Plate Techtonic

ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា

ិ
EpñkTI3 clnakñúgEpndI
The Restless Earth
enAkñgú EpñkenH GñknwgeFVIkarsikSaGMBITMrg;xagkñgú rbs;EpndI. manGaf’kM)aMgCaeRcInEdlenAesssl;

edaysareyIgminGacemIleXIj[kan;EteRCAeTAkñúgEpndI)aneLIy. rn§eRCACageKbMptu CaeRcInEdleyIgGac
CIk)anRtwmEtCasñamqUtépÞelIrbs;EpndIb:ueNÑaH. RbsinebIEpndICaEpøRkUcmYy enaHkarCIkcUleTAxagkñúgrbs;
eyIgminGacsUm,IEtsm,kRkUcpg. viFmI YyEdlGñkviTüasaRsþGaceFVIkarsikSa)anBIEpñkxagkñúgrbs;EpndIKW
edaykarsikSaBIrBa¢ÜydI nigPñMePøIg. ExSeBlevlaenHbgðajBIRBwtþki arN_xøHEdl)anekIteLIgenAeBlEdlGñkviTüa
saRsþBüayamyl;BIclnarbs;EpndI.
- enAqñaM 1864 esovePA kareFVdI MeNIrrbs;elak Jule Verne eTAkan;p©itEpndI RtUv)ane)aHBum<pSay.
enAkñgú erOgRbDitenH vIrCnTaMgLay)ancUleTAkññúg nigecjmkvijtamRckmat;PeñM PøIg.
- enAqñaM 1883 PñMePøgI Krakatau )anpÞúHeLIgehIy)ansmøab;mnusSGs; 36>000nak;.
- enAqñaM 1896 elak Henry Ford )anplitrfynþTImYyrbs;Kat;.
- enAqñaM 1906 TIRkugsan;RhVan;sIsu áÚ )aneqHenAkñgú Pñk;ePøgI edaysarrBa¢ÜydI.
- enAqñaM 1912 elak Gal;RhVIdvIehSnWr )anelIkeLIgBIRTwsTþI bVI rsat;rbs;Kat;.
- enAqñaM 1935 elak qalrIqÞ½r )anbgðajeLIgnUvRbB½n§rgVas;kMlaMgrBa¢ÜydImYy.
- enAqñaM 1951 TUrTsSn_B½NR’ tUv)anENnaM[eRbIR)as;enAshrdæGaemrik.
- enAqñaM 1966 bNþajTMnak;TMngBaseBjBiPBelaksþIB]I bkrN_rgVas;rBa¢ÜydIRtUv)aneKsßabnaeLIg.
- enAqñaM 1979 PñMePøIgCaeRcInRtUv)anrkeXIjenAelIPBrNbGay:U ¬ PBrNbmYykñúgcMeNamPBrNb
TaMgGs;rbs;PBRBhs,t× ¦.
- enAqñaM 1980 PñsM aMgeGELn )anpÞHú eLIg.
- enAqñaM 1982 sIuDI nigm:asInu sIuDI RtUv)anpliteLIg[eRbIR)as;CasaFarN³.
- enAqñaM 1994 mnusSynþeCIg8eQµaH Dante II)ancuHctenAkñgú mat;PñMePøIgrs;mYyenAkñúgrdæGaLasáa.
- enAqñaM 1997 RbCaCnènekaHkarIb‘Ín)an)at;bg;Gs;Bak;kNþaledaysarkMlaMgpÞHú d¾xøagM køaCajwkjab;
rbs;PeñM PøgI s‘RU hVayG½rehol.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 192 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
ិ
CMBUkTI6 RTwsþIpøaktictUnic
Plate Tectonics
RBwtþikarN_enHBitCa)anekIteLIg !
edIm,IeLIgdl;kMBUlPñeM Gev:ersKWCakareLIgPñMd¾enOyht;xøagM Nas;. sItuNðPaBKWsßitenAeRkamcMNuckk

nigRBild¾Rkas;EdleFVIeGayeyIgminGacemIleXIj)anedaygayRsYl. l½kxç ½NdÐ ¾B)i akTaMgenH nigry³km<s;
x<s;bMputKWCaktþaEdleFVI[PñeM Gev:er:skøayeTACaPñMmYyEdlBi)akeLIgCageKbMputenAelIBPi Belak. b:uEnþl½kç-
x½NTÐ aMgenHmin)anbBaÄb;GñkGaCIBeLIgPñMdcU Caelak Wally Berg eLIy. Kat;manebskmµmYyKWCaebskmµ
viTüasaRsþEdl)ancMNayeBlCaeRcInqñaeM dIm,IeFVKI Merag.
enAeBlelak Wally Berg cab;epþmI CIkrn§mYyenAkñúgsilaÉkMBlU PñEM dlx<s;CageKenAelIBiPBelakEdl
mankEnøgxøHmankMBs; 8>848 Em:Rt. enAry³kMBs;enHxül;manticNas;EdleFVeI GaykargarEdlgayRsYl
eTACaBi)akbMput. elak Wally Berg )anykdbGuksIEu sneTACamYyKat;edIm,ICYyKat;eGaydkdegðImkan;Et
gayRsYlCagmun.
ehtuGVI)anCaelak Wally Berg CIkrn§mYyenAelIPñMeGev:er:s? Kat;RtUvkarrn§mYyKWedIm,ICameFüa)ay
BiessmYyedIm,ICYyseRgÁaH nigkt;RtasBaØaTaMgLayBIRbB½n§páayrNbEdlehAfa RbB½n§kMNt;TItaMgelIBiPB
elak ( Global Positioning System GPS ).
ិ
GPS GacbgðajTItaMgCak;lak;BIrbs;]bkrN_TTYlBiessGs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy. enAkñúgkar

viPaKTinñn½y GPS GñkviTüasaRsþ)anrkeXIjfaPñMeGev:er:sminRtwmEtkMBugeFVIclna b:uEnþvaEfmTaMgkMBugEtegIb
x<s;eLIgCaerogral;qñaM. Caerogral;qñaMPñMeGev:ers)aneFVIclnaeTATisBay½BüRbEhl 27 m>m> nigekInkMBs;BI
3 m>m - 5 m>m .
ehtuGVI)anCaPñeM Gev:er:skMBugeFVIclna nigekInkMBs;? cemøIyKWCa RTwsþIpøaktictUnic . pøaktictUnick¾Ca
mUlehtufaehtuGV)I anCardækalIhVr½ nIj:amanrBa¢ÜydIeRcIn nigmUlehtuG)VI anCaPñMePøgI RtUv)anrkeXIjenACMuvijExS
Rkv:at;énmhasmuRT)a:sPuI ic. sUumeRtomxønÜ edIm,IeFVkI arsikSaeGaykan;EteRcInEfmeTotGMBRI TwsþIpøaktictUnicenA
kñúgCMBUkenH.
etIGñkKitdUcemþc?
GanedIm,IeqøIYysMNYr ³
enAkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk cUrBüayameqøIynUvsMNYrdUcxageRkamenHedayEp¥keTA
elIGVIEdlGñkecHrYcehIy ³
1> ehtuGIV)anCa)anCaCYrPñMTaMgmUleFVIclna?
2> etIPeñM kIteLIgy:agdUcemþc?
cUrGegát !
karb:HTgÁicKñaTaMgLayrbs;TVIb
etIGñkeCO b¤kG¾ t;faTVbI TaMgLayminRtwmEteFVIclnab:ueNaÑHeT b:uEnþmaneBlxøHEfmTaMgTgÁicKñaeTotpg.
enAGtItkalkalBI 40 - 60lanqñamM un ]bTVbI \NÐaRtUv)anTgÁicKñaCamYynwgTVIbGWra: suI. enAeBlEdlTVIbTaMgenH
rujpÞb;Kña ehIyTVIbk¾)ane)a:geLIg nigBt;. CalT§plCYrPñMhimal½yenAEtkMBugeBIgeLIgRtg;TItaMgPñeM Gev:erssBV
éf¶enH. enAkñúgkarGegátenH GñknwgbegáItnUvrUbtMNagmYyedIm,ICYyBnül;BrI ebobEdlCYrPñhM imal½y)anekIt
eLIg.
dMeNIrkar
1> sUmeRbIkéRnþkat;RkdasRkas;rwgmYyTMhM 7s>m ehIyvas;XøatBIEKmRkdas; 6s>m. kat;RkdasEdlman
TTwgtUcRbEvg 50s>m edIm,Idak;enAcenøaHRkdasFM.
ិ
2> eRbIbg;st¥i bitP¢ab;duMeQIeTAnwgRkdasrwgedIm,IrkSalMnwgrvagRkdasrwg nigEKmRkdasrwg. bitbg;s¥itenAelI

duMeQImYyeTotenAcugmçagénRkdasEdlmanTTwgtUc. duMeQITaMgBIrRtUvEtRsbKña nigsIuemRTI.
3> kat;RkdasqñÚtdUc²KñacMnYn8 EdlmanbeNþay 8s>m nigmanRbEvgBI 15 - 20s>m BIRkdasRTnab;qñÚt.
4> KUrRkdasRTnab;qñÚtnImYy²enAxagcugnImYy².
5> dak;RkdasRTnab;qñÚtenAelIRkdasEdlmanTTwgtUcbnÞab;BIduMeQI.
6> P¢ab;RkdasRTnab;qñÚteTAnwgRkdasbEnßmm:asIunedayeRbIml¢ú degáóbEdlm¢úlnImYy²P¢ab;enAcugmçagnImYy².
7> rujcugmçagénRkdasEdlmanTTwgtUceGayqøgkat;rn§ecaHrbs;RkdasrwgrhUtTal;EtRkdasRTnab;qñÚt Edl
enAsl;Tl;nwgduMeQIEdlGñk)anP¢ab;eTAnwgRkdasrwg. kan;RkdasrwgeGayesµEI Pñkrbs;Gñk ehIyTajecjfñm²
yWt² cuHeRkamenAelIRkdascMerok.
karviPaK
8> etImanGVeI kIteLIgenAeBlEdlRkdasRTnab;qñÚtcUleTAP¢ab;CamYyduMeQI?
9> etImanGVIekIteLIgenAeBlEdlGñkbnþrujcuHeTAelIRkdasqñÚt.
10> etIKMrUenHtMNag[GVIEdlkMBugekIteLIgrvagpøak\NÐa nigpøakGWr:asIu y:agdUcemþc?
ិ
emeronTI1 TMrg;kñúgEpndI
BaküKnøwH
- sMbkEpndI ( crust ) - GaesþNEU sV‘r ( asthenoshpere )
- m:g;tU ( mantle ) - emsUEsV‘r ( mesoshpere )
- sñÚl ( core ) - sñÚleRkA ( outer core )
- mNÐlfµ ( lithoshpere ) - sñÚlkñúg ( inner core )
- pøaktictUnic ( tectonic plates )
GVIEdlGñknwgRtUvsikSa
kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigBiBN’naRsTab;EpndIGaRs½yeTAelIsmasFatupSMrbs;va.
kMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigBiBN’naRsTab;EpndIedaylkçN³rUbrbs;va.
eGayniymn½ypøaktictUnic.
Bnül;BIrebobEdlGñkviTüasaRsþdwgBITMrg;kñúgrbs;EpndI.
EpndImni EmnCa)al;silarwgmYyenaHeT. vaekIteLIgBIRsTab;bI b¤bYnEdlmanlkçN³rUb nigbnSMxus²

Kña. enAeBlGñkeFVIkarRsavRCav GñkviTüasaRsþKitGMBRI sTab;EpndIedaymeFüa)ayBIrKW smasFatupSM nig
lkçN³rUb .
RsTab;EpndIekIteLIgBIsarFatucMruHepSg²Kña. enHmann½yfalkçN³bnSMepSg²Kña. RsTab;EpndICa
eRcInmanlkçN³rUbepSgKñapgEdr. lkçN³rUbrYmmansItuNPð aB dg;seIu t niglMhUr. CadMbUgsUmRkeLkemIleTA
elIsmasFatupSMrbs;EpndI.
1>smasFatupSMrbs;EpndI
eKEckEpndICabIRsTab;KW sMbkEpndI m:g;tU nigsñÚl edayEp¥keTAelIGEVI dlRsTab;nImYy²kekIteLIg.
sarFatuEdlRsalCageKekIteLIgenARsTab;eRkAbMput rIÉsarFatuEdlF¶nC; ageKekIteLIgenARsTab;kñúgbMput.
enHeRBaHfasarFatuEdlRsalCagTMngCaGENþteLIgenAeBlEdlsarFatuEdlF¶n;CagliccuH.
ិ
1>1>sMbkEpndI ( Earth's Crust )
sMbkEpndI KWCaRsTab;EdlenAeRkAeKbMptu énEpndI. kMras;sMbkEpndIcab;BI 5 dl;

( crust )
100K>m vaCaRsTab;EdlesþgI CageKbMputrbs;EpndI. edaysarEtsMbkEpndICaRsTab;EdleyIgrs;enAelI

eyIgdwgeRcInGMBIRsTab;enHCagRsTab;BIrepSgeTot.
sMbkEpndImanBIrRbePTKWsMbkTVIb nigsMbkmhasmuRT. sMbkTVIb ( continental crust ) mansmas
FatupSMmYyEdlRsedognwgsilaRkanIt. vamankMras;mFüm KW 30K>m. sMbkmhasmuRT ( oceanic crust )
mansmasFatupSMRsedognwgsila)asal;. CaTUeTAvamankMras;BI 5 dl; 8K>m . eRBaHfa)asal;F¶n;CagRkanIt
sMbkmhasmuRTF¶n;CagsMbkTVIb.
rUbTI1 ³ sMbkmhasmuRTesþgI Cag
b:uEnþF¶n;CagsMbkTVIb.
sMbkTVbI
100 K>m>
30 K>m>
5 K>m>
sMbkmhasmuRT
m:gt; U
1>2>m:g;tU ( Mantle )
m:g;tU ( mantle ) KWCaRsTab;EdlsßitenAcenøaHsMbk
EpndI nigsñÚl. ebIeFobCamYysMbkEpndI m:g;tUmankMras;
Rkas;Cagq¶ayNas;ehIym:g;tUpúÞkm:asPaKeRcInrbs;EpndI.
KµannrNamñak;Føab;eXIjfaetIm:g;tUmanrUbragBitdUc
emþceLIy. vaRKan;EteRCAcuHeTAeRkamenAeBlEdleKCIkCaKMrU
mYyEtb:ueNÑaH. GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcInRtUvEtdwgc,as;BIGVIEdl
CasmasFatupSM niglkçN³epSgeTotrbs;m:g;tU KWecjBIkar
segátEdlBYkeKeFVIenAelIépÞEpndI. enATIkEnøgxøH rUbTI2 ³ mat;PñeM PøIgén)atmhasmuRT dUceXIjenA
silam:g;tURtUv)anrujeLIgmkelIépÞEpndIedaykMlaMgtic kñúgrUbPaBenH m:ak;m:a)anhUrecjBIRsTab;m:g;tU
tUnic CaehtueFVI[GñkviTüasaRsþeFVIkarsegátsilaedaypÞal; . EdlenAeRkamsMbkmhasmuRT.
ិ
dUcGñkGaceXIjenAkñúgrUbTI2 kEnøgmYyeTotEdlGñkviTüasaRsþemIleTA)atmhasmuRT KWCakEnøgEdl

silarlayBIm:g;tUhUrecjmkeRkAedayskmµPaBPñMePøIg. PñeM PøgI eRkamTwkTaMgenHKWhak;dUcCabg¥Ücqøgkat;sMbk
EpndIeTAkñúgm:g;t.U bg¥ÜcenH)anpþle; GayeyIgnUvKnøHw d¾sMxan;CaeRcInGMBIsmasFatupSMrbs;m:g;tU. GñkviTüasaRsþ
)ansikSafasmasFatupSMrbs;m:g;tUKWRsedogKñanwgsmasFatupSMrbs;Er:GUlIvIn ( mineral olivine ) Edlman
brimaNEdk nigbrimaNm:aej:süÚmeRcInebIeFobCamYyEr:FmµtaepSgeTot.
1>2>sñÚlEpndI ( Earth's core )
rUbTI3 ³ EpndIekIteLIgBIbRI sTab; sMbkEpndI ticCag 1° énm:asrbs;

dUcmanbgðajenAkñgú rUbenH. EpndI/ kMras;BI 5 - 100K>m
m:gt; U 67° énm:asrbs;EpndI/

kMras; 2/900K>m
sñÚl 33° énm:asrbs;EpndI/

viCÄmaRt 6/856Km
PBGgÁar 11° m:asrbs;EpndI/

viCÄmaRt 6/787K>m
tamry³karsikSaBIRsTab;xus²KñaEdlekIteLIgCaEpndI FrNIviTUGacTTYl)annUvKMnitmYyénkarekIt
eLIgrbs;sarFatunImYy². BYkeKKitfa sñÚlEpndI RtUv)anekIteLIgedayEdkPaKeRcIn brimaNticrbs;nIEkl
ិ
nigs‘ulpYrbnþic nigGuksIEu snxøH. sñlÚ EpndI latsn§gw BIeRkamm:g;tUeTAdl;p©itEpndI. dUcGñkeXIjenAkñúgrUb

TI3 viCÄmaRtrbs;PBGgÁartUcCagsñÚlrbs;EpndIbnþic.
2>TMrg;rbs;EpndI
taMgBIyUrNas;mkehIyeyIg)anniyayGMBIsmasFatupSMrbs;EpndI. meFüa)aymYyeTotKWedIm,IBinitü
emIleTAelIrebobEdlEpndI)anekIteLIgedaykarsikSalkçN³rUbénRsTab;rbs;va. EpndIRtUv)anEckCaR)aM
RsTab;sMxan;²KW ³ mNÐlfµ/ GaesþNEU sV‘r/ emsUEsV‘r/ sñÚleRkA/ nig sñÚlkñúg . dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbxag eRkam
RsTab;nmI Yy²manlkçN³rUbpÞal;rbs;va.
mNÐlfµ CaEpñkxageRkAbMputEdlCaRsTab;rwgrbs;EpndI
¬mNÐlfµ ¦. mNÐlfµbegáIteLIgBIEpñkBIrKW sMbkEpndI nigEpñkrwgxag
elIrbs;m:gt; U. eKEckmNÐlfµCabMENk²Edl eKehAfa pøaktictUnci .
GaesþNUEsV‘ CaRsTab;Tn;rbs;m:gt; UEdlbMENkénmNÐlfµeFVI

cVI lnaBIelI. va ekIteLIgBIsilarwgEdlhUry:agyWt Edlman
GRtaesµIRbEhlnwgkarduHRkckédrbs;Gñk.
sMbkEpndI lItUEs‘Vr
GaesþNUEsV‘r
emsUEsV‘r
karKNnatamEbbKNitviTüa
kaeRbIKMrU
cUrGñkRsém:faGñkkMBugsagsg;KMrUEpndImYyEdlmankaM 1Em:Rt. GñkrkeXIjfakaMmFümrbs;Epn dIKW
6/378 Km nigmNÐlfµmankMra:s;RbEhl 150 Km. etIkaMrbs;EpndImanb:unµanPaKryCa mNÐlfµ?
GñkKitfaetIGñkRtUveFVmI NÐlfµkMra:s;b:unµansg;TEI m:RtsMrab;KMrUrbs;Gñk.
ិ
emsUEsVr‘ CaRsTab;rwgsßitenAxageRkamCab;GaesþNUEsV‘rEdlCa
EpñkxageRkamrbs;m:gt; U ¬mNÐlkNþal¦. emsUEsVr‘ latsn§gw
enAxageRkamGaesþNUEsV‘rcuHeTAdl;sñÚlEpndI.
sñlÚ eRkA sñÚlrbs;EpndIEbgEckCaBIrEpñk KWsñÚleRkA

nig sñÚlkñúg. sñÚleRkAKWCaRsTab;ravrbs;sÚñlEpndI
Edlsßti enAxageRkamm:g;tU ehIyB½T§CvuM ijsñÚlkñúg.
mNÐlemsU
2>550K>m
sñlÚ kñgú rwg ehIyF¶n;sßitenAcMkNþalPBrbs;eyIgEdl

latsn§wgBIEpñkxageRkaménsñÚleRkAeTAdl;p©itEpndI sñÚleRkA
EdlkEnøgxøHmanCeRmA 6>378K>m eRkamépÞEpndI. 2>200K>m
sñÚlkñúg
1>228K>m
 cMNucTak;TgnwgCIvviTüa
GñkviTüasaRsþ)anehAEpñkénEpndIEdlmanCIvitrs;enAfaCa mNÐlCIv³ . mNÐlCIv³ KWCaRsTab;EpndI
sßitenAxagelIsMbkEpndI nigenABIeRkamEpñkelIbMputénbriyakasEdlCIvitGacrs;enA)an. mNÐlCIv³manmha
smuRT dIEpñkxagelI nigbriyakasCan;eRkam ¬mNÐlGakasrcl;¦.
ិ
3>pøaktictUnic
pøaktictUnic KWCabMENkmNÐlfµEdleFVIclnaxagelIGaesþNUEsV‘r. b:uEnþetIpøaktictUnicTaMgenaHmanrUb
ragBitR)akddUcemþc? etIpøaktictUnci TaMgenaHmanTMhMFMb:uNÑa? etIpøakTaMgenaHeFVIclnay:agdUcemþc? ehtuG)VI an
CapøakTaMgenaHeFVIclna? edIm,IeqøIyeTAnwgsMNYrTaMgenaH sUmcab;epþImKitfamNÐlfµKWCasmÖar³pÁúMrbU PaBd¾FM.
pøaktictUnicFM²
 pøak)a:sPIu ic  pøakGaemricxageCIg rUbTI4 ³ pøaktictUnicRtUvKñadUcCabMENksmÖar³pÁúMrbU PaB
 pøakkUkUs  pøakNasáa mYy. enAelIEpnTIenH TMnak;TMngclnarbs;pøaktictUnic
 pøakGaemricxagt,Úg  pøakGaRBic FM²RtUv)anbgðajedaysBaØaRBYj.
 pøakGWra:sIu  pøak\NÐa
 pøakGURsþalI  pøakGg;takTic
3>1>smÖar³pÁúMrUbPaBd¾FMsem,Im
sUmRkeLkemIleTAEpnTIBiPBelakxagelI. pøaktictUnicTaMgGs;suT§EtmaneQµaHEdlpøakxøHGñk
RbEhlCa)ansÁal;rYcehIy. pøaktictUnicFM²xøHmanrayeQµaHkñúgtaragxagelI. sUmkt;sMKal;fapøaktictUnic
nImyY ²RtUvKñanwgpøaktictUnicepSgeTotEdlenACuMvji va. mNÐlfµKWdUcCasmÖar³pÁMúrbU PaB rIÉpøaktictUnicKWdcU Ca
cMENktUc²énrUbpÁMú.
GñknwgeFVIkarkt;sMKal;fapøaktictUnci TaMgGs;mindUcKñaTaMgRsugeT. sUmeRbobeFobTMhMpøakGaemricxag
eCIgCamYynwgpøakkUkUs. b:uEnþpøaktictUnick¾xusKñakñúgrebobepSgeTotpgEdr. ]TahrN_ pøakGaemricxageCIg
ិ
manTVIbTaMgmUlenAelIva cMENkÉpøakkUkUsmanEtsMbkmhasmuRTb:eu NÑaH. dUcKñanwgpøakGaemricxageCIgEdr

pøaktictUnicxøHmanTaMgsMbkTVIb nigsMbkmhasmuRT.
3>2>karxitCiténpøaktictUnicmYy
etIpøaktictUnicmanrUbragdUcemþcRbsinebICaeyIgelIkvaecjBITIkEnøgrbs;va? rUbTI5bgðajBIrUbragrbs;
pøakGaemricxagt,ÚgenAeBlelIkecjBIkEnøgrbs;va. sUmkt;sMKal;fapøaktictUnicenHmanTaMgsMbkTVIb nig
sMbkmhasmuRT dUcCapøakGaemricxageCIgEdr.
EpñkEdlRkas;CageKénpøaktictUnicKWstßi enAelITVIbGaemricxagt,ÚgenAxageRkamCYrPñMGg;. EpñkEdlesþIg
CageKénpøakGaemricxagt,ÚgKWsßitenAÉRTnugkNþalénmhasmuRTGatøg;Tic.
pøakGaemricxagt,Úg
CYrPñGM g;
sMbkmhasmuRT
rUbTI5 ³ pøakGaemric
xagt,ÚgKWCabMENk
mYykñúgcMeNambMENk
CaeRcInénrUbpÁrúM agmUl
EdleyIgehAfa sMbkTVbI
mNÐlfµ.
m:gt; U
karBiesaFn_xøI
PñGM ENþt
1> ykdueM QIFMmYyduM ehIydak;vaeTAkñúgFugpøaksÞicføamYy. dueM QItMNag[Epñkm:g;tUrbs;lItUEsV‘r.
2> cak;Tkw CMerARbEhl 10s>m> bMeBjcUleTAkñgú FugpøasÞicføa. TwktMNag[GaesþNEU sV‘r. sUmeRbI
bnÞat;vas;kMBs;eQIBIkMBUlmkdl;épÞelITwk.
3> \LÚvenHBüayamdak;dMueQICamYynwgvtßúepSg²eToteFVIBeI QI EdlmanTMgn;xus²Kña. vtßúTaMgenHtMNag
[brimaNxusKñaénrUbFatusMbkEpndIEdlsßitenAelImNÐlfµkñúgeBlmankarkekItPñM. sUmvas;EpñkdueM QI
EdlliccuHeRkameTAkñúgTwkenAeRkamTMgn;xus²Kña.
4> etIGñkGacsnñidæanfapøaktictUnicmanRbtikmµdUcemþccMeBaHkarekInTMgn;énrUbFatusMbkEpndI?
5> etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaHpøaktictUnicenAeBlEdlrUbFatusMbkEpndIRtUv)anykecj?
sUmGnuvtþn_enApÞH
ិ
3>3>eRCayTwkkk
ebIsinCaGñkGacemIlpøaktictUnicBIceM hog)an GñknwgeXIjfaCYrPñMKWmanlkçN³dUceRCayTwkkkEdl
EpñkxageRkammanrUbFatueRcInCagEpñkxagelI. CYrPñEM dlekIteLIgenAelIsbM kTVIbmanb£seRCAxøaMgNas;Edl
Tak;TgeTAnwgkMBs;rbs;va. ]TahrN_ CYrPñfM µmankMBs;ticCag 5K>m elInIv:UsmuRT b:uEnþb£srbs;vacak;cuHeTA
eRkamRbEhl 60K>m eRkamnIvU:TwksmuRT.
b:uEnþebIsMbkTVIbRkas;CagsMbkmhasmuRT ehtuG)VI anCavaminliccuHeRkamsMbkmhasmuRT? sUmKit
RtLb;eTArkPaBxusKñarvagsMbkTVIb nigsMbkmhasmuRT. sMbkTVIbsßitenAx<s;CagsMbkmhasmuRTBIeRBaHva
mankMras;Rkas;CagehIyRsal. sMbkTaMgBIrRbePTKWRsalCagm:g;tU ehIyGENþtenAelIGaesþNUEsV‘rEdl
RsedogKñaeTAnwgkarGENþtrbs;paÞ MgTwkkkenAelITwk.
4>kareFVIEpnBITMrg;kñúg
etIeyIgdwgBIvtßúTaMgGs;EdlCaEpñkeRCACageKbMputrbs;EpndI ehIyminmanGñkNamñak;Føab;eTAdl;dUc
emþc? GñkviTüasaRsþminFøab;CIkxYgsMbkEpndIEdlCasMbkesþIgCageKenAelIépÞEpndI. dUecñHetIeyIgdwgeRcIn
GMBIm:g;tU nigsñÚlEpndIedayrebobNa?
rBa¢yÜ dI
rUbTI6 ³ el,ÓnrlkrBa¢ÜydIGRs½yelIdg;seuI trbs;

rUbFatuEdlvaqøgkat;. rUbFatukan;Etxab; rlk
rBa¢yÜ dIkan;EtelOn.
CMhanrbs;
rlkrBa¢yÜ dI
mNÐlfµ 7 - 8 KILÚEm:Rtkñgú 1vInaTI
GaesþNUEsV‘r 7 -11KILÚEm:Rtkñgú 1vInaTI
emsUEsV‘r 11 - 13KILÚEm:Rtkñgú 1vinaTI
sñÚlxageRkA 7 - 10KILEÚ m:Rtkñgú 1vinaTI
sñÚlxagkñgú 11 - 12KILÚE;mR: tkñúg1vinaTI
ិ
etIGñknwgPJak;ep¥lI b£eTEdldwgfacemøIyTaMgGs;ecjBIkarrBa¢ÜydI? enAeBlrBa¢ÜydImYyekIteLIg rMj½r

TaMgLayEdleKehAfarlkrBa¢ÜydIRtUv)anekIteLIgEdr. rlkrBa¢ÜydI ( seismic waves ) KWCarMj½rTaMgLay
EdleFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;EpndI. edayEp¥keTAelIdg;sIuet nigPaBrwgrbs;rUbFatuEdlqøgkat;rlkrBa¢ÜydIeFVIdMeNIrkñúg
el,Ónxus²Kña ]TahrN_rlkrBa¢ÜydImYyEdlqøgkat;silarwgnwgeFVIdMeNIr)anelOnCagrlkrBa¢ÜydIEdlqøgkat;
rUbFaturav.
enAeBlrBa¢ÜydImYyekIteLIg ]bkrN_vas;rBa¢ÜydI ( seismographs ) vas;PaBxusKñaenAeBlrUbFaturlk
rBa¢ÜydImkdl;ehIyeFVIkarkt;Rtava. bnÞab;GñkBüakrN_rBa¢ÜydI ( seismologist ) GaceRbIR)as;rgVas;TaMgenH
edIm,IKNnadg;seIu t nigkMras;énRsTab;nImYy²rbs;EpndI. rUbTI6 bgðajBIrebobEdlbgðajBIRbePTmYyénrlk
rBa¢ÜydIeFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;EpndI.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIsMbkTVIb nigsMbkmhasmuRTmanlkçN³xusKñadUcemþc?
2> etImNÐlfµxusBIGaesþNEU sV‘rdUcemþc?
3> etIGkñ viTüasaRsþdwgBITMrg;kñúgrbs;EpndIedayviFINa? cUrBnül;.
4> karviPaKTMnak;TMng cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagsMbkEpndI nigmNÐlfµ.
ិ
emeronTI2 clnarbs;TVIb
BaküKnøwH
- TVIbrsat; ( continental drift )
- Kmøat)atsmuRT ( sea-floor spreading )
B½N’naBIRTwsþTI VbI rsat;rbs;elakev:ehSnW nigBnül;faetIehtuGVI)anCaeKminTTYlykenAelIkdMbUg.
Bnül;BIrebobEjkecjBIKñaénKmøat)atsmuRTEdlpþl;CameFüa)aymYyEdlCRmuj[manclna.
B½N’naBIrebobEdlsMbkmhasmuRTfµIekIteLIgenAÉRTnugkNþalmhasmuRT.
Bnül;BIrebobbRBa©as;énm:aej:Tc i Edlpþl;CaP½sþútagsRmab;Kmøat)atsmuRT.
sUmemIleTArUbTI7 . vabgðajBIrebobEdlTVIb
RtUvKñaebIsinCaGñkdkykmhasmuRTGatøg;Ticecj
ehIypøas;TIdIeGayCab;Kña. etIvaRKan;EtCakarKab;CYn
Emnb¤EdlExSeqñrsmuRTRtUvKñay:agl¥? etIvaGaceTArYc
eTEdlTVbI BitCa)anP¢ab;KñakalBIGtItkal?
rUbTI7 ³ RTwsTþI bVI rsat;)anmkBI

karpÁúMRtUvKñaénTVbI .
1>RTwsþITVIbrsat;rbs;elakev:ehSnW
GñkviTüasaRsþmñak;EdlCaGñk)anRkeLkemIleTAbMENkénrUbpÁúMKWelak Gal;RhVIdev:ehSnW. enAedIm qñaM
1900 Kat;)ansresrGMBRI TwsþIén TVbI rsat; ( continental drift ). TVbI rsat; KWCaRTwsEþI dlniyayfaTVbI Gac
rsat;ecjBIKña ehIyRBwtþikarN_enH)anekIteLIgkalBIGtItkal. RTwseþI nHhak;dUcCa)anBnül;CaeRcInGMBIkar
segátTaMgLayBIkarpÁúMrbU rYmmanPaBRtUvKñad¾l¥énTIVbxøH.
ិ
TVIbrsat;k)¾ anBnül;pgEdrfaehtuGV)I anCapUsIulrbs;rukCç ati nigstVRbePTdUcKñaRtUv)anrkeXIjenAtam

tMbn;TaMgsgxagénmhasmuRTGatøg;Tci . RbePTrukçCati nigstVsm½yedImCaeRcInTaMgenHminGaceFVIdMeNIrqøg
kat;mhasmuRTGatøg;Tic)aneT. dUcGñkGaceXIj
kñúgrUbTI8 ebIKµanTVbI rsat;eT karrkeXIjKMrUpUsIul
TaMgenHminGaceFVIkarBnül;)anedaygayRsYlenaH
eLIy. bEnßmBIelIsP½sþútagGMBIpsU Ilu TaMgenHenA
manRbePTsilaEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKñanwg
P½sþútagEdlR)ab;BlI ½kçx½NÐGakasFatudcU KñaEdleK
)anrkeXIjenAelITVIbmYycMnYn. em:sUsUrus køsÚ ‘ubetrI
TVIbrsat;)anBnül;pgEdrBIP½sþútag
sMNl;TwkkkburaN. Twkkkkat;Cacg¥Úr²enAkñúg
dIEdlbgðajBITsi edAEdlTWkkk)aneFVIdMeNIr. rUbTI8 ³ pUslIu rbs;stVemsUsUrsu EdlCastV niglµÚn
enAeBlEdlGñkRkeLkemIleTATItaMgrbs;TVIbbc©úb,nñ TwktUc nigrukçCatiksøÚ ubetrIEdlCaRbePTrukçCati
sm½yedImtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAelITIbV xøH.
skmµPaBTwkkkTaMgenHhak;dUcCamin)anTak;Tgnwg
TVIbrsat;esaH. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlGñkP¢ab;TVIbTaMgGs;enHsareLIgvijeGaydUckarerobcMedImrbs;TVIbTaMgGs;
cg¥ÚrTwkkkRtUv)anP¢ab;. tamry³P½sþútagpUsIul cg¥ÚrTwkkk)anRTRTg;KMnitrbs;elakev:ehSnWr sþIBITVIbrsat;.
2>karEbkecjBIKñaénb:g;eso
elakev:ehSnWr)ansikSaBIkarsegátCaeRcInmuneBlbegáItCaRTwsTþI bVI rsat;rbs;Kat;eLIg. Kat;)anKit
faTVbI Edldac;BKI ñanaeBlbc©úb,nñTaMgGs;enHFøab;RtUv)anP¢ab;KñaCapÞaMgdImYyy:agFMEdlKat;)anehAfa b:g;eso
EdlCaPasaRkicmann½yfa : EpndITaMgGs; :. dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI9 pÞaMgdIPaKeRcInrbs;EpndIRtUv)anP¢ab;Kña
CaTVIbmYyy:agFMkalBI 245lanqñamM un.
ិ
245lanqñaMmun b:g;esoekItmanenAeBlEdlstV rUbTI9 ³ Gs;ry³eBld¾yUr TVbI TaMgLayrbs;

dayNUs½rdMbUgxøH)anrs;enABaseBjEpndI. EpndIEdl)anbþÚrTMrg; nigeFVIdMeNIrXøatBIKñakñúg
b:ge; soRtÚvB½T§CvuM ijedaysmuRTmYyeQµaHfa cMgayd¾Esnq¶ay.
b:gt; aLasa Edlmann½yfa : smuRTTaMgGs; :.
180lanqñaMmun TVbI b:g;eso)anEbkecj
BIrKñabnþci mþg²CaBIrcMENk. Epñkxag
eCIgehAfa LÚra: esor . Epñkxagt,Úg
ehAfa hÁnv:anNa .
65lanqñamM un enAeBlEdlBBYkdayNUs½r)anputBUCBIEpndI
Lr:aesor nig hÁnv:anNa )anEbkecjCabMENktUc²EfmeTot.
3>Kmøat)atsmuRT
enAeBlEdlelakev:ehSnWr dak;ecjCaRTwsþI
TVIbrsat;rbs;Kat; GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcInmin)anTTYlyk
RTwsþIrbs;Kat;eT. BYkeK)anq¶lf; a etIkMlaMgFmµCatiGVIGac
eFVI[TVIbTaMgmUlpøas;TI)an? enAsm½yelakev:ehSnWr
minmannNarmñak;GaceqøIyeTAnwgsMNYrenaH)aneT. eKmin
GaceqøIysMNrY enH)anrhUtmkdl;CaeRcInqñaeM Rkaymk
eTotEdlP½sþútagfµI²)anpþl;nUvKnøHw xøH.
kñúgrUbTI10 Gñknwgkt;sMKal;famanCYrPñeM RkamTwk rUbTI10 RTnugkNþalmhasmuRTGatøg;TicKWCaEpñk
kMBugrt;kat;enAkNþalmhasmuRTGatøg;Tic. CYrPñMenH énCYrPñEM dlEvgCageKbMputenAelIBPi Belak.
ិ
RtUv)aneKdak;eQµaHfa RTnugkNþalmhasmuRTGatøg;Tic EdlCaEpñkénRbB½nR§ TnugmhasmuRTTUTaMgBiPBelak

mYy. RTnugkNþalmhasmuRT KWCaCYrPñMeRkamTwkEdlrt;qøgkat;GagmhasmuRTrbs;EpndI.
RTnugkNþalmhasmuRT (Mid-ocean ridges) KWCaTIkEnøgEdlKmøat)atsmuRTekIteLIg. Kmøat)at
smuRT (sea-floor spreading) KWCadMeNIrkarmYyedaymNÐlfµfµIénmhasmuRTRtUv)anbegáItfµIenAeBlrUbFatu
cas;CagRtUv)anTajecj. enAeBlpøaktictUnicpøas;TIecjq¶ayBIKña )atsmuRTk¾EjkecjBIKñaEdr ehIym:ak;m:a
k¾eLIgmkelIedIm,IbMeBjcenøaHenaH. sUmkt;cMNaMenAkñgú rUbTI11fasMbkEpndIekIneLIgkñúgry³eBlyUrEdlva
ecjBIRTnugkNþalmhasmuRT. enHk¾eRBaHEtsMbkEpndIfµIecHEtbnþekIteLIgBIrUbFaturlayenAÉRTnug. sMbk
EpndIEdlcas;CageKenAkñúgmhasmuRTGatøg;Tci RtUv)anrkeXIjenAtambeNþayEKmTVIb. vakMNt;GayuRtLb;
eRkayeTArkeBlevlarbs;dayNUs½r. sMbkEpndIEdlfµICageKKWsßitenAkNþalmhasmuRT. sMbkEpndIenH
eTIbEt)anekIteLIg!
rUbTI11 ³ Kmøat)atsmuRTbegáIteGayman
mNÐlfµfmµI hasmuRTenAÉRTnugkNþal
mhasmuRT.
TMrg;mNÐlfµfµI
4>PaBbRBa©as;énm:aej:Tic
P½sþútagxøHkñgú cMeNamP½sþútagsMxan;²CaeRcInsþGI MBIKMlat)atmhasmuRT)anmkBIPaBbRBa©as;énm:aej:
TicEdl)ankt;RtaTukenAÉ)atmhasmuRT. qøgkat;tamRbvtþsi aRsþrbs;EpndI b:Ulm:aej:TicxageCIg nigb:lU
m:aej:Tci xagt,Úg )anpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøgCaeRcInelIk. enAeBlb:Ulm:aejTicrbs;EpndIpøas;bþÚrTIkEnøg karN_enHeK
ehAfa PaBbRBa©as;énm:aej:Tic .
ិ
silaEdlrlayÉRTnugkNþalmhasmuRTmanpÞúknUvRKab;Er:m:aej:TictUc². RKab;Er:TaMgenHmanskmµPaB
dUcCaRtIvis½y. BYkvatMerobCaCYrCamYyEdnm:aej:Ticrbs;EpndI. enAeBlsilarlaycuHRtCak;kMNt;RtaénRtI
vis½ytUc²TaMgenHRtUv)anekIteLIgCafµ. bnÞab;mkeKykkMNt;RtaenHecjy:agyWtBIKMlatkNþalenAeBl
KMlat)atsmuRTekIteLIg. kñúgrUbTI12 enAeBlEdnm:aej:TicEpndIbRBa©as; bnÞHfµRI tUv)ancab;epþIm ehIyeBlenH
RKab;Er:m:aej:Ticcg¥úlTispÞúyKña. silafµIkt;RtaTisénEdnm:aej:Ticrbs;EpndI. kMNt;RtaBIPaBbRBa©as;enHKWCa
P½sþútagcugeRkayfaKMlat)atsmuRTBitCa)anekIteLIg.
b:lU m:aej:TicFmµta b:lU m:aej:TicbRBa©as;
b:UleCIg
b:lU m:aej:TicFmµta
b:UleCIg
b:Ult,Úg
b:lU m:aej:TicbRBa©as;
rUbTI12 ³ PaBbRBa©as;énm:aej:Tci enAkñúgsMbkmhasmuRTRtUv)an
b:Ult,Úg bgðajenATIenHCabnÞHsMbkmhasmuRTB½N’exovRsal nigB½N’
exovcas;.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> cUrrayBIkarekIteLIgTaMgbIénrUbpÁMEú dlRTwsTþI bVI rsat;)anCYyBnül; ehIyerobrab;BIrebobEdlRTwsþI
enHBnül;.
2> cUrBnül;faeehtuGVRI TwsþITIVbrsat;rbs;elakev:ehSnWr minRtUv)aneKTTYlykenAelIkdMbUg.
3> TMnak;TMngGtþsBaØaNkmµ cUrBnül;BIrebobEdldMeNIrkarénKMlat)atsmuRT nigPaBbRBa©as;én
m:aej:Tci begáItCabnÞHénsMbkmhasmuRTEdlmanb:lU m:aej:Tci xusKña.
ិ
emeronTI3 RTwsþIpøaktictUnic
BaküKnøwH
- RTwsþIpøaktictUnic ( plate tectonics )
- RBMEdnrYm b¤ RBMEdnCMnYbKña ( convergent boundary )
- tMbn;CMnYb ( subduction zone )
- RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña b¤ RBMEdnsMNg; ( divergent boundery )
- RBMEdneLIgcuH ( transform boundary )
BiB½N’naBIklM aMgTaMgbIEdleKKitkñúgclnapøaktictUnic.
BiB½N’naBIRbePTTaMgbIènRBMEdnpøaktictUnic.
Bnül;BIrebobEdlGñkviTüasaRsþvas;GRtaEdlpøaktictUniceFVc
I lna.
KMlat)atsmuRTKWCaP½sþútagGMBEI dl)anKaMRTKMnitdMbUgrbs;elakev:ehSnWrfaTVIbeFVIclna. b:uEnþeday

sarEtTaMgsMbkTVbI nigsMbkmhasmuRThak;dUcCamanclna RTwsþIfmµI YyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IBnül;TaMgTVIb
rsat; TaMgKMlat)atsmuRT KWRTwspþI øaktictUnic. RTwsþIpøaktictUnic KWCaRTwsEþI dlmNÐlfµrbs;EpndIRtUv)anEck
CapøaktictUnicCaeRcInEdleFVcI lnaCuvM ijBIelIGaesþNUEsVr‘ .
1>mUlehtuEdlGaceFVI[pøaktictUniceFVIclna
brimaNfamBld¾xøagM Gs©arüEdlminKYreGayeCO)aneFVI[vtßFú MdUcCapøaktictUnicmanclna! eyIgenAEt
mindwgR)akdfaehtuGVIpøaktictUniceFVcI lna b:Eu nþGñkeBlfµI²enHGñkviTüasaRsþ)anrkeXIjnUvcemøIyEdlGacTTYl
yk)anxøH dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI13. cUrkt;sMKal;BIrebobEdlkMlaMgTaMgbIRbePTrbs;pøaktictUnicTTYl\T§iBl
edaykMedA nigTMnaj.
ិ
rUbTI13 ³ kMlaMgrujTaMgbI kmøaMgRTnugruj enAÉRTnugkNþalmhasmuRT mNÐlfµmhasmuRTx<s;Cag

EdlGaceFVI[pøaktictUnic kEnøgEdlvaliccuHeRkammNÐlfµTbVI . kmøaMgRTnugruj KWCadMeNIrkarpøak
manclna. mhasmuRTrGilcuHeRkamRBMEdnrvagmNÐlfµ nigGaesþNUEsV‘r.
RTnugkNþalmhasmuRT
mNÐlfµmhasmuRT mNÐlfµTVIb
GaesþNUEsV‘r
rUbFatuRtCak; rUbFatuRtCak; rUbFatuRtCak;
g
kmøaMgrgVl; enAkñgú dMeNIrkarénrgVl; rUbFatuekþAecjBICeRmAkñúgEpndIGENþteLIgelI bnÞHRkas;²Taj edaysarmNÐlfµmha
enAeBlrUbFatuRtCak;enACitépÞelIliccuH. enAeBlrUbFatuekþAcuHRtCak; vak¾køayCa smuRTxab;CagGaesþNUEsV‘r EKmrbs;pøak
F¶ne; hIyFaøk;cuHeRkamvij. clnaénrgVl;rbs;rUbFatum:g;tUTajpøaktictUnci [XøatKña. mhasmuRTliccuH ehIyTajEpñkenAsl;
rbs;paø ktictUnci eGayeTACamYyvakñúgdM
kemþA emsUEsV‘r MeNIrkarenHehAfa bnÞHRkas;Taj .
2>RBMEdnpøaktictUnic
pøaktictUnicTaMgGs;manRBMEdnCamYynwgpøaktictUnicepSg²eTot. RBMEdnTaMgenHRtUv)anEckecjCabI
RbePTedayEp¥keTAelIrebobEdlpøaktictUnci TaMgenaHeFVIclnaTak;TgnwgpøaktictUnicmYyeTot. pøaktictUnic
GacTgÁci Kña XøatBIKña b¤rGilFøak;cuHeRkamKña. rUbTI14 bgðajBI]TahrN_xøHGMBIRBMEdnpøaktictUnic.
2>1>RBMEdnrYm b¤ RBMEdnCMnYbKña ( Convergent Boundaries )

enAeBlpøaktictUnicBIrrujcUleTAkñúgpøakmYyeTot RBMEdnEdlpøakTaMgBIrCYbKñaRtUv)anehAfa RBMEdn rYm
b¤ RBMEdnCMnYbKña. GVIEdlekIteLIgenAÉRBMEdnCMnYbKñaenaHEp¥keTAelIRbePTénsMbkEpndIEdlpøaktictUnic
nImyY ²man KWsMbkTVIb b¤sMbkmhasmuRT. enAeBlGñkemIleTArUbxageRkam enaHmanRBMEdnCMnYbKñabI RbePTKW
TVIb nigTVbI / TVbI nigmhasmuRT/ mhasmuRT nigmhasmuRT.
rUbTI14 KMnUsbMRBYjenHbgðajBIRBMEdnpøaktictUnic5. sUmkt;sMKal;famanRBMEdnCMnbY Kña3RbePT.
ិ
karTgÁci KñarvagpøakTVIb nigpøakTVbI enAeBlpøaktictUnicBIr

EdlCasMbkTVIbb:HTgÁicKña pøakTaMgBIrenHe)a:geLIg ehIy
kan;EtRkas; EdlekItBIkarrulsMbkTVbI eLIgmkelI. RBMEdnCMnYbKña
tMbn;CMnYbKña
tMbn;CMnYbKña
mNÐlfµTVIb
karTgÁci KñarvagpøakmhasmuRT nig
karTgÁicKñarvagpøakTVIb nigpøakmhasmuRT enA pøakmhasmuRT enAeBlpøakmhamuRT
eBlpøaktictUnicmYyEdlCasMbkTVIbTgÁicy:ag BIrTgÁci Kña enaHpøakkhasmuRTmYyRtUv
xøaMgCamYy pøaktitUnci mYyeTotEdlCasMbkmha rGilcuHeRkampøakmhasmuRTmYyeTot
smuRTeFV[I sMbkmhasmuRTrGilcuHeRkamsMbk dUckarTgÁci KñarvagpøakTVIb nigpøakmha
TVIb.tMbn;EdlpøakmhasmuRTliccuHeRkameTAkñgú smuRTEdr.
GaesþNUEs‘rV ehAfa tMbn;CMnYbKña .
2>2>RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña b¤RBMEdnsMNg; ( Divergent Boundaries )

enAeBlpøaktictUnicBIreFVIclnaecjBIKña enaHRBMEdnrvagpøakTaMgBIrenHehAfa RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña b¤ RBM
EdnsMNg;. etIGñkcaMBIKMlat)atsmuRTb¤eT? RBMEdnEbkecjBIKñaKWCakEnøgEdlmNÐlfµfµmI hasmuRTekIt
eLIg. RTnugkNþalmhasmuRTEdlkMNt;mNÐlKMlatKWCaRbePTRBMEdnEbkecjBIKñaEdlsamBaØbMput. eTaHCa
dUecñHk¾edayk¾RBMEdnEbkecjBIKñaGacRtUv)anrkeXIjenAelITVIbpgEdr.
2>3>RBMEdneLIgcuH ( Transform Boundaries )

enAeBlpøaktictUnicBIrrGileKokKñatamépÞedk enaHRBMEdnrvagpøakTaMgBIrenHehAfa RBMEdneLIgcuH.
bMNak;Rsut saMgGg;eRdGa enAkalIhV½rnIKWCa]TahrN_d¾lm¥ YyénRBMEdneLIgcuH. bMNak;RsutenHsMKal;faCaTI
kEnøgEdlpøak)a:sIuPci nigpøakGaemricxageCIgrGileKokKña.
ិ
karrGileKokKña enAÉRBMEdneLIgcuH pøaktictUnci BIrrGileKok Kña.

RBMEdnCMnYbKña edaysarpøaktictUnicTaMgBIrminrelag pøakTaMgBIrkin nig
kRnþak;enAeBlpøakrGil ehIybegáIt)anCarBa¢ÜydI.
RBMEdneLIgcuH
mNÐlfµmhasmuRT
pøas;TIecjBIKña enAÉRBMEdnCMnYbKña pøaktictUnicBIr

pøas;TIecjBIKña. enAeBlpøakTaMgBIreFVcI lnaecj
BIKña m:ak;m:aruleLIgmkelIedIm,IbMeBjcenøaH. enA GaesþNUEsV‘r
Rtg;RTnugkNþalmhasmuRT karruleLIgénm:ak;m:a
cuHRtCak;edIm,IbegátI CamNÐlfµfµImhasmuRT.
emsUEsV‘r
3>kartamdanclnabs;pøaktictUnic
etIpøaktictUnicpøas;TIelOny:agNaeTA? cemøIyrbs;sMnYrenHEp¥keTAelIktþaCaeRcIndUcCaRbePTrbs;
pøaktictUnic rUbragrbs;pøaktictUnic nigviFIEdlpøakeFVGI nþrGMeBICamYypøaktictUnicepSgeTotEdlenACuMvijva.
CaTUeTAclnatictUnicKWytW Nas;EdleyIgminGaceXIj b¤minmanGarmµN_fapøakeFVcI lnaeT KWeKvas;el,Ón
clnarbs;pøakCasg;TIEm:RtkñúgmYyqñaM.
krNIelIkElgmYycMeBaHc,ab;enHKWbMNak;RsutsaMgGg;eRdGa enAkalIhV½rnIj:a. pøak)a:sIuPci nigpøak
GaemricxageCIgminrGileKokKñaedayRsYlb¤k¾bnþbnÞab;enaHeT. pÞúyeTAvijclnaenHekIteLIgenAkñúgPaBkRnþak;
nigkeRkIk. tMbn;bMNak;RsutbnSl;TukCasßanIyC_ aeRcInqñaMmkehIy ehIybnÞab;mkk¾XøatecjBIkEnøgedIm 3eTA
4Em:RtedaysarEtrBa¢ÜydI. KMlatd¾FMenHEdlekIteLIgenAÉbMNak;RsutsaMgGg;eRdGa GacRtUv)aneKvas;
RtwmRtUvenAépÞelI. b:uEnþeTaHbICadUecñHk¾edaysRmab;GñkviTüasaRsþclnaPaKeRcInrbs;paø ktictUnicmankarBIkar
Bi)akxøagM Nas;kñúgkarvas;. dUecñHetIGñkviTüasaRsþRtUveFVdI Ucemþc?
ិ
RbB½n§kMNt;TItaMgrbs;EpndI (GPS)
GñkviTüasaRsþeRbIR)as;RbB½n§páayrNbEdl
ehAfa RbB½nk§ MNt;TItaMgEpndI Global Positioning
System (GPS) Edl)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI15 edIm,Ivas;
GRtapøas;TIrbs;pøaktictUnic. viTüúsBaØaKWWenAEtbnþ
bBaÚn¢ BItararNbeTAkan;RbB½nk§ MNt;TItaMgrbs;
EpndIenAsßanIy_enAelIdI\tQb;QrEdlkt;RtaBI
cm¶ayBitrvagtararNb nigsßanIy_enAelId.I ry³
eBlknøgeTA cm¶ayTaMgenHmankarpøas;bþÚrtictYc
Nas;. edaykarkt;RtaeBlevlaenAsßannIy_
RbB½nk§ MNt;TItaMgrbs;EpndIenAelIdIBIclnaEdlpþl;
[Cacm¶aymYy dUecñHGñkviTüasaRsþGacvas;GRta
énclnarbs;pøaktictUnic. rUbTI15 ³ rUbPaBemIlBIelIEdlbgðajedayKnøgéntararNb GPS.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> cUrrayeQµaH nigerobrab;BIkMlaMgCMrujTaMgbIEdleFVI[pøaktictUniceFVcI lna.
2> etIRBMEdnCMnYbKñaTaMgbIRbePTxusKñay:agdUcemþc?
3> cUrBnül;BIviFIEdlGñkviTüasaRsþeRbIR)as;edIm,Ivas;GRtapøas;TIrbs;pøaktictUnic.
4> TMnak;TMngGtþsBaØaNkmµ enAeBlrgVl;ekIteLIgenAkñgú m:g;tU ehtuG)VI anCarUbFatuRtCak;Føak;cHu ehIy
rUbFatuekþAruleLIgmkelI?
ិ
emeronTI4 kMlaMgbMpøajénsMbkEpndI
BaküKnøwH
- kmøaMgbM)ak; ( stress ) - bMNak;Rsut ( fault )
- kmøaMgCMrujpÞb; ( compression ) - bMNak;RsutFmµta ( normal fault )
- kmøaMgRbTaj ( tension ) - bMNak;RsutbRBa©as; ( reverse fault )
- BMenIgpñt; ( folding ) - bMNak;RsutbM)ak; (strike-slip fault )
 BiB½N’naBIRbePTFM²ènBMenIgpñt;.
 Bnül;BIPaBxusKñaénRbePTbIFM²énbMNak;Rsut.
 [eQµaH nigBiB½N’naBIRbePTFmµtarbs;P.
ñM
 Bnül;BIPaBxusKñaénkarkekItPñM.
etIGñkFøab;BüayamBt; b¤kac;vtßúGVImYyeGay)ak;Edrb¤eT? sUmBüayamkic©karenH ³ sUmyksrésrnMEvg

EdlminTan;cMGinehIyBt;vay:agyWt²bnþicmþg². \LÚvsUmBt;vamþgeTot b:uEnþmþgenHsUmBt;vaeGay)anelOn
Cagmun. etImanGVeI kIteLIgcMeBaHsrésrnMenAelIkTIBIrenH? etIrUbFatudUcKñaEdlGacBt;)anenAeBlmYyehIü)ak;
enAeBlmYyeTot)any:agdUcemþc? cemøIyKWfakarsgáte; dayTMgn;EdlGñkdak;BeI lIFatuTaMgenaHmanPaBxusKña?
kmøaMgbM)ak; ( stress ) KWCabrimaNkMlaMgkñúgmYyÉktatMbn;Edldak;elIrUbFatuEdlman. eKalkarN_dcU KñaEdl
ekIteLIgcMeBaHenAelIsilakñúgsMbkEpndI. l½kçx½NÐEdlsßitenAeRkamsilamYyEdlTTYlrgkMlaMgbM)ak;RtUv)an
kMNt;BIlkçN³rbs;va.
1>silaEdlTTYlrgkmøaMgbM)ak;
enAeBlsilapøas;bþÚrTMrg;rbs;vaedaysarkmøaMgbM)ak; eKehARbtikmµenHfa kMlaMgbMpøaj . enAkñgú
]TahrN_xagelI Gñk)aneXIjBIsrésrnMTTYlkarbMpøajkñgú viFIBIry:agKWedaykarBt; nigedaykarbM)ak; dUc
mankñúgrUbTI16 . PaBdUcKñaenHKWmanekIteLIgenAkñúgRsTab;sli a. RsTab;silaGacBt;enAeBlmankmøaMg
ិ
bM)ak;ekIteLIgenAelIva. b:uEnþenAeBlmankMlaMgbM)ak;kan;EtxøagM ekIteLgIenAelIRsTab;sila enaHRsTab;Gac

)ak;. silaGacxUcRTg;RTayedaysarkMlaMgTaMgLayrbs;pøaktictUnic.
RbePTénkmøagM bMpøajEdlekIteLIgenAeBlvtßúmYy
RtUv)anrujpÞb;KñadUcCaenAeBlpøaktictUnicBIrTgÁicKña eKehAfa
kmøaMgCRmujpÞb; . kmøaMgCRmujpÞb;GacmanlT§pld¾Gs©arü
CaeRcIn. CYrPñMGg; nigCYrPñMkas;KWCa]TahrN_BIrénkmøaMgCRmuj
pÞb;xøaMgenARtg;RBMEdnpøakCMnYbKña.
RbePTmYyeToténkMlaMgbM)ak;KW kmøaMgRbTaj .
kmøaMgRbTaj KWCakMlaMgEdlekIteLIgenAeBlmankMlaMg
eFVIskmµPaBTajvtßúmYy[yWt. dUcGñk)ansµanBIkmøaMg
RbTajenARBMEdnEbkecjBIKña b¤RBMEdnsMNg;eBlpøaktitnU ic
BIrTajecjBIKña. enATMB½rbnÞab;enHGñknwgsikSaGMBIrebobEdl
kMlaMgtictUnicTaMgBIrmankmøaMgCRmujpÞb; nigkmøaMgRbTaj rUbTI16 ³ edaybrimaNkMlaMgbM)ak;exSay srésrnMmin
Bt; nigbM)ak;silaedIm,IbegáIt)anCasNæandIFmµtadUc Tan;cMGinenHGacBt;[ekag)an b::uEnþebIbrimaNkMlaMg
Gñk)ansÁal; rYcehIy. bM)ak;xøaMg enaHnwgeFVIeGaysrésrnM)ak;minxan.
2>BMenIgpñt; RsTab;silamunrgkmøaMg
BMenIgpñt; ekIteLIgenAeBlRsTab;silaBt;edaysar
kMlaMgbM)ak;kgñú sMbkEpndI. eyIgsnñidæan)anfaRsTab;sila saMgKøINal;
kMeTckMN)ancab;epþmI cab;epþImekIteLIgCaRsTab;epþk. dUecñH
enAeBlGñkeXIjRsTab;ekag enaHGñkdwgfamankMlaMgbMpøaj Gg;TIKIN ø al;
)anekIteLIg. edayEp¥keTAelIrebobénkMlaMgbMpøajénsila
enaHBMenIgpñtR; bePT epSg²)anekIteLIg. rUbTI17 bgðajBI
m:UNUKN
øI al;
RbePTBMenIgpñtF; mµtaBIrKW Gg;TIKøINal; nig saMgKøINal; .
RbePTmYyeToténBMenIgpñt;KW mUNKU øINal; . enAkñgú
mUNKU øINal; RsTab;sila)anRtUveBIgeLIgEdleFVIeGaycugsg rUbTI17 ³ enAeBlkMlaMgtictUnicsgát;eTAelI RsTab;sila
xagénBMenIgpñte; nAEtrkSaépÞrabdEdl. sUmRsém:fayk kMlaMgTaMgenaHGaceGayRsTab;sli aBt; nigeBIgeLIg.
Gg;TIKIN
ø al; nigsaMgKøNI al; ekIt eLIgenAeBlkmøaMgépÞ
RkdasmYyKrehIyteRmobvaenAelItu. sUmKitfasnøwk rabmanskmµPaBelIsila. mUNUKIN ø al;ekIteLIgenAeBl
kmøaMgépÞbBaÄrmanskmµPaBelIsila.
ិ
RkdasenHdUcCaRsTab;sli axus²Kña. \LÚvsUmdak;esovePAmYyk,alenAxageRkamcugmçagénRkdasmYyKr.

GñkGaceXIjcugsgxagénRkdasenaHenAEtrkSaépÞrabdEdl b:uEnþsnøwkRkdasTaMgGs;RtUv)aneBIgeLIgenA
kNþal.
BMenIgpñt;GacFM b¤tUc. sUmemIleTArUbTI18 . BMenIgpñt;FMCageKRtUv)aneKvas;CaKILÚEm:Rt. BMenIgpñt;
GacbegáIt)anCaPñMTaMgmUl. BMenIgpñt;mYyeTotmanPaBc,as;las;b:uEnþtcU Cag. sUmsMKal;BITMhMkUnkaMbitEdl
enAkñgú rUbfttUc. \LÚvsUmemIleTABMenIgpñt;tcU CageK. GñkGacvas;BMenIgpñt;TaMgenHCasg;TIEm:Rt.
rUbTI 18 ³ rUbftFMenAxagsþaMédbgðajBIBMenIgpñt;
EdlmanTMhMb:unPñMEdlekIteLIgenAkñgú CYrPñM fµ.
rUbfttUcenAxageqVgbgðajBIsilamYyEdlman
BMenIgpñt;tUcCag.
3>bMNak;Rsut
xN³EdlRsTab;silaxøHeBIgeLIg
ehIyBt; enAeBlenaHkMlaMgbM)ak;)anekIt
eLIg ehIyRsTab;silamYyepSgeTot)ak;.
tambeNþayépÞelIsilaEdl)ak; nigrGil
ekokelIKñaEdlehAfa bMNak;Rsut . muxcMeNateRTt muxcMeNateTar
bNþMúénsMbkEpndIenAelIEpñknImYy²én
bMNak;RsuteKehAfa muxcMeNat
rUbTI 19 ³ TItaMgrbs;muxcMeNatkMNt;faetIvaCamuxcMeNateTar
(fault blocks).
( hanging wall ) b¤muxcMeNateRTt ( foot wall )
RbsinbMNak;RsutmYyminrGiltam
ិ
ExSbBaÄr vaeFVI[eyIgGaceFVIkarEbgEck)any:agc,as;rvag muxcMeNateTar nig muxcMeNateRTt . rUbTI19

bgðajBIPaBxusKñarvagmuxcMeNateTar nigmuxcMeNateRTt. edayEp¥keTAelIrebobEdlmuxcMeNateTar
nigmuxcMeNateRTteFVIclnaedaymanTMnak;TMngrvagKñaeTAvijeTAmkehIycMeNatmYykñúgcMeNammuxcMeNatTaMg
BIrRbePTGacbegáIt)an.
3>1>bMNak;RsutFmµta
bMNak;RsutFmµta manbgðajkñgú
rUbTI20. clnarbs;bMNak;RsutFmµtabNþal
[cMeNateTareFVIclnaFøak;cuHeRkamcMeNat
eRTt. CaFmµtabMNak;RsutFmµtaekIteLIgenA
rUbTI 20 ³ enAeBlsilaTajecjBIKñaedaysarkmøaMgRbTaj
eBlkMlaMgtictUnicbgáedaykmøaMgRbTajEdlTaj enaHbMNak;RsutFmµtak¾)anekIteLIg.
silaecjBIKña.
3>2>bMNak;RsutbRBa©as;
bMNak;RsutbRBa©as; manbgðajenAkñgú
rUbTI21. clnarbs;bMNak;RsutbRBa©as;bNþal
[muxcMeNateTarmanclnaeLIgelImuxcMeNat
eRTt KWbRBa©as;BIbMNak;RsutFmµta. CaFmµta
bMNak;RsutbRBa©as;ekIteLIgenAeBlkMlaMgtic
tUnicbgáedaykMlaMgCRmujpÞb;Edlrujsila[pÞb;Kña. rUbTI 21 ³ enAeBlsilarujpÞb;Kañ edaysarkMlaMgCRmujpÞb;
3>3>karR)ab;BIPaBxusKña enaHbMNak;RsutbRBa©as;k)¾ anekIteLIg.
rUbTI22 rUbPaBenAxageqVgKWCabMNak;RsutFmµta. rUbPaBenAxagsþaMKWbgðajBIbMNak;RsutRcas;.
ិ
vaCakargayRsYlkñúgkarR)ab;BIPaBxusKñarvagbMNak;RsutFmµta nigbMNak;RsutbRBa©as;enAkñúgKMnUs
bMRBYjEdlmansBaØaRBYj. b:uEnþcuHcMeBaHbMNak;RsutenAkñgú rUbTI22vij? GñkGaceXIjbMNak;RsutmYycMnYn bu:Enþ
etIrbU PaBNamYyCabMNak;RsutFmµta ehIyrUbPaBNamYyCabMNak;RsutRcas;? enArUbPaBxageqVgEpñkmçageFVI
clnaedayTak;TgnwgEpñkmçageTot. GñkGacR)ab;)anfaenHCabMNak;RsutFmµtaedaykaremIleTAelIkar
teRmobrbs;RsTab;silakMeTckMN. GñkGaceXIjTMnak;TMngTItaMgénRsTab;ggwtBIrEdlmuxcMeNateTar)aneFVI
clnacuHeRkammuxcMeNateRTt.
3>4>bMNak;RsutRCYs ( Strike-slip Faults)
eKehARbePTTI3rbs;bMNak;Rsutfa bMNak;RsutbM)ak; . bMNak;RsutbM)ak; ekIteLIgenAeBlkMlaMg
Rcas;bgá[silaEbkehIypøas;TItamépÞrab. RbsinGñkkMBugQrenAelIEpñkmçagrbs;bMNak;RsutbM)ak;ehIyemIl
eTAbMNak;RsutenaHenAeBlvakMBugeFVIclna enaHépÞmçageTotrbs;bMNak;Rsuthak;dUcCaeFVIclnaeTAEpñkxageqVg
b¤EpñkxagsþaMénédrbs;Gñk.
Gnuvtþn_ ³ clnatictUnic nig]sµ½nFmµCati

eKeRbIR)as;]sµ½nFmµCatienAkñúgpÞH nigkñúgeragcRk
CaRbPBfamBlmYy. Rkumh‘unxøHeFVIkarrukrkRbPB]sµ½n
FmµCati enAeBlEdlRkumh‘unepSgeToteFVIkarrukrkeRbg nig
FüÚgfµ. dUceRbgEdr ]sµn½ FmµCatieFVIdMeNIreLIgmkelIqøg
kat;RsTab;silarhUtdl;vaTgÁicnwgRsTab;mYyEdlvaminGac
eFVIdMeNIrteTAeTot)an ehIyk¾)anXaMgTukenATIenaH. sUm
Rsém:faGñkkMBugRsavRCavrkGagsþúk]sµ½nFmµCati. etIGñk
nwgrMBgw farkeXIjGagTaMgenHCamYyGg;TKI øINal; saMgKøI-
Nal; b¤bMNak;Rsutb¤eT? sUmBnül;GMBIcemøIyrbs;GñkenA
kñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg
KMnUrrUbPaBedIm,ICYyeTAelIkarBnül;rbs;Gñk.
4>pøaktictUnic nigkarkekItPñM
GñkeTIb)ansikSaGBIviFIxøHEdlsMbkEpndIpøas;bþÚredaysarkMlaMgtictUnic. enAeBlpøaktictUnicTgÁci Kña
sNæandIk¾cab;epþmI CaBMenIgpñt; nigbMNak;RsuttUc²EdlcugeRkayGackøayeTACaCYrPñMFM²)an. mUlehtuEdlnaM
ិ
[manPñMenaHKWbNþalmkBIpøaktictUnicEdlenAEtbnþeFVcI lna\tQb;Qr ehIyk¾Føak;cuHeTAeRkamEpñkmYy

eTot. dUcGñkeXIjkñgú rUbPaBTI23 CYrPñFM M²PaKeRcInekIteLIgenAÉEKmpøaktictUnic.
enAeBlpøaktictUnicTTYlrgkmøaMgCRmujpÞb; b¤rgkmøaMgRbTajpøaktictUnicTaMgenaHGacbegáItCaPñMtamviFI
epSg²xusBIKña. sUmemIleTARbePTTaMgbIénkarkekItPñKM W PñMBeM nIgpñt;/ PñMbMNak;Rsut/ nig PñMPMñePøIg .
4>1>PñMBMenIgpñt;
PñBM MenIgpñt;ekIteLIgedaysarRsTab;silaRtUv)an
rujcUlKñaehIyrujeLIgelI. ebIsinGñkykRkdasmYyKMnr
dak;elItuehIyrujEKmTaMgsgxagpÞb;Kña enaHGñknwgeXIjfa
PñBM MenIgpñt;)anekIteLIgy:agdUcemþc. Gñk)aneXIjBIrebob
RsTab;TaMgenHrlaycUlKñadUckñgú rUbTI17. rUbTI24
bgðajnUv]TahrN_GMBICYrPñMBMenIgpñtE; dl)anekIteLIgenA
Rtg;RBMEdnrYm b¤RBMEdnCMnbY Kña.
rUbTI24 dUcCaCYrPñMhimal½yEdrCYrPñMGa)a:Las;RtUv)an
TTYlrgsMNwkGs;ry³eBlrab;rylanqñaMmkehIy
rUbTI23 CYrPñsM xM an;²rbs;BiPBelakPakeRcInekIteLIg
edaysarkarBukpuy nigkarhUreRcaH.
enAÉRBM EdnpøaktictUnci . eTaHCadUecñHk¾edaysUmkt
cMNaMfaCYrPñMGa)a:Las;)ansßitenARtg;TItaMgkNþal
énpøakGaemricxageCIg.
etIGñkdwgeT?
etIGñkdwgeTfapøaktictUnicmiRtwmEtmanTMnak; TMngCamYykarkekItPñMEtbue: NÑaHeT b:Eu nþEfmTaMgmanTMnak;TMng
CamYykarkekItTITMnabCaeRcIneTotenAelIEpndIeTot? vaCakarBit. enAeBlpøaktictUnicmYyFøak;cuHeRkampøaktictUnicmYyeTot
RClgeRCAmYy)anekIteLIgEdleKehAfa sñamePøaH ( trench )ekIt eLIgenAÉRBMEdn. sñamePøaHm:arIy:anNaKWCacMNucEdl
eRCACageKkñúgmhasmuRTEdl manCeRmA 11>033 Em:Rt eRkamnIvT:U wksmuRT.
ិ
kMNkMeNItCYrPñMGa)a:Las;
sUmRkeLkemIleTArUbTI23vij. CYrPñMGa)a:Las;sßitenABak;kNþalpøakGaemricxageCIg. etICYrPñMenH
GacsßitenATItaMgenH)any:agdUcemþc? etICYrPñeM nHminKYrsßitenAÉEKmrbs;pøaktictUnicEmneT? tamry³KMnUs
bMRBYjenHGñknwgrkcemøIyTaMgGs;enaHeXIj.
RbEhl 500lanqñaMmnu pøakTVbI Gaemricxag 500lanqñaMmun
eCIg nigpøakTVIbGaRBic)anmkb:HTgÁicKña. pøakTVbI GWrub:
pøakTVbI Gaemric
pøakTVbI GaRBic
390lanqñaMmun
CYrPñMGa)a:Las;
RbEhl390lanqñaMmun pøaktictUnci TaMgBIrenH)anTgÁicKña
ehIysMbkEpndIrvagpøakTaMgBIrk¾)ane)a:geLIgCaBMenIgpñt;
begáIt)anCaCYrPñMGa)a:Las;.
65lanqñamM un
RbEhl 208lanqñaMmun TVIbGaemricxageCIg nigTVIbGaRBic
pøakTVbI Gaemric
)ancab;epþImXøatecjBIKña ehIyRTnugkNþalmhasmuRTk¾)an mhasmuRT
ekIteLIgenAcenøaHTVIbTaMgBIr. Cit 65lanqñaMmun mNÐlfµféµI n GatøgT; ic pøakTVbI GaRBic
mhasmuRTd¾FMmYy)anekIteLIgenAcenøaHpøaktictUnci TaMgBIr.
edaysarRBwtkþi arN_enH)anekIteLIg dUecñHPñMGa)a:Las;min
)ansßti enAÉRBMEdnpøakteTAeTotehIy.
4>2>PñMbMNak;Rsut
kEnøgEdlkMlaMgtictUnic)anRbTajKñaenAelIsbM k
EpndI eBlenaHbMNak;RsutFmµtamYycMnYnFMk¾)anekIt
eLIg. PñbM MNak;Rsut ekIteLIgenAeBlbMNak;RsutenH
bNþal[sMbkEpndIpÞaMgFMFøak;cuHeRkampÞaMgsMbkEpn rUbTI25 enAeBlsMbkEpndI)anrgnUvkmøaMgRbTaj silaGac
dIeTot. rUbTI25bgðajBIrebobmYyEdlPñbM MNak;Rsut )ak;EbkCaCYr²tambeNþaybMNak;RsutFmµta eBlenaH
PñMbMNak;Rsutk¾)anekIteLIg.
enHekIteLIg.
ិ
enAeBlRsTab;silakMeTckMNRtUv)aneRTtedaybMNak;Rsut BYkvaGacbegáIt)anCaCYrPñMCaeRcInman
kMBUlRsYcreqcrqUc. dUcGñkeXIjenAkñgú rUbTI26 PñeM ffun EdlsßitenAPaKxaglictMbn;v:ayGUmIg KWCa]TahrN_
mYysþIBITidæPaBénkarkekIteLIgénRbePTPñbM MNak;RsutenH.
rUbTI26 PñeM ffun)anekIteLIgCalT§plrbs;kMlaMgtictUnci EdleFVIeGaysMbkEpndITajyWt ehIybgáeGayvaEbkecjCalMdab;

énbMNak;RsutFmµta. cUreRbobeFobrUbftenHCamYynwgrUbTI25.
4>3>PñMPñMePøIg
PñPM ñMePøIgFM²rbs;BiPBelakPaKeRcInEtgEtmanTItaMgenARtg;RBMEdnCMnYbKña. PñPM ñMePøIg ekIteLIgenAeBl
silarlaypÞúHeLIgmkelIépÞEpndI. xusBIPEñM dlekIteLIgBIBMenIgpñt; nigbMNak;Rsut PñPM eñM PøgI ekIteLIgBIrUbFatufµI
EdlRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIépÞd.I PñMePøIgPaKeRcInhak;dUcCaekIteLIgBIRbePTRBMEdnCMnbY KñaEdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgtMbn;
CMnYbKñapg. manPñMPñMePøIgCaeRcInenACMuvijEKmmhasmuRT)a:sIiuPicEdlGñkrkeXIj[eQµaHvafa ExSRkv:at;PñMePøIg .
sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIGg;TIKN
øI al; nigsaMgKøINal;manPaBxusKñadUcemþc?
2> etIbMNak;RsutFmµta nigbMNak;RsutbRBa©as;manPaBxusKñadUcemþc?
3> cUreGayeQµaH nigBiB½N’naGMBIRbePTkmøagM tictUnicEdlbegàItCaPñMBMenIgpñt;?
4> cUreGayeQµaH nigBiB½N’naGMBIRbePTkmøagM tictUnicEdlbegàIteGaymanPñbM MNak;Rsut?
5> karBüakrN_TukCamun RbsinbMNak;RsutmYyekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;mYyEdlCakEnøgRsTab;silaRtUv)an
eBIgeLIg etIvasßitenAkñúgRbePTbMNak;RsutNamYy? ehtuGVI?
ិ
cMNucsMxan;²kñúgCMBUkTI6
emeronTI1
BaküKnøwH sMbkEpndI/ m:g;tU/ sñÚlEpndI/ mNÐlfµ/ GaesþNUEsVr‘ / emsUEsV‘r/ sñÚleRkA/
sñÚlkñgú / pøaktictUnic.
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 EpndIekIteLIgBIsmasPaBsMxan;²bIRsTab;KW sMbkEpndI/ m:g;t/U nigsñÚlEpndI.
 EpndIekIteLIgBITMrg;sMxan;²R)aMRsTab;KW mNÐlfµ/ GaesþNUEsV‘r/
emsUEsVr‘ / sñlÚ eRkA/ nigsñÚlkñúg.

 pøaktictUnicKWCapÞaMgFM²énmNÐlfµEdleFVc I lnaenAelIépÞEpndI
 cMeNHdwgGMBITMrg;rbs;EpndI)anmkBIkarsikSarlkrBa¢ÜydIEdl
bNþalmkBIrBa¢ÜydI.
emeronTI2
BaküKnøwH TVIbrsat;/ KMlat)atsmuRT.
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 RTwsþITVIbrsat;rbs;elakev:ehSnWr)anBnül;GMBIdMeNIrkarénkarpÁúMKñaénTVIbTaMgLayedayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMg
PaBRtUvKñaéneqñrmhasmuRTGatøg;TicénTVIbGaemricxagt,Úg nigeqñrmhasmuRTGatøg;TicénTVbI GaRBic.
 TVIbnaeBlbcú©b,nñFøab;)anP¢ab;KñamþgkalBIGtItkalEdleGayeQµaHfa b:ge; so.
 P½sþútagsMxan;²xøHGMBIKMlat)atsmuRT)anmkBIPaBbRBa©as;rbs;m:aejTicEdl)ankt;RtaenAkñg ú
)atmhasmuRT.
emeronTI3
BaküKnøwH RTwspþI øaktictUnic/ RBMEdnCMnbY Kña b¤RBMEdnrYm/ tMbn;CMnYbKña/ RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña b¤RBMEdn
sMNg;/ RBMEdneLIgcuH.
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 dMeNIrkarRTnugruj/ rgVl;/ nigkmøagM RbTajEdleFVI[pøaktictUnicmanclna.
ិ
 RBMEdnpøaktictUnicRtUv)anEckecjCabI KWRBMEdnCMnYbKña b¤RBMEdnrYm RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña b¤RBMEdn

sMNg; nigRBMEdneLIgcuH.
Tinñn½yEdlTTYl)anBIkartamdanrbs;páayrNbbgðajfapøaktictUnicxøHeFVIclnaCamFüm 3s>m>
kñúg1qña.M
karBiesaFn_
 TMnak;TMngrgVl;.
emeronTI4
BaküKnøwH kmøaMgbM)ak;/ kmøagM CRmujpÞb;/ kmøagM RbTaj/ BMenIgpñt/; bMNak;Rsut/ bMNak;RsutFmµta/
bMNak;Rsut bRBa©as;/ bMNak;RsutRCYs.
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 enAeBlpøaktictUniceFVcI lnabnþbnÞab;Kña b¤cUlKña brimaNkmøaMgbM)ak;d¾Gs©arümYy)anekIteLIgenAelI
silaenAÉRBMEdn.
BMenIgpñte; kIteLIgenAeBlRsTab;silaeBIgeLIgedayGaRs½yeTAelIkmøag M bM)ak;.
bMNak;RsutekIteLIgenAeBlRsTab;sila)ak;edaysarkmøag M bM)ak;ehIyeFVIclnaenAelIEpñkEdl)ak;.
PñRM tUv)anEckfñak;clU eTAkñúgBMenIgpñt;/
bMNak;Rsut/ b¤PMñePøIg edayGaRs½yeTAelI
rebobEdlBYkvaekIteLIg.
kMNkMeNItPñMKWbNþalmkBIclnapøaktictUnic.
RbePTepSg²KñaénclnapøaktictUnci bNþal
[manRbePTPñMepSg²KñaEdr.
karBiesaFn_
 sm<aF
ិ
RtYtBinitücMeNHdwg
KMnitEbbKNitviTüa
karbegátI KMrU ]bmafaGñk)anbegáItKMrUEpndImYyEdlmankaMRbEvg 100s>m> ¬Ggát;p©it 200s>m>¦. kaM
BitR)akdrbs;EpndIKW 6>378K>m> ehIykRmas;slñÚ xageRkArbs;vaKW 2>200K>m>. etIkaMrbs;EpndIman
b:unµanPaKryénsñÚlxageRkA? etIGñkRtUvkRmitkRmas;rbs;sñÚlxageRkArbs;EpndImancMnYnb:unµanenAelIKMrrU bs;
Gñk?
2>200K>m> : 6>378K>m> = 0/34 = 34 
34  én 100s>m> = 0/34  100 s>m> = 34 s>m>
karyl;tamkaremIleXIj
Kmøat)atmhasmuRT rUbPaBRTnugkNþal)atmhasmuRTEdlBRgIk
enHbgðajBIrebobEdlmNÐlfµfµIénmhasmuRTekIteLIg. enAeBlpøaktictUnicBIr
TajecjBIKña m:ak;m:a)anecjmkbMeBjenAkEnøgeRbHrvagpøakTaMgBIr. enAeBl
m:ak;m:akkrwg vak¾køayeTACaEpñkEdlfµICageKénpøakmhasmuRT.
ិ
lMhat;Gnuvtþn_
kaeRbIR)as;BaküKnøwH
cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagBaküKnøHw KU²EdlmandUcxageRkamenH ³
1> sMbkmhasmuRT nig sMbkTVIb
2> mNÐlfµ nig GaesþNUEs‘Vr
3> RBMEdnCMnbY Kña nig RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña
4> BMenIgpñt; nig bMNak;Rsut
5> sMbkmhasmuRT nig mNÐlfµmhasmuRT
6> bMNak;RsutFmµta nig bMNak;RsutbRBa©as;
karEsVgyl;BIcMNucsMxan;²
cUrKUrgVg;CuMvijcemøyI EdlRtwmRtUv ³
7> Epñkrbs;EpndIEdlravKW >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
k>sMbkEpndI K>sñÚleRkA
x>m:g;tU X>sñÚlkñúg
8> EpñkEdlEpndIenAelIpøaktictUnicEdlGaceFVIclna)anKW >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
k>mNÐlfµ K>emsUEsVr‘
x>GaesþNUEsV‘r X>tMbn;CMnYbKña
9> TVIbBIGtItkalEdlmanpÞaMgdId¾FMmYyehAfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
k>b:g;eso K>LÚra: eso
x>hÁnv:aNa X>b:g;taLasa
10> RbePTrbs;RBMEdnpøaktictUnicEdlmanTMnak;TnM gCamYykarb:HTgÁicKñarvagpøaktictUnicBIrKW>>>>>>>>>>>
k>EbkecjBIKña K>CMnYbKña b¤rYm
x>eLIgcuH X>Fmµta
11> RbePTRBMEdnpøaktictUnicEdlCYnkalmantMbn;CMnYbKñamYyKWRBMEdn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
k>EbkecjBIKña K>CMnYbKña b¤rYm
x>eLIgcuH X>Fmµta
12> bMNak;RsutsaMgGg;eRdGa KWCa]TahrN_mYyén >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
ិ
k>RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña K>RBMEdnCMnbY Kña

x>RBMEdneLIgcuH X>RBMEdnFmµta
13> enAeBlBMenIgpñtm; anragdUcCaFñCÚ amYyBMenIgpñt;kñúgTisedAegIbeLIg vaKWCa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
k>m:UNUKøN I al; K>saMgKøINal;
x>Gg;TIKøINal; X>edKøN I al;
14> RbePTbMNak;RsutenAkñúgmuxcMeNateTareFVIclnacuHeRkammuxcMeNateRTteKehAfa>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
k>bMNak;RsutRCYs K>bMNak;RsutFmµta
x>bMNak;RsutbRBa©as; X>muxcMeNat
15> RbePTPñMEdlCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgEpñkFM²énsMbkEpndIkMBugRtUv)anrujeLIgCaGg;TIKøINal; nigsaMg
KøINal; KWCa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
k>PñBM MenIgpñt; K>PñPM eñM PøgI
x>PñbM MNak;Rsut X>PñbM MNak;RsutRCYs
16> CYrPñMEdlekIteLIgenAelITVIbEdlCaFmµtamanTMnak;TMngCamYy>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.
17> RTnugkNþalmhasmuRTmanTMnak;TMngCamYy >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
cUreqøIynUvsMnYrxageRkamenH ³
18> etIpøaktictUnicCaGVI?
19> etIbBaðasMxan;²GVEI dlTak;TgnwgRTwsþITVIbrsat;rbs;elakevehSnWr?
20> ehtuGV)I anCakmøagM bM)ak;eTAelIsMbkEpndI?
cUrbegátI EpnTIKMnit ³
21> cUreRbIBaküKnøHw dUcteTAenHedIm,IbegáItCaEpnTIKMnit ³
Kmøat)atsmuRT/ RBMEdnCMnYbKña/ RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña/
tMbn;CMnYbKña/ RBMEdneLIgcuH/ pøaktictUnic.
ិ
karKitEbbTiHeton nigkaredaHRsaybBaða
cUreqøIynUvU sMNYrdUcxageRkamenH ³
22> ehtuGV)I anCacaM)ac;KitGMBRI sTab;xus²KñaénEpndITaMgsmasPaBpSM niglkçN³rUUb?
23> CaFmµtaPñMBeM nIgpñt;ekIteLIgenAÉEKmpøaktictUnic. etIGñkGacBnül;y:agdUcemþcGMBITItaMgCYrPñM
BMenIgpñt;cas;²enAkNþalpøaktictUnic?
24> rUbFatupøaktictUnicfµIenAEtbnþkekIteLIgenAÉRBMEdnEbkecjBIKña. rUbFatupøaktictUnicKWenAEtbnþ
karbMpøajenAtMbn;CMnYbKñaÉRBMEdnCMnYbKñapgEdr. etIGñkKitfabrimaNsrubrbs;mNÐlfµEdl)anekiIteLIgenAelI
EpndIKWRbEhlnwgbrimaNEdl)anbMpøajEdrb¤eT? ehtuGVI?
viTüasaRsþKNitviTüa
25> ]bmafapøakmhasmuRTd¾tcU mYysßti enAcenøaHRTnugmhasmuRTmYyenATisxaglicehIytMbn;CMnbY
KñaenATisxagekIt. enAÉRTnugkNþalmhasmuRT pøakmhasmuRTkMBugEtrIkFMeLIg²enAGRta 5K>m> erogral;
mYylanqñaM. enAÉtMbn;CMnYbKña pøakmhasmuRTRtUv)anrgkarbMpøajenAGRta 10K>m>erogral;mYylanqña.M
RbsinebIpaø kmhasmuRTmanRbEvg 100K>m> etIvaRtUveRbIeBlb:nu µanlanqñaMeTIbpøakmhasmuRTRtUv)an)at;rUb
rag?
karbkRsayRkaPic
]bmaGñkGaceFVIdMeNIrkat;tamp©itEpndI. cUreRbIR)as;KMnUstagxageRkamedIm,IeqøIynUvsMNYrdUcxag
eRkamenH.
sMbkEpndI ¬50 K>m> ¦ mNÐlfµ
m:g;tU ¬ 150 K>m> ¦
¬ 2>900 K>m> ¦ GaesþNUEsVr‘ ¬ 250 K>m> ¦
emsUEsVr‘ ¬2>550 K>m> ¦
sñÚl sñÚleRkA ¬ 2>200 K>m> ¦
¬ 3>428 K>m>¦ sñÚlkñgú ¬1>228 K>m> ¦
26> etIcm¶ayb:unµanBIsMbkEpndIEdlGñkRtUveFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;edIm,IEsVgrkrUbFaturavenAkñgú sñlÚ EpndI?
27> etIlMdab;CeRmAb:uNaÑ EdlGñkGacrkeXIjrUbFatum:g;tU b:uEnþenAEtsßitenAkñgú mNÐlfµ?
ិ
viTüasaRsþ bec©kviTüa nig sgÁm

karrs;enAelIRTnugkNþalmhasmuRTGatøg;Tic
Rsém:fakarrs;enAq¶ayrab;ryKILÚEm:RtBIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAelItbM n;daMduHEdlRKbedayénsilaPñeM PøgI
EdlB½T§CuMvijedaymhasmuRTGatøg;TicxageCIg. etIGñksßitenAkñgú PaBekþA]NÑ²dUcemþc? cMeBaHRbCaCnEdl
rs;enAekaHGayElnenHKWCabBaðad¾sMxan;xøaMgNas;EdlCH\T§iBldl;karrs;enARbcaMéf¶. ekaHGayEln KWCaekaH
PñeM PøIgEdlmanTItaMgenAcMRTnugkNþalmhasmuRTGatøg;TicEdlenAeqogxagt,Úgbnþci énrgVgG; akTic. Kmøat)at
mhasmuRTbegáIteGaymanskmµPaBPñeM PøIg/ rBa¢ÜydI/ TwkBuHekþA/ nigTwkekþApusBIdICaeRcInEdleFVeI GayCIvitrs;
enAelIekaHenHmanlkçN³hak;dUcCaminsUvsßitesßr. eTaHCadUecñHk¾edayk¾kmøaMgPñMePøIgdUc²KñaenHEdl)anKMram
kMEhgRbCaBlrdæenATIenaH)anpþl;nUvkMedAcaM)ac;sMrab;CIvitRbcaMéf¶. Gñkrs;enAelIekaHGayElneRbIfamBl
kMedAecjBIdI (geothermal energy) EdlpÁt;pÁg;edaymCÄdæanEdlenACuMvijEdlGaceFVeI GayGñkmankarPJak;ep¥Il
CaxøagM .
The Blue lagoon enAekaH

iceland KWCalT§plénkarbegát
I
eLIgedayfamBlkmøaMgTwk.
1>famBlkMedAdI
famBlkMedAdI mann½yfa :keM dAEpndI : geo mann½yfa :EpndI : cMENkÉ therme mann½yfa :keM dA : .
kMLúgstvtSn_TI19eRkayRKwsþskraC Gñke)aHCMrkenAekaHGayElnmuneKbg¥s;)anTajykGtßRbeyaCn_BI
kMedArbs;EpndIedaykardaMdN
M aMFBaØCatienAelIdIEdl)ankMedAedayFmµCati. famBlenH)anCRmuj[kardaMdMNaM
nig karRbmUlplelOn. enAqñaM 1928 eK)ansagsg;eragcRkTajkMedABIkñúgdICalkçN³saFarN³edaykarCIk
RbehagcUleTAkñúgEpndIedIm,IeFVbI MBg;TwktBIbMBg;TwkBuHenAkEnøgmYy. bnÞab;BmI anvibtþei RbgkatenATsSvtSr_qñaM
ិ
1970 eragcRkfamBlkMedAdIRtUv)ansagsg;eLIgCaRTg;RTayd¾FMmYyenAelIekaHGayEln. bc©úb,nñenHeKh-

dæanRbEhl 85° enAekaHGayElnRtUv)ankMedAedayfamBlkMedAdI. TwkekþAEdlecjBIGageRkamdIRtUv)aneK
tpÞal;eTAkan;bMBg;EdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgpÞH EdlCapøÚvsMrab;[m:asIunkemþAGacEckcaykMedA)an.
TwkfamBlkMedAecjBIkñúgdIRtUv)aneKtbMBg;cUleTAkñgú pÞHedIm,IpþlC; aTwkekþA. RbPBFmµCatienHCYbCa
mYyTwkekþAcaM)ac;sMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgTIRkuger:y:avIkEdlmanRbCaCnRbEhl 150>000nak; rs;enA.
TwkekþARtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;tamviFICaeRcIneTotdUcCaeKeRbIR)as;edIm,IkMedAGagTwksaFarN³cMnYn 120
kEnøg. rUbPaBénkarEhlTwkenAxageRkArbs;GñkkñúgTwkekþAFmµCatikMLúgeBlrdUvRtCak;xøagM bMput. pÞHkBa©kC; a
kEnøgEdleKdaMdMNaM nigbEnøEdlRtUvkarkMedAedayTwkenH. sUm,IEtRtIciBa©wmenAeqñrekaHGayElnenHk¾minGaceFVI
eTARbsinebIKµanfamBlkemþAdIedIm,I[TwkmansItuNðPaBlµm. eragcRk]sSahkmµCaeRcInepSgeTot)aneRbI
R)as;famBlkMedAecjBIkñúgdIedIm,IsMgYtC½r eramecom nigsaraysmuRT.
2>plitkmµfamBl
eTaHbICafamBlTwk ¬karplitfamBlecjBIfamBlTwk¦ KWCaRbPBGKÁsi nId¾sMxan;mYyenAekaHGay
Eln cMENkÉfamBlkMedAdIk¾RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;pgEdr. TwkEdlmansItN u ðPaBcab;BI 3000es eTA 7000es
KWRtUv)aneKtcUleTAkñúgGagsþúkCakEnøgEdlTwkkøayeTACacMhayTwkEdleFVI[kmøaMgTYrb‘nÍ vil. clnargVil
rbs;TYrb‘ÍnTaMgenH)anbMElgCaGKÁisnI. m:asIunbegàItfamBlEdl)anBIRbPBfamBlkMedAdIKWRtwmEtBI 5° eTA
15°b:ueNÑaH nigCalT§plénbrimaNd¾elIslb;mYyénbrimaNTwk)anehorecj. enAÉtMbn;sVaesKI eragcRk
famBl)anbgðÚrbrimaNTwkEdlehorecjehIybegátI CaRsHd¾s¥atmYyEdlGñkEhlTwkehAfa Blue Lagoon.
 karyl;dwgbEnßm
etIGñkGacKitfaGacmanRbPBfamBlEdls¥atepSgeTotEdrb¤eT? etIeyIgGacykRbPBfamBlTaMg
enaHykmkeRbICaplRbeyaCn_)any:agdUcemþc?
ិ
CemøaHviTüasaRsþ
TVIbrsat;
enAeBlelakGal;RhVIdev:ehSnWrdak;sMeNIrsþGI MBIRTwsþITIbV rsat;rbs;
Kat;enAedImTsSvtSn_1900 GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcInesIccMGkcMeBaHKMnitTVIb
rsat;kat;tammhasmuRTrbs;Kat;. karBitmnusSCaeRcIn)anEsVgyl;BI
RTwsþIdK¾ YeGayGs;sMeNIcrbs;elakev:ehSnWrEdlCasaRsþacarüsakl
viTüal½ymñak;)aneFVkI ic©kard¾Bi)akmYy. RTwsþIrbs;elakev:ehSnWr)aneFVIeGay
keRkIkrBa¢Üydl;karrkeXIjd¾Gs©arümYyénEpñkFrNIviTüa. elakGal;RhVIdev:ehSnWr
¬1880-1930¦
1>RTwsþIrbs;elakev:ehSnWr
elakev:ehSnWr)aneRbIR)as;P½sþútagFrNI pUsIul nigTwkkkEdl)anRbmUlBIeqñrTl;muxKñaénmhasmuuRT
Gatøg;TicedIm,IKaMRTRTwsþITbVI rsat;rbs;Kat;. elakev:ehSnWr)aneFVIkarkt;smÁal;BIPaBRsedogKñaEpñkFrNIrvagCYr
PñGM a)a:Las/ Eb:kxagekItGaemricxageCIg/ nigtMbn;x<s;²énsát;FIs. eRbobeFobBIPaBRsedogKñarvagRsTab;
silaenAGaRBicxagt,Úg nigeRbsIul. Kat;eCOfaPaBRsedogKñaénkarbM)ak;TaMgenHGacRtwm)anEtBnül;b:ueNÑaH
RbsinebIlkçN³FrNIGacCaP½sþútagmYyR)ab;fadITaMgGs;Føab;RtUv)anP¢ab;KñaCaTVIbEtmYy.
elakev:ehSnWr)anesñIfaedaysarEtTVIbRsalCag eTIbeFVIeGayTVIbGENþtenAxagelIsilaF¶n;Cagén)at
mhasmuRT. eTaHbICamankarBnül;BITVbI rsat;tamry³karsegátCaeRcInrbs;elakev:ehSnWrk¾edayk¾Kat;minGac
EsVgrkP½sþútagmkGPivDÆkarBnül;GMBITbVI rsat;rbs;Kat;)aneLIy.
2>karriHKn;
GñkviTüasaRsþPaKeRcInmankarsgS½yBIRTwsTþI bVI rsat;rbs;elakev:ehSnWr ehIyRcanecalnUvRTwsþIrbs;
Kat;ecj. karriHKn;xøH)anelIkeLIgBIRTwscþI as;²CaeRcInfamansMNg;s<anmYyy:agFMGs©arüEdlGacBnül;)anBI
PaBRsedogKñarvagpUsIulenAGaemricxagt,Úg nigenAGaRBic. karriHKn;epSgeTot)anCMTas;faRTwsrþI bs;elakev:
ិ
ehSnWrminGaccat;cUlfamankmøaMgd¾mhimaCaeRcInFøab;)anrujTVIbTaMgGs;enaHeGayecjBIKña dUcCary³cMgayd¾
Esnq¶ayCaedIm. eTaHCadUecñHk¾eday elakev:ehSnWr)aneCOfakmøaMgTaMgGs;enHGacCakmøagM EdlRsedogKñaeTA
nwgkmøagM rBa¢ÜydI nigbnÞHú PñMePøgI Edr.
3>P½sþútag
enArvagqñaM 1950 nig1960 mankarrkeXIjCaeRcInénKmøat)atsmuRT nigPaBbRBa©as;Kñaénm:aej:Tic
Edl)anpþl;nUvP½sþútagEdlelakev:ehSnWrRtUvkar nigedIm,InaMeTAkan;RTwspþI øaktictUnic. RTwspþI øaktictUci B½N’naGMBI
rebobpøas;TrI bs;TVIbTaMgLay. FrNIviTUnaeBlbc©úb,nñTTYlsÁal;faTVIbTaMgGs;)anrsat;ecjBIKñaedaysar
pøaktictUnicGENþtelIGaesþNEU sV‘r EdlCaEpñkmYyènsilarlay.
dUcCasñaédTaMgLayrbs;GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcIneTotEdr sñaédrbs;elakev:ehSnWrminRtUv)aneKTTYl
sÁal;eTrhUtdl;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMbnÞab;BmI rN³PaBrbs;Kat;. eBleRkaymkeTotGñkB¤RTwsþIviTüasaRsþmYy
Edlhak;dUcCaxusBIkarsµan b:Eu nþvaRtUv)aneKbgðajvafaCakarBit.
4>CataraviTU nigCa]tþúviTU
elakev:ehSnWrmanCIvRbvtþpi ÞúyBIGVEI dlKat;manenAkñúgEpñkviTüasaRsþ. Kat;)anTTYl)anbNÐitEpñktara
viTüaBIsaklviTüal½yEb‘rLaMg. b:uEnþKat;EtgEtmancMNab;GarmµN_Canic¨eTAelIEpñkPUmi-rUbviTüa nigEpñk]tþú
viTüa. karcab;GarmµNE_ dlEp¥keTAelIEpñkPUmi-rUbviTüa)annaMKat;eGayQaneTArkkarbegáItRTwsþITIVbrsat;.
CaécdnücMNab;GarmµN_elIEpñk]tþúviTüa)annaMKat;eGayQaneTArkmrN³PaB. Kat;)anRtCak;rhUtdl;søab;enA
ekaHRKInElnenAeBlKat;Rtlb;BIbMeBjebskkmµCYyseRgÁaHmYyedIm,IykGahareTAeGay]tþúviTUCaeRcInEdl)an
e)aHCMruMenAelITkw kk.
5>tamKMnitpÞal;rbs;Gñk
sUmftcmøgEpnTIBiPBelakmYysnøkw . kat;TIbV TaMgGs;edayRbugRby½tñecjBIEpnTIrbs;Gñk CaBiess
kEnøgEdlmandICYbnwgTwk. ykTVbI TaMgGs;púÁMcUlKñadUcCaEl,gpÁúMrbU mYy. etIpøaktictUnic nigTVbI rsat;manTMnak;
TMngKñay:agdUcemþc?

ិ
TMnak;TMngrgVl;
GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcInKitfacrnþrgVl;enAkñgú m:g;trU bs;EpndImanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgclnarbs;pøaktictU
nic. edaysarEtcrnþrgVl;TaMgenHminGacRtUv)aneKsegáteXIj GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcIneRbIR)as;KMreU dIm,I)a:ns; µan
dMeNIrkar. enAkñúgskmµPaBenH GñknwgbegáItkMrUedayxønÜ ÉgpÞal;edIm,I)a:n;sµanGMBIclnapøaktictUnic.
smÖar³
- eRsamédkarBarkMedA - cRgáantUccMnYnBIr
- fasRTEvgeFVIBIGaluymIj:mÚ cMnYnmYy - duMeQI
- TwkRtCak; - bnÞHeQIsMEb:ttUc²cMnYnBIr
- exµAéd - bnÞat;Rkit
- l½kçN_B½N’ - sItuNmð aRtcMnYnbI
dMeNIrkar
1> dak;cRgáanBIreGayenAEk,rKñaenAcMkNþaltuBiesaFn_rbs;Gñk.
2> dak;fasenAelIcRgáanTaMgBIr. dak;duMeQIenABIeRkamfasedIm,IRTfaseGayenAnwgfál;.
3> cak;TwkRtCak;cUlkñúgfaseGay)anCeRmAy:agehacNas; 4s>m>. ebIkePøIgcRgáanehIyBak;eRsaméd.
4> RbEhlBIr b¤bInaTIeRkaymk BBuHTwkekþAk¾cab;epþmI eLIgmkelIépÞTkw . dak;bnÞHeQItUcBIrfñm²eTAelIépÞTwk.
5> dak;exµAédteRmobRsbKñaenAelIEKmfas edaymankm<s;RbEhl 3s>m>BIépÞTkw .
6> enAeBlbnÞHeQItcU ²cab;epþImeFVIclna sUmbnþk;
l½kçNB_ ½N’cUleTAkñúgTwk. sUmsegàtfaetImanGVIekIt
eLIgcMeBaHdMNk;lk½ çN_B½N’?
7> sUmeGayédKUrbs;dak;cugsitI uNðmaRteTAkñúg
TwkkNþalfas. dak;sItuNmð aRtBIreToteTAkñúgTwk
enAcugsgxagfas. sUmkt;RtasItuNðPaB.
8> sUmBnøt;ePøgI cRgáanbnÞab;BbI Ba©b;dMeNIrkar. bnÞab;mkTwkk¾cuHRtCak; ehIycak;TwkecjBIfasedayfñm².
ិ
viPaK
9> BwgEp¥keTAelIkarsegàtrbs;GñkelIclnarbs;l½kçNB_ ½N’ etIsItuNðPabrbs;Twk)anCH\T§iBldUcemþceTAelI
TisedAénclnaTwk?
10> etIclnarbs;bnÞHeQItcU ²manTMnak;TMngy:agdUcemþcCamYynwgclnaTwk?
11> etIKMrUenHmanTMnak;TMngKñay:agdUcemþcCamYypøaktictUnic nigclnarbs;TVIb?
ិ
sm<aF!
enAeBlGñkviTüasaRsþcg;EsVgyl;BIdMeNIrkarFmµCati dUcCakMNkMeNItPñCM aedImenaH CaerOy²BYkeK
begáItKMrCU aeRcInedIm,ICYyBYkeK. KMrmU ansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarsikSaGMBrI ebobEdlsilamancMeBaHkmøaMgpøaktictU-
nic. enAkñgú brimaNeBlevlaxømI Yy KMrmU YyGacbgðajBIdMeNIrkarFrNIEdl)aneRbIeBlGs;rab;lanqñaM)an. sUm
Gnuvtþn_tamskmµPaBdUcxageRkamenHedIm,IrkeGayeXIjBIdMeNIrkarBMenIgpñt; nigbMNak;RsutenAkñúgsMbkEpn
dI.
smÖar³
- KMrUd\I dæbYnB½N’
- bnÞHb:sU Þ½rqñÚtTMhM 5  15s>m>
- kMb:ugs‘ub b¤eQIlju emSA
- RkdaskaEst
- exµAèdB½N’
- kaMbitC½r
- bnÞHb:sU Þ½rkaer:TMhM 5  5s>m>
cMnYnBIr.
sYrsMNYrmYy
1> etIsaMgKøINal;/ Gg;TIKøINal;/ nigbMNak;RsutekIteLIgy:agdUcemþc?
dMNwknaMkarBiesaFn_
2> ykKMrdU \I dæmYyB½N’mksUnüCaragsILu aMg ehIydak;sIuLaMgenAcMkNþalbnÞHb:UsÞ½rqñÚtxagEpñkeRKIm.
3> sUndI\dæCabnÞH. begáItCaRsTab;dI\dæEdlmankRmas;esµI²KñaenAtambeNþayqñÚt GñkGacykkMbg:u s‘ub b¤eQI
lujemSAbg¥li BIelI. TajBnüWtdI\dæeGaymanRbEvgbeNþay nigTTwgesµIKña. sñamqñÚtenAelIdI\dæmanRbEvg
y:agehacNas; 15s>m> nigTTwg 5s>m>.
ិ
4> dak;bnÞHdI\dæenAelIRkdaskaEstEdlRKUrbs;Gñk)anerobcMrcY enAelIt.u sUmbkRsTab;dI\dænImYy²eday

RbugRby½tñ.
5> GnuvtþnC_ MhanTI2 dl;TI4mþgeTotCamYyKMrUdI\dæEdlmanB½N’xus²Kña. dak;KMrdU I\dæteRmobelIKñaCaRsTab;²
eGay)anbYnRsTab;. cugbBa©b;Gñknwg)anbNþúMdI\dæmYyEdlekIteLIgBIKMrUdI\dæbYnB½N’.
6> elIkbNþMúdI\dæeLIgelIeGayRsbKñanwgkMraltu. rujpÞb;bNþúMdIcUlKñadUcbgðajkñúgrUbxageRkam.
7> ykexµAédmkKUrlT§plCMhanTI6 dak;kñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk. eRbIBaküKnøHw mYycMnYndUcCa

saMgKøINal; nig Gg;TKI øINal; edIm,ItagenAelIdüaRkamrbs;Gñk. KUrsBaØaRBYjedIm,IbgðajBITsi edAEdlEKm
nImyY ²rbs;dIEdlRtUv)anrujpÞb;Kña.
8> Gnuvtþn_CMhanTI2 dl;CMhanTI5mþgeTotedIm,IbegáItbNþMúdITIBIr.
9> kat;bNþúMdITIBIrCaBIrcMENkenAmuM 45dWeRk dUcGñk)aneXIjkñgú rUbxageRkam.
10> cUrsgátb; nÞHb:UsÞ½rkaer:eTAelIcugmMurbs;bNþMúdI\dæTaMgBIr. bnÞHb:sU rÞ½ tMNageGaybMNak;Rsut. cugmuTM aMgBIr

tMNag[muxcMeNateTar nigmuxcMeNateRTt. KMrUEdlGñkeFVKI YrEtdUcKMrEU dlmankñúgrUbxagelIenH.
11> rkSaEKmmuTM aMgBIreGayenACamYyKña ehIyelIkbNþMúdeI LIgedaykan;vaeGayRsbnwgépÞtu. rujbNþúMdIeday
fñm²rhUtdl;bNþúMTaMgBIrrMkil. kt;Rtakarsegátrbs;GñkcUleTAkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
ិ
12> \LÚvsUmkan;bMENkTaMgBIrénbNþMúdI\dækñúgTItaMgedIm ehIyTajBYkvayWt²eGayecjBIKña ehIyeGay

cMeNateTarrGilcuHeRkam. sUmkt;Rtakarsegátrbs;Gñk.
karviPaKlT§pl
13> etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaHduMdI\dæTImYyenACMhanTI6? etIkmøaMgenaHCaRbePTkmøagM GVI?
14> etImanGVIekIteLIgcMeBaHdudM I\dæTIBIrenACMhanTI11? etIkmøaMgenaHCaRbePTkmøaMgGV?I
15> etImanGVeI kIteLIgcMeBaHduMdI\dæTIBIrenACMhanTI12? cUrBiB½N’naBIkmøaMgTaMgGs;EdlmanGMeBIeTAelIbNþúM
dI\dæ. etIbMENkdI\dæTaMgGs;enaHmanRbtikmµy:agdUcemþc?
karTajesckþIsnñidæan
16> cUrBiBN’naBIRbePTkmøaMgnImYy²EdlbNúdMþ I\dæþmankarTak;TgGVIeTAkmøaMgtictUnicEdlman\T§Bi leTAelI
RsTab;silaedayeRbIR)as;nUvBaküKnøwHTaMgGs;enH ³ BMenIgpñt;/ bMNak;Rsut/ Gg;TIKøINal;/ saMgKøNI al;/
muxcMeNateTar/mux cMeNateRTt/ kmøaMgRbTaj nig kmøagM CRmujpÞb; enAkñúgesckþIsegçbrbs;Gñk.


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ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ

វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា

enAkñgú EpñkenH GñknwgeFVIkarsikSaGMBITMrg;xagkñgú rbs;EpndI. manGaf’kM)aMgCaeRcInEdlenAesssl;

edIm,IeLIgdl;kMBUlPñeM Gev:ersKWCakareLIgPñMd¾enOyht;xøagM Nas;. sItuNðPaBKWsßitenAeRkamcMNuckk

GPS GacbgðajTItaMgCak;lak;BIrbs;]bkrN_TTYlBiessGs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy. enAkñúgkar

2> eRbIbg;st¥i bitP¢ab;duMeQIeTAnwgRkdasrwgedIm,IrkSalMnwgrvagRkdasrwg nigEKmRkdasrwg. bitbg;s¥itenAelI

- sñÚl ( core ) - sñÚleRkA ( outer core )

- mNÐlfµ ( lithoshpere ) - sñÚlkñúg ( inner core )

- pøaktictUnic ( tectonic plates )

EpndImni EmnCa)al;silarwgmYyenaHeT. vaekIteLIgBIRsTab;bI b¤bYnEdlmanlkçN³rUb nigbnSMxus²

1>1>sMbkEpndI ( Earth's Crust )

sMbkEpndI KWCaRsTab;EdlenAeRkAeKbMptu énEpndI. kMras;sMbkEpndIcab;BI 5 dl;

100K>m vaCaRsTab;EdlesþgI CageKbMputrbs;EpndI. edaysarEtsMbkEpndICaRsTab;EdleyIgrs;enAelI

dUcGñkGaceXIjenAkñúgrUbTI2 kEnøgmYyeTotEdlGñkviTüasaRsþemIleTA)atmhasmuRT KWCakEnøgEdl

1>2>sñÚlEpndI ( Earth's core )

rUbTI3 ³ EpndIekIteLIgBIbRI sTab; sMbkEpndI ticCag 1° énm:asrbs;

m:gt; U 67° énm:asrbs;EpndI/

sñÚl 33° énm:asrbs;EpndI/

PBGgÁar 11° m:asrbs;EpndI/

nigs‘ulpYrbnþic nigGuksIEu snxøH. sñlÚ EpndI latsn§gw BIeRkamm:g;tUeTAdl;p©itEpndI. dUcGñkeXIjenAkñúgrUb

GaesþNUEsV‘ CaRsTab;Tn;rbs;m:gt; UEdlbMENkénmNÐlfµeFVI

sñlÚ eRkA sñÚlrbs;EpndIEbgEckCaBIrEpñk KWsñÚleRkA

sñlÚ kñgú rwg ehIyF¶n;sßitenAcMkNþalPBrbs;eyIgEdl

manTVIbTaMgmUlenAelIva cMENkÉpøakkUkUsmanEtsMbkmhasmuRTb:eu NÑaH. dUcKñanwgpøakGaemricxageCIgEdr

rUbTI6 ³ el,ÓnrlkrBa¢ÜydIGRs½yelIdg;seuI trbs;

etIGñknwgPJak;ep¥lI b£eTEdldwgfacemøIyTaMgGs;ecjBIkarrBa¢ÜydI? enAeBlrBa¢ÜydImYyekIteLIg rMj½r

rUbTI7 ³ RTwsTþI bVI rsat;)anmkBI

TVIbrsat;k)¾ anBnül;pgEdrfaehtuGV)I anCapUsIulrbs;rukCç ati nigstVRbePTdUcKñaRtUv)anrkeXIjenAtam

245lanqñaMmun b:g;esoekItmanenAeBlEdlstV rUbTI9 ³ Gs;ry³eBld¾yUr TVbI TaMgLayrbs;

RtUv)aneKdak;eQµaHfa RTnugkNþalmhasmuRTGatøg;Tic EdlCaEpñkénRbB½nR§ TnugmhasmuRTTUTaMgBiPBelak

KMlat)atsmuRTKWCaP½sþútagGMBEI dl)anKaMRTKMnitdMbUgrbs;elakev:ehSnWrfaTVIbeFVIclna. b:uEnþeday

rUbTI13 ³ kMlaMgrujTaMgbI kmøaMgRTnugruj enAÉRTnugkNþalmhasmuRT mNÐlfµmhasmuRTx<s;Cag

2>1>RBMEdnrYm b¤ RBMEdnCMnYbKña ( Convergent Boundaries )

karTgÁci KñarvagpøakTVIb nigpøakTVbI enAeBlpøaktictUnicBIr

2>2>RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña b¤RBMEdnsMNg; ( Divergent Boundaries )

2>3>RBMEdneLIgcuH ( Transform Boundaries )

karrGileKokKña enAÉRBMEdneLIgcuH pøaktictUnci BIrrGileKok Kña.

pøas;TIecjBIKña enAÉRBMEdnCMnYbKña pøaktictUnicBIr

- kmøaMgRbTaj ( tension ) - bMNak;RsutbRBa©as; ( reverse fault )

- BMenIgpñt; ( folding ) - bMNak;RsutbM)ak; (strike-slip fault )

etIGñkFøab;BüayamBt; b¤kac;vtßúGVImYyeGay)ak;Edrb¤eT? sUmBüayamkic©karenH ³ sUmyksrésrnMEvg

bM)ak;ekIteLIgenAelIva. b:uEnþenAeBlmankMlaMgbM)ak;kan;EtxøagM ekIteLgIenAelIRsTab;sila enaHRsTab;Gac

RkdasenHdUcCaRsTab;sli axus²Kña. \LÚvsUmdak;esovePAmYyk,alenAxageRkamcugmçagénRkdasmYyKr.

ExSbBaÄr vaeFVI[eyIgGaceFVIkarEbgEck)any:agc,as;rvag muxcMeNateTar nig muxcMeNateRTt . rUbTI19

rUbTI22 rUbPaBenAxageqVgKWCabMNak;RsutFmµta. rUbPaBenAxagsþaMKWbgðajBIbMNak;RsutRcas;.

Gnuvtþn_ ³ clnatictUnic nig]sµ½nFmµCati

[manPñMenaHKWbNþalmkBIpøaktictUnicEdlenAEtbnþeFVcI lna\tQb;Qr ehIyk¾Føak;cuHeTAeRkamEpñkmYy

rUbTI26 PñeM ffun)anekIteLIgCalT§plrbs;kMlaMgtictUnci EdleFVIeGaysMbkEpndITajyWt ehIybgáeGayvaEbkecjCalMdab;

emsUEsVr‘ / sñlÚ eRkA/ nigsñÚlkñúg.

 RBMEdnpøaktictUnicRtUv)anEckecjCabI KWRBMEdnCMnYbKña b¤RBMEdnrYm RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña b¤RBMEdn

k>RBMEdnEbkecjBIKña K>RBMEdnCMnbY Kña

viTüasaRsþ bec©kviTüa nig sgÁm

The Blue lagoon enAekaH

1970 eragcRkfamBlkMedAdIRtUv)ansagsg;eLIgCaRTg;RTayd¾FMmYyenAelIekaHGayEln. bc©úb,nñenHeKh-

4> dak;bnÞHdI\dæenAelIRkdaskaEstEdlRKUrbs;Gñk)anerobcMrcY enAelIt.u sUmbkRsTab;dI\dænImYy²eday

7> ykexµAédmkKUrlT§plCMhanTI6 dak;kñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk. eRbIBaküKnøHw mYycMnYndUcCa

10> cUrsgátb; nÞHb:UsÞ½rkaer:eTAelIcugmMurbs;bNþMúdI\dæTaMgBIr. bnÞHb:sU rÞ½ tMNageGaybMNak;Rsut. cugmuTM aMgBIr

12> \LÚvsUmkan;bMENkTaMgBIrénbNþMúdI\dækñúgTItaMgedIm ehIyTajBYkvayWt²eGayecjBIKña ehIyeGay

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