTwk
kMNk
kMNkGakas rMhYt
RbPBTwk
ិ
vdþTwk
kMNk (condensation) ekIteLIgenAeBlcMhayTwkcuH

RtCak; ehIypøas;bÚrþ eTACadMNk;Tkw ravEdlbegáIt)anCa
BBkenAkñgú briyakas.
kMNkGakas (precipitation) KW
CaePøóg/ RBil/ ePøóglay RBil/
b¤Tkw kkEdlFøak;BIBBkmkelI lMhUrTwk (runoff) KWCaTwk
épÞEpndI. EdlhUrkat;dI ehIyRbmUl rMhYt (evaporation) ekIteLIgenAeBl
pþeúM nATenø sÞwg nigbBa©b; TwkravecjBIépÞEpndI nigecjBIsarBagÁ
;enAmhasmuRT. kayeFVkI arpøas;brþÚ cMhayTwk.
CRmabTwk (infiltration)
KWCakarpøas;TIrbs;Twk
ceRmaH (percolation) KW eTAeRkamdIedaysar
Cakarpøas;TcI Hu eRkam TMnaj.
rbs;Tkw edaykat;tam
rn§ nigRbeLaHepSg²enA
kñgú dIedaysarTMnaj.
ិ
2>RbB½n§Tenø
sUmemIleTAelIExSenAelI)atédrbs;Gñk. sUmkt;smÁal;BIExStUc²EdlpÁúMKñabegáIt)anCaExSFM². \LÚvcUr
Rsém:eTAelIExSTaMgLayEdlCaExSTwk nigTenø. ExSEdltUcCagKWCaExSTwk nigédTenø cMENkExSEdlFMCagKWCaTenø.
édTenø KWExSTwktUcCag b¤TenøtUcCagEdlhUrcUleTAkñúgpøÚvTwkFM²NamYy. dUcCaExSbNþajenAelI)atédrbs;GñkEdr
ExSTwk nigTenø)anbegáItbNþajenAelId.I eKehAbNþajExSTwk nigTenøfaRbB½n§Tenø ehIyvahUrenAkñgú tMbn;mYyén
tMbn;licTwk.
2>1>GagTenø
RbB½nT§ wkRtUv)anEckcayecjCatMbn;EdleKsÁal;faCaGagTenø. GagTenø b¤ GagrgTwkePøóg KWCadIEdl
manTwkhUrecjedayRbB½n§TenømYyEdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgTenøem nigédTaMgrbs;va. GagTenøFM²enARbeTskm<úCa KWGag
Tenøsab nigGagTenøemKgÁ. BYkvamanédrab;sbi Edllatsn§gw esÞIreBjépÞRbeTs.
2>2>ExSEckTwk
GagTenøRtUv)anEckdac;BIGagTenøepSg²eTotedaytMbn;mYyEdleKehAfa ExSEckTwk. ExSEckTwk CaTUeTA
mandIx<s;CagGagTenø. enAkñgú EpnTIxageRkamenH GñkGaceXIjBIExSEckTwkénTenøFMenARbeTskm<úCa. etItbM n;Na
CaExSEckTwkenARbeTskm<úCa?
ិ
3>karhUreRcaHedayExSTwkhUr
enAeBlExSTwkhUrekIteLIg vasuIpþac;dI nigsilaedIm,IbegáIt)anCapøÚvTwk. pøÚvTwk KWCapøvÚ EdlExSTwkhUrtam.
enAeBldMbUgpøÚvExSTwkhUrKWtcU ehIyecat. enAeBlsila nigdICaeRcInRtUv)andwkCBa¢nÚ cuHeTAtamExSTwkhUr pøvÚ Twkk¾rIk
kan;EtFMeLIg ehIyeRCACagmun. enAeBlEdlExSTwkhUrkan;EtEvg BYkvak¾køayeTACaTenø. etIFøab;q¶l;eTfaehtuGVI)an
CaExSTwkhUrxøHhUrelOnCagExSTwkhUrepSgeTot?
3>1>CRmal
ExSTwkEdlmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI3kMBughUrcuHtamcMeNatPñMmçag. ExSTwkenHmanCRmalx<s.; CRmal KWCa
rgVas;énkarpøas;bþÚrénry³km<s;elIcm¶aymYyCak;lak;. CRmalx<s;plþ ;[CaExSTwkhUr b¤TenøEdlmanfamBlxøagM
kñúgkarsIpu þac;sila nigdI. Tenø b¤ExSTwkEdlmanCRmalTab ¬rUbTI4 ¦manfamBlexSaykñúgkarsIpu þac;sila nigdI.
3>2>FarTwk
brimaNrbs;ExSTwkhUr b¤TenøEdlpþl[; enAkñúgbrimaNeBlevlaNamYYyehAfa FarTwk . FarTwkekIneLIg
enAeBlBüúHFMekIteLIg b¤enAeBlFatuGakaseLIgkemþAEdleFVI[Twkkkrlayy:agelOn. enAeBlFarTwkekIneLIg
famBlénkarhUreRcaH/ el,Ón/ nigbnÞúkrbs;vak¾ekIneLIg.
rUbTI3 ExSTwkhUrEdlhUrcuH
rUbTI4 TenøEdlsßti enAelITMnabTabhUr BIPMyñ :agelOn ehIyvaman
y:agyWtehIymanfamBlénkarhUreRcaH famBlénkarhUreRcaHxøaMg.
exSay.
ិ
karKNnaEbbKNitviTüa
karKNnaCRmalExSTwkhUr
ebIsinTenømYycab;epþImenAry³km<s; 4>900 m> ehIyeFVdI MeNIrcuHeRkamkñúgcm¶ay 450 K>m>
eq<aHeTAkan;bwgmYyEdlmanry³km<s; 400 m>. etIExSTwkenHmanCRmalb:unµan?
3>3>bnÞúk
rUbFatuEdlmanlMnaMeTACamYyExSTwkhUr)anRbmUlpþúMKñaehAfa bnÞúkExSTwk. TMhMPaKl¥itenAkñgú bnÞkú ExSTwk
RtUv)anTTYlrg\T§iBledayel,ÓnTwkhUr. clnaExSTwkhUrelOnGacnaMykPaKl¥itFM²)an. bnÞkú GacCH\T§iBlpg
EdreTAelIGRtaénkarhUreRcaHrbs;ExSTwk. sila nigRkYsl¥itelatcuHeLIgehIyekastambeNþay)at nigEpñkxag²
én)atExSTwk. rUbPaBxagerkambgðajBImeFüa)aybIya: gEdlExSTwkhUrGacnaMykbnÞúkrbs;va. bnÞkú manbIRbePTKW
bnÞkú )at (bed load), bnÞúkGENþt (suspended load) nigbnÞúkrlay (dissolved load).
 ExSTwkGaceFVI[rUbFatuF²M dUcCaRkYs nigpÞaMgfµ
elatcuHeLIg)antam beNþay)atExSTwkhUr.  ExSTwkGacnaMsilatUc² nigdI[GENþt
silaTaMgenHeKehAfa bnÞúk)at. eLIg. rUbFatuTaMgenHehAfa bnÞúkGENþt
eFV[I TenøenaHmanlkçN³dUcPk;.
 rUbFatuxøHRtUv)annaMeTAkñgú lkçN³Cal,ay
enaHmann½yfarUbFatuRtUv)anrlayenAkñgú Twk.
bnÞúkrlay manpÞkú rUbFaturlay dUcCasUdüÚm
nigkal;süÚm.
etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaH
bnÞkú GENþtRbsinebITenø
hUryWt?
ិ
4>dMNak;kalénTenø
enAedImTsvtSn_qañ M 1900 elakvIelomm:UrIsedvIs)anGPivDÆKMrmU YyEdl)ansmÁal;BIdMNak;kalénkarvivitþn_
rbs;Tenø. Ep¥keTAelIKMrUenH Tenøvivtþn_BIdMNak;kaleBjv½yeTAdMNak;kalcas;. elakedvIs )aneCOfaTenøTTYlrg
karhUreRcaHenAkñgú meFüa)ay nigGRtadUcKña. eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday bcú©b,nñenHGñkviTüasaRsþKaMRTKMrUepSgmYyeTot
EdlKitdl;plb:HBal;énmCÄdæanTenøeTAelIkarvivtþnE_ xSTwk.
]TahrN_ edaysarEtrUbFatuxusKñaTTYlkarhUreRcaHenAGRtaxusKña
naM[TenøGacvivtþn_kan;EtelOnCagTenøepSgeTot. manktþaCaeRcIn
rYmmanGakasFatu/ CRmal/ nigbnÞúkpgenaH BYkva)anCH\T§iBleTA
elIkarvivtþn_rbs;Tenø. eTaHbICamin)aneRbIR)as;KMrUrbs;elakedvIs
edIm,IBnül;GMBIkarvivtþn_k¾eday k¾BkY eKenAEteRbIR)as;BaküKnøHw Ca
eRcInrbs;Kat;edIm,IBBi ½N’naGMBTI enø. cUrcgcaMfa BaküKnøHw TaMgGs;
enHmin)anR)ab;BIGayuBitrbs;TenøeLIy. pÞúyeTAvijBYkeK)aneRbI
R)as;BaküKnøHw TaMgGs;enaHedIm,IBiB½N’naGMBIlkççN³TUeTArbs;Tenø.
rUbTI5 TenøeBjv½ymYyenHsßti enAkñgú ]TüanCatifµ
4>1>TenøCMTg; elOg enAv:ayGUmugI . TwkCYr nigTmøak;Tkw sßitenA
TenøCMTg; ¬rUbTI5¦ )ansupI þac;pøÚvTwkrbs;va[eRCACagkar kEnøgEdlTwkhUrBIelIsilaEdlrwg ehIyFn;.
eFVI[FM. TenøhUry:agelOnedaysarEtCRmalecatrbs;va. EKm
nigpøÚvTwkrbs;vaKWecat ehIyRtg;. Tenø)anhUrBIelIsilakñúglkçN³
CaTwkCYr nigTwkFøak; (waterfall). TenøCMTg;manédTenøtci .
4>2>TenøeBjv½y
TenøøeBjv½y ¬rUbTI6¦ )ansIupþac;pøÚvTwkrbs;va[kan;EtFMCag
CagkareFV[I eRCA. CRmalrbs;TenøeBjv½yminecatdUcTenøCMTg;eT
ehIymanTmøak;Twk (falls) nigTwkCYr (rapids)tictYc. TenøeBjv½y rUbTI6 dUcCaTenøenAeb:rmU YyenH TenøeBjv½ycab;epþmI
RtUv)ancak;bMeBjedayédTenøCaeRcIn ehIyedaysarEtGagrbs;va ekagfyeRkay ehIyekageTAmux. kMeNagTaMgenH
l¥ eFV[I vamanFarTwkFMCagFarTwkTenøCMTg;. manenAkñúgpøvÚ Twkrbs;TenøEdlehAfa ePñn
(meander) .
ិ
4>3>Tenøcas;
Tenøcas;manCRmalTab ehIymankmøamghUreRcaHexSay.
pÞúyBIkareFVI[RcaMgrbs;varIkFM nigeRCA Tenøcas;RtUv)ancak;bgÁr
kemÞckMNrenAkñúgpøÚvTwk nigenAtambeNþayRcaMgrbs;va. rUbTI7)an
bgðajBITenøcas;mYyenAjÚhSIúEln RtUv)ankMNt;lkçN³edayTMhM/
TMnablicTwk rabesµI b¤RClg nigePñneRcIn. Tenøcas;manédTenøtic rUbTI7 Tenøcas;mYyenHsßti enARbeTsjÚhSIEú ln.
CagTenøeBjv½yeRBaHfaédTenørbs;vatUcCagehIyrYmcUlKña.
4>4>Tenøyuvkmµ
TenøyuvkmµekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdldIRtUvegIbeLIgeday
kmøaMgtictUnicrbs;EpndI. enAeBldIegIbeLIg CRmalrbs;Tenøk¾
kan;EtecatCagmun. kMeNInCRmalrbs;Tenøyuvkmµ)aneFVI[Tenø
kan;EtsIueRCAeTAkñgú )atRClg ¬rUbTI8¦. l,ak; (terraces)man
lkçN³dUckaMCeNþIrCaerOy²EtgekIteLIgenAEKmsgxagén
RClgExSTwkEdlCalT§plényuvkmµ. TsSnIyPaBl,ak;KWesÞrI rUbTI8 TenøyuvkmµmyY enHsßitenAkñgú ]TüanCatiEXn
EtmanlkçN³Epñkrabesµ;IenAxagcugRcaMgecat. y:nEln èntMbn;Gl‘u tak;.
sMNYrrMlwk
1>etIvdþTkw )anCYyvivtþn_RbB½n§Tenøy:agdUcemþc?
2>cUrBiB½N’naGMBIGagTenø.
3>etIktþaTaMgbIEdlCH\T§iBleTAelIGRtaénkarhUreRcaHedayExSTwkmanGVxI øH?
4>karsegçbTinñn½y etITenøCMTg;/ TenøeBjv½y/ nigTenøcas; manPaBxusKñadUcemþcxøH?
ិ
emeronTI2 karcak;bgÁredayExSTwk nig Tenø

BaküKnøwH
-karcak;bgÁr (deposition) -l,ab;ragpøit (alluvial fan)
-dIl,ab; (alluvium) -TMnablicTwk (flood plain)
-dIsNþr (delta)
-BiB½N’naGMBIRbePTxus²Kñaènkarcak;bgÁredayExSTwkhUr.
-Bnül;GMBITMnak;TnM grvagtMbn;ksikmµEdlsMbUrCICati nigtMbn;TMnablicTwk.
Gñk)ansikSarYcmkehIyfalMhUrTenøGaceFVI[dI nigsilapøas;TI. eRkaymkrUbFatuTaMgenHRtUvEt)ancak;bgÁr

enAkEnøgNamYy. karcak;bgÁr KWCadMeNIrkarmYyEdlrUbFatuRtUv)anTmøak;cuH b¤rg. ]bmafamanRKlukPk;mYy
bnÞab;BIePøógFøak;. ebIsinTwkkñúgRKlukminRtUv)anrMxan enaHPaKl¥itdInwgRtUvrg ehIyTwkPk;ngw føamþgeTot. dUcKñaenH
Edr karcak;bgÁrekIteLIgmþgehIymþgeTotenAkEnøgxøHéndIdaMdMNaMenAelIBPi Belak. ]TahrN_ RbCaCnEdlrs;enA
tamtMbn;TMnabéndgTenøsab nigdgTenøemKgÁ)anBwgEp¥keTAelIkarcak;bgÁrenAdId¾manCICatirbs;TenøedIm,IeFVIksikmµ.
1>karcak;bgÁrenAkñúgTwk
bnÞab;BITenøhUreRcaHsila nigdI Tenøcak;bgÁrsila nigdItamExSTwkhUr. sila nigdIEdl)ancak;bgÁredayExS
TwkeKehAfa dIl,ab;. dIl,ab;RtUv)anTmøak;cuHenAkEnøgCaeRcInenAkñúgTenøCakEnøgEdlel,Ónrbs;ExSTwkfycuH. sUm
emIleTArUbTI9 edIm,Iyl;GMBIrebobEdlkarcak;bgÁrRbePTenHekIteLIg.
Er:F¶nC; YnkalRtUv)ancak;bgÁrenAkEnøgCaeRcInenAkñúgTenø CakEnøgEdlcrnþTwkbnßyel,Ón. eKehAdIl,ab;
RbePTenHfa bgÁrEr: (placer deposit). bgÁrEr:xøHmanmas. kMLúgeBlCIkmas enAkalIhV½rnIenAqñaM1849 GñkCIk
masCaeRcIn)anlagdIrkmasenAkñgú TenøbgÁrEr:.
ិ
(youthful river)
rUbTI9 KMreU nHbgðajBIkarhUreRcaH nigkar karhUreRcaHekIteLIgenAelIRcaMgTenø
cak;bgÁrenAÉkMeNag b¤ePñnrbs;Tenø. CakEnøgEdlTwkhUrelOnCag.
karcak;bgÁrekIteLIgenAtam
beNþayénRcaMgxagkñgú CakEnøg
EdlTwkhUryWtCag.
kMNkMeNItdIsNþ dIsNþTenønIl smuRTemDIETr:aeN TenønIl

crnþTkw k¾bnßyel,ÓnenAeBlEdlTenøhUrcak;eTATITwk
FMmYy dUcCabwg b¤mhasmuRT. bnÞúkrbs;TenøPaKeRcInGac
RtUv)ancak;bgÁrenAkEnøgEdlTenøhUreTAdl;TITwkFM ehIy
begáIt[manragdUcpøti bgÁrenHeKehAfa dIsNþ. kñúgrUbTI11
GñkGaceXIjrUbftftBIelIGakasGMBIdIsNþTenønlI .
CaTUeTAdIsNþekIteLIgenAelIépÞrab nigmanPk;CaeRcIn. rUbTI11dIl,ab;RtUv)anTmøak;cuHenAÉmat;TenønIl ehIy
bgÁrPk;TaMgenHbegáIt[mandIfµI EdlbNþal[beNþay begátI )anCadIsNþ.
eqñrrIkFMeLIg.
RbsinebIGkñ RkeLkemIleTAEpnTIGagTenøsab nigGagTenøemKgÁkñúgrUbTI2xagmux GñkGaceXIjBIkEnøgEdl
TenøemKgÁhUreTAkñúgsmuRTcinxagt,Úg. CakEnøgEdldIsNþTenøemKgÁ)anekIteLIg. PaKl¥ti énPk;m:t;enAkñúgdIsNþ
)ancab;epþImCBa¢ÚnBIExSTwkxagelIdE¾ snq¶ay. EpñkéntMbn;km<Cú aeRkamenAevotNamxagt,ÚgRtUv)anekItBIPaKl¥itEdl
RtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚnBITenøemKgÁ.
sUmsYrxøÜnÉgfa etIktþamYyEdlbNþal[ExSTwkTenøhUryWtKWCaGVI?
ិ
cMNucTak;TgnwgtaraviTüa
sMNl;enA)atTenøburaNmYyRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAelIPBGgÁar_. rUbftEdlftBIpáayrNbbgðajBI
karcak;bgÁredaysarExSTwkhUrCaeRcInEdlbgðajfaFøab;manTwkravenAelIépÞrbs;vaEdleBlenHkøayCaPBRtCak;s¶Üt.
2>karcak;bgÁrenAelIdI
enAeBlExSTwkhUrelOncuHBIelIPñMmkkan;valTMnab
bnÞab;mkExSTwkk¾bnßyel,Ón. enAeBlExSTwkbnßyel,Ón va
)ancak;bgÁrdIl,ab;enAkEnøgEdlPñM nigTMnabCYbKña ehIybgáIt
)anCadIl,ab;ragpøit ¬rUbTI12 ¦. l,ab;ragpøit (alluvial fan) l,ab;ragpøit
KWCabgÁrmanragdUcpøitEdlkekIteLIgenAelIdsI ¶Üt.
enAkMLgú eBlmanePøógFøak;xøagM b¤Tkw kkrlayelOn rUbTI12 l,ab;pøitEdlhUrecjBITenøEsür:aeNv:ada kñúg
eBlenaHkMeNInmaDy:agqab;rh½srbs;Tkw hUreTAkñúgsÞwg Tenø rdækalIprj:aekIteLIgenAeBlExSTwkhUreRcaH)an
GacbNþal[Cn;eLIgeTAelIRcaMgrbs;va ehIyeFVI[licdIEdl pøas;bÚrþ y:agelOneTACaedayExSTwkcak;bgÁrvij.
enACuMvji . dIlci TwkenHehAfa TMnablicTwk (flood plain). enAeBlsÞgw Cn;mþg RsTab;dIl,ab;mYyCan;RtUv)ancak;
bgÁrenAelITMnablicTwk. eBlTwkCMnn;mþgeTot va)anbEnßm)anRsTab;dIl,ab;mYyCan;eTot.
eRKaHmhnþrayénTwkCMnn;
TMnablicTwkKWCatMbn;ksikmµEdlsMbrU CICatiNas; TenømIsIusIuBI
BIeRBaHfaenAkMLúgeBlTwkCMnn;)annaMdIfµImkcak;elIdIcas;.
eTaHCadUecñHk¾eday TwkCMnn;GacbNþal[mankarbMpøicbMpøaj
TenømIs‘UrI
RTBüsm,tþiCaeRcInGenk. skmµPaBksikmµCaeRcInEtgekIteLIg
enARClgTenømIsIusIBu I EdlCaTMnablicTwkd¾FMmYyRbkbedaydI
manCICati. eTaHCadUecñHk¾eday enAqñaM1993 TenøenH)anCn;lic rUbTI13 CMnn;FmµtaènTenømIsIusIuBI nigTenømIsU‘rú I RtUv)an
ehIybgá[tMbn;ksikmµCaeRcInRtUv)ane)aHbg;ecal nigTIRkugTaMg bgðajedayB½N’exµA. tMbn;EdlRtUvrgTwkCMnn;enAeBl
mUlRtUv)anCenøósecj. TwkCMnn;enH)anbMpøci bMpøajrdæTaMg9enA TwkehorecjBIRcaMgTenøTaMgBIrenAqñaM1993 )anbgðaj
Bak;kNþalPaKxaglic. rUbTI13bgðajGMBItbM n;mYyEdlRtUv edayB½N’Rkhm.
)anTTYlrgTwkCMnn;enAPaKxageCIgsaMglVIènrdæmIsU‘rI.
ិ
sMNYrrMlwk
1> etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaHkarhUrrbs;Tkw TenøEdlbgá[dIl,ab;RtUv)ancak;bgÁ?
2> etIl,ab;pøit nigdIsNþr manPaBRsedogKñadUcemþc? etIBYkvaTaMgBIrmanPaBxusKñadUcemþc?
3> cUrBnül;faehtuGVI)anCaTMnablicTwkl¥sMrab;tbM n;eFVkI sikmµ.
4> karkMNt;GtþsBaØaNTMnak;TMng etIktþaGVIxøHEdlTMngCaeFV[I dIl,ab;nwgRtUv)ancak;bgÁr?
ិ
emeronTI3 TwkeRkamdI
BaküKnøwH
- TwkkñúgdI (ground water) - PaBRCabTwk (permeability)
- kRmitTwkkñúgdI (water table) - tMbn;RCabTwk (recharge zone)
- degðImTwk (acquifer) - GNþÚgTwkpus (artesian spring)
- PaBes<at (porosity)
-kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigBiB½Nn’ aGMBITItaMgènkRmitTwkkñúg.
-BiB½N’naGMBIlkçN³rbs;degðImTwk.
-Bnül;GMBIrebobEdll¥ag nigbwgeRkamdIekIteLIgedaysarlT§plénkarhUreRcaH nigkarcak;bgÁr.
eTaHbICaeyIgGaceXIjTwkelIépÞdeI nAkñúgTenø nigbwgk¾eday b:uEnþmanTwkCaeRcInhUrenAeRkamdIEdleyIgmin

GacemIleXIj. TwkEdlmanenAkñgú silaxageRkamépÞEpndIeKehAfa TwkkñúgdI (ground water). TwkkñúgdIminRtwmEt
CaRbPBsMxan;b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvaEfmTaMg)anedIrtYy:agsMxan;kñúgkarhUreRcaH nigkarcak;bgÁrpgEdr.
1>TItaMgrbs;TwkkñúgdI
TwkelIépÞdIRCabcuHeRkameTAkñúgdI nigsila. GñkEpn tMbn;minEq¥tTwk
dIviTU)anEcktMbn;TwkeRkamdICaBIrtMbn;. tMbn;xagelIehAfa kRmitTwkkñúgdI
tMbn;minEq¥tTwk (zone of aeration) EdlCaTUeTAminRtUv)an
bMeBjTaMgRsugedayTwkeT. sila nigdIEdlekIteLIgenA
tMbn;Eq¥tTwk
tMbn;enHRtUv)anbMeBjedayTwkEdlRCabbnÞab;BIePøógPøam².
cuHeTAeRkam[kan;EteRCAeTotKWTwkRbmUlpþúeM nAkñúgtMbn;mYy
ehAfa tMbn;Eq¥tTwk (zone of saturation). enATIenHlMhr rUbTI14 kRmitTwkkñgú dIsßitenAépÞelIéntMbn;Eq¥tTwk.
rvagPaKl¥itrbs;silaRtUv)anbMeBjedayTwk.
ិ
tMbn;TaMgBIrenH)anCYbKñaenAÉRBMEdneRkamdIEdleK[eQµaHfa kRmitTwkkñúgdI (water table) dUcbgðajkñúg

rUbTI14. kRmitTwkkñúgdIeLIgenArdUvePøóg ehIyRskcuHenArdUvR)aMg. enAtMbn;esIm kRmitTwkkñúgdIGacsßitenACab;BI
eRkamépÞdI b¤enAÉépÞelI. b:uEnþenAtMbn;valxSac; kRmitTwkkñúgdIGacsßitenACeRmArab;ryEm:RteRkamdI.
2>degðImTwk
RbePTxøHénsilaGacpÞúkbrimaNTwkd¾FM cMENkÉRbePTsilaepSgeTotGacpÞúkTwk)anRtwmEtbnþci bnþcÜ b¤min
pÞkú esaH. RsTab;silaEdlsþkú Twk nigGac[TwkhUrkñgú dI)anehAfa degðImTwk (acquifer). edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIKuNPaB
dUcdegðImTwkKW silaRtUvEtes<at b¤manRbeLaH. PaBes<at (porosity) rbs;silaKWCabrimaNRbeLaHEdlenAcenøaH
PaKl¥itnImYy²rbs;sila. RsTab;silak¾RtUvEt[Twkqøgkat;)anedayesrIBIrn§mYyeTArn§mYyeTot. RbsinebIrn§TaMg
enaHRtUv)anP¢ab;Kña enaHTwkkñúgdIGachUrkat;tamRsTab;sila)an. lT§PaBrbs;silaEdlGac[TwkhUrqøgkat; va)an
eKehAfa PaBRCabTwk (permeability). silaEdlmanTMenareTArkPaBEdlminGac[TwkhUrqøgkat;)anKWCasila
minGacRCabTwk)aneT.
2>1>FrNIviTüa nigPUmisaRsþdegðImTwk
degðImTwkEdll¥CageK CaTUeTAekIteLIgBIfµxSac; fµkMe)ar b¤RsTab;xSac;layRkYs. degðImTwkxøHRKbdNþb;BI
elItMbn;Tkw eRkamdI ehIyCaRbPBTwkd¾sMxan;mYysMrab;TRI kug nigkareFVkI sikmµ.
2>2>tMbn;RCabTwk
dUcTenøEdr degðImTwkKWGaRs½yeTAelIvdþTwkedIm,IrkSarbs;Tkw CaRbcaM. dIépÞelIEdlCakEnøgTwkRCabcUleTA
kñúgdegðImTwkeKehAfa tMbn;RCabTwk (recharge zone). tMbn;RCabTwkeRkamdImanTMhMminb:nu KñaeTedayGaRs½yeTAelI
rebobRCabTwk)anrbs;silaenAÉépÞelI. enAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanRsTab;sli aGacRCabTwk)an TwkGacRCabcuHeRkameTA
kñúgdegðImTwk. enAtMbn;EdldegðImTwkRtUv)anXaMgenAxagelIedayRsTab;silaminRCabTwk enaHtMbn;RCabTwkRtUv)an
kMNt;[sßitenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmansilaRCabTwk.
ិ
karBiesaFn_xøI ¬Gnuvtþn_enApÞH¦
kRmiténPaBRCabTwk
1> EBg)aøsÞci BBuHcMnnY R)aM.
2> cak;dIykBIkñúgsYnc,arcUleTAkñúgEBgTImYy[)anBak;kNþalEBg ehIybgðab;dI[ENn.
3> cak;xSac;clU kñúgEBgTIBrI [)anBak;kNþalEBg ehIybgðab;xSac;[ENn.
4> ykexµAédRsYcecaHrn§[)anR)aM b¤R)aMBIrrn§enABIeRkamEBgnImYy².
5> cak;TwkcUlkñúgEBgTIbI. kan;EBgTeTmYydak;BIeRkamEBgdak;d.I cak;TwkcUleTAkñgú EBgdak;dI.
6> Tuk[EBgdIRCabTwkRbEhl45vinaTI bnÞab;mkdak;EBgdIenaHeTAmçag ¬eTaHbICavaenAEtRCabk¾
eday¦. dak;EBgEdlmanTwkeTAmçagEdr.
7> Gnuvtþn_CMhanTI5 nigTI6mþgeTotCamYyEBgdak;xSac;. eRbobeFobmaDTwkrbs;EBgTwkTaMgBIr.
EBgEdlRCabTwktamrn§kan;EteRcInCageK enaHvak¾mankemÞckMNreRcInCageKEdr.
3>Twkpus nigGNþÚg
clnaTwkkñúgdIRtUv)ankMNt;edayCRmalrbs;kRmitTwkkñúgdI. dUcCaTwkenAelIépÞdIEdr TwkkñúgdImanTMenarhUr
cuHtamCRmaleq<aHeTAkan;ry³km<s;Tab. RbsinebIkRmitTwkkñúgdIeLIgmkdl;épÞelIEpndI TwknwghUrecjBIeRkamdI
ehIybegáIt)anCa TwkpuseRkamdI. TwkpusCaRbPBTwkd¾sMxan;mYyénTwkEdlGacTTYlTan)an. bwgekIteLIgenA
tMbn;TabenA kEnøgEdlkRmitTwkkñúgdIx<s;CagépÞEpndI.
3>1>GNþÚgTwkpus silaRKb
RsTab;CRmalrbs;silaRCabTwksßitenAcenøaHrvag GNþÚgTwkpus
RsTab;silaminRCabTwkBIrRsTab;EdleK[eQµaHfa
kMNkMeNItTwkpus . silaRCabTwkKWCadegðImTwkehIy degðImTwk
enAxagelIRsTab;silaminRCabTwkeKehAfa silaRKb silaminRCabTwk
(cap rock) dUckñúgrUbTI16. kMNkMeNItTwkpusKWCa rUbTI16 GNþÚgTwkpusekIteLIgenAeBlTwkecjBIdegðmI Twk
RbPBTwksRmab;[manGNþÚgTwkpus. GNþÚgTwkpus ehIyhUrkat;tamsñameRbHenAkñúgKRmbsilaénkMNkMeNIt
KWCaTwkpusEdlekIteLIigenAkEnøgEdlsñameRbHekIteLIg GNþÚgTwkpus.
edayFmµCatienAkñgú silaRKb ehIysgát;Tkw enAkñúgdegðIm
ិ
Twk[hUrecjmkeRkAtamsñameRbH. CYnkalGNþgÚ TwkpusRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñúgvalxSac;EdlCakEnøgRbPBTwk

EtmYyKt;.
GNþÚg GNþÚgs¶tÜ
3>2>GNþÚg
GNþÚg KWCarn§mYyEdlbegáIteLIgedaymnusS
ehIymanCeRmAeRCACagkRmitTwkkñúgdI dUecñHGNþÚgRtUv)an kRmitTwkkñgú dI
bMeBjedayTwkkñúgdIdUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI17. RbsinebI
GNþgÚ mYymineRCAlµmeT enaHTwkkñúgGNþÚgnwgrIgenAeBl kRmitTwkkñgú dIEdlTab
EdlkRmitTwkkñúgdIFøak;cuHeRkam)atGNþÚg. ehIyRbsinebI
manGNþÚgeRcIneBkenAkñúgtMbn;mYyEdlmanTwkkñúgdIeFVI
clnay:agelOnenaHkRmitTwkkñúgdIRtUvFøak;cuH ehIyGNþÚg
rUbTI17 GNþgÚ l¥RtUv)aneKCIkeRCAlµm dUecñHenAeBlkRmitTwk
TaMgGs;nwgrIg. kñgú dIFøak;cuH GNþÚgenAEtmanTwkdEdl.
4>karhUreRcaH nigkarcak;bgÁreRkamdI
mindUcTenøeTEdlRcaMgrbs;vaRtUvhUreRcaHenAeBlTwkhUrelIsila nigdI cMENkÉTwkeRkamdIhUreRcaHRbePT
silamYycMnYnedaykarrMlaysila. l¥agCaeRcInenAelIBPi Belak)anekIteLIgGs;ry³eBlrab;Ban;qñaMenAeBlTwkkñúg
dIrMlayfµkMe)ar. fµkMe)arekIteLIgBIkal;süÚmkabUNatEdl)anrlayy:aggayenAkñúgTwk. CalT§pll¥agkekIt
eLIg. l¥agmYycMnYnmanTidPæ aBFMTUlayKYr[cg;TsSnaNas; dUcCal¥agmYyenAkñgú rUbTI18.
cMNucBak;B½n§nwgbrisßan
RbecovCaeRcInRbePTrs;enAkñúgl¥ag. fnik
sþaLak;TIt stVrksIeu nAeBlyb;TaMgenHsÞgT; s i edaysemøg
sþaLak;mIt ehIyGacehIr)ankñúgel,Ón 95K>m>kñgú 1em:ag.
bc©úb,nñenHGñkviTüasaRsþdwgfastVRbecov)anedIr
tYya: gsMxan;enAkñgú brisßan. stVRbecovCaGñksIu
stVl¥ity:ageRcInehIystVRbecovCaeRcInRbePT
rUbTI18 enAÉxalEs,dxaevIn kñúgrdæjÚmicu siku U manpøÚveRkamdI
)aneraylMGgpáaeTAelIrukCç atieRcIn nigEck
nigbnÞbF; ²M CaeRcInEdlRtUv)anhUreRcaHenABIeRkamépÞEpndI.
cayRKab;BUC.
ិ
4>1>kMNkMeNItl¥ag
eTaHCal¥agRtUv)anekIteLIgedaykarhUreRcaHk¾eday k¾BYkvaenAEtbgðajsBaØaénkarcak;bgÁrEdr. TwkEdl
Rsk;tk;²BIsñameRbHenAkñgú Bidanl¥agEdlbnSl;TuknUvedaykal;süÚmkabUNat. bgÁrkal;süÚmkabUNatTaMgenHKW
CafµkMe)armYyRbePTEdleKehAfa fµcRmwg (dripstone). Twk nigfµkMe)arrlayGacRsk;cuHeRkamCaragRsYc ehIy
lkçN³rbs;fµcRmwgragdUcTwkkkCab;Føak;rtayRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCasþaLak;TIt. enAeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr tMNk;Twk
EdlRsk;elI)atl¥agbEnßmBIelIfµcRmwgEdlmanragekanRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCasþaLak;mIt. RbsinebITwkRsk;ry³
eBlyUr enaHsþaLak;TIt nigsþaLak;mItGacP¢ab;Kña)an ehIybegátI )anCassrfµcRmwg.
4>2>bwgsRmut
enAeBlkRmitTwkkñúgdIsßitenATabCagkRmitl¥ag enaHl¥agminGacRTaMRTedayTwkenABIeRkam)aneToteT.
bnÞab;mkdMbUll¥agGac)ak;RsutcuH ehIybnSl;TukenAreNþAragrgVg;mYyEdleKehAfa bwgsRmut (sinkholes). ExS
TwkelIépÞdIGackb;)at;eTAkñúgbwgsRmut ehIyhUrkat;taml¥ageRkamdI. Cajwkjab;bwgsRmutbegáIt[manbwgenA
kñúgtMbn;EdlkRmitTwkkñúgdIx<s;. enAkNþalrdæpørIdaRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edaybwgsRmutrab;rybwg. kñgú rUbTI19 bgðaj
GMBIl¥ageRkamdIGacCH\T§iBleTAdl;eTsPaB.
rUbTI19 tMbn;myY énTIRkugenHbgðajGMBI

\T§iBlrbs;bgw sRmutmYyenA]TüanvInF½r
kñgú rdæpørdI a.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIkRmitTwkkñgú dICaGVI?
2> etIdegðImTwkCaGVI?
3> etIRTg;RTayGVIxøHEdl)anekIteLIgedaysarkarhUreRcaHeRkamdI nigkarcak;bgÁreRkamdI?
4> karviPaKTMnak;TMng etItbM n;minEq¥tTwk/ tMbn;Eq¥tTwk/ nigkRmitTwkkñúgdImanTMnak;TnM gGVnI wgKña?
ិ
emeronTI4 kareRbIR)as;Twk[)anRtwmRtUv
BaküKnøwH
-karbMBuledaycMNuc (point-source pollution)
-karbMBuledayray)a:y (nonpoint-source pollution)
-eragcRkRbRBwtþki mµTwksm¥úy (sewage treatment plant)
-GagTTYlTwksm¥úy (septic tank)
-BiB½N’naGMBIdMNak;kalsm¥atTwkenAkñúgeragcRkRbRBwtiþkmµTwksm¥úy.
-eRbobeFobRbB½nT§ TYlTwksm¥úyCamYyeragcRkRbRBwtiþkmµTwksm¥úy.
-Bnül;GMBIrebobEdlTwkkñúgdIGacCaFnFanekIteLIgvij nigFnFanminekIteLIgvij.
Pav³rs;TaMgGs;RtUvkarTwkedIm,Irs;ranmanCIvit. b:uEnþbrimaNTwksabEdlman ehIyGaceRbIR)as;)anenAelI

EpndImankMNt;. manTwkRtwmEt 3° b:ueNÑaHEdlGacbriePaK)an. ehIykñúgcMeNamTwkEdlGacbriPaK)anTaMg
Gs;enaHmanTwk 75° RtUv)ankkenAÉknþbw b:lU TaMgBIr. kMNkTwkkkTaMgenaH
manmaD 100dgénTwk Edl)anrkeXIjenAkñgú bwg nigExSTwkhUrrbs;
EpndI. TwkEdlkkTaMgenaHKWminGacbriePaK b¤eRbIR)as;)aneT. dUecñHvaBitCa
mansar³sMxan;xøaMgNas;EdleyIgRtUveRbIR)as;FnFanTwkEdlman[)anRtwm
RtUv.
1>karbMBulTwk
TwkenAelIépÞdImandUcCaTenø nigbwg ehIynigTwkenAkñúgdICajwkjab;RtUv)anrgkarbMBuledaykaksMNl;BITI
Rkug eragcRk nigksidaæ n. karbMBulRbePTenHehAfa karbMBuledayRbPBcMNuc BIeRBaHvaecjmkBIcMNcu Biess
EtmYy dUcCabMBg;bgðÚrTwksm¥úy b¤eragcRkbgðÚrTwksm¥úy. Cakusll¥ manc,ab;hamR)amCaeRcIncMeBaHkarbMBul
RbePTenH.
ិ
eTaHCay:agNak¾eday manbBaðaBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarbMBulmYyRbePTeTotEdleKehAfa karbMBuledayRbPB

ray)a:y. karbMBulRbePTenH ¬rUbTI20¦ KWmankarBi)akRKb;RKgCagBIeRBaHvaminEmnecjmkBIRbPBEtmYy. kar
bMBuledayRbPBray)a:yPaKeRcIn)aneFVI[TwkTenø nigbwgkxVk;edaykar
bgðÚrecj. RbPBsMxan;énkarbMBuledayRbPBcMNucKWRbLay CI dIEdl
hUreRcaH nigl,ab;EdlecjBIksidaæ n nigkarkab;éRBeQI/ TwkkxVk;Edl
ecjBIkarCIkykEr:/ nigGMbilEdlecjmkBIRbB½n§FarasaRsþ.
dUcGñk)andwgehIyfaTwkkñúgdIKWCaRbPBTwksabd¾sMxan;myY .
karBitTwkeRcInCagBak;kNþalénTwkEdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgeKhdæanKW)an
mkBITwkkñúgdI. ksidæan)aneRbIR)as;TwkkñúgdIsMrab;RbB½n§eRsacRsB.
edaysarEtTwkkñúgdIRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;edayTwkEdlecjBIépÞelIEpndI dUecñH
Twkkñgú dIGackøayeTACakxVk;)anenAeBlTwkelIépÞdIRtUv)anbMBul. UrUbTI20 TwkEdlbgðeÚ cjBIRbB½ne§ RsacRsB
enAeBlTwkeRkamdIRtUvrgkarbMBulehIy enaHvamankarBi)akxøagM Nas;kñúg GacRbmUlpþMfú añ MBulKImI nigFatuBulepSgeTot
karsm¥at. EdlnwgQaneTAdl;karbMBuledayray)a:y.
2>karsm¥atTwksm¥y
ú
enAeBlGñkebIkTwkbgÁn; b¤emIlTwkEdlhUrcuHeTAeRkamtambMBg;bgðÚr GñkdwgeT?
TwkpáaQUk etIGñkmanFøab;q¶l;Edrb¤eTfaetITwkenHhUreTANa? RbsinebIGñkrs; Caerogral;qñaMmanmnusSeRcInCag
enAkñgú TIRkug TwkenaHnwghUreTAtambMBg;bgðÚrTwksm¥úyeTAkan;eragcRkRbRBwtþi 2/5lannak; )ansøab;edaysar
kmµTwksm¥úy. eragcRksm¥atTwksm¥úy (sewage treatment plants) KWCa CMgWEdlqøgtamry³Twk dUcCaCMgW
eragcRkEdlsm¥atrUbFatukaksMNl;ecjBITwk EdlecjBIbMBg;bgðÚrTwk GasnñeraK nigCMgWRKuneBaHevon.
sm¥úy. eragcRkTaMgenH)anCYykarBarbrisßanBIkarbMBulTwk. elIsBIenH edaymankarRbRBwtkþi mµTwk)anl¥ R
eTAeTot eragcRkTaMgenH)ankarBareyIgBICMgWEdlgayqøgtamry³TwkkxVk;. besIrCagmunGñkCMgCW aeRcInRtUv
2>1>RbRBwtþikmµdMNak;kaldMbUg )anseRgÁaH.
enAeBlTwkhUreTAdl;eragcRksm¥atTwksm¥úy TwkRtUv)ansm¥attamviFIBIry:ag. viFTI I1KWvasm¥atCalkçN³
CMhan²EdleKehAfa RbRBwtþikmµdMNak;kaldMbUg . enAkñúgRbRBwtiþkmµdMNak;kaldMbUg TwkkxVkR; tUvhUrkat;tambnÞH
sMNaj;FMmYyedIm,Icab;ykvtßúrwg dUcCaRkdas knÞb nigKRmbdbCaedIm. bnÞab;mkTwkRtUv)andak;cUleTAkñúgGagFM
ិ
mYyCakEnøgEdlPaKl¥ittUcCagGacliccuHeRkam ehIyRtUveKRtgykecj. PaKl¥itTaMgenHrYmmandUcCaGahar

kemÞckaehV nigdI. eRbgEdlGENþt nigBBuHRtUv)aneLIgmkkkenAxagelIépÞTkw .
2>2>RbRBwtþikmµdMNak;kalTIBIr
enARtg;cMNucenH TwkRtUv)aneRtomedIm,IeFVI RbRBwtþikmµdMNak;kalTIBIr . enAkñgú RbRBwtikþ mµdMNak;kalTIBIr
enHTwkRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan;GagbBa©Úlxül;CakEnøgEdlTwkRtUv)anlayCamYyGuksIEu sn nig)ak;etrI. )ak;etrIciBa©wm
xøÜnedaysarkaksMNl; nigeRbIR)as;GuksIuEsn. bnÞab;mkTwkRtUv)anbgðrÚ eTAkan;GagtRmgmYyeTotCakEnøgEdleK
bEnßmkøredIm,Irm¶ab;emeraKenAkñgú Twk. cugbBa©b;TwkRtUv)anbgðÚrecjmkeRkAtamRbPBTwkdUcCasÞgw bwg b¤mhasmuRT
CaedIm. rUbTI21 bgðajBI smasPaKFM²rbs;eragcRkRbRBwtikþ mµTwksm¥úy.
RbRBwtþikmµdMNak;kaldMbUg RbRBwtþkmµdMNak;kalTIBIr
GagtRmg GagbBa©Úlxül; GagtRmg Gagkør
TwklU
sm¥úy bnÞHsMNaj; sñb;
edIm
kkrPk;² rUbTI21 RbsinebIGñkrs;enAkñúgTIRkug ehIyTwkEdleRbIR)as;enAkñgú pÞHrbs;

GñkTMngCaFøak;eTAkñgú eragcRkRbRBwtkþi mµTwksm¥úyCakEnøgEdlTwkRtUv)an
sm¥atedaydMeNIrkarmYyEdlmanlkçN³dUcvdþsm¥atTwkedayFmµCati.
2>3>viFIm:üageTotedIm,Ism¥atsMNl;rav
RbsinebIGkñ rs;enAkñúgtMbn;EdlKµaneragcRkRbRBwtþki mµTwksm¥yú enaHpÞHrbs;GñkRbEhlCaRtUvmanGag
rm¶ab;emraKmYydUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI22. Gagrm¶ab;emeraK(septic tank) KWCaGageRkamdId¾FMmYyEdlRbmUl nigsm¥at
sMNl;ravEdlhUrecjBIeKhdæan. sMNl;ravhUrecjBIpHÞ cUleTAkñgú GagCakEnøgEdlvtßúrwgFøak;cuHeTA)ateRkam. )ak;
etrIeRbIR)as;sMNl;TaMgenHenA)atGag. TwkhUrecjBIGagcUleTAkñúgbMBg;lUmYyRkumEdlkb;kgñú dI. bMBg;lUEdlkb;
kñúg dI)anEckcayTwkeTAkñúgdI. eKehAbMBg;mYyRkumenHfa bNþajbgðÚrTwksm¥úy (drain field).
ិ
bMBg;bgðrÚ cUl dI KRmb

rUbTI22 Gagrm¶ab;emeraK
PaKeRcInRtUvEtsm¥atecj
erogral;BrI b¤bIqñaMmgþ RsTab;BBuH bMBg;bgðÚr
edIm,I[GagenHeFVkI ar ecj
sm¥at)anl¥. kkrPk;²
3>kEnøgEdlTwkhUr skmµPaB
sikSaKMnsU tagenAxageqVgéd
KMnUstagkñúg rUbTI23 bgðajGMBI ehIy kMNt;kEnøgFM²EdleRbI
kareRbIR)as;TwkCamFümenAshrdæ sRmab;eRsac
Føa/ lagLan/ R)as;Twk. cUrKitGMBvI iFeI pSg²Edl
Gaemric. cUrkt;cMNaMfaTwktic sRmab;gUt/ eRbI GñkGackat;bnßybrimaNTwkEdl
rkSaTukkñgú Gag
Cag8°EdleyIgeRbIR)as;enA R)as;kgñú bgÁn;/ GµkeRbIenAkñgú pÞHrbs;Gñk. cUlrYm
KW 32°
kñúgpÞHral;éf¶enHKWCaTwkEdl niglagCRmH skmµPaBenHCamYymitþrYmfñak;
GacbriePaK)an. TwkEdlenA sMelokbMBak; ;rbs;Gkñ .
sl;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;kúñgbgÁn;/ KW 60° sRmab;briePaK/ cm¥inGahar/
e)akKk;sMelokbMBak;/ gUtTwk/ lagCRmHcan/ lagCRmHkak
eRsacFøamuxpÞH nigeRsacrukçCati. sMNl;e)aHecal KW 8°
rUbTI23 eKhdæanenAshrdæGaemriceRbIR)as;TwkCamFümRbEhl 100kaLúg
kñgú 1éf¶. KMnUstagrgVg;enHbgðajGMBIkareRbIR)as;FmµtaénTwk 100kaLúg.
3>1>Twkkñúg]sSahkmµ
KMnUstagenAxagelIbgðajBIkareRbIR)as;TwkenAtameKhdæan. eTaHCadUecñHk¾eday kñúgeragcRkRtUvkarTwkkan;
EteRcInEdr ¬rUbTI24¦ . TwkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVI[m:asIuncuHRtCak;/ sm¥atplitpl]sSahkmµ/ TajykEr:xniC/
nigbegáItfamBlsRmab;eragcRk. eragcRk]shSakmµCaeRcInkMBugBüayamsnSMsMécTwkedaykareRbIR)as;vamþgeTot
kñúgdMeNIrkarplit. enAshrdæGaemric TwkCaeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúgeragcRk ehIyRtUv)anEkécñeLIgvijy:ag
ehacNas;mþg. y:agtic 90°énTwkTaMgenHGacRtUv)ansm¥at ehIybgðrÚ Rtlb;eTAkñgú TwképÞelIvij.
ិ
karpÁt;pgÁ ;TwkkñúgdIk¾RtUvkarRtYtBinitüpgEdr.
eTaHbIeK)ancat;Tku TwkkñúgdICa FnFanekIteLIgvij k¾eday
¬CaFnFanEdlGacRtUv)anbEnßm[mandUcedImvij¦k¾karEkécñ
Twkkñgú dIeLIgvijGacCadMeNIrkarmYyd¾yUrGEgVg. enAeBl
mankareRbIR)as;hsY kRmit CYnkalTwkkñúgdIRtUv)aneKcat;fñak;
cUlCa FnFanminekIteLIgvij EdlCasarFatuminGacCMnYs)an
enAeBleRbIR)as;Gs;. TwkkñúgdIRbmUlpþúM nighUry:agyWt² ehIy
TwkEdleKykecjBIdegðImTwkmYycMnYnenaHRbEhlCaminGacRtUv
)anbEnßm[dUcedImkñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñavM ij)aneT.
rUbTI24 EpñkxagkñúgèneragcRkfamBlnuyekøEG‘r
RtUvcuHRtCak;edaysarTwk.
cMNayTwk\tRbeyaCn_Emnb¤?
etIGñkRtUveRbITkw Gs;b:unaµ nenAeBlGñkduseFµj? etIGñkRtUveRbIR)as;eBlGs;bun: µanedIm,IduseFµjmþg? cUrsresrCMhan
nImYy²éndMeNIrduseFµjrbas;Gñkdak;cUlkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñkedayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgcMnnY dgEdlGñk
ebIk nigbitTwkrUb‘ÍeN. etIGñkeRbIR)as;eBlGs;bn:u µanPaKryedIm,IduseFµjenAeBlEdlGñkebIkTwkrUb‘ÍeNecal? etIman
TwkcMnYnb:unaµ nkøayeTATwkkxVk;?etImanviFGI VIxHø EdlGac[GñksnSMséM cTwkenAeBlGñkdusu eFµjral;elIk.
3>2>TwksRmab;kñúgksikmµ
degðImTwkGUhÁaLaLaKWCadegðmI Twkd¾FMCageKbMputmYyenAGaemricxageCIg. EpnTIenAkñgú rUbTI25 bgðajfa
degðImTwkmYyenHsßitenABIeRkamrdæcMnYn8 edaycab;BIrdædakUtaxagt,ÚgeTAdl;rdætci sas;. enAry³eBl100qñaMcug
eRkayenH degðmI TwkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agxøagM kñúgksikmµ. degðImTwkGUhÁaLaLa)anpþl;TwkRbEhl 1PaK5 éndIdaM
FBaØCatienAshrdæGaemric. eBlfµI²enH kRmitTwkkñúgdIenAkñúgdegðImTwkRtUv)anFøak;cuHTabEdlCaehtueFV[I GñkviTüa
saRsþniyayfavanwgeRbIeBly:agehacNas;1>000qñaM edIm,IbMeBjbEnßmeTAkñúgdegðImTwkRbsinebITwkTaMgenaHminRtUv
)aneKeRbIR)as;kñúgry³eBlyUreTenaH.
ិ
rUbTI25 edaysar degðImGUhaÁ LaLaCa

RbPBTwkeRkamdId¾lm¥ YyenaH TwkenA
TIenaHRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;hsY kRmit.
kRmitTwkkñgú dI)anFøak;cuHeRcIn Cag 30m>
enAkñúgtMbn;xøH.
GñkdwgeT?
Gagsþkú TwkeRkamdIGUhaÁ LaLaGacpÞúkTwklµm
edIm,IbeM Bjkñúgbwgh‘Urun. eTaHCadUecñHk¾edayEteBlenHdegðmI Twk
kMBgu cab;epþmI eRbIGs; 25dgelOnCagkarbMeBj bEnßmeLIgvij.
FnFanTwkxusBIFnFanepSg²eTot. edaysarTwkmansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;CIvit eTIbKµanFnFanNaGac

CMnYs)an. CaerOy²degðImTwkRtUv)aneRbIhYskRmit dUecñHehIyeTIbvaKµaneBlevlaRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMeBjbEnßmeLIg
vij. dUcTwképÞelIEdr TwkkñúgdIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaysnSMséM c.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIkarbMBuledayray)a:y nigkarbMBuledaycMNuc manPaBxusKñadUcemþc?
2> cUrsegçbBIdMeNIrkarRbRBwtþikmµTkw sm¥úyenAkñúgeragcRkRbRBwtikþ mµTwksm¥úy.
3> etIFnFanekIteLIgvij nigFnFanminekIteLIgvij manPaBxusKñadUcemþc?
4> karsegçbTinñn½y etIGagrm¶ab;emeraKeFVIkardUcemþc?
ិ
cMNucsMxan;²rbs;CMBUkTI10
emeronTI1
BaküKnøwH karhUreRcaH/ vdþTwk/ édTenø/ GagTenø/ ExSEckTwk/ pøvÚ Twk/ bnÞúk.
kMNt;smÁal;xøwmsar
- karhUreRcaH KWCakarpøas;TI nigdwkCBa¢ÚnrUbFatuépÞelI dUcCa sila nigdI.
- vdþTwk KWCaclna\tQb;QrénTwkBIRbPBTwk dUcCabwg b¤mha smuRT/ eTAkñúgGakas/ enAelIdI/ enAkñúgdI/
nigRtlb;eTAkan;RbPBTwkvij.
- GagTenø b¤GagrgTwkePøógrYmmanTenøem nigédTaMgGs;rbs;va.
- GRtaénkarhUreRcaHedayExSTwkRtUv)anTTYl\T§Bi ledayktþaCaeRcIn rYmmanCRmalrbs;ExSTwk/ FarTwk/
el,Ón/ nigbnÞúk.
- CRmal KWCargVas;énkarénkarpøas;bþÚrénry³km<s;elIcm¶aymYyCak;lak;.
-FarTwk KWCamaDrbs;TwkEdlhUredayExSTwkhUrmYyenAkñgú eBlevlamYyCak;lak;.
- bnÞkú rbs;ExSTwk KWCarUbFatuEdlExSTwknaMeTACamYy.
- TenøGacRtUv)anBiB½N’naedayBaküfaCMTg;/ eBjv½y/ cas;/ yuvkmµ.
karBiesaFn_ vdþTwk
emeronTI2
BaküKnøwH karcak;bgÁr/ dIl,ab;/ dIsNþ/ dIl,ab;ragpøti / TMnablicTwk.
- karcak;bgÁrekIteLIgenAeBldI nigsilaEdl)anhUreRcaHRtUv)anFøak;cuH.
- dIl,ab; KWCarUbFatuEdl)ancak;bgÁredayTenø nigExSTwkhUr.
- dIsNþ KWCabgÁrdIl,ab;enAÉmat;Tenø.
ិ
- dIl,ab;ragpøit KWCabgÁrdIl,ab;enAÉeCIgPñM.
- TMnablicTwk KWCatMbn;EdlmandIsMbUrCICatiedaysarTwkCMnn;naMdIfµImktMbn;enH.
emeronTI3
BaküKnøwH TwkkñúgdI/ kRmitTwkkñúgdI/ degðImTwk/ PaBes<at/ PaBRCabTwk/ tMbn;RCabTwk/ GNþÚgTwkpus.
- TwkkñúgdImanTItaMgsßitenAxageRkamépÞEpndI.
- TwkkñúgdIGacrMlaysila)an CaBiessfµkMe)ar.
- tMbn;minEq¥tTwk nigtMbn;Eq¥tTwkCYbKñaenAÉRBMEdnEdlehAfakRmitTwwkkñgú dI.
- degðImTwk KWCaRsTab;sli aes<at nigGacRCabTwk)anEdlhUrqøgkat;edayTwkkñúgdI.
- bwgsRmutekIteLIgenAeBlkRmitTwkkñúgdITabCagdMbUll¥ageRkamdI.
emeronTI4
BaküKnøwH karbMBlu edaycMNuc/ karbMBuledayray)a:y/ eragcRkRbRBwtþikmµTkw sm¥úy/ Gagrm¶ab;emeraK.
- Twksm¥úyRtUv)ansm¥atenAkñgú eragcRkRbRBwtiþkmµTwksm¥úy nigGagrm¶ab;emeraK.
- enAkñúgeragcRkRbRBwtþikmµTwksmú¥yTwkRtUv)ansm¥attamviFIBrI y:agKW RbRBwtiþkmµdMNak;kaldMbUg nig
RbRBwtikþ mµdMNak;kalTIBIr.
- CaTUeTATwkRtUv)aneKcat;Tku faCaFnFanekIteLIgvij b:uEnþenAeBlTwkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;hYskRmit enaHTwk
GacRtUv)ancat;fñak;CaFnFanminekIteLIgvij.
karBiesaFn_ karsm¥atTwkkxVk;
RtYtBinitücMeNHdwg
KMnitEbbKNitviTüa
CRmalrbs;ExSTwk ktþamYyEdlGacCH\T§iBleTAdl;el,Ónrbs;TenøenACRmalrbs;va. CRmal KWCargVas;
énkarpøas;bþÚrénry³km<s;elIcm¶aymYyCak;lak;. GñkGacGnuvtþn_rUbmnþenHedIm,IKNnaCRmalrbs;ExSTwk ÷
ិ
karpøas;bþÚrénry³km<s;
CRmal =
cm¶ay
]TahrN_TenømYycab;epþImenAkm<s; 5>500m> ehIyeFVIdMeNIrcuHmkeRkamcm¶ay 350K>m> edIm,IeTAdl;bwg

mYyEdlsßitenAry³km<s; 2>000m>. edayeRbIR)as;rUbmnþxagelI GñknwgGacrkeXIjCRmalTwkKW 10m> / K>m>.
10m> / K>m> = ¬5>500m> - 2>000m>¦

350K>m>
karKittamkaremIleXIj
bnÞúkrbs;ExSTwk sUmemIleTAKMnsU tagenATMBr½ munedIm,IrMlwkBIRbePTxus²KñaénbnÞkú EdlExSTwknaMeTACamYy.
eragcRkRbRBwtþikmµTwksm¥úy cUrsikSaBIrUbPaBTI21enATMB½rmunedIm,IrMlwkBIdMeNIrkarTaMgBIrEdleKeRbIedIm,I
sm¥atTwkenAkñúgeragcRkRbRBwtiþkmµTwksm¥úy.
ិ
lMhat;Gnuvtþn_
kareRbIR)as;BaküKnøwH
cUrkt;smÁal; nigBnül;nUvBaküNaEdlminsßitenAkñúgRkumCamYyKña.
1>édTenø/ Tenø/ kRmitTwkkñúgdI
2>bnÞkú / tMbn;RCabTwk/ degðImTwk
3>dIsNþ/ dIl,ab;ragpøit/ ExSEckTwk
4>PaBes<at/ PaBRCabTwk/ karcak;bgÁr
5>karbMBlu edaycMNuc/ karbMBlu edayray)a:y/ Gagrm¶ab;emraK
6>RbRBwtkþi mµdMNak;kaldMbUg/ RbRBwtiþkmµdMNak;kalTIBIr/ GagTenø
kareRbIR)as;KMnit
cUrKUsrgVg;CuMvijcemøIyEdlRtwmRtUv.
7>etIdMeNIrkarNamYyEdlminEmnCaEpñkrbs;vdþTwk?
k>rMhYt K>kMNk
x>CRmabTwk X>karcak;bgÁr
8>etIbnÞúkrbs;ExSTwkRbePTNaEdleFVI[TenøemIleTAdUcPk;?
k>bnÞkú )at K>bnÞkú GENþt
x>bnÞkú rMlay X>bnÞkú RkYs
9>etIpÚvø Twkrbs;TenøCMTg;manlkçN³TUeTAdUcemþc?
k>CaePñn K>CaCYrTwk
x>CaTMnablicTwk X>CaCYrfµxSac;b:RbHTwk
10>etIlkçN³cak;bgÁrmYyNaEdleKrkeXIjenAÉeqñr?
k>dIsNþ K>dIl,ab;ragpøit
x>TMnablicTwk X>bgÁrEr:
11>l¥agKWCalT§plén
k>karhUreRcaHedayTenø K>karbMBlu Twk
x>karcak;bgÁredayTenø X>karhUreRcaHedayTwkkñúgdI
ិ
12>GagTenøEdlFMCageKenARbeTskm<Cú aKW
k>TenøemKgÁ K>Tenøeskug
x>Tenøsab X>TenøERsBk
13>degðmI TwkRtUvEtCakEnøgEdl
k>es<at nigminRCabTwk K>es<at nigminRCabTwk
x>mines<at nigRCabTwk X>es<at nigRCabTwk
14>etIcemøIyNamYyCakarbMBuledaycMNcu ?
k>CIEdlhUrBItbM n;ksidæan K>bMBg;bgðÚrsMNl;rav
x>karbgðrÚ TwkecjBIpøvÚ TaMgLayénTIRkug X>karlicénGagrm¶ab;emeraK
15>kMLúgeBlRbRBwtþki mµTwkdMNak;kaldMbUgenAÉeragcRkRbRBwtikþ mµTwksm¥úy
k>TwkRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan;GagbBa©lÚ xül;
x>TwkRtUv)anRcbl;CamYy)ak;etrI nigGuksIEiu sn
K>TwkkxVk;RtUv)anqøgkat;bnÞHsmNaj;FMmYy
X>TwkRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan;GagtRmgedIm,IbEnßmkør
cUreqøIynUvsMNYrxageRkamenH[)anRtwmRtUv
16>etITenø nigédTenømanTMnak;TMngnwgKñadUcemþc?
17>etIdegðImTwkRtUv)anbMeBjbEnßmy:agdUcemþc?
18>ehtuGVI)anCal¥agEtgRtUv)anrkeXIjenAtMbn;EdlsMbUrfµkeM )ar?
cUreRbIR)as;EpnTIKMnit
19>cUreRbIR)as;BaküKnøwHxageRkamenHedIm,IbegátI EpnTIKMnitmYy ³
tMbn;minEq¥tTwk/tMbn;Eq¥tTwk/ kRmitTwkkñúgdI/ TMnajPaBes<at/ PaBRCabTwk.
karKitEbbriHKn; nigdMeNaHRsaybBaða
cUreqøIynUvsMNYrxageRkamenH[)anRtwmRtUv.
20> etITwk)anedIrtYnaTIGVxI øHkñúgkarhUreRcaH nigkarcak;bgÁr?
21> etITenøEdlmanCRmalecatmanlkçN³dUcemþc?
22> ehtuG)VI anCaTwkkñúgdIBi)aksm¥at?
23> ]bmafaGñkkMBugeFVIdMeNIrenAEk,rTenøeBjv½ymYy. etIExSTwkenaHmanlkçN³dUcemþc?
ិ
24> etIeKGaccat;Tku TwkCaFnFanekIteLIgvij nigCaFnFanminekIteLIgvij)any:agdUcemþc?

cUrBnül;nUvbMNkRsaynImYy²[)anc,as;las;.
viTüasaRsþKNitviTüa
25> bwgsRmutmYy)anekIteLIgenAkñúgTIRkugmYYyEdlmanRbCaCnrs;enAcMnYn 5>000nak;. TIRkugenHRtUv)aneK
RbkasfaCatMbn;mhnþray ehIyfvikacMnYn 2landuløa RtUv)aneKpþl;eTA[TIRkugedayrdæaPi)alshB½n.§ rdæaPi)al
kñúgRsuk)aneRbIR)as;fvikaGs; 60° edIm,ICYsCulkarxUcxatrbs;TIRkug nigfvikaEdlenAsl;eK)anpþl;eTA[RbCaCn
enAkñgú TIRkug.
k> etIRbCaCnmñak;nwgRtUvTTYl)anb:nu µan?
x> RbsinebIkgúñ TIRkugmanRbCaCncMnYn 2>000RKYsar etIRKYsarnImYy²RtUvTTYl)anb:nu µan?
K> etIRKYsarnImYy²nwgRtUvTTYl)anfvikaRKb;RKan;sRmab;sagsg;leM nAdæanrbs;BYkeK)aneLIgvijEdrb¤eT? RbsinebI
minRKb;RKan; etIfvikaTaMgGs;enaHRtUv)aneKbric©akdUcemþcedIm,I[)anesµKI ña?
karbkRsayRkaPic
KMnUstagGMBITwkenAxagsþaMenHbgðajBIkarhUrrbs;
Tenøkúñgry³eBlmYyqñaM. karsikSaBIFarTwkrbs;Tenøy:aKIm:a
enAv:asInu etan. Tenøy:aKIm:ahUreq<aHeTATisxagekItecjBICYr
PñkM asáateTAkan;TenøkULúMebo.
26> etIExNaxøHCaExEdlmanFarTwkx<s;CageK?
27> ehtuGVI)anCaFarTwkénTenøeLIgx<s;enAExTaMgenH?
28> etIGEVI dlCamUlehtueFVI[FarTwkeLIgx<se; nAcenøaHExvicikä a
nigExmIna?
ិ
PaBcEmøkrbs;viTüasaRsþ
BBuH/ BuH/ nig )aj;eLIgelI
TwkBuHenAkEnøgmYycMnYnèn]TüanCatifµB½Ne’ lOg)aj;eLIgelIeTAkñúgGakasEdleFVI[bwgPk;B½N’cEmøk nig
EbkBBuH ehIy]sµ½nekþATaMgenHbeBa©jsemøgBIkñúgdI. etIlkçN³FrNIcEmøk EbbenHKWCaGV?I etIBYkvabNþalmkBIGVI?
erOgr:avTaMgGs;enHcab;epþImeLIgenAkñúgCeRmAEpndI.
1>TwkekþApuscMNas;
bwgmYykñgú cMeNambwgCaeRcInenA]TüanCatifµB½N’elOgEdlTak;TajGñkeTscrN_eRcInCageKKW TwkekþApus
EdleKehAfa Old Faithful. karpÞHú eLIgerogral; 60 eTA 70naTImþg Old Faithful)an)aj;TwkekþAEdlmankm<s;
60m> eLIgeTAkñúgGakas. TwkekþApusekIteLIgenAeBlbMBg;ceg¥ótmYy)anP¢ab;eTAnwgbnÞb;eRkamdImYy b¤eRcIneTA
kan;épÞEpndI. bnÞb;eRkamdITaMgenHRtUv)ankemþAedaysilaCitrlay. enAeBlTwkeRkamdIhUrkat;tambMBg;
nigbnÞb;eRkamdITaMgenH vaRtUv)ankemþAelIsBI 100GgSares. TwkEdlmankemþAx<s;eLIgy:agelOneTAkan;ExSTwk
ehIypÞHú ecjCaelIkdMbUgeTAkan;épÞEpndI bnÞabb;mkk¾pÞúHeTAkñgú Gakas. CagenHeTAeTot Old Faithful )anpÞúHeLIg
eTogTat;tameBlkMNt;.
2>GagTwkekþAFmµCati
RbPBTwkekþA KWCaTwkekþApusEdlKµansm<aF. bMBg;rbs;vamanTMhMFMCagbMBg;TwkekþApus ehIyBYkvaeFV[I Twk
eRkamdIcuHRtCak;bnþicmþg² ehIyhUreTAkan;épÞEpndICagkarpÞHú xøagM . edIm,IehARbPBTwkekþAmYy)an TwkRtUvEtman
sItuNPð aBekþAlµmy:agehacNas;esµsI ItuNðPaBénxøÜnmnusSKW 37GgSares. TwkpuseRkamdIxøHmansItuNðPaB 300
b¤ 400GgSares.
3>karebIugénbMENkPk;
GagPk; (mud pot) ekIteLIgenAeBlExSTwkhUr b¤TwkkñúgdIhUrRsk;Føak;eTAelIépÞEpndIedayBukpuytam
lkçN³KImI ehIyrMlayRTg;RTayrbs;épÞEpndI dUcCasilaCaedIm. l,aysilarlayCamYyTwkbegáIt[manGagdI
\dæravs¥itekþAmanBBuH. b:uEnþsmU kuMeTACitGagTaMgenaHeBk maneBlxøHExSTwknwg)aj;eLIgelIya: gelOnehIyCRmuj
[GagPk;CHeLIgdUcCaPñeM PøIg. enAeBlvaCHeLIg GagPk;GaceFVI[duMPk;TMhMb:unLanxÞatebIueTAelIemX)an.
ិ
GagPk;xøH)ankøayeTACa GagPk;cRmuHB½N’
(paint pot) enAeBlBBYkGtisuxumR)aN b¤Er:xniCEdl
manB½N’PøWlayRcbl;KñaenAkñúgenaH. ]TahrN_Rbsin
ebImanbrimaNEdkeRcInenAkñúgPk; enaHGagfñaMnwgERb
B½N’eTACaRkhmetñat b¤ elOgetñat. Er:xniC nig)ak;
etrIepSgeTotGaceFVI[Pk;manB½N’s b¤B½Ne’ xovx©I.
GagPk;cRmuHB½N’mYycMnYnGachUreRCottamsñameRbH
epSg²edayB½N’xus²Kña.
GagPk;enA]TüanCatifµB½N’elOg
4>etIGñkKitdUcemþc?
manmnusSCaeRcIneCOfakarTajykRbPBfamBlkMedAdI dUcCaTwkekþApusGacpþl;eRKaHfñak;dl;eGkULÚsIu
rbs;RbPBTaMgenaH. cUrEsVgrk[eXIjGMBGI tßRbeyaCn_ nigplvi)akénkareRbIR)as;famBlkMedAdI. etIGñkman
eyabl;dUcemþc?
ិ
karsmøwgemIleTAelIbrisßan
PaBmhnþrayenAtamdIsNþ
enAeBlRBHGaTitürHeLIgBIelItMbn;dsI NþesIménTenømIsIusuBI I GñkensaTcab;epþImRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitrbs;BYk
eK. bkSIeCIgEvgedIrqøgkat;valPk;edIm,Icab;RtI b¤kEgábCaGahareBlRBwk. rukçCati nigstVrab;ryRbePTcab;epþmI
éf¶fkµI gñú sßanRbB½n§gay)at;bg;enH. b:uEnþsßanRbB½n§dIsNþenHKWsßitenAkñúgPaBeRKaHfñak;edaykarbMpøaj.
PaBKMramkMEhgekItecjBIkarxitxMeFVI[TenømIsIusBIu Ikan;Etmansar³sMxan;. EpñkCaeRcInén)atTenøRtUv)anbUm
edIm,I[TenøeRCA nigedIm,I[navaeFVcI racr)angayRsYl. pøvÚ TwkenAeRkamTwkRtUv)ansagsg;eLIgedIm,IRKb;RKgTwk
CMnn;. GVIEdlminmannrNamñak;dgw KWfakemÞckMNEdlRtUv)ancak;bgÁredIm,IbegáItCadIfµIenaH\LÚvenH)anqøgkat;tampøÚv
TwkeRCA ehIyhUrcUleTAkñúgmhasmuRT.
kemÞckMNrbs;TenøTaMgenaH)anCMnsY [dIEdlRtUv)an)at;Caerogral;qñaeM daysarkarhUreRcaH. ebIKµankemÞc
kMN TenøminGacCMnYsdIEdl)at;edaysarkarhUreRcaH)aneT. ehIydIsNþTenømIssIu IuBIk¾RtUvEt)at;rUbragEdr. enAqñaM
1995 dIesImCaBak;kNþalRtUv)an)at; ehIyhUrcUleTAkñgú smuRTedayrlkenAtameqñrlVsI üaNa.
1>dMeNIrkemÞckMN
TenømIssIu IuBIeFVIdMeNIrkúñgcm¶aypøvÚ 3>766K>m> ehIynaMykkemÞckMN 232lanetan eTAcak;cUlQUg
smuRTmicu siuckUCaerogral;qña.M enAcugdIsNþTenømIsIsiu IuBbI egáIt)anCatMbn;dIesImEdlFMCageKenAGaemricxageCIg.
dIsNþ ekIteLIgenAeBlkemÞckMNkkenAÉmat;Tenø. enAÉdIsNþTenømIssIu BIu I kemÞckMNRtUv)anekIteLIg ehIy
begáIt)anCadIfµIenAtambeNþayeqñrlVIsüaNa. tMbn;EdlsßitenACuvM ijdIsNþeKehAfa dIesIm . vaCadImanCICati
sRmab;dN M aM nigCaCRmk ¬valPk;/ Twksab/ nigTwkéRb¦énPav³rs; nigrukCç atiCaeRcInRbePT.
2>skmµPaBGPirkSdIsNþ
cab;BIBak;kNþalTsSvtSn_ 1980 rdæaPi)al)aneFVkI ci ©shkarrYmKñaCamYyRbCaCn nigGñkCMnjY enAtMbn;
lVsI üaNaedIm,IRKb;RKg nigsþareLIgvijnUvtMbn;dIsNþTenømIssIu IuB.I KeRmagkarmYycMnYnKWedIm,IkarBardIsNþedayrYm
TaMgkarcak;bMeBjenAkñúgERBkCIkEdlbEgVrkmÞckMN nigsUm,IEtkareRbIR)as;edImeQIRKIsþmWscas;²CarbgedIm,ITb;dI
kemÞckMN. CamYykic©bnþxitxMrbs;GñkviTüasaRsþ GñkdwknaMrdæaPi)al nigRbCaCnenAtammUldæandIsNþTenømsI IusIiuBI
enAEtman]kasEdlkan;EteFVI[RbesIreLIgvij.
ិ
3>karsikSaGMBIdIsNþ
cUrrk[eXIjGMBI]sSahkmµ nigsarBagÁkayEdlBwgEp¥keTAelIdIsNþmIsuIsBIu IedIm,Irs;ranmanCIvit. etInwg
manGVeI kIteLIgcMeBaHPav³TaMgGs;enaH RbsinebIeyIgmin)anykcitþTukdak;EfrkSasßanRbB½n§enH?
ិ
vdþTwk
GVIPayeLIg>>>
ehtuGVI)anCakBa©k;bnÞb;Tkw eLIgRsGab;? etImanGVeI kIteLIgenAeBlTwkhYteLIg? etIePøógmkBINa? ehtuGVI
)anCaePøógmanminecHGs;? sMNYrTaMgenHTak;TgeTAnwgEpñksMxan;²énvdþTwkKW kMNk rMhYt nigkMMNkGakas. enAkñúg
skmµPaBenH GñknwgbegáItKMrvU dþTwkmYy ehIytamdanTwkenAeBlvaeFVIclnaqøgkat;KMrU.
smÖar³ ¬sRmab;begáItKMrU¦
-sIuLaMgRkit -TwkcMNuH 50m>l>
-eRsamédkarBarkemþA -EkvRkit
-cRgáankemþA -bnÞHkBa©k; b¤kBa©kE; v:nta
-degáób
dMeNIrkar
1> eRbIsILu aMgRkitedIm,Icak;TwkcMNuH 50m>l>cUleTAkñúgEkvRkit. sUmkt;cMNaMBIkRmitTwkenAkñúgEkvRkit.
2> Bak;eRsamédkarBarkemþA ehIydak;EkvRkit[)anRtwmRtUveTAelIcRgáankemþA. ebIkePøIgcRgáanlµmeFVI[TwkBuH.
3> enAeBlrg;caMTkw BuH sUmGnuvtþn_elIkbnÞHkBa©k; b¤kBa©k;Ev:ntaedayeRbIdegáóbKab. kan;bnÞHkBa©k;cm¶ayRbEhl
2-3s>m> BIEkvRkitedayep¥ógEKmrbs;bnÞHkBa©k;[enAcMBeI lIEkvRkit.
4> segátbnÞHkBa©k;enAeBlTwkkñúgEkvRkiteLIgkemþA. kt;RtaBIPaBpøas;bþÚrKñaEdlGñk)aneXIjmanenAkñgú EkvRkit/
enAkñgú xül;BIelIEkvRkit/ nigenAelIbnÞHkBa©k;EdlGñkkan;BIelIEkvRkit cUlkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
5> bnþkarsegátEfmeTotrhUtdl;bnÞHkBa©ke; LIgRsGab;edaysarcMhayTwkEdleLIgBIkgñú EkvRkit ehIyRsk;TwkcUl
eTAkñúgEkvRkitvij.
6> erobcMsmÖar³BiesaFn_TaMgGs;edayRbugRby½tñenAkEnøgsuvtßiPaBtamkarENnaMBIRKUrbs;Gñk.
7> bitePøgI cRgáankemþA ehIyTukEkvRkit[RtCak;. ykEkvRkitekþAecjRbsinmankarR)ab;BRI KUrbs;Gñk.
8> cmøgrUbPaBEdl)anbgðajnUvxageRkamenHdak;cUlkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk edayKUrrUbBeRgog
ehIydak;GkSrtagvdþTwkenAeBlEdlvaekIteLIgenAkñúgKMrrU bs;Gñk edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgsBaØaRBYj nigGkSrtagcMeBaH
kMNk rMhYt nigkMNkGakas.
ិ
karviPaK
9> eRbobeFobkRmitTwkkñúgEkvRkitenAeBl\LÚvCamYykRmitTwkenAeBlcab;epþImBiesaFn_. etImankarpøas;bþÚrb¤eT?
cUrBnül;RbsinebImankarpøas;bþrÚ b¤minmankarpøas;brþÚ .
10> RbsinebIGñk)anvas; b¤fwøgBIrgVas;m:asTwkenAkñúgEkvRkitmuneBl nigeRkayeBlBiesaFn_ enaHetIm:asTwkmankar
pøas;bþÚrb¤eT? ehtuGI)V anCapøas;bþÚr? ehtuGV)I anCaminpøas;bÚþr?
11> etIKMrUrbs;GñkRsedogKñaeTAnwgvdþTwkrbs;EpndIEdrb¤eT? enAelIKMnUrBeRgogrbs;Gñk cUrtagGkSrenAkEnøgEdl
dMeNIrkar)anbgðajenAkñgú KMrtU Rmab;tamvdþTwkrbs;EpndI.
12> enAeBlGñkbBa©b;karBiesaFn_enH TwkenAkñúgEkvRkitenAEtekþAdEdl. etIfamBlGVEI dlmanenAkñúgvdþTwkrbs;
EpndI?
sMNYrbEnßm
enAeBlTwkePøóghUrenAelIdI TwkePøóg)annaMykEr:xniC nigGMbileTACamYy. etIEr:xniC nigGMbilTaMgenHhYt
kk nigePøógFøak;mkvijCaEpñkmYyrbs;vdþTwkEmneT? etIBIvaeTANa?
RbsinebIstI uNðPaBmFüménBiPBelakTaMgmUlkan;EtekþAeLIg etIGñkrMBgw fakRmitTwksmuRTpøas;bþÚrdUcemþc?
ehtuGVI? cuHRbsinebIsItuNðPaBmFümrbs;BiPBelakRtCak;vij etIGñkrMBwgfakRmitTwksmuRTpøas;bþÚrdUcemþc? ehtuGIV?
ិ
karsm¥atTwkkxVk;
enAeBlGñklagcan lagrfynþ lagGagkñúgbnÞb;Tkw b¤lagCRmHsMelokbMBak; GñklagCRmHBYkvaCamYy
nwgTwk. b:uEnþetIGñkmanq¶l;eTfaetITwkGaclagCRmH)any:agdUcemþc? viFIFM²BIrEdleRbIedIm,IbnSúT§TwkKW ceRmaH nig
rMhYt. enAkñgú skmµPaBenHGñknwgeRbIviFIFM²TaMgBIrenHedIm,Isakl,gyksarFatuBulecjBIkñúgTwk. Gñknwgsakl,g
CamYyrUbFaturukçCatirlYy dI TwkexµH nigemSAsab‘U. RKUrbs;GñkGacsYrGñkpgEdr[sakl,gCamYyFatuBulepSgeTot.
smÖar³ ¬sRmab;karBiesaFn_enAkñgú bnÞb;BiesaFn_¦

EpñkTI1
-kéRnþ -dbsUdamanKRmbcMNHu 2l>
-jjÜr nigEdkeKaltUc -RkYs
-FüÚg -xSac;
EpñkTI2
-EkvebEs‘ -bMBg;Ekvqñkú C½r
-bMBg;)aøsÞicføaRbEvg 1/5m> -eRsamédkarBarkemþA
-cRgáankemþA -fg;)aøsÞicbitCit
-TwkkkduM²
EpñkTI1 nig EpñkTI2
-eCIgTRmmankg -EkvRkitcMNHu 400m>l>
-EkvRkitcMNHu 1>000m>l>BIr -TwkcMNuH 2>000m>l>
-rUbFaturukçCatirlYy ¬esµA nigkemÞcsøwk¦ -dI
-TwkexµHenApÞH)ay -emSAsab‘lU agcan
-EkvBRgIkkan;éd -søabRBa)aøsÞicBIr
-]bkrN_kMNt; pH
ិ
karbegáItsmµtikmµ
1> begátI smµtki mµmYyfaceRmaH nigrMhYtEdlnwgsm¥atFatuBulTaMgbYnecjBITkw nigetIvFI ITaMgBIrenHGacsm¥at
Twk)ans¥atb:uNÑa. bnÞab;mkGnuvtþn_tamdMeNIrkarxageRkamedIm,Isakl,gsmµtikmµrbs;Gñk.
EpñkTI1 ÷ ceRmaH
ceRmaHKWCaviFIsamBaØmYyénkarykFatuBulepSg²ecjBITwk. vaRtUvkarfamBlticNas;KWTMnajTajTwkcuH
eRkamtamRsTab;smÖar³tRmg. sUmemIlfaetIviFIEdlmanfamBlRKb;RKan;enHeFVIkarsm¥atTwkBulKMrUrbs;GñkdUc
emþc.
dMNwknaMkarBiesaFn_
2> Bak;eRsaméd nigEv:ntakarBar. eRbIkéRnþkat;)atdbsUdaecjedayRbugRby½tñ.
3> ykEdkeKal nigjjÜrdMecaHrn§cMnYnbYn b¤R)aMenAelIKRmbdbsUda. mYlKRmkdbsUdaCamYymat;dbsUda[Cab;.
4> páab;dbsUda ehIydak;kdbenAkñúgkgeCIgTRm[nwgl¥dUcbgðajenAkñgú rUbxageRkam. dak;xSac;mYykþab;cUlkñúgdb
tam)atdbEdlkat;rYc. bEnßmRsTab;FüÚgmYyRsTab;eTot ehIydak;xSac;mYyRsTab; nigRkYsmYyRsTab;eTot.
dak;EkvRkitcMNuH 400m>l> BIeRkammat;db.
5> cak;Twks¥at cMNuH 1>000m>l> cUlkñgú EkvRkitnImYy². dak;EkvRkitmYyeTAmçagedIm,IgayRsYlykmkeRbI.
bEnßmFatuBulTaMgbYn ÷ rUbFaturku çCatirlYy dI TwkexµH nigemSAsab‘Ulagcan 3-4søabRBacUleTAkñgú EkvRkitmYyeTot.
karRbmUlTinñn½y
6> cmøgtaragxageRkamcUlkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk
ehIykt;Rtakarsegátrbs;GñksRmab;EkvRkitnImYy²cUlkñúgtaragEdlman
dak;GkSrtagfa :muneBlsm¥at :.
7> sUmsegátB½N’TwkenAkñúgEkvRkitnImYy².
8> eRbIEkvBRgIkkan;édedIm,IBinitüemIlPaKl¥itEdlGacemIleXIjenAkñgú Twk.
9> hitkøinTwk ehIykt;cMNaMkøinminFmµtanImYy².
10> yksøabRBa)aøscÞi kUrTwkenAkñúgEkvRkitnImYy²[)anelOn ehIyBinitü
emIlBBuH. eRbIsøabRBaepSgKñasRmab;TwkKMrUnmI Yy².
ិ
11> eRbI]bkN_kMNt; pH edIm,IrkkRmit pH rbs;Tkw .

12> kUrTwks¥atfñm² bnÞab;mkcak;TwkBak;kNþalcUlkñúgdbceRmaH.
13> sUmsegátTwkenAkñgú EkvRkittRmgdUcCa B½N’ PaKl¥it køni BBuH nig pH. cUrGt;Fµt.; vaRbEhlCaeRbIeBlbI b¤
bYnnaTIedIm,I[Twkqøgkat;RsTab;ceRmaHnImYy².
14> kt;Rtakarsegátrbs;GñkcUlkñúgtaragRtwmRtUvrbs;GñkEdlmansresrGkSrfa : eRkayeBlceRmaH :.
15> Gnuvtþn_CMhanTI12 dl;CMhanTI14 edayeRbIR)as;Tkw Bul.
taraglT§pl
muneBlsm¥at muneBlsm¥at eRkayeBlceRmaH eRkayeBlceRmaH muneBlrMhYt eRkayeBlrMhYt
¬Twks¥at¦ ¬TwkkxVk;¦ ¬Twks¥at¦ ¬TwkkxVk;¦ ¬Twks¥at¦ ¬TwkkxVk;¦
B½N’
PaKl¥it
køin
BBuH
pH
karviPaKlT§pl
16> etIBN ½ ’rbs;TwkkxVk;)anpøas;bþrÚ y:agdUcemþceRkayeBlceRmaH? etIB½N’rbs;Twks¥at)anpøas;brþÚ Edrb¤eT?
17> etIvFi IceRmaH)anykPaKl¥ti TaMgGs;ecjBITwkkxVk;Edrb¤eT? cUrBnül;.
18> etIkRmit pH enAkñúgTwkkxVk;)anpøas;bþÚr)anb:uNÑa? etIkRmit pH enAkñúgTwks¥at)anpøas;brþÚ Edrb¤eT? etIkRmit pH
cugeRkayrbs;TwkkxVk;dUcKñaeTAnwgkRmit pH rbs;Twks¥atenAmuneBlsm¥atEdrb¤eT? cUrBnül;.
EpñkTI2 ³ rMhYt
karsm¥atTwkedayrMhYtKWcMNayGs;R)ak;eRcInCagkarsm¥atTwkedayceRmaH. rMhYtRtUvkarfamBleRcInCag
EdlGac)anmkBIRbPBxus²Kña. enAkñúgskmµPaBenHGñknwgeRbIcRgáankemþAGKÁisnICaRbPBfamBl. sUmemIlfaetI
viFeI nHGacsm¥atKMrUTwkkxVk;rbs;Gñk)ans¥atb:uNÑa.
ិ
dMNwknaMkarBiesaFn_
19> cak;Tkw s¥atcMNuHRbEhl 250m>l>cUlkñúgEkvebEs‘ ehIydak;qñúkC½r nigbMBg;Ekvjat;cUlmat;bMBg;Ekveb
Es‘[ENn.
20> Bak;Ev:nta nigeRsamédkarBar. P¢ab;bMBg;)aøsÞicRbEvg 1/50m> CamYybMBg;Ekv.
21> dak;EkvebEs‘enAelIcRgáankemþA ehIyerobbMBg;)aøsÞiccUlkñúgkgeCIgTRm ehIytRmg;clU eTAkñgú EkvRkittRmg
cMNuH 400m>l>.
22> cak;TwkkkducM UleTAkñúgfg;)aøsÞic ehIybiT[Cit rYcdak;fg;TwkkkBIelIpÞal;bMBg;)aøscÞi enAelIkgeCIgTRmdUcbgðaj
kñúgrUbxageRkam.
23> daMTwkkñúgEkvebEs‘[eLIgkemþAyWt². enAeBlTwkhYteLIg ehIyqøgkat;tambMBg;)øasÞci Edldak;fg;TwkkkBI
elIrMhYtTwknwgkk ehIykøayCadMNk;TwkhUrFøak;cUleTAkñgú EkvRkittRmg.
karRbmUlTinñn½y
24> segátTwkenAkñúgEkvtRmgenAlkçN³B½N’ PaKl¥it køin BBuH nig pH. kt;Rtakarsegátrbs;Gñk[)anRtwmRtUv
dak;clU kñúgtaragEdlsresrGkSrtagfa : eRkayeBlrMhYt : enAkñgú taragTinñn½yrbs;Gñk.
25> GnuvtþnC_ MhanTI 23 dl;CMhanTI24 edayeRbITwkkxVk.;
ិ
karviPaKlT§pl
26> etIBN ½ r’ bs;TwkkxVk;)anpøas;bþrÚ dUcemþceRkayeBlrMhYt? etIB½N’rbs;Twks¥at)anpøas;bþÚrb¤eTeRkayeBlrMhYt?
27> etIvFi IrhM Yt)anykPaKl¥itTaMgGs;ecjBITkw kxVk); anEdrb¤eT? cUrBnül;.
28> etIkRmit pH rbs;TwkkxVk); anpøas;bþÚreRcInb:uNÑa? etIkRmit pH cugeRkayrbs;Tkw s¥at)anpøas;brþÚ Edrb¤eT? etI
kRmit pH cugeRkayrbs;TwkkxVk;dUcKñaeTAnwgkRmit pH rbs;Twks¥atenAmuneBlsm¥atEdrb¤eT? cUrBnül;.
karTajesckþIsnñidæan ¬EpñkTI1 nig EpñkTI2¦

29> etIvFi INamYy : ceRmaH b¤rMhYt : )anTajyksarFatuBulecjBITwk)aneRcInCageK? Bnül;ehtuplrbs;Gñk.
30> cUrBiB½N’naGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñgú Twks¥atkMLúgeBleFVIBiesaFn_.
31> etIGñkKitdUcemþcGMBKI uNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþirbs;viFInmI Yy²?
32> cUrBnül;BIviFIEdlGñkykxSac; RkYs nigFüÚg mkeRbIenAkñgú RbB½n§ceRmaHEdl)anCYykñúgkarsm¥atTwk.
33> rayeQµaHtMbn;énRbeTsEdlGñkKitfaviFIbnSúT§nImYy²RtUv)aneKykmkeRbImanRbeyaCn_CageK nigticCageK.
cUrBnül;ehtuplrbs;Gñk.
sMNYrbEnßm
etIGñkKitfaviFIbnSúT§TaMgBIrGacykeRbgecjBITwk)aneT?
RbsinebIGkñ maneBlevlaRKb;RKan; sUmGnuvtþn_karBiesaFn_rbs;Gñkeday
eRbIeRbgqabI b¤bYnsøabRBaCasarFatuBul.
ceRmaHKWCaCMhanEtmYyKt;enAkñgú karbnSúTT§ wkecjenAÉeragcRk
RbRBwtikþ mµTwk. cUrRsavRCavrkviFIepSgeTotedIm,IykmkbnSúT§TwkeRbIR)as;Ca
saFarN³.


Fresh Water Flowing

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Copyright:

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Fresh Water Flowing

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Copyright:

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ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ

វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា

etImankmøagM FmµCatiGVEI dlGaceFV[I ExSTwkhUrmankarpøas;bþÚry:agqab;rh½sEbbenH? enAkñgú CMBUkenHGñk

rUbTI1 eRCaHd¾eRCAenHmanTItaMgenAPaKBay½BütMbn;GarIhSÚNa. va)anekIteLIgGs;ry³rab;lanqñaM

GñkRbEhlCaFøab;eXIjeRCaHd¾eRCAenH ¬rUbTI1¦ b:uEnþGñkmin)andwgeTfaRbEhl6lanqñaMknøgeTAehIytMbn;

kMNk (condensation) ekIteLIgenAeBlcMhayTwkcuH

emeronTI2 karcak;bgÁredayExSTwk nig Tenø

Gñk)ansikSarYcmkehIyfalMhUrTenøGaceFVI[dI nigsilapøas;TI. eRkaymkrUbFatuTaMgenHRtUvEt)ancak;bgÁr

kMNkMeNItdIsNþ dIsNþTenønIl smuRTemDIETr:aeN TenønIl

eTaHbICaeyIgGaceXIjTwkelIépÞdeI nAkñúgTenø nigbwgk¾eday b:uEnþmanTwkCaeRcInhUrenAeRkamdIEdleyIgmin

tMbn;TaMgBIrenH)anCYbKñaenAÉRBMEdneRkamdIEdleK[eQµaHfa kRmitTwkkñúgdI (water table) dUcbgðajkñúg

Twk[hUrecjmkeRkAtamsñameRbH. CYnkalGNþgÚ TwkpusRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñúgvalxSac;EdlCakEnøgRbPBTwk

rUbTI19 tMbn;myY énTIRkugenHbgðajGMBI

Pav³rs;TaMgGs;RtUvkarTwkedIm,Irs;ranmanCIvit. b:uEnþbrimaNTwksabEdlman ehIyGaceRbIR)as;)anenAelI

eTaHCay:agNak¾eday manbBaðaBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarbMBulmYyRbePTeTotEdleKehAfa karbMBuledayRbPB

mYyCakEnøgEdlPaKl¥ittUcCagGacliccuHeRkam ehIyRtUveKRtgykecj. PaKl¥itTaMgenHrYmmandUcCaGahar

kkrPk;² rUbTI21 RbsinebIGñkrs;enAkñúgTIRkug ehIyTwkEdleRbIR)as;enAkñgú pÞHrbs;

bMBg;bgðrÚ cUl dI KRmb

rUbTI25 edaysar degðImGUhaÁ LaLaCa

FnFanTwkxusBIFnFanepSg²eTot. edaysarTwkmansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;CIvit eTIbKµanFnFanNaGac

]TahrN_TenømYycab;epþImenAkm<s; 5>500m> ehIyeFVIdMeNIrcuHmkeRkamcm¶ay 350K>m> edIm,IeTAdl;bwg

10m> / K>m> = ¬5>500m> - 2>000m>¦

24> etIeKGaccat;Tku TwkCaFnFanekIteLIgvij nigCaFnFanminekIteLIgvij)any:agdUcemþc?

smÖar³ ¬sRmab;karBiesaFn_enAkñgú bnÞb;BiesaFn_¦

11> eRbI]bkN_kMNt; pH edIm,IrkkRmit pH rbs;Tkw .

karTajesckþIsnñidæan ¬EpñkTI1 nig EpñkTI2¦

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