ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ

វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា

ិ

CMBUkTI5
kMNt;RtaGMBIsila nig pUsIul
(The Rock and Fossil Record)

s¥IeKhñwg¡
cUrRsém:faGñk KWCaGñkviTüasaRsþmñak;kMBgu EsVgrkpUsIul. GñkkMBugeLIgelIcMenatfµxSac;enA
elIPñMEdlminTan;mankarrukrkmYyenATVIbGaRBicxageCIg. RBHGaTitükMBugEtdutkMedAsilaeGayexøac.
sItuNPð aBenAkñgú møb; KW120ºF. GñkeXIjeFµjmYyenAkñgú silaEdlmanGayuH90lanqñaM. vadUcCa
eFµjrbs;qøam b:Eu nþvamanRbEvg EvgCag12sg;TIEm:Rt¡ GñkCIkCMuvijeFµj ehIyrkeXIjfavaCab;eTAnwg
llad¾k,ald¾FMmYy. Cayfaehtu Gñkmin)aneXIjllad¾k,alTaMgmUlEdlmaneFµjRKb;TaMgGs;eT.
llad¾k,almanRbEvgRbEhl1>6Em:Rt mankMBs;RbEhlTUTwkkk. Gñkdwgc,as;fa llad¾k,al nig
eFµjd¾sahavenH KWCarbs;stVdayNUs½rd¾FMmYy.
Gñkykllad¾k,alRtLb;eTAkan;bnÞb;BiesaFn¾rbs;Gñk edIm,IeFVIkarsikSavaeGay)anl¥itl¥n.;
kardwgnUvTMhMllad¾k,al GñksMercfa eRKagq¥wgrbs;vaRtUvmanRbEvgRbEhl14Em:Rt FMb:unrfynþRkug
mYy. stVenaHmanRbEvgEvgCagstV Tyrannosaurus rex ¡ stVmanTMhMFMmhimamanGayu90lanqñaM
EdlGñk)anrkeXIjenHTMngCa)anedjcab;stVdayNUs½repSgeTotedaykarrt;)anq¶ayedaysarkM

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 147 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

laMgeCIgeRkayeBaeBjedayfamBlrbs;vaehIymaneFµjmutragdUcsøwkeQImann½yfamanstVrMBaCa
eRcInRtUv)anvacab;suIcMNI. Gñk)anrkeXIjstVrMBad¾sahavenHBIGtItkal ¡
etIGñkKitdUcemþc?
cUrBüayameqøIysMNYrxageRkamenHedayEp¥kelIceM NHdwgEdlGñkecHrYcehIy dak;kúñgesovePA
kMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk³
1-etIGñkGackMNt;)andUcemþcfa sila nigpUslIu TaMgLaymanPaBcas;CagKña)an?
2-etICanic©kalpUsIulEtgEtekIteLIgBIbMEnkénrukçCati b¤bMEnkénstVb¤?
3-etIGñkviTüasaRsþsikSaGMBIRbvtiþrbs;EpndIdUcemþc?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 148 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

karGegát
cUrdak;eFµjrbs;GñkeTAkñúgllad¾TaMgenH
etIGñkFøab;kt;sMKal;fa GñkmaneFµjRbePTepSgKñaEdrrWeT? stVPaKeRcInmanRbePTeFµjepSg²
Kña ehIystVxøHeTotmanRbePTeFµjbI rWbYnRbePTxus²Kña ehIyRbePTxøHeTotxusKñamYy b¤BIrRbePT
b:ueNÑaH. GñkviTüasaRsþGacR)ab;eyIg)anya:geRcInGMBIstVmYytamryHeFµjrbs;va RTg;RTayrbs;va
ERbRbYleTAtamrebobEdlBYkva)aneRbI.
dMeNIrkar
1-cUrRkeLkemIleFµjkñúgllad¾k,alnImYy²enAEpñkxagsþaM.
2-cUrrab;cMnYnRbePTxus²KñaéneFµjkñúgllad¾k,alnImYy². cUrkt;RtacMelIyrbs;GñkeTAkñgú
esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþ.
3-cUrRkeLkemIlRTg;RTayénRbePTnImYy²rbs;eFµjedayRbúgRbytñ½ehIyKitfaRbePTnI
mYy²mantYnaTIeFVGI VxI øH? cUreFVItaragerobrab;skmµPaBrbs;eFµjTaMgenH dak;kñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüa
saRsþrbs;Gñk.
4-edayEp¥kelIRbePTepSg²Kµarbs;eFµj cUrsakl,gTsSn¾Tayfa etIllad¾k,alnImyY ²)an
mkBIstVmMsasI b¤tiNasI. mMsasI CastVEdlsIusac;CaGahar ehIytiNasI CastVEdlsIru ukçCatiCaGa
har. cUrsresrcMelIydak;kñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
karviPaK
5-cUreRbobeFobcMelIyrbs;GñkCamYycMelIyepSgeTotrbs;mitþrYmfñak;rbs;Gñk. etIGñk)an
yl;RsbCamYyBYkeKGMBIPaBxusKñaénRbePTeFµj nigmuxgarrbs;vaEdrrWeT? cUrBüayamBnül;BIPaBxus
KñamYycMnYnCacMelIydak;kñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
6-RbsinebIGkñ )anRbTHeXIjeFµjmYyenAelIdI etIGñkKitfa GñkGackMNt;GMBIkareRbIR)as;
rbs;va)anEdrrWeT? etIGñkGackMNt;faRbePTGaharGVIEdlstV)ansIu)anmkBINa? cUrBnül;.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 149 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emronTI1
RbvtþiEpndI
BaküKnøwH
-RTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ (Uniformitarianism)
-RTwsþI)atuPUtFmµCati (Catastrophism)
GVIEdlGñkRtUvsikSa
kMnt;BImuxgarrbs;RTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñkñúgEpndIviTüa.
PaBpÞúyKñarvagRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ nigRTws)þI atuPUtFmµCati.
BN’naBItYnaTIrbs;RTwsþI)atuPUtFmµCatiFøab;)anpøas;bþÚrkñúgEpndIviTüa.

mnusSFøab;)anq¶lG; MBRI bvtþirbs;EpndIGs;ryHeBlrab;Ban;qñamM kehIy. b:Eu nþEpñkmYykñúgEpndI

viTüa)ancab;epþImsikSaGMBvI a KWFrNIviTüaEdlCamuxviC¢amankarsikSaCab;Bak;B½n§eTAnwgRbvtþirbs;EpndI.
TsSn³sMxan;rbs;FrNIviTüaTMenIbminRtUv)aneKeFVIkarsikSarhUtdl;cugstvtSTI18. kúñgryHeBl BIr
bI TsvtS TsSn³enH)anmkCMnYsTsSn³buraNsþIGMBIEpndI. bc©úb,nñTsSn³TaMgBIr KWCaEpñkmYyya:g
sMxan;kgñú EpndIviTüa.
1-eKalkarN¾;énRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ
enAqña1M 795 TsSn³viTU nigGñkviTüasaRsþmaneQµaHfa elak James Hutton)ane)aHBum<pSay
RTwsGþI MBIEpndI Edlsresrfa sNæandIrbs;EpndIkMBugpøas;brþÚ \tQb;Qr. dUc)anbgðajenA rUbTI1
elak Hutton)ansnñidæanfakarERbRbYlTaMgenHCalT§pléndMeNIrkarFrNI dUcCa karEbk)ak;sila
nigkardwkCBa¢nÚ kMeTckMNbegáIt)anCaragsNæandI rWmin)anERbRbYlragsNæandI. mkdl;bc©úb,nñ kar
snñdi æanenHRtUv)aneKehAfa RTwsrþI agsNæandIbc©úb,nñ. Uniformitarianism ¬RTwsþIbMErbMrYlbn‫‏‬cþi mþg²én
)atuPUtFmµCati¦ KWCaeKalkarN¾EdlbBa©ak;fadMeNIrkarFrNIdcU KñabegáIt)anCaRTg;RTayEpndIdUc
bc©úb,nñ)anekIteLIgtamRbvtiþrbs;EpndI. {bc©úb,nñ KWCaKnøHw eTAkan;GtItkal } KWCaXøa
d¾l¥bMputsMrab;karsegçbénRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 150 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI1>elakHutton )ansegátbnþci mþg² BIdMeNIrkarN¾begáIt)anCasNæandI. karvinicäye½ dayrUbragén

dMeNIrkarenH Kat;)ansnñidæanfaEpndImanGayucMNas;minKYeGayeCO.

1>elakHutton )ansegátkMlaMgFmµCatikMBugbMEbksilaCabMEnktUc².

2>kat;)anemIleXIjTenøhUrnaMbMEnksilaTaMg
LaycuHtampøvÚ Twk.
4>lakHutton )anKitfa enAeBl 3>Kat;)aneXIjfa bMEnksila
mYysilafµ)I anegIbeLIgbegátI )an RtUv)ancak;bgÁrehIybegátI )an
CasNæandIfµI ehIyvdþGacnwgekIt CaRsTab;keM TckMNfµI. Kat;
eLIgmþgeTot. )anTsSn¾Tayfa kMeTckMN
TaMgenH nig køayeTACasila
fµIbnþci mþg².

1>1>RTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñRbqaMgnwgRTwsþI)atuPUtFmµCati
enAsm½yelak Hutton mnusSPaKeRcIn)anKitfa EpndImankMeNItmkeTIb)anRtwmEtrab;Ban;
qñabM :ueNÑaH. enHminEmnCaeBlRKb;RKan;sMrab;dMeNIrFrNIyWt²begáIteGaymanragPBrbs;eyIgdUcEdl
elak Hutton)anBN’naenaHeLIy. b:uEnþRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñminRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;Pøam² eT.
pÞúyeTAvijGñkviTüasaRsþesÞIrEtTaMgGs;)aneCOelIRTwsþI)atuPUtFmµCati. Catastrophism ¬RTwsb‫‏‬þI MEr
bMrYlxusFmµtaén)atuPUtFmµCati¦ KWCaeKalkarN¾bBa©ak;BIkarERbRbYlFrNITaMgGs;Edl)anekIteLIg
Pøam². GñkKaMRTRTws)þI atuPUt)anGHGagfa karkekItrUbragBiessrbs;EpndI dUcCaPñM eRCaHeRCA²
nigsmuRTTaMgLayGacRtUv)aneKeFVIkarBnül;
edaykMrEdlRBwtþikarN¾ekIteLIgPøam²TaMgenaHehAfa )atuPUtFmµCati. )atuPUtFmµCatiEdlminGacBüa
krN¾dwgmunTaMgenH)aneFVeI GaymankarERbRbYlFrNIya:gelOnenAelItMbn;FM²TaMgLayeBlxøHekIt
eLIgenAelIBPi BelakTaMgmUl.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 151 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

1>2>PaBeCaKC½yrbs;RTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ¡
eTaHCamankarsegátrbs;elakHutton RTwsþI)atuPUtFmµCatienAEtCaCaeKalkarN¾dkw naMEpñk
FrNIGs;rab;TsvtSpgEdr. GñkviTüasaRsþmñak;eTot KwwelakCharles Lyell )ancab;epþmI eFVIGMN³GMNag
edIm,IeGaymnusSBicarNaeGay)anCak;lak;GMBIRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ.
BIqña1M 830 dl;qñaM1833 elak Lyell )ane)aHBum<pSayesovePAbIPaKmancMNgeCIgfa eKal
karN¾FrNIviTüa kñúgenaHKat;)an ENnaMeLIg vij sþGI MBI RTwsþIragsNæandI bc©úb,nñpgEdr. CamYynwg
kMNt;Rtarbs;elak Hutton nigPsþútagfµIrbs;Kat; elak Lyell eFVIkarRbECg)aneCaKCy½cMeBaH
RTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ. elak Lyellyl;fa KµanehtuplEdlsgS½yfakarERbRbYlFrNId¾sMxan;)an
ekIteLIgtamrebobkalBIGtItkal dUcKñanwgeBlbc©úb,nñbnþicmþg².
2>FrNIviTüaTMenIb-mCÄwmsm½yd¾rIkray
GñkviTüasaRsþbc©úb,nñ)andwgfaRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ nigRTws)þI atuPUtiFmµCatiminRtUv)aneK
cat;cUlCaRbvtþirbs;EpndIeT. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾edaykarERbRbYlFrNIesÞIrEtTaMgGs;RtUv)anpøas;bÚþr
bnþci mþg²begáIt)anCaragsNæandI ehIy)atuPUtFmµCatiekItmaneLIgmþgmáalEdr. ]TahrN¾ mat;PñM
ePøgI FM²RtUv)aneKRbTHeXIjenAkEnøgEdlGac;páay nigpáayduHknÞúy)anFøak;kalBIGtItkal. karb:H
TgÁicTaMgenHKWCa)atuPUtFmµCatiy:agR)akd. GñkviTüasaRsþKitfa karFøak;énGac;páay)aneFVIeGayput
BUCstVdayNUs½rdUc)anBnül;enAkñúgrUbTI2. karFøak;énGac;páayRtUv)aneKKitfava)anbgáreGayman
FUlIya:geRcInbeB©ajeTAkñúgbriyakasCMuvji PBTaMgmUl ehIyTb;sáat;kaMrsµIRBHGaTitü nigbgáeGayman
karERbRbYlGakasFatuCacMbgenACMvu ijPBTaMgmUl.
rUbTI2> bc©úb,nñGñkviTüasaRsþKitfaRBwtiþkarN¾d¾Gs©arüenH KWCaRBwtþikarN¾EdleFVIeGaymankarERbRbYl
mYycMnYnkalBIGtItkalenAelIEpndI. Gac;paá ymYy)anbukEpndI KWCa]TahrN¾mYyEdleFVIeGayman
karputBUCstVdayNUs½rkalBI65lanqñaMmun.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 152 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

cMeNHdwgbEnßm etIGñk)andwgeTfaq¥gw stVdayNUs½rdMbUgeKminGackMNt;GtþsBaØaN)anrhUtdl;

qña1M 841? elakHutton nigelakLyell)anGPivDÆn¾KMnitrbs;BYkeKedayBMumancMeNHdwgGMBsI tVFM
mhimaTaMgenHBImunmkeT.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> ehtuGIV)anCaGñkviTüasaRsþRtUvkareKalkarN¾énRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñedIm,IeFVIkarBüakrN¾?
2>etIGCVI aPaBxusKñarvagRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ nigRTwsþI)atuPUtFmµCati?
3> karsegçbTinñn½y etItnY aTIrbs;RTwsþI)atuPUtFmµCati)aneFVIeGayEpndIviTüamankarpøas;bþÚr dUcemþcxøH?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 153 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI2
karkMNt;Gayusila
matikarsikSa
-karkMNt;GayueFob (Relative dating)
-kartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab; (Superposition)
-taragFrNI (Geologic column)
-RsTab;CMnYsfµI (Unconformity)

GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
Bnül;BIrebobénkarkMNt;GayueFobEdleK)aneRbIkúñgFrNIviTüa.


Bnül;BIeKalkarN¾énkartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab;.

bgðajBIkaryl;dwgGMBItaragFrNI.

kMNt;)annUvRBwtiþkarN¾BIr niglkçNHBiessrbs;sNæandIBIrEdleFVeI GaylMdab;RsTab;sila

ERbRbYl.
Bnül;BIrebobEdllkçNHrUbrbs;sNæandIRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkMNt;GayueFob.

cUrRsém:faGñk KWCaGñkGegátRsavRCavGMBIbT]RkidæmYy. etIdMbUgGñkRtUveFVGI VI? CadMbUg GñkGac

cab;epþmI edaykarRbmUlykRkey:Aéd rWedaykarEsVgrkPsþútagepSg². enAeBleFVIkarGegát eKalbM
Ngrbs;Gñk KWedIm,IrkeGayeXIjlMdab;énRBwtþikarN¾Edl)anekIteLIgmuneBlGñk)anmkdl;RBwtþi
karN¾Cak;Esþg.
FrNIviTUmaneKalbMNgdUcKñaEdr enAeBleFVIkarGegátGMBIEpndI. BYkeKBüayamkMNt;lMdab;én
RBwtiþkarN¾Edl)aneFVIeGayEpndImanragdUcsBVéf¶. b:uEnþ xusBIRkey:Aéd nigPsþútag FrNIviTUBgw Ep¥k
elIsila nigpUsIulkñúgkarGegátRsavRCav. kñúgkarkMNt;faetIvtßúmYy b¤RBwtþikarN¾mYycas;Cag b¤fICµ ag
vtßú b¤RBwtþikarN¾epSgeTot RtUv)aneKehAfa karkMNt;GayueFob.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 154 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

1>eKalkarN¾énkatMerobtamlMdab;RsTab;
]bmafa bgRbusrbs;Gñkmñak;ftrUbRkumRKYsarrbs;GñkCaeRcIn b:uEnþKat;minEdldak;vaeTAkñúg
Gal;bu‘meT. Kat;RKan;Etdak;vaCaKMnkñgú RbGb;mYy. Gs;ryHeBleRcInqñaM Kat;enAEtbnþbEnßmrUbPaB
eTAelIKMnenaH. cUrKitGMBIRbvtiþRKYsarrbs;GñkEdl)ankt;RtaenAkñgú rUbPaBTaMgenaH. etIkEnøgNaman
rUbftcas;CageKEdlGñk)anftkalenABIekµg? etIkEnøgNamanrUbftfµ²I EdlGñkeTIb)anftkalBI
s)aþh¾mun?
RsTab;siladUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI3 KWdUcCaKMnrUbPaB. RsTab;Edlcas;CageKsßitenAEpñkxag
eRkam. enAeBlGñkemIlBIeRkameLIgmkdl;elI RsTab;silakan;EtfµbI ¤ekµg. GñkviTüasaRsþehAdMeNIr
karenHfakartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab;. kartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab; KWCaeKalkarN¾mYybB¢aak;fa sila
ekµgsßitenAxagelIsilacas;kñúglMdab;RsTab;EdlKµankarrMxanedaykMlaMg. {fµIenABIelIcas;} CaXøa
mYyEdlGñkGaceRbIedIm,IcgcaMsMrab;eKalkarN¾enH.

rUbTI3 RsTab;siladUcCaKMnrUbft)anKTukGs;ryHeBld¾yUr EpñkRsTab;fµIsßitenAelIEpñk

RsTab;cas;.

kMlaMgrMxan lMdab;RsTab;silaxøHRtUvrMxanedaysarkMlaMgxagkñúgsMbkEpndI. kMlaMgTaMg

enHGacrujsilaepSgeToteGaykøayCalMdab;RsTab;mYy eTr b¤ekag ehIy)anbM)ak;;CaEpñk² enAEpñk
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 155 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

manclna. eBlxøHkMlaMgTaMgenH)aneFVeI GayRsTab;cas;sßitenAelIRsTab;fµIvijpÞyú BIkartMerobtam

RsTab;edIm. karrMxanlMdab;RsTab;silaedaysarkMlaMgTaMgenH)anecaTCabBaðad¾FMmYysMrab;FrNIviTU
kñúgkarBüayamkMNt;eGay)anBIGayueFobrbs;sila. CasMNagl¥FrNIviTUman]bkrN¾Biess mYy
GacCYykñúgkarkMNt;GayueFobrbs;sila KWtaragFrNI.
2>taragFrNI
edIm,IeFVeI Gaykargarrbs;BYkeKmanPaBgayRsYl FrNIviTU)anRbmUlTinñn½ymkBIRKb;lMdab;
RsTab;silaEdlminrMxanedaykMlaMgEdleK)ansÁal;enACMuvji BiPBelak. tamryHBt’manenHFrNIviTU
)anbegáIttaragFrNI eLIg. taragFrNI KWCakartMerobya:gl¥\tex©aHénlMdab;RsTab;silaEdlman
pÞkú nUvpUsIul nigkMNkMeNItsilaEdleK)ansÁal;enAelIEpndItMerobBIcas;bMputeTAfµIbMptu .
FrNIviTUBwgEp¥kelItaragFrNIedIm,IbkRsaylMdab;RsTab;sila. ]TahrN¾ enAeBlEdl
FrNIviTUminc,as;GBM IGayurbs;ldM ab;RsTab;silaEdlBYkeKkMBugsikSa BYkeKRbmUlBt’manGMBIlMdab;
RsTab;TaMgenaH ehIyeFVIkareRbobeFobvaCamYytaragFrNI. FrNIviTkU ¾eRbIR)as;taragFrNIpgEdr
edIm,IkN M t;GtþsBaØaNRsTab;sli aEdlmintMerobtamlMdab; dUcCalMdab;RsTab;EdlFøab;)anTTYlBMenIg
pñt;RKbBIelI.

karbegáIttaragFrNI
kñúgtaragenHGñkGaceXIjlMdab;RsTab;silabI ¬k x nig K¦BITItaMgbIxusKña. RsTab;silaxø³
manelcecjCalMdab;RsTab;eRcInCagmYy. FrNIviTUbegáIttaragFrNI edaykarpþMúlMdab;RsTab;sila
epSg²rYmKñaEdl)anmkBICMuvijBiPBelak.
taragFrNI

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 156 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

3>RsTab;silarMxanedaykMlaMg
CaerOy² FrNIviTrU keXIjRTg;RTaysNæandIEdlkat;tamRsTab;mansila. FrNIviTUeRbIR)as;
TMnak;TnM grvagRsTab;silanigRTg;RTaysNæandIEdlkat;tamRsTab;enaHedIm,IEckTMnak;T;MngGayutam
ry³RTg;RTaysNæandInigRsTab;enaH. BYkeKdwgfa RTg;RTaysNæandITaMgenaHmanlkçN³fµICag
RsTab;silaeRBaHRsTab;silaRtUuvmanvtþman muneBlRTg;RTaysNæandIRtUv)ankat;.
bMNak;Rsut nigkareRCotsila KWCa]TahrN¾énRTg;RTaysNæandIEdlkat;tamRsTab;sila.
bMNak;Rsut KWCakarbM)ak;enAxagkñúgsMbkEpndItammuxcMenatNamYyénsMbkEpndIrGilBIelImuxcMenat
mYyeTot. RTg;RTayBMnHu kat;sNæandImYyeTot KWkareRCotsila. silaeRCotsila KWCasilarlay
)anmkBIxagkñúgEpndIeRCotcUlkñgú silamanRsab; ehIycuHRtCak;. rUbTI4 bgðajBIRTg;RTaysNæandI
TaMgBIrenH.

rUbTI4> bMNak;RsutenAEpñkxageqVg nigkareRCotsilaenAxagsþaM EtgEtfµCI agRsTab;Edlvakat;

tam.
FrNIviTUsnñidæanfa viFIEdlkMeTckMNRtUv)ancak;bgÁbegáIt)anCaRsTab;sli a ¬tamRsTab;epþk¦
min)anpøas;bþÚrGs;ryHeBlCayUr. edayeyagtameKalkarN¾enH RbsinebIRsTab;silamintMerobtam
épÞedkeT enaH)ann½yfasilaRtUvEt)anTTYlkarrMxanedaysarkMlaMgeRkayeBlEdlva)anekIteLIg.
eKalkarN¾enHCYyFrNIviTUkúñgkarkMNt;GayueFobRsTab;sila nigRBwtþikarN¾Edl)anrMxanRsTab;
sila.
kareBIgeLIg nigkareRTt KWCaRbePTRBwtþki arN¾BIrbEnßmeTotEdlrMxandl;RsTab;sila.
kareBIgeLIg ekItmanenAeBlEdlRsTab;silaeLIgekag ehIyeBIgedaysarkMlaMgxagkñúgEpndI. kar
eRTt ekItmanenAeBlkMlaMgenAxagkñúgEpndIrujeGayRsTab;silaeTredayBMu)aneFVeI GayRsTab;sila
eLIgeBIgeT. rUbTI5 bgðajBIlT§plénkareBIgeLIg nigkareRTtrbs;RsTab;sila.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 157 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI5 sNæandIBMenIgpñt ;¬xageqVg¦ nigsNæandIeRTt ¬xagsþaM¦ KWCaRBwtþikarN¾EdlCanic©kal

EtgEtfµICagRsTab;sli aEdlvarg\T§iBl.

4>cenøaHkñúgkarkt;Rta-RsTab;CMnYsfµI
bMNak;Rsut kareRCotsila nig \T§Bi lénkareBIg nigkareRTtGaceFVIeGaykarkMNt;BIGayu
kalrbs;RsTab;sila KWCabBaðamYy. b:uEnþeBlxøHRsTab;silakMBug)at;bg;TaMgRsugbegáIt)anCacenøaH
enAkñgú kMNt;RtaFrNI. meFüa)aymYyeTotedIm,IKitGMBIbBaðaenH sUmniyayfa GñktRmYtkaEstrbs;
GñkCaKMnerogral;éf¶eRkayeBlGñkGanvarYc. \LÚv]bmafa Gñkcg;rkkarEstEdlGñk)anGankalBI
10éf¶mun. GñkdwgfakaEstEdlGñkcg;)anKYrEtsßitenARsTab;TI10énKMn. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlGñkrk
vaenARsTab;enaH kaEstEdlGñkcg;)anrkmineXIjeT. etImanbBaðaGVI)anekIteLIg? RbEhlCaGñk
ePøcdak;vaenAkñúgKMnehIy. CMnYseGaykar)at;kaEst sUmRsém:dl;kar)at;RsTab;rbs;sila.

PsþútagEdl)at; kar)at;RsTab;silabegáIteGaymancenøaHenAkñgú lMdab;RsTab;silaEdleKehA

fa RsTab;CMnYsfµI. RsTab;CMnYsfµI KWCaépÞtMNageGayEpñkEdl)at;kg§ú taragFrNI. RsTab;CMnYsfµI
k¾tMNageGaykar)at;bg;eBlevlapgEdr-eBlevlaEdlmin)ankt;Rtakñgú RsTab; sila. enAeBl
FrNIviTURbTHeXIjRsTab;CMnYsfµI BYkeKRtUvEtsYrsMnYrfaetI {RsTab;CMnYsfµI } manBitR)akdb¤eT b¤)an
ERbRbYledayrebobNa?. rUbTI6 bgðajBIrebobEdlKµankarcak;bgÁr nigkarhUreRcaHbegáIt)anCa
RsTab;CMnsY fµI.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 158 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI6 enAkñgú KMnUsbMRBYjxagelIenHRsTab;CMnYsfµI;ekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdlkMeTckMNmin)ancak;bgÁr.

enAkñgú KMnsU bMRBYjxageRkam RsTab;CMnYsfµI ekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdlRsTab;sli aRtUv)anhUreRcaH.
karpþl;kMeTckMNRtUv)an kMeTckMNRtUv)anpþl;
bBaÄb; ehIykarcak;bgÁrk¾RtUv eGaymþgeTot ehIykarcak;
karcak;bgÁrkñgú tMbn;Tab bBaÄb;Edr. bgÁrcab;manbnþeTot.
enH ekItmanenAeBlEdlkMeTc
kMNRtUv)ancak;CaeTogTat;.

clnatictUnicrujtMbn;TMnabeGayegIbeLIgeFVI TIbMput tMbn;enHRtUvswk

eGaymansMnkw edaysarTwk xül; b¤FatuepSg eTot. lµmsMrab;karcak;bgÁrcab;epþIm
mþgeTot.

5>RbePTepSg²énRsTab;CMnYsfµI
RsTab;CMnsY fµIPaKeRcInekIteLIgedaysarkarhUreRcaH nigkarmin)ancak;bgÁ. b:Eu nþktþaepSg
eTotGacCabBaðasaMju aM.u edIm,IeFVIeGaymanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarsikSaGMBIRsTab;CMnsY fµI FrNIviTU)an
cat;vaCabIRbePTFM² KW RsTab;CMnYsfµRI sb RsTab;CMnYsfµIRcas; nigRsTab;CMnYsfµIm:um . KMnUstagTaMgbI
enAEpñkxagsþabM gðajBIRbePTTaMgbIenH.

6>karpÁMúRsTab;sila
CaerIy² FrNIviTURbTHeXIjlMdab;RsTab;silaEdl)anrg\T§iBledayRBwtiþkarN¾CaeRcIn nig
lkçN³sNæandI Edl)anbgðajenAkñgú emeronenH. ]TahrN¾ kareRCotsilaGacRbeRCotKñaya:gENn
eTAkñúgRsTab;silaRsTab;CMnYsfµI nigEdlRtUv)ankat;pþac;edaybMNak;Rsut. karkMNt;lM dab;énRBwtþi
karN¾EdleFVeI GaymanCalMdab;RTab;KWdUcKñannwgkarpÁúbM MEnkEdlsIuKñabBa©ÚlKña dUecñaHEdr.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 159 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI7 RsTab;CMnYsfµIRsbsßitenAkEnøg RsTab;CMnYsfµIRsb

EdlEpñkénlMdab;RsTab;Rsbrbs;
sila)at;. CYnkalvaBi)akkñgú karemIl
eXIj ehIyvaCaRbePTTUeTAénRsTab;
CMnYsfµI;.
rUbTI8 RsTab;CMnYsfµIRcas;sßitenAkEnøg RsTab;CMnYsfµIRcas
EdlRsTab;silakMeTckMNenAxagelI
épÞEdl)anhUeRcaH rbs;silam:ak;ma:
b¤silaERbkMenItKµanRsTab;.

rUbTI9> RsTab;CMnYsfImµ :mu sßitenAcenøaH RsTab;CMnYsfµImm:u

RsTab;sila epþk nig RsTab;silaeRTt
b¤RsTab;sila eBIgeLIg. RsTab;eRTt
b¤RsTab;eBIgeLIgRtUv)anhUreRcaHmun
eBlsilaepþkekIteLIgBIelIva.

sMNYrrMlwk
1- enAkñgú lMdab;RsTab;sli aEdlmin)anrMxanedaykMlaMg etIRsTab;Edlcas;CagRtUv)aneKeXIj
sßti enAelIRsTab;fµICagrW? etIc,ab;GEVI dlGñkEdlGñkeRbIkúñgkareqøIysMnYrenH?
2-cUrrayeQµaHRBwtiþkarN¾ b¤lkçN³sNæandI5 EdlGacrMxandl;lMdab;RsTab;sila.
3-cUrKitfabMNak;RsutmYykat;tamRsTab;TaMgGs;énlMdab;RsTab;rbs;sila. etImuxcMenatcas;
Cag b¤fµICagRsTab;sila? cUrBnül;.
4-viFIsaRsþviPaK mindUcCaRbePTRsTab;CMnYsfIµ epSgeToteT RsTab;CMnYsfIµRsbmankarBi)ak kñúg
karkt;smÁal;eRBaHRsTab;TaMgGs;epþk. etIFrNIviTUdwgya:gdUcemþcenAeBlBYkeKsikSaGMBI RsTab;
CMnYsfIµRsb?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 160 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI3
karkMNt;GayueBjelj³rgVas;eBl
matikasikSa
-karkMNt;Gayudac;xat (Absolute dating)
-GIusUtUb (Isotopes)
-karbMEbkviTüúskmµ (Radioactive decay)
-karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ (Radiometric dating)
-Bak;kNþalCIvit (Half-life)
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
 Bnül;BIrebobénkarbMEbkviTüúskmµ.
 Bnül;BITMnak;Tn
M grvagkarbMEbkviTüúskmµ nigkarkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ.
 rayRbePTTaMgbIénkarkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ.

kMNt;)anBIRbePTl¥bMputénkarkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµedIm,IeRbIkñúgkarkMNt;Gayurbs;vtßú

mYy.

GñkviTüasaRsþGackMNt;TMnak;TMngGayuRsTab;silaedaykareRbIR)as;karkMNt;GayueFob.
eTaHCay:agNaedIm,IkMNt;GayuBitR)akdrbs;RsTab;sila b¤ pUslIu GñkviTüasaRsþRtUvBwgEp¥kelI
karkMNt;Gayudac;xat. karkMNt;Gayudac;xat KWCadMeNIrkarénkarbegáItGayurbs;vtßúmYy dUcCapUsIul
b¤RsTab;silaedaykarkMNt;cMnYnqñaEM dlva)anekIteLIg. enAkñgú emeronenHeyIgnwgepþatGarmµN¾eTA
elIkarkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµEdlCaviFIsam½BaØmYykñúgkarkMNt;Gayudac;xat.
1>karbMEbkviTüúskmµ
edIm,IkN
M t;Gayudac;xatrbs;sila nigpUsIul GñkviTüasaRsþPaKeRcInviPaKelIviTüúskmµGIusUtUb
rbs;va. GIsu UtUb KWCaGatUménFatudUcKñaEdlmancMnYnRbUtugesµKI ñab:Eu nþmancMnYnNWRtugxusKña. GIusUtUb
PaKeRcInefrmanny½favasßitenAkñúgTMrg;edIm. b:uEnþGIusUtUbxøHminmanesßrPaBeT. GñkviTüasaRsþehA
GuIstU UbKµanesßrPaBfaviTüúskmµ. viTüúskmµGIusUtUbQaneTArkkarbMEbkxønÜ CaGIsu UtbU manesßrPaBén
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 161 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

FatuepSgeTotkñúglMnaMmYyehAfa karbMEbkviTüúskmµ. rUbTI10bgðajBIRbePTmYyénkarbMEbkviTüú

skmµekIteLIg. edaysarEtkarbMEbkviTüúskmµekIteLIgCaCMhanefr GñkviTüasaRsþGaceRbIR)as;
TMnak;TnM gcMnYnvtþmanrbs;GIustU UbmanesßrPaB nigGIsu UtUbKµanesßrPaBenAkñgú vtßúmYyedIm,IkMNt;Gayu
rbs;vtßúenaH.

rUbTI10 kñúgeBlmankarbMEbkviTüúskmµ GIusUtUbedImKµanesßrPaBmYybMEbkeTACaGIustU UbfµImanesßrPaB

mYy.

GIsu UtUbKµanesßrPaB
man6RbUtug nig 8NWRtug
karbMEbkviTüúskmµ
enAeBlGIsu UtUbKµanesßrPaBbMEbkxønÜ
NWRtugmYyRtUv)anbMElgCaRbUtug.
GIsu UtUbmanesßrPaB
kñúglMnaMenH eGLicRtugmYyRtUv)an
man7RbUtug nig7NWRtug
rMedaHecj.

karkMNt;Gayusila-etIeKRtUveFVIdUcemþc?
sUmKitfamanTenøkEM GPñMePøIgrlaymYykMBughUrecjBIPeñM PøIg. drabNakMEGPñMePøgI sßitkñúgTMrg;
rav rUbFatufµIenAEtmanvtþmanehIyrUbFatuedImmanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarRcbl;Kña nigeFVIclnaeday
esrI. b:uEnþenATIbBa©b;kEM GPñMePøIgcuHRtCak;ehIykøayCasilam:ak;ma:rwg. enAeBlmanlMnaMenHekIteLIg
CaerIy²rUbFatufµInigrUbFatuedImkøayeTACaEr:epSgKña. GñkviTüasaRsþdwgfarUbFatufIxµ øHRtUv)aneKrkeXIj
kñúgRbePTEr:dUcKña cMEnkÉrUbFatuedImTMngCa)anekIteLIgeRkayeBlkMEGPñeM PøgI køayCasilarwg. Gñk
viTüasaRsþeFVIkareRbobeFobcMnnY rUbFatufµCI amYycMnYnrUbFatuedImEdlenAsl;. kalNarUbFatufµIman
kan;EteRcIn silamanGayukan;Etcas;.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 162 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

viPaKEbbKNitvTüa
edIm,ITTYl)anBak;kNþalCIvit
bnÞab;BIkarsegáteTAelIdeM NIrkarEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI11 cUrbMeBjnUvtaragxageRkam
dak;kñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.

rUbFatuedImenAsl; Bak;kNþalCIvitKitCaqñaM GayuKitCaqñaM

1 /8 ? 30>000
? 1/3 Ban;lan 3/9Ban;lan
1 /4 10>000 ?

2>karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ
RbsinebIGkñ dwgGRtabMEbkrbs;FatumYyenAkñúgsila enaHGñkGackMNt;Gayurbs;sila)an.
kñúgkarkMNt;Gayudac;xaténKMrmU YyeKRtUveFVIpleFobrvagrUbFatuedImCamYynwgrUbFatufEµI dleKehAfa
karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ. ]TahrN¾ sUmniyayfa silaRtUvkarryHeBl10>000qñaMsMrab;Bak;
kNþalrUbFatuedImkñúgKMrUsilamYyedIm,IbMEbkCarUbFatufI.µ GñkeFVIkarviPaKKMrU ehIyrkcMnYnesµKI ñaénrUb
FatuedIm nigrUbFatufµI. enHmanny½facMnYnviTüúskmµGIusUtbU edImBak;kNþalRtUv)anbMEbk ehIyKMreU naH
RtUvEtmanGayu 10>000qñaM.
RbsinebI 1/4 énKMrUrbs;GñkCarUbFatuedIm ehIy 3/4 CarUbFatufµI etIGñkkMNt;GayuvadUcemþc
Edr? GñkRtUvdwgfaBak;kNþalKMrUedImRtUveRbI ryHeBl 10>000qña;M edIm,IbMEbk ehIy10>000qñaM
eTotsMrab;Bak;kNþalénkarbMEbkEdlenAsl;. GayuénKMrUrbs;Gñk KW2 x 10>000 b¤ 20>000qñaM.
rUbTI11 bgðajBIrebobénkarbMEbkefrenH. eBlevlaedIm,IeGay1/3énKMrUviTüúskmµbMEbkxønÜ KWeK
ehAfa Bak;kNþalCIvit.

rUbTI11 eRkayBIRKb;Bak;kNþalCIvitTaMgGs; cMnYnénrUbFatuedImRtUvfycuHBak;kNþal.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 163 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

3>RbePTénkarkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ
cYrRmèm:Rtlb;eTAkan;rab;stvtSd¾yUrLg;muneBlkULMbu‘s)anmkdl;TbVI GaRBic. GñkkMBugQr
enAtam mat;RcaMgmYyEdlenAéf¶mYynwgRtUv)aneKehAfaTenømIussIu IuB.I GñkeXIjmnusSrab;sibnak;kM
Bugsagsg;BMnUkd¾EvgmYy. etImnusSTaMgenHCanrNa ehIyetIBYkeKkMBugsagsg;GVI?
mnusSEdlGñk)aneXIjtamry³karRsém:enHKWCaCnCati\Nþa-GaemrickaMg ehIycrnasm<½n§
EdlBYkeK)ankMBugsagsg; KWCapñrÚ bBa©úsaksB. tMbn;EdlGñk)anRsém: \LÚvenHKWCatMbn;bUraNviTüa
mYymaneQµaHfa vimanpñÚrrUbsMNakCati. rUbTI12 bgðajBIpñÚrmYykñúgcMenampñrÚ TaMgenH.
edayeyagtamGñkbUraNviTbU Ba¢ak;famnusS)anrs;enAÉpñrÚ rUbsMNak (Effigy Mounds) kalBI
2>500qñaMmuneTA600qñaMmun. etIbUraNviTUdgw kalbriecäTenHedayrebobNa? BYkeK)ankMNt;Gayuq¥wg
nigvtßú epSgeTot enAkúgñ pñrÚ edaykareRbIR)as;karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ. GñkviTüasaRsþeRbIR)as;
bec©keTskMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµepSg²KñaedayEp¥kelIkar)a:n;sµanGayurbs;vtßú. enAeBlGñkGan
Rbvtþei nH cUrKitGMBIrebobkMNt;Gayurbs;vtßúedayeRbITMnak;TMngBak;kNþalCIvitrbs;GIsu UtbU . etIbec©k
eTsNamYyEdlRtUvykmkeRbIedIm,IkMNt;Gayurbs;pñÚr?

rUbTI12 pñrÚ enHsßitenAÉpñÚrrUbsMNak (Effigy Mounds) RbmUlpþúKM ñadUcBs;.

3>1>viFIeRbIGuyra:j:Úm-sMN
Guyra:j:Úm-238 KWCaviTüúskmµGIusUtUb EdlTIbMputbMEbkxønÜ eTACasMN206. Bak;kNþalCIvit
énGuyra: j:Úm-238 KW4>5Ban;lanqña.M silakan;Etcas; rUbFatufµI ¬sMN206¦ nwgmankan;EteRcIn

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 164 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

eLIgenAkñúgsila. karkMNt;GayuedayGuyra:j:Úm-sMNGacRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;silaEdlmanGayueRcIn
Cag10 lanqña.M silafµIminmanpÞúkrUbFatufµIRKb;RKan;edIm,Ivas;eGay)ansuRkittamviFIenHeT.
3>2>viFIeRbIb:UtasüÚm-Gakug
GIustU Ubmüa:geTotEdleKeRbIsMrab;karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ KWb:UtasüÚm-40. b:UtasüÚm-
40manBak; kNþalCIvit KW1>3 Ban;lanqñaM ehIyvabMEbkxønÜ eTACaGakug nigkal;süÚm. FrNIviTUvas;
GakugEdlCarUbFatufµIsMrab;karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ. viFeI nHRtUv)aneKeRbIya:gcaM)ac;edIm,IkMNt;
Gayurbs;silaEdlmanGayucas;Cag 100>000qñaM.
3>3>viFIeRbIR)as;kabUn-14
viFeI RbIR)as;kabUn-14xusBIviFITaMgBIrEdl)anbgðajxagelI. CaFmµtaFatukabUneKRbT³eXIj
manbITMrg; KWGIusUtUbmanesßrPaB kabUn-12 kabUn-13 nigGuIsUtUbviTüúskmµkabUn-14. GIusUtUbkabUn
TaMgenHpSMKñaCamYyGuksIuEsnbegáIt)anCa]sµn½kabUnic EdlRtUvRsUbykedayrukçCatikgñú eBleFVIrsµIsM
eyaK. d¾rabNarukCç atienAEtmanCIvit vaenAEtbnþRsUbykkabUnDIGuksIutfµICamYynwgpleFobefrrvag
kabUn-14 nigkabUn-12. stVEdlsIru ukçCati pÞúknUvpleFobGIsu UtUb kabUndUcKña.
enAeBlrukçCati rWstVsøab; KµankabUnfµIRtUvRsUbykeT. cMnYnkabUn-14 cab;epþImfycuHenAeBl
EdlrukçCati rWstVrlYy ehIypleFobrvagkabUn-14 nigkabUn-12k¾RtUvfycuHEdr. karfycuHenHGac
RtUv)aneKvas;enAkñúgmnÞIBei saF dUcCamnÞIBei saFmYyEdl)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI13enH. edaysarBak;
kNþalCIvitrbs;kabUn-14 man 5/730qñaM viFIkMNt;GayuenHcaM)ac;RtUveRbIsMrab;karkMNt;GayuvtßEú dl
)anrs;enAkñúgry³eBl50>000qñaMcugeRkayenHEtb:eu NÑaH.

rUbTI13> KMrUxøHEdlpÞúkkabUn RtUv)ansMGat nigRtUv)aneqHmuneBleKkMNt;Gayurbs;va.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 165 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

sMNYrrMlwk
1-Bnül;BIrebobbMEbkviTüúskmµ)anekIteLIg.
2-etIkarbMEbkviTüúskmµmanTMnak;TMngCamYykarkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµdUcemþcxøH?
3-cUrerobrab;karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµTaMgbIRbePT?
4-karpþl;CaKMnit etIviFkI MNt;GayuNamYyEdlsmRsbbMptu sMrab;karkMNt;GayuvtßúbUraNEdleK
)anRbTHeXIjenAÉpñÚrsMNak. cUrBnül;.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 166 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI4
pUsIul
BakKnøwH
-pUsIul (Fossil)
-lMnaMkøayCaEr: (Permineralization)
-lMnaMkøayCafµ (Petrification)
-pUsIulsñam (Trace fossil)
-fµlamk (Coprolite)
-BumÖ (Mold)
-KMrBU umÖ (Cast)
-pUsIulKMrU (Index fossil)

GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
erobrab;BIrebobkekItRbePTpUsIulepSgKña.

rayRbePTepSg²énpUsIulEdlminEmnCabMEnkénsarBagÁkay.

bgðajBIrebobeRbIpUsuIledIm,IkMNt;karERbRbYlbrisßan nigkñgu sarBagÁkaypUsIul.

BN’naGMBIpUsIulKMrU nigBnül;BIrebobènkareRbIR)as;pUsIulKMrU.

cUrRsém:faGñk nigmitþrmY fñak;rbs;GñkeFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;TlI anCnbTviTüasaRsþmYyeTAkan;TIRkug

páafµ ¬Coralville¦ EdlCaTIRkugmYysßitenAPaKxagekItTIRkugGIGu Uva: ¬Iowa¦. RKUrbs;Gñk)annaMBYk
GñkeTAkan;kardæanCIkfµmYyenAEk,rTIRkugedIm,IsikSa)anlMGitGMBfI µ ehIycg¥lú eTAkan;CBa¢aMgsilaFMmYy
EdlemIleTAdUcCapáafµb:Rb³Twk. RKUrbs;GñkBnül;fa enHKWCamUlehtuEdleKdak;eQµaHeGayTIRkugenH
faTIRkugpáafµ {Coralville}. {TIenHFøab;manfµb:RbHTwkduH}. GVIEdlGñkeXIjenAeBlbc©úb,nñenHKWCapU
sIulpáafµb:RbHTwk}. b:Eu nþGñkdwgfapáafµb:RbHTwkeKRbTHeXIjmanduHEtenAkñúgtMbn;mhasmuRTRtUBicEdl
manGakasFatuekþAEtb:eu NÑaHehIyGñkdwgfa Iowa sßitenAcMgayCag1>000 K>m BImhasmuRT¡
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 167 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

etIpáafµb:RbHTwkd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab;enHmkenAcMkNþalTIRkug Iowa edayrebobNa? edIm,IeqøIynwgsMnYr

enHGñkRtUvEtsikSaGMBIpUsIul.
1>pUsIulsaBagÁkay
pUslIu KWCaPsþútagCIvitEdl)anrkSaTukedayFmµCati. pUslIu maneRcInTMrg;. pUsEIu dlgay
RsYlsmÁal;CageK KWsaBagÁkayEdl)anrkSaTukdUcCaRtI Stingray enAtMbn;RtUBicEdl)anbgðajenA
EpñkxageRkamenHb¤EpñkénsaBagÁ. CaFmµtapUslIu TaMgenHmanenAkñgú sila. b:Eu nþGkñ nwgeXIjfarUbFatu
FatuepSgeTotk¾GacrkSaTukPsþútagénCIvitpgEdr.

1>1>pUsIulenAkñúgsila
enAeBlsarBagÁkaysøab; EpñkTn;² dUcCasac;énragkay)anbMEbkbnSl;TukEtEpñkEdlrwgEt
b:ueNÑaH. eBlxøHEpñkrwgTaMgenHRtUv)ankb;ya:gelOnkñúgkMeTckMN ehIyRtUv)anrkSaTukenAeBlkMeTc
kMNkøayeTACasila.
vaRtUveRbIry³eBlyUrsMrab;Epñkrwgénragkay dUcCaq¥wg sMbk nigeQIkúñgkarbMEbk. sMrab;
ehtuplenH saBagÁkayCamYynwgEpñkrwgénragkayTMngCakøayeTACapUslIu eRcInCagEpñkEdlTn;TaMg
enaH.
1>2>karCMnYsedayEr:
sarBagÁkayk¾GacRtUv)anrkSaTukeday lMnaMkøayCaEr: (Permineralization) CalMnaMmYyEdl
Er:bMeBjkñgú rn§RbehagénCalikarbs;sarBagÁkay. Er:kG¾ acCMnYsCalikaedImrbs;sarBagÁkaypgEdr.
lMnaMkøayCafµ (Pertrification)rbs;sarBagÁkaymYydUc)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI14 ekItmanenAeBlEdl
Calikarbs;sarBagÁkayRtUv)anbMeBjCMnYsTaMgRsugedayEr:.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 168 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI14 bMEnkénfµeQITaMgenH RtUv)anekItBIfµ.

1>3>pUsIulenAkñúgC½reQI (Amber)
Rsém:famanruymYy b¤mUsmYykMBugehIrcuHelIdMNk;C½reQI ehIyCab;. ]bmafastVl¥itTTYl
nUvkarrMBu T§½edayC½rya:geRcIn. enAeBlC½rrwg stVl¥itnwgRtUv)anrkSaTukenAxagkñúg. C½reQIrgw eKehA
faC½reQIGaMbWr. pUsIsu tVl¥itl¥bMputmYycMnYnRtUv)aneKRbT³eXIjenAkñúC½reQI dUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI15.

rUbTI15>stVl¥ti enHrkSaTuk)anya:gl¥\tex©aHkñgú C½reQI.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 169 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

1>4>karrkSasaksBmineGayrlYyedaysm¶Ütya:gelOn (Mummification)
enAeBlsarBagÁkaysøab;kñúgkEnøgs¶Üt dUcCavalxSac; eBlxøHsarBagÁkayRtUvs¶Ütya:g
elOnedayminmaneBlRKb;RKan;edIm,IeGayEpñkTn;rbs;varlYy)aneLIy. dMeNIrkarenHehAfakarrkSa
saksBmineGayrlYyedaysm¶Ütya:gelOn. sarBagÁkayEdl)anrkSamineGayrlYyedaysm¶Üt
minrlYyedaysar)ak;etrIEdlciBa©wmCIvitenAelIsarBagÁkaysøab;minGacrs;enAedayKµanTwk)aneT.
GaharxøHdUcCa EpøQIeRkom ¬dMNab;EpøeQI¦ nigsac;eKas¶Üt ¬sac;eKaegot¦RtUv)anrkSaTuktamviFI
RsedogKñaenHEdr.

1>5>pUsIulkñúgTwkkk
Rsém:famanstVdF¾ MmYyragdUcCadMrImaneramEvg²kMBgu edIrkat;tampÞagM TwkkkkalBI 12>000
qñamM un. vaKWCastVdMrImuaMm:ut (woolly mammoth). rMeBcenaHstVrGilehIyFøak;cUlcenøaHpÞagM Twkkk
FMBIreTAkñúgsñameRbHya:geRCA. edayKµanviFIGaceLIgecjmkeRkA)an stVenaHkk ehIyRtUv)anrkSa
TukrhUtTal;EtpÞaMgTwkkkrlayrab;Ban;qñaMeRkaymk. GñkviTüasaRsþRbTHeXIjpUsIulstVdMrImuaMm:ut
(woolly mammoth) nigsarBagÁkayepSg²CaeRcIneTotenAeBlTwkkkrlay. bdirUbkkTaMgenH

KWCaRbePTpUsIull¥bMputmYykñúgcMenampUsIulTaMgLay.

1>6>pUsIulenAkñúgC½rFmµCati
enAkEnøgmYycMnYnmanC½rFmµCatiya:geRcInekIteLIgedayFmµCati begáIt)anCaføkú ya:gs¥it.
dUcCa reNþAmYyeQµaHfareNþA La Brea kñgú Rkug Los Angeles County kñúgrdæ California.
reNþAeRbgd¾Rkas; nigC½rFmµCatiTaMgenHmanvtþmankalBI40>000qñaMmunenAeBlEdlqµacgámÚ RsYc
(Saber-toothed cats)edIrRtac;crenAelI EpndI dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbTI16.

GVIEdleyIgdwgeRcInGMBIqµaputBUCTaMgenH)anmkBIpsU IulEdl)anrkeXIjenAkúgñ reNþAC½rFmµCati

La Brea. b:uEnþminEmnmanEtsarBagÁkayqµacgáÚmRsYcenAkñúgreNþAenaHb:ueNÑaHeT GñkviTüasaRsþk¾)an

rkeXIjpUslIu rbs;fnikstV rukCç ati xüg bkSI kEgáb¬ salamenders¦ nig stVl¥itCaeRcIneTotpgEdr.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 170 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI16> stVCaeRcInrYmTaMgqµacgámÚ RsYcpgEdr)ankøayCapUsIuleRkayeBlEdlBYkva)anliceTAkñgú

reNþA C½rFmµCati.

2>RbePTpUsIulepSgeTot
etImanGVeI kIteLIgenAeBlEdlGñkviTüasaRsþminGacrkeXIjsMNl;stV rWrukCç atieTenaH?
etImanGVeI pSgeTotEdlGacbgðaj)anBIGtItvtþmanrbs;sarBagÁkay?
2>1>pUsIulsñam
Psþútagxø³Edl)anrkSaTukCaFmµCatirbs;skmµPaBstVRtUv)aneKehAfa pUslIu sñam. RbePT
pUslIu sñamEdleKgayRsYlsmÁal;CageKKW daneCIg . k¾dUcCastVbc©úb,nñEdr stVkalBIGtItkal
k¾)anbnSl;TuknUvdaneCIgdUcKña. daneCIgTaMgenH)ankøayeTACapUsIulenAeBlEdlkMeTckMN)anbMeBj
enAkñgú daneCIgbUraN ehIykøayCasila.
cUrRsém:fa daneCIgTaMgLayEdl)anbgðajenATIenH KWCadaneCIgrbs;stVkMNac Tyranno-
saurus rex. enAeBlEdlstVbnSl;TuknUvdaneCIgyUrqñaM pUsIuldaneCIgTaMgenH)anbnSl;TukCaPsþútag

faFøab;manvtþmanBYkvaedIrenAelIEpndI.

pUslIu daneCIg

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 171 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUgstV KWCaRbePTpUsIulsñammYyRbePTeTot. rUgstV KWCaCMrkEdleFVIedaystVCIkcUleTAkñúg

dI. rUgstVk¾RtUv)anrkSaTukdUcCadaneCIgstVEdrenAeBlEdlvaRtUv)anbMeBjedaykMeTckMN ehIy)an
kb;ya:gelOn.
fµlamk (Coprolites) KWCaRbePTTIbIénpUslIu sñam. BaküCoprolites(KAHP roh LIET)
KWCaPasaRkicEdlmanny½fa fµlamk. fµlamk KWCasMNl;lamkEdl)anmkBIstV. fµlamkGacpþl;
nUvBt’mansMxan;GMBITlM ab; nigGaharEdlstV)anCuH. rUbTI17 KWCafµlamkmYyEdlmanGayuCag
5lanqña.M

rUbTI17> fµlamkenH)anmkBIfnikstVsm½ybuerRbvtþi.
RtYtBinitüxønÜ Ég ehtuGVI)anCaeKKitfadaneCIgstV nigfµlamk KWCapUslIu ?

2>2>BumÖ nigKMrUBumÖ
BumÖ KWCasñamRbehagenAkñúgdI b¤sila kEnøgEdlstV b¤rku çCati)ankb;. CaerOy² sñamRbehag
RtUv)anbMeBj bnSl;CaKMrUBumÖénsarBagÁkayedIm. KMrUBumÖ KWCavtßúmYy)anekIteLIgenAeBlEdlkMeTc
kMNbMeBjenAkñúgBumÖ ehIykøayeTACasila. KMrBU umÖbgðajBIrbU ragEpñkxageRkArbs;sarBagÁkay.
rUbTI18 bgðajBIBumÖ nigKMrUBumÖEdl)anmkBIsarBagÁkaydUcKña.
rUbTI18 KMrUBmu ÖstVxügkþk;enAEpñkxageqVg)anekIteLIgenAeBlkMeTckMNbMeBjBumÖstVxügkþk;enAEpñk
xagsþaM ehIykøayCasila.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 172 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

3>kareRbIR)as;pUsIuledIm,IbkRsayGtItkal
edaykarsikSaGMBIpUsIul GñkviTüasaRsþGacrkeXIjfamanGV)I anekIteLIgkñúgmCÄdæanenAeBl
EdlkMeTckMNenACMuvji pUsIulRtUv)ancak;bMeBj. GñkviTüasaRsþGacbkRsay)anpgEdrGMBIrebobEdl
rukCç ati nigstVFøab;)anpøas;bþÚrkalBIGtItkal tamryHkarsikSapUslIu kñúgEpñkepSg²KñaéntaragFrNI.
3>1>karpøas;bþÚrbrisßan
pUslIu GacbgðajBIkarpøas;bþÚrEdlFøab;)anekIteLIgkúñgGtIkalrbs;EpndI. ]TahrN¾ karsikSa
BIpsU Iulpáafµb:RbHTwk nigkarGnuvtþn¾eKalkarN¾sMxan;énRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ GñkviTüasaRsþ)an
kMNt;faTIRkugGIGu Uva:Føab;)anRKbdNþb;edaysmuRTrak;. erOgenHBi)aknwgeCOenAeBlEdlGñkeXIjeTs
PaBrbs;TRI kugGIGu Uva:naeBlbc©úb,n§.
TIRkugGIGu Uva:RKan;EtCa]TahrN¾mYyénkEnøgpUsIulERbRbYlEdleK)anrkeXIj. etIGñkNa)an
sµanfapUslIu páafµnwgRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgTIRkugGIuGUva:Edldac;q¶ayBIsmuRTdUecñH? cm¶ld; UcKñaEdr
etIG§kNa )ansµanfa pUsIulsarBagÁkaysmuRTGacsßti enAelIkMBUlPñMdeU cñH? b:uEnþenaHKWCaerOgBitEdl
GñkviTüasaRsþ )anrkeXIjpUslIu enAelIkMBUlPñMkñúgRbeTskaNadadUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI19. vtþmanén
pUslIu TaMgenH manny½fasilaTaMgenHFøab;)ansßitenAeRkamépÞTwkmhasmuRT.
rUbTI19> CaerOy²GñkviTüa
saRsþEtgrkeXIjsilaEd
lmanpÞúkpUsIlu stVsmuRT
enAelIkMBUlPñM. silaTaMg
enHRtUv)anrujeLIgBIxag
eRkamnIv:UTkw smuRTkalBI
rab;lanqñaMmun.

3>2>karpøas;bþÚrCIvit
RsTab;silacas;pÞúksarBagÁkayxusBIRsTab;silafµI. kMNt;RtaEdl)anrkSaTukenAk§úgsila
bgðajBIkarERbRbYlTMrg;CIvitCaeRcInqñaM. ]TahrN¾ RsTab;silaEdlmanpÞúkpUsIulRtIRtUv)aneKrkeXIj
enAeRkam RsTab;silaEdlcas;bMputEdlmanpÞúkpUsIulfñak;kEgáb. fñak;kEgábmandUcCa kEgáb Eføn
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 173 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

KWCaBBYkstVEdlmanlkçNHBiessGacrs;enAkñgú TwgpgnigGacrs;enA
elIeKakpg. enAEpñkxagelIénRsTab;silaenHKWCaRsTab;cas;CageK
EdlpÞúknUvpUsIullµÚnEdlPakeRcInrs;enAEtelIeKakb:eu NÑaH. edaykar
eRbIR)as;eKalkarN¾énkartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab;eyIgdwgfaRtImanmun
fñak;kEgábeRBaHRtIRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenARsTab;silaxageRkam. kñúgviFI
dUcKñaEdreyIgdwgfafñak;kEgábmanmunfñak;lµÚn.

4>kareRbIR)as;pUsIulkñúgkarkMNt;Gayusila
eBlxøHFrNIiviTeU RbIR)as;pUsIulKMrU edIm,IkN
M t;Gayusila. pUslIu KMrU
KWCapUsuIlrbs;sarBagÁkayEdl)anrs;enAry³eBlxøImYyEdl)ankMNt;
ya:gc,as;. RKb;eBlEdlFrNIviTUrkeXIjpUsIulKMrUmYyenAkñgú RsTab;sli a
BYkeKdwgfakEnøgenaHRtUvKñaCamYyRsTab;sli aEdlmanenAkñúgtaragFrNI.
taragenHCYyBYkeKedIm,IkMNt;nUvGayurbs;RsTab;edayBMucaM)ac;eRbIR)as;
karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµedaypÞal;. pUslIu KMrlU ¥km¾ ansMbUrBaseBj
CMuvji BiPBelakpgEdr.
]TahrN¾pUsIulKMrUmYyénBBYkRTILÚbIt ehAfapakUb ¬Phacops¦ manbgðajenAxagelI.
BBYkRTILÚbItputBUCehIy b:uEnþBYkvahak;dcU CamanlkçN³qøgKñarvagkþamRkckeCIgesHbc©úb,nñ nig
KulikastVl¥itcé®g. pakUb)anrs;enAkñúgmhasmuRTrak;RbEhk400lanqñaMmun. kEnøgEdlFrNIviTU
rkeXIjpUslIu BBYkRTILÚbItenH BYkeKGacsnñidæan)anfamCÄdæanCMuvijsilamanGayuRbEhl 400lan
qña.M
pUslIu KMrUmYyRbePTeTot KWCaBBYkxügkþk;EdlmaneQµaHfaRtUPIt dUcmanbgðajkñúg rUbTI20.
xügkþk; KWCastVsmuRTEdlmanrUbragRsedogeRcInCamYynwgRtImwkbc©úb,nñ b:Eu nþBYkvars;enAkñúgsñÚkdUc
ePñneBaHCamYynwgsMbkxagkñúgsaMjaM.u RtUPIt)anrs;enAkñgú rvag 230lanqñaM eTA208lanqñaMmun.
kEnøgEdlFrNIviTU)anrkeXIjpUsIulTaMgenHkñúgRsTab;sila BYkeKdwgfaRsTab;sli amanGayurvagBI
208 lan eTA 230lanqña.M

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 174 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

RtUPIt

rUbTI20> RtUPtI KWCaBBYkxügkþkE; dlmanCIvitRbEhlRtwmEt20lanqñaMRtUv)aneKeRbIeFVCI apUslIu KMrlU ¥

bMput.

sMNYrrMlwk
1> cUrBN’naviFIBIrya:gEdlpUslIu GacekIteLIg.
2> cUrrayeQµaHpUsuIlTaMgBIrRbePTEdlminEmnCaEpñkénsarBagÁkay.
3> etIpUslIu KMrKU WCaGVI? etIG§kviTüasaRsþeRbIvadUcemþckñúgkarkMNt;Gayurbs;sila?
4> kareFVIGMN³GMNag RbsinebIGkñ RbT³eXIjRsTab;silaEdlmanpÞúkpUslIu RtIenAvallMhmYy
etIGñkGaceFVGI MN³GMNagdUcemþcGMBItMbn;vallMhenaH?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 175 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI5
RbvtþiFrNIkal
BaküKnøwH
-bMEngEckFrNIkal (Geologic time scale)
-kals½k (Eon)
-s½k (Era)
-kalsm½y (Period)
-sm½y (Epoch)

GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
bgðajBIkaryl;GMBIbMEngEckFrNIkal.


kMNt;BIkalbriecäTsMxan;²enAelIbMEngEckFrNIkal.

kMNt;BIkals½kEdleyIgsaÁl;eRcInbMput nigBnül;faehtuGVI)anCaeyIgsÁal;kals½kenH

eRcInCagkals½kd¾éTeTot.

etIGñkmancaMKMnrUbftRKYsarmYyEdl)anbgðajenAkñgú emeronTI2EdrrWeT? rUbftcas;CageKsßit

enAEpñkxageRkam ehIyrUbftfµCI ageKsßitenAEpñkxagelI. edaykarsegáttamry³lMdab;rUbPaB Gñk
GaceXIjlMdab;énRBwtþikarN¾ nigkarERbRbYlEdl)anekIteLIgkñúgRbvtþRi KYsarrbs;G§k. kñúgkar
sikSaGMBIRbvtþiEpndI GñkviTüasaRsþsikSatamlMnaMdUcKñaenHEdr. b:uEnþpÞúyBIkarsegátrUbft KWBYk
eKviPaKRsTab;sila nigpUsIulEdlpÞúkenAkñgú sila.
1>RsTab;sila nigFrNIkal
kEnøgmYykñúgcMeNamkEnøgl¥²TaMgLayenAGaemricxageCIg bgðajeGayeXIjBIRbvtþEi pndI
Edl)ankt;RtaenAkñgú RsTab;silakñgú ]TüanCatieRCaHeRCA ¬Grand Canyon National Park¦dUc)an
bgðajkñúgrUbTI21. TenøkULÚradU)ankat;pþac;eRCaHkñúgCeRmA 2K>menAkEnøgxøH. kñúgeBlmandMeNIrenH
RsTab;silaCaeRcInRtUv)anhUreRcaHedaysarTenø. RsTab;TaMgenHtMNageGayFrNIkalEdlman
GayuCit 2>000lanqñaM.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 176 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI21 RsTab;silakñúgeRCaHeRCARtUvKñanwgEpñkFMmYyéntaragFrNI.

TMnak;TMngCamYynwgCIvviTüa
eRCaHFM KWFMehIyeRCAEdlsarBagÁkayenAEpñkTaMgsgçagvivtþkgñú CMhanepSgKña. enAeBlTenø
kULÚra:dU)anbegáItCaeRCaH RkumnImYy²énRbePTdUcKña)anpþac;ecjBIKña ehIyGacKµanGnþrGMeBIelIKñakñúg
ry³eBlya:gyUr. Gs;ry³eBlrab;lanqñaM RkumTaMgenH)anvivtþerog²xønÜ ehIy)ankøayCaRbePTepSg²
Kña.

2>bMEngEckFrNIkal
enAeBlRsTab;silaenAeRCaHeRCAtMNageGayeBlevlaEdl)anqøgkat;enAeBlEdlva)anekIte
LIg CamYyKñaenaHtaragFrNIk¾tMNageGaydwgBIGayusilarab;Ban;lanq§aMtaMgBIkMNkMeNItEpndIpg
Edr. FrNIviTRU tUvEtrkdMeNaHRsayCamYynwgeBlevlaEdl)antMNagedaytaragFrNIeGayRtUvKñaCa
mYy eBlevlaénkMNkMeNItEpndI nigkMNkMeNItsilacas;CageKrbs;EpndIEdleyIg)ansÁal;. srub
esckþImk FrNIviTsU ikSaRbvtiþEpndIEdlmanGayu4>600lanq§a¡M edIm,IeFVeI Gaykargarrbs;BkY eKman
PaBgayRsYlFrNIviTU)anbegáItbMEngEckFrNIkalEdl)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI22 KWCataragmYyEdlEck
RbvtiGþ ayu4>600lanqñaMrbs;EpndIeGayeTACacenøaHeBlxus²Kña.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 177 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI22 bMEngEckFrNIkalkt;RtaRbvtþiEpndITaMgmUl.
vaRtUv )anEbgEckCaEpñkbYnsMxan;²ehAfakals½k.

bMEngEckFrNIkal
kals½Kals½ kpaeNr:
kpaeNr: UsUGUsuicUGuic s½k kalsm½y sm½y ry³eBllanq§aM
¬540lanqñaMmun-bc©úb,nñ¦ kalsm½y hULÚEsn 0/01
kMNt;Rtasila nigpUsIul TI4 eb:øGsIu tUEsn 1/8
bgðaj)aneRcInkñgú kals½kpa BøGI UEsn 5/3
eNGUsGU uicEdlCas½keyIgrs; esNUsU Giuc mIGUEsn 23/8
enA. kalsm½y 33/7
GUlIkUEsn
kals½kRbUetrU:sUGuic TI3 54/8
eGGUEsn
¬2>500lanqñamM un-540lan )a:eLGUEsn 65
qñamM un¦sarBagÁkaydMbUgCamY eRktaes 144
ynwgkarGPivDÆn¾ekasikaya:g emsUsUGuci sY‘r:asIuc 206
l¥ elceLIgkñúgkals½kenH. RTIya:s 248
kals½kGaQIn EBmIjag 290
¬3>800lanqñaMmun-2>500 epnsIlu va:
lanqñamM un¦siladMbUgeKbg¥s;E enon 323
dleK)ansÁal;enAelIEpndI)an mIsIsu IuBepon 354
ekIteLIgkñúgkals½kenH. )a:eLGUsUGiuc 417
edv:Ujag
kals½khaDIn sIuLrÚ üag 443
¬4>600lanqñaMmun-3>800 GrdUvIs‘üag 490
lanqñamM un¦silamYyRbePTEd kMRb‘yÍ ag 540
lGñkkviTRbUüasaRsþ
kals½ etrUsUG)iucanrkeXIjBI 2/500
kals½kGaQI
kals½ enHKWCnaGac;páay 3/800
nigsilka)an
kals½ haDIBInPBrNb. 4/600

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 178 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

2>1>karEbgEckeBlevla
FrNIviTU)anEbgEckRbvtþiEpndICaEpñkéneBlevladUcmanbgðajkñúgbMEngEckFrNIkalkñúgrUbTI
22. cMEnkFrNIkalEdlFMCageKKW kals½k. kals½kTaMg4RtUv)anEbgEckCas½kEdlCacMEnk
FrNIkalFMCageKTIBIr. s½kRtUv)anEbgEckCakalsm½yEdlCacMEnkFrNIkalFMCageKTI3.
kalsm½yxøHRtUv)anEbgEckeTACasm½y EdlCacMENkFrNIkalFMCageKTI4. cUrRkelkemIlrUbPaB
TI22mþgeTot. etIGñkGacrkeXIjfasm½yGVIEdleyIgrs;enA. RBMxN½ÐrvagcenøaHFrNIkaltMNag
eGaykarpøas;bþrÚ sMxan;²enAelIEpndI. karpøas;brþÚ TaMgenHmandUcCakarelceLIg b¤karputBUCénTMrg;
CIvit karERbRbYlGakasFatuenAelIEpndI nigkarpøas;bþÚrRbePTsila. ]TahrN_ erogral;3s½kén
kals½kpaeNr:UsUGuicRtUv)anEbgEckedayTMrg;CIvitEtmYy.
2>2>s½k)a:eLGUsUGuic
)a:eLGUsUGuic mann½yfa} CIvitcas; :. s½k)a:eLGUsUGiucKitcab;BIRbEhl 540eTA 248lanqñaM
mun. vaKWCas½kTI1EdltMNagy:agl¥GMBpI UsluI .
enAedIms½k)a:eLGUsUGuicKµansarBagÁkayrs;enAelIdeI T. cUrRsém:fa RbEhlCaKµaneTsPaB
FmµCatienAedIms½kenHeGayeyIgemIleT¡ rhUtdl;Bak;kNþals½k rukçCaticab;epþImelceLIgenAelIdI.
luHdl;cugs½k fñak;kEgáb)anrs;enAelIdIedaykEnøg ehIystVl¥it)ancab;kMeNItCaeRcIn. rUbTI23
bgðajGMBIlkçN³dIenAcugs½k)a:eLGUsUGuci . s½k)a:eLGUsUGcui )ankøayCas½kmYyeFVIeGaymankarput
BUCd¾FMmYyKWCit90PaKryénRbePTTaMgGs;)ansøab;.

rUbTI23 éRBRkas;enH)anmanvtþmankñúgs½k)a:eLGUsUGuicb:uEnþKµanbkSIeRcogenAkñúgéRB nigKµansVaeyal

eTagBIelIEmkeQIeT. bkSI nigfnikstVmin)anvivDÆxøÜneTrhUtdl;eBlyUreRkaymkeTot.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 179 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

2>3 s½kemsUsUGiuc
emsUsUGuci mann½yfa}mCÄwmCIvti :. s½kemsUsUGcui cab;epþImBIRbEhl248lanqñamM unrhUtd;l;
RbEhl65lanqñamM un. s½kenHRtUv)aneKsÁal;pgEdrfaCayuKlµÚndayNUs½r dUcCaRbePTmYyEdl)an
bgðajkñúgrUbTI24 rs;enAelIdIpg nigrs;enAkñúgTwkpg.
eTaHbICafñak;lµnÚ )anRKbdNþb;kñgú s½kemsUsUGcui ya:gNak¾eday k¾bkSI nigfnikstVtUc²)an
cab;epþmI vivDÆn¾enAcugs½kenHpgEdr. GñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcInKitfabkSI)anvivDÆn_edaypÞal;BIRbePTday
NUs½r. enAcugsk½emsUsUGuicRbEhl 50 % énRbePTTaMgGs;enAelIEpndIrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgdayNUs½r
pgEdr)anputBUCehIy.

rUbTI24 Rsém:faGñkkMBugedIrenAelIvalxSac; ehIy)anCYbCamYystVsahavTaMgenH¡ vaKWCaerOgd¾l¥

mYyEdlmnusSmin)ancab;kMeNItenAkñúgs½kemsUsUGcui EdlRKbdNþb;edaystVdayNUs½r.

2>4 s½kesNUsUGuic
esNUsUGiuc mann½yfa} CIvitbc©úb,nñ}. s½kesNUsUGic)ancab;pmþI BIRbEhl65 lanqñaMmun
ehIybnþmkdl;bc©úb,nñ. eyIgrs;enAkñgú s½kesNUsUGuic. s½kemsUsUGciu RtUv)aneKehAfayuKlµnÚ
cMENkÉs½kesNUsUGuicvijk¾RtUv)aneKehApgEdrfaCayuKfnikstV. bnÞab;BImankarputBUCd¾FMenAcug
s½kemsUsUGuic fnikstV)ancab;kMeNIteRcInenAelIEpndI dUc)anbgðajkñúg rUbTI25. RbePTfnikstV
CaeRcInEdl)anrs;enAkñúgedIms½kesNUsUGiuc \LÚvenH)anputBUCehIy rYmTaMgdMrImaMum:ut qµacgáÚmRsYc nig
stVxøaXµúMykS.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 180 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI25 RbePTfnikstVrab;Ban;)anvivDÆn_xøÜnenAkñúgs½kesNUsUGiuc. eTsPaBenHbgðajBIRbePTCaeRcIn

Edl)ankekItenAedIms½kesNUsGU uic ehIy\LÚvenH)anputBUCehIy.
3>etIGñkGacbegáItrUbPaB4600lanqñaM)aneT?
vaBi)akNas;kñúgkarbegáItrUbPaB4600lanénvtßúGVImYy CaBiesscMnYnqñaM. dUcCamnusSeyIgeFVI
GVIEdll¥²edIm,Irs;enAeGay)andl;Gayu100qña.M edaykarpþl;nUvTsSnvis½yenH vamankarBi)akNas;
kñúgkar KitGMBIGayurab;lanqñaMrbs;EpndI. viFmI YykúñgkarkMNt;enHKWRtUverobcMbEM ngEckFrNIkaleTACa
rgVg;man 12ema:g EdlxN³eBldMbUgénRbvtþiEpndIsßitenAcMéf¶Rtg; ehIyxN³eBlbc©úb,nñ sßitenAcM
Bak;kNþalyb;. viFIenH)anRtUveKeFVIenAelInaLikaRbvtþiEpndIdUc)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI26. enAelInaLika
RbvtþEi pndI cMnYnlanqñaéM nkarvivtþni ¾EdlGñkeTIb)anGanRbEhlCa)anekIteLIgkñúg ema:gcugeRkay.
GriyFm’mnusS )anelceLIgkñúgvinaTIcugeRkay¡ \LÚvRbEhlCaGñk)anyl;eRcIn ehIyGMBIGayurbs;
EpndI nigvtþmand¾xøIrbs;mnusS.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 181 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI26 enAelInaLikaRbvtþiEpndIEdlerocMRbvtþiEpndICargVg;12ema:g man1ema:gesµInwg383lanqñaM

1naTIesµInwg 6/4lanqñaM ehIy1vinaTIesµIngw 106>000qña.M

BiesaFxøI
kareFVImaRtdæaneBl
1-eRbIR)as;kéRnþmYyKUkat;Em:RtmUrRbEvg46s>m.
2-cab;epþImenAcugmçagènEm:RtedayeRbIR)as;bnÞat; nighVtW BN’exµAedIm,IKUsbnÞat;kat;tamTTwgEm:Rt
tamrgVas;dUcteTA³ 5/4 sm / 25sm/ nig38 sm.
3-eRbIR)as;hVWtBN’pat;BN’elIbMEnkènEm:RtnUvBN’dUcteTA³
0 sm-5/4sm=BN’èbtg
5/4sm-25sm=BN’exov
25sm-38sm=BN’Rkhm
38sm-46sm=BN’elOg
4-Em:Rtrbs;GñktMNageGaybMEngEckFrNIkal ehIyxN³eBlbc©úb,nñ KW 46sm. etIcenøaHeBl
nImyY ² kñgú maRtdæanrbs;GñkmaneQµaHGVIxøH?

sMNYrrMlwk
1-etImans½kcMnYnb:unµankñúgkals½kpaeNrUsUGiuc? cUrrayeQµaHs½kTaMgenaH.
2-enAkñúgemeronenH karputBUC)anerobrab;bgðajenAcugs½kéncenøaHFrNIkalBIr. etIcenøaHFrNIkal
TaMgBIrenHmaneQµaHGVIxøH ehIy)anbBa©b;enAeBlNaxøH?
3-etIkals½kNamYyEdleyIgsÁal;)aneRcInCageK? ehtuGVI?
4-eFVIkarTsSn¾Tay etImanRBwtiþkarGVIKYkt;smÁal;bEnßmeTotenAcugs½kesNUsUGuic?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 182 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

cMnucsMxan;²rbs;CMBUkTI5

emeronTI1
BaküKnøwH
-RTwsrþI agsNæandIbc©úb,nñ
-RTws)þI atuPUtFmµCati
kMNt;smÁal;xøwmsar
GñkviTüasRsþeRbIR)as;eKalkarN¾énRTwsrþI agsNæandIbc©úb,nñedIm,IbkRsayBIGtItkal

nigeFVIkar TsSn¾Tay.
edayeyageTAtamRTwsþ) I atuPUtFmµCati kaeERbRbYlFrNIekIteLIgPøam².
munkarbkRsayrbs;elakHutton nigelak Lyell GñkviTüasaRsþPaKeRcIn)aneCOfakarERb

RbYlFrNITaMgGs; KwCa)atuPUtFmµCati. eRkayeBlmankarbkRsayrbs;elak Hutton nigelak

Lyell rYcmk GñkviTüasRsþPaKeRcIn)anRcanecalRTwsþI)atuPUtFmµCati. bc©úb,nñGñkviTüasaRsþPaKeRcIn

yl;RsbCamYyRTwsþIragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ bu:EnþBYkeKTTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa karERbRbYlFrNIxøH Casar)atu

PUtFmµCati.

emeronTI2
BaküKnøwH
-karkMNt;TMnak;TMngGayu
-kartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab;
-taragFrNI
-RsTab;CMnYsfµI
kMNt;smÁal;xøwmsar
GñkviTüasaRsþeRbIR)as;TMnak;TMngGayuedIm,IkN M t;TMnak;TMngGayurbs;vtßúmYy.
GñkviTüasaRsþsnµtfaRsTab;fµs I tßi enAelIRsTab;cas;kñúglMdab;RsTab;silaEdlminrMxan
edaykMlaMg. lMnaMenHehAfakartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab;.
kMNt;RtaTaMgGs;GMBIsila nigpUsIul RtUv)anbgðajedaytaragFrNI.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 183 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

FrNIviTUsikSaBITMnak;TMngrvagRsTab;sli a nigTRmg;Edlkat;tamRsTab;sli aedIm,IkN

M t;
TMnak;TnM gGayu.
FrNIviTUk¾)ankMNt;pgEdrGMBITMnak;TMngGayuedaykarsnñidæanfaRsTab;silaTaMgGs;)ansßit

kñúgTRmg;edImepþk.
RsTab;CMnYsfµIekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdlRsTab;sila)at; ehIyvabgðajBIeBlevlaEdlmin)an

kt;Rtakñgú kMNt;Rtasila.

karBiesaFn¾
etIGñkKvaCaCg;dUcemþc?

emeronTI3
BaküKnøwH
-karkMNt;GayueBjelj
-GIusUtUb
-karbMEbkviTüúskmµ
-karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ
-Bak;kNþalCIvit
segçbxøwmsar
kñúgkMLuúgeBlmankarbMEbkviTüúskmµ GIusUtUbedImKµanesßrPaBrbs;FatumYybMEbkenAGRtaefr

eTACaGIsu UtbU fµImanesßrPaBénFatuepSg²Kña.

GayueBjeljrbs;KMrUsila nigpUsIulxøHGacRtUv)aneKkMNt;edaykareFVIpleFobrvagGIusUtb U
KµanesßrPaB nigGIusUtbU manesßrPaBkñúgKMrUEdleKehAfakarkMNt;GayueayviTüúskmµ.
viFk I MNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµEdlGñkviTüasaRsþeRbIGaRs½yelIGayu)a:ns; µanrbs;vtßúEdlBYk
eK)ankMNt;.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 184 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI4
BaküKnøwH
-pUsIlu
-lMnaMkøayCaEr:
-lMnaMkøayCafµ
-pUsIlu sñam
-fµlamk
-Bum<
-KMrUBum<
-pUslIu KMrU
kMNt;smÁal;xøwmsar
PsþútagCIvitEdlmanrkSaTukedayFmµCatimYycMnYnRtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCapUsIul.

manviFICaeRcIEdlpUsIulGacekIteLIgdUcCa karCMnYsedayEr: karsm¶Ütya:gelOn nigkarkk.

pUsIulGacRtU)aneKeRbIedIm,IbkRsayBIbMErbMrYlbrisßan nigsarBagÁkayEdlFøab;)anekIt

eLIg.
pUsIul CaBiesspUsIulKMrU GacRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkN
M t;Gayusila.

emeronTI5
BaküKnøwH
-bMEngEckFrNIkal
-kals½k
-s½k
-kalsm½y
-sm½y
kMNt;smÁal;xøwmsar
RbvtþEi pndIRtUv)ankt;RtakñúgRsTab;sl
i a.
ry³eBl4>600lanqñaMénRbvtþEi pndIRtUv)aneKtagenAelIbMEngEckFrNIkaledaymanrab;

bBa©ÚlTaMg cenøaHeBlEdlmin)anbgðajenAkñgú sila nigkMNt;RtapUslIu pgEdr.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 185 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

mancenøaHeBlbI b¤bYnxus²KµaenAkñúgbMEngEckFrNIkal.
GñkviTüasaRsþdgw tictYcNas;GMBIRbvtþdi MbUgrbs;EpndI. enHKWedaysarsila nigkMNt;Rta
pUslIu bgðajCadMbUgenAkals½kcugeRkayénRbvtþiEpndI.

RtYtBinitücMeNHdwg
KMnitEbbKNitviTüa
Bak;kNþalCIvit cUrcgcaMrUbTI11pleFobrvagrUbFatuedIm nigrUbFatufµIfycuH1/2ral;Bak;kNþalCIvit
nImyY ². viFIgayRsYlkñúgkarKNnaenH KWRtUvRtUvKuNpleFobnwg1/2ral;Bak;kNþalCIvitnImYy².
xageRkamenH bgðajnUvkarKNnaenH.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x  ; x  ; x  ; and x 
1 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 8 8 2 16

karKittamkaremIleXIj
bMNak;Rsut nigRsTab;CMnYsfµI
kardwgBIbMNak;Rsut nigRsTab;CMnYsfµEI dl)at;bg;minEmnCarUbragrbs;silamansar³sMxan;
Nas;. BYkvaCaRbePTépÞelIkEnøgEdlsilamanTMnak;TMngnwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 186 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾
kareRbIR)as;BaküKnøwH
cUrBnül;Gtßn½yxusKñaénBaküKnøwHKUrTaMgenH.
1-RTsþwragsNæandIbc©úb,nñ nigRTwsþ)I atuPUtFmµCati.
2-karkMNt;TnM ak;TMngGayu nigkarkMNt;GayueBjelj.
3-Bum< nigKMrBU um<.
4-kals½k nigs½k.
5-bMEngEckFrNIkal nigtaragFrNI.
kareRbIR)as;KMnit
cUreRCIscMelIymYyEdlRtwmRtUv
6-kñúgcMeNamBaküxageRkam etIBaküNamYyEdlminBiBN’naGMBIkarERbRbYl)atuPUtFrNI?
k> Pøam² x> rIkFM
K> enATIbBa©b; X> kMr
7-GñkviTüasaRsþkMNt;TMnak;TMngGayuedaykareRbIR)as;
k> karkMNt;GayuedayeRbIb:UtasüÚm-Gakug x> eKalkarN¾énkartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab;
K> Bak;kNþalCIvitviTüúskmµ X> pleFobGIusUtUb
8-RsTab;silakat;edaysarbMNak;Rsut)anekIteLIg
k>bnÞab;BImanbMNak;Rsut x> muneBlmanbMNak;Rsut
K>enAeBlCamYyKñaeBlmanbMNak;Rsut X>minGackMNt;)an
9-RbsinebIBak;kNþalCIvitrbs;FatuKµanesßrPaBmYyesµI 5/000qñaM etIPaKryrbs;rbU FatuedImnwgenA
sl;b:nu µanbnÞab;BIry³eBl10/000qñaM?
k> 100 x> 75
K> 50 X> 25
10-kñúgcMeNamGIusUtUbKµanesßrPaBxageRkam etIGsIu UtUbmYyNamanBak;kNþalCIvitEvgCageK?
k> Guyra:j:Úm-238 x> b:UtasüÚm-40
K> kabUn-14
11-pUsIulGacRtUv)an
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 187 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

k> køayCafµ x> sm¶Üt

K> kk X> cMelIyTaMgGs;xagelI
12-kñgú cMeNamcenøaHeBlFrNIkalxageRkam etIcenøaHeBlFrNIkalmYyNamanry³eBlxøCI ageK?
k> kals½k x> kalsm½y
K> s½k X>sm½y
13-RbsinebIRbvtþEi pndIRtUv)aneKdak;enAelImaRtdæan12ema:gmYy GriyFm’rbs;mnusSsßitenA
kñúgRbeLaH
k> ema:g x> naTI
K> ticCagmYyvinaTI
cUreqøIynUvsMNYrxageRkamenHeGay)anRtwmRtUv.
14-etIeKalkarN¾énkartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab; KWCaGV?I etIFrNIviTUeRbIR)as;eKalkarN¾enHdUcemþc?
15-cUrBiBN’narebobEdlrukCç ati nigstVkøayCafµ.
16-Bnül;BIrebobénkarkekItKMrUBum<psU Ilu .

kareRbIR)as;EpnTIKMnit
17-cUreRbIR)as;BaküKnøHw TaMgenHedIm,IbegáItEpnTIKMnit³ Gayu karkMNt;GayueBjelj Bak;kNþalCI
vit karbMEbkviTüúskmµ karkMNt;GayuedayviTüúskmµ kartMerobtamlMdab;RsTab; taragFrNI GIusUtUb.
karKitEbbriHKn; nigedaHRsaybBaða
cUreqøIysMNYrxageRkamenHeGay)anRtwmRtUv.
18-GñkRbEhlCaFøab;)anB¤BaküfaeQIfµ . ehtuG)VI anCa}Fatufµ{minmanenAkñúgeQIxHø ?
19-etIdaneCIg nigrUgstVkøayeTACakMNt;Rtasila nigpUsIlu dUcemþc?
20-etIGñkdwgfasilaeRCotfµICagRsTab;silaEdlenACMuvijvaedayrebobNa?

viTüasaRsþKNitviTüa
21-cUrcMlgRkabxageRkamdak;kúñgRkdas;BIrsnøwkdac;BIKña. cUredAcMnucmUlenAelIGk½SG½redaenenA
100 PaKry. bnÞab;mk edAcMnucmUlenAelIRkabRtg;Bak;kNþalCIvitnImYy²edIm,IbgðajcMnYnrUbFatu
edImEdlenAsl;. cUPa¢ b;cnM ucTaMgLayCamYyExSekag. etIPaKryrbs;rUbFatuedImnwgQaneTadl;
sUnürWeT? cUBnül;.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 188 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

karbkRsayRkaPic
cUrBinitüemIlrUbPaBxageRkam ehIyeqøIynwgsMnYrdUcteTAenH
22-etIsilaeRCot Acas;Cagb¤fµCI agRsTab; X?
23-etIkMNt;cMNaMelx5 KWCaRbePTRsTab;CMnYsfµIGVI?
24-etIsilaeRCot AfµICag b¤cas;CagmuxcMenatelx10? ehtuGVI?
25-eRkABIkareRCot nigbMNak;Rsut etImanRBwtþikarN¾G)VI anekIteLIgkñúgRsTab; B, C, D,E, F, G nig H.
cUrdak;elxcMeBaHRBwtþikarN¾enHEdlsilaeRCot nigbMNak;Rsut)anekIteLIgtamlMdab;lMeday .

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 189 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

viTüasaRsþbec©keTs nigsgÁm
karviPaKpUsIuledayma:sIun CAT
Rsém:faGñkeTIb)anrkeXIjpUsIlu llad¾k,alrbs;fnikstVtUcmYykalBIbuerRbvtþi. GñkBinitü
vaya:gykcitTþ ukdak;dUcCakarkMNt;elIThM M RTg;RTay niglkçNHBiessxageRkArbs;llad¾k,al.
b:uEnþGkñ k¾cg;BinitüemIllkçNHBiessxagkñgú rbs;llad¾k,alpgEdr dUcCaq¥wgtUc²enAkNþalRteCok
CaedIm. etIGñkGacsikSapUsIulllad¾k,alenHedayBuMcaM)ac;eFVIkarbMEbkva)aneT? kalBIGtItkaleK
R)akdCaminGaceFVI)aneT. b:uEnþbc©úb,nñenHGñkviTüasaRsþkMBugeRbIR)as;bec©keTsxageBTüedIm,IeFVI
eGaykarsikSaRbePTenHmanlkçNHlMGit.
1> karbMEbkq¥wg
pUslIu viTUcg;eFVIkarsikSaeGay)anlMGitGMBIpUsIultamEdlBYkeKGaceFVI)an. BYkeKcg;dwgGMBI
TMrg;xagkñúg)aneRcIndUckardwgBITMrg;xageRkAEdr. CaFmµtapUslIu viTUbMEbkpUslIu CaRsTab;²edIm,Ikt;Rta
karsegátrbs;BYkeK. KYreGayesaksþay enAeBlEdlBYkeKbBa©b;karviPaKTMrg;kñúgTaMgGs; pUslIu RtUv
)anbMEbkexÞc¡ enHKWCabBaðaBi)akmYyRbsinebIGñkcg;bgðajGñkepSgeTotGMBIkarrkeXIjrbs;Gñk.
2> GñkviTüasaRsþ CamYynwgkarBinitüedaykaMrsµIX
bc©úb,nñenH pUsIulviTUmanCMerIsmYyepSgeTot. kMuBüÚT½rviTüúsaRsþ (CAT scanning) kMBugCMnsY ya:g
elOn CamYynigviFIsikSaya:glMGiténTMrg;xagkñúg. tamry³RbPBbec©kviTüaeBTüEdl)anbegáIteLIg
edIm,IRtYtBinitüEpñkxagkñúgllad¾k,almnusS ]bkrN¾m:asInu CAT scans pþl;nUvrUbPaBxagkñúgpUslIu
edayBMucaM)ac;b:HCamYyépÞrbs;vaeLIy.
edIm,Iyl;BIrebobeRbIR)as;ma:sIun CAT scan cUrRsém:dl;RtIdUhVaMgEdlkMBugelatkat;tamrgVg;
kgcRkmYy. enAeBlEdlRtIdUhVaMgelatkat;rgVg;kgcRk ma:suIn CAT scan ftykrUbPaBRtIedaykaM
rsµI X BIRKb;cnM ucCMuvijkgcRk. CalTæpl ma:snIu ftykCalMdab;énrUbPaBEpñkTTwgrbs;RtIdUhVaMgeday
kaMrsµI X. bnÞab;mkkMuBüÚT½rpÁúMbMEnkTaMgLaybegáIt)anCarUbPaBEpñkTMhMTaMgbIrbs;RtIdUhVaMg. bnÞab;mk
RKb;EpñkxagkñúgTaMgGs;rbs;RtIdUhVaMgGacRtUv)aneKsikSaedayBMucaM)ac;kat;vaCabMEnk.
enAeBlEdlpUslIu viTURtUvkarbegáIteLIgvijnUvllad¾k,alTaMgmUlmYy lMdab;énEpñkTMhMrUb
TaMgBIrRtUv)aneKftehIybMEnkTaMgLayRtUv)aneKpÁúKM ñatamry³kMuBüÚTr½ edIm,IbegáIt)anCarUbPaBEpñkTMhM
TaMgbIrbs;llad¾k,alxagkñúg nigxageRkA.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 190 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផ្ផនដីវទ្យា
ិ

ma:snIu CAT scan enHbgðajBITMhM nigk,alrbs;RbePTstVdayNUs½r Nanotyrannosaurus rex.

3>etImanGVIlak;enAxagkñúg
edaykareRbIR)as;m:asIun CAT scan GñkviTüasaRsþsikSa)aneRcInGMBITMrg;kñúgrbs;pUslIu . BYk
eK)aneRbIm:asIun CAT scan edIm,IemIleRKagq¥wgrbs;GMRb‘yI :ugxagkñúgpUsIuls‘ut nigedIm,IsikSaq¥wgEdl
gay)ak;kb;enAkñgú sila.
4>tamKMnitrbs;Gñk
etIKuNsm,tþéi nkareRbIR)as;ma:sIun CAT scan edayeRbIkaMrsµI XmanGVIxøH? cUrBüayamrk
cemøIyedaykarRsavRCavedayxøÜnÉg.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ ប៊ូ មករា, នី សុ ពុទ្យី ធ 191 រប៉េង ទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យី ធ & លឹម កនែិោា