Tutorial Sheet Test 3

Diploma: M2 MMS Université de Pau

Lecture: Numerical Analysis Collège E2S
Year: 2020/2021 R. Becker and D. Capatina

Exercice 1 Mixed approximation of general elliptic equation

Let Ω ⊂ Rd be a polyhedral domain with boundary Γ := ∂Ω. Let f ∈ L2 (Ω),
α, γ ∈ L∞ (Ω) such that α(x) > α0 > 0 and γ1 γ(x) > γ0 > 0 for almost all x ∈ Ω. We
consider the equation

− div(α∇u) + γu = f dans Ω,
(1)
u = 0 sur Γ .

Let
σ = α∇u.
We set V := Hdiv (Ω) and Q = L2 (Ω) and write k·k = k·kL2 (Ω,Rk ) for k = 1, d. We
consider the variational problem: (σ, u) ∈ V × Q such that for all (τ, v) ∈ V × Q

a(σ, τ) + b(τ, u) = 0,
Z
(2)
b(σ, v) − c(u, v) = − fv,
Ω

with
Z Z Z
−1
a(σ, τ) := α σ · τ, c(u, v) := γuv, b(σ, v) := (div σ) v. (3)
Ω Ω Ω

In addition, let H be a regular simplicial mesh family and define the bilinear form

A((σ, u), (τ, v)) := a(σ, τ) + b(τ, u) + b(σ, v) − c(u, v). (4)

1. Show that a solution to (2) satisfies the boundary value problem (1).
2. Recall shortly the proof if existence τ∗ (v) ∈ V for any v ∈ L2 (Ω) such that

b(τ∗ (v), v) = kvk2Q et kτ∗ (v)kHdiv (Ω) 6 2 kvkQ . (5)

3. Show that for (τ1 , v1 ) = (σ, −v) we have

1 2 1 2
A((σ, u), (τ1 , v1 )) = α− 2 σ + γ 2 u . (6)

1
 4. Show that for (τ2 , v2 ) = (0, − div σ) we have
1 2 γ1
12 2

A((σ, u), (τ2 , v2 )) > kdiv σk − γ u . (7)
2 2

5. Show that for (τ3 , v3 ) = (τ∗ (u), 0), with τ∗ (u) defined in (5), we have
1 2 1
− 21 2

A((σ, u), (τ3 , v3 )) > kuk − α σ . (8)
2 α0

6. Let   12
− 21 2

2 2
|||(σ, u)||| := α σ + kdiv σk + kuk . (9)

Show shortly that |||(·, ·)||| is a norm on V × Q.

7. Let (e v) := (τ1 , v1 ) + γ21 (τ2 , v2 ) + α20 (τ3 , v3 ) we have with C1 to be given
τ, e
|||(e v)||| 6 C1 |||(σ, u)|||
τ, e (10)

8. Show, using (6), (11), and (7), that with C2 to be given

A((σ, u), (e v)) > C2 |||(σ, u)|||2 .
τ, e (11)

9. Conclude that
A((σ, u), (τ, v))
sup > γ|||(σ, u)|||. (12)
(τ,v)∈V×Q\{0,0} |||(τ, v)|||

10. We set Vh := RT 0h and Qh := D0h . Define the discrete problem.

11. Recall shortly the proof of the discrete inf-sup condition for b.
12. Show that the discrete problem has a unique solution.
13. Give a first-order error estimate and state the necessary regularity assumption.
Solution Exercice 1
1. By the first equation of (2), we have for all τ ∈ V
Z Z
− (div τ) u = α−1 σ · τ
Ω Ω

Since D(Ω, R ) ⊂ V, it follows that the distributional gradient of u is in L2(Ω)

d

and
∇u = α−1 σ, ⇒ σ = α∇u.
Especially we have u ∈ H1 (Ω) and integration by parts gives
Z Z
+ −1
0 =a(σ, τ) + b (τ, u) = α σ·τ+ (div τ) u
Z Ω Ω

α−1 σ − ∇u · τ + hτn , uiH− 21 (Γ )×H 12 (Γ ) ⇒ γ(u) = 0.

=
Ω

2
 Now the second equation reads
Z Z
fv = (γu − div σ) ⇒ div σ = γu − f ⇒ div (α∇u) = γu − f
Ω Ω

2. We solve ∆u = v with homogenous Dirichlet boundary conditions and set τ∗ =

∇u. Then we clearly have div τ = v and kτk 6 kvk, so C∗ = 2.
3.

A((σ, u), (τ1 , v1 )) =a(σ, σ) + b(σ, u) − b(σ, u) + c(u, u)

Z Z 1 2 1 2
2
= α |σ| +
−1
γu = α− 2 σ + γ 2 u .
2
Ω Ω

4.

A((σ, u), (τ2 , v2 )) =b(σ, v2 ) − c(u, v2 ) = b(σ, div σ) − c(u, div σ)

Z
2
= kdiv σk − γu div σ
Ω
1
2 2 1 2 1 2 γ1
12 2

> kdiv σk − kdiv σk − kγuk > kdiv σk − γ u
2 2 2 2

5.

A((σ, u), (τ3 , v3 )) =a(σ, τ3 ) + b(τ3 , u) = a(σ, τ∗ (u)) + b(τ∗ (u), u)

Z Z
= −1 ∗ ∗
α σ · τ (u) + b(τ (u), u) = α−1 σ · τ∗ (u) + kuk2
Ω Ω
2 1
> kuk2 − α−1 σ kτ∗ (u)k > kuk2 − α−1 σ − kτ∗ (u)k2

4
1 1 1 2
> kuk2 −
−2
α σ
2 α0

6. If |||(σ, u)||| = 0, first u = 0 and the remaining part is equivalent to kσkHdiv (Ω)
thanks to α > 0.
7.
2 α0 ∗ 2
|||(τ, v)|||2 =|||(σ, u)|||2 + kdiv σk2 + kτ kV
γ1 2
α20
 
2
6 1+ + |||(σ, u)|||2
γ1 2

So
s
1 α2
C1 = 1+ + 0.
γ1 2

3
8.
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 α 1 1 2

0
A((σ, u), (τ, v)) > α− 2 σ + γ 2 u + kdiv σk2 − γ 2 u + kuk2 − α− 2 σ

γ1 4 2
1 1
2 1 α0
> α− 2 σ + kdiv σk2 + kuk2
2 γ1 4

1 1 α0
> min , , |||(σ, u)|||.
2 γ1 4

So

1 1 α0
C2 = min , , .
2 γ1 4

9.

A((σ, u), (τ, v)) A((σ, u), (eτ, ev)) C2 |||(σ, u)|||2
sup > > .
(τ,v)∈V×Q\{0,0} |||(τ, v)||| |||(e
τ, e
v)||| C1 |||(σ, u)|||

So


1 1 α0
C2 min , ,
2 γ1 4
γ> = q
C1 α2
1 + γ11 + 20