A

CLASSICAL DICTIONARY :

CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF

THE PRINCIPAL PROPER NAMES

MENTIONED IN

ANCIENT AUTHORS,

AND

INTENDED TO ELUCIDATE ALL THE IMPORTANT POINTS CONNECTED WITH THE

GEOGRAPHY , HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, MYTHOLOGY, AND FINE ARTS

OF THE

GRE E KS AND ROMANS.

TOGETHER WITH

AN ACCOUNT OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES,

WITH TABULAR VALUES OF THE SAME.

BY

CHARLES ANTHON , LL.D.,

JAY-PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE,
NEW - YORK , AND KECTOR OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL.

“ Huc undique gaza ." - VIRG .

NEW - YORK :

PUBLISHED BY HARPER & BROTHERS,

XO. 82 CLIFF - STREET.

184 1 .
 ARISTOTELES. ARM

how the object ofman's existence, defined in the Ethics, that ofGöttling, Lips., 1824, 8vo, & c. Among the
namely, virtue combined with happiness,may be attain subsidiary works on Aristotle may be mentioned the
ed in the civil and domestic relations, through a good following : Examen Critique de l'ouvrage d'Aristole
constitution of the state and household . — In the history intitulé Metaphysique, par Michelet, Paris, 1836, 8vo.
of the Aristotelian school, four periods are commonly -Essai sur la Metaphysique d'Aristote , par Radais
noticed . The first, from thedeath of Aristotle to the son , Paris, 1837, 2 vols.8vo . - La Logique d'Aristote,
time of Cicero, was a period of gradual decline, for par Saint-Hilaire, Paris, 1838, 2 vols. 8vo. These
the philosophy of the Stagirite was deeper than suited French works are all prize -essays of the Institute.
ordinary intellects , and they could not carry it on. Du- (Rilter's History of Philosophy, vol. 3, p. 1, se99 :
ring the second period , from Cicero to the seventh cen- Tennemann's Manual, & c., p . 121, se99.-- Enfield's
tury of the Christian era, the philosophy of Aristotle Hist. Philos., vol. 1, p. 260 , segq.)
was quite neglected , and almost unknown. From ARISTOXĚNUS, I. a native of Tarentum and disci
the seventh to the tenth century, the third period , it ple of Aristotle, whowrote both on philosophy and mu
was revived, but in a greatly corrupted state. From sic. Among the works of a philosophical character
the tenth to the fifteenth , the fourih period , when it which he composed,may be enumerated his treatise on
was overthrown by Bacon and Descartes, it went by the Laws respecting Education (Rep TALSIKŪV vouwv) ;
the name of the scholastic philosophy, being connect his Pythagorean Theses ( Ilvbayopikal dropdoels), a
ed with polemic theology. -Aristotle was the most collection of the precepts ofmorality inculcated by that
voluininous of the ancient philosophers. A large cat- sect; and his Biography of Eminent Philosophers (Bios
alogue of his writings is given by Diogenes Laertius, ávdpūv). In the last of these works he is unjust to
and inmodern times by Fabricius and others. From this wards the character of Socrates, as far as we can learn
it appears that he wrotemanybooks besides those which from some fragments that have come down to us.
have been transmitted to our own day . Wehave all the cause of this may either have been the little es-,
his Logical works, five in number, and usually pub- teem in which music was held by Socrates, or a quar
lished under the general title of Organon . We have relwhich had occurred between the latter and Spin
16 books on Physical Philosophy ; 14 on Metaphysics ; thares, the father of Aristoxenus, who had been one
and three works on Morals ; the first entitled Nico- of his disciples. Aristoxenus was celebrated among
machean Ethics, addressed to his son Nicomachus ; the ancients for applying the Aristotelian doctrine of
the second Magna Moralia ; the third a Discourse on knowledge to the scientific investigation ofmusic. He
Virtue and Vice. We have also separate works on compared the soul to a musical harmony, and thought
Economics, Government, the Art of Rhetoric, and the that, as the latter is produced by the different relations
Art of Poetry . The works of Aristotle, together with subsisting between several tones, so , too, the soul is the
his library, passed very early through hazards which consequence of the relative arrangement of the differ
have rendered it a subject of critical inquiry how far ent parts of the body ; for that it is this which produ
the present volumes which bear his name are genuine. ces the movement of the living body, and the soul is
(Consult remarks under the article Apellicon.)— Be- to be regarded as nothing more than a certain tension
fore closing this article , it may not be amiss to offer a of the body. (Cic., Tusc., 1, 10.) As a writer on
few observations relative to the term Metaphysics, as music, Aristoxenus must be regarded as the earliest
applied to some of the writings of Aristotle. This ap- that we possess. His work on Harmony was pub
pellation is not found either in the works of the Stagi- lished by Meursius in 1616 ( Lugd . Bat., 410), and
rite himself, or in those of any Greek or Roman phi- subsequently,in a much more correct form , by Meibo
losopher anterior to Nicholas of Damascus. It is said mius, in his collection of the Writers on Music. The
that Andronicus of Rhodes, wishing to arrange the fragments on Rhythm were published for the first time
works of Aristotle, distributed them into different byMorelli,at the end of the speech of Aristides against
classes, such as works on logic, on rhetoric, on poe- Leptines (Venet ., 1785, 8vo ). The remains of the
try , & c. The last of these sections or divisions com- philosophical writings of Aristoxenus are principally
prehended the works on Physics. Still, however, in Stobæus, but have not as yet been edited by any
there remained over a number of writings,which he scholar. Compare, with regard to this writer, the re
had been unable to assign to any class, because, being marks of Meiners, Gesch. der Wissensch ., vol. 1, p .
first essays in a new science,they did not fall under any 213, and Mahne, Diatribe de Aristoceno, Amst., 1793,
one of the heads under which he had arranged the rest. 8vo).— II. A physician, disciple of Alexander Phila
He therefore united these into one class by themselves, lethes, cited by Galen (diff. puls., 4 , p . 47). He rec
and assigned them their rank after the works on ommended the use of clysters in hydrophobia ; and
Physics (uetà tà quoiká), whence arose their peculiar boasted much of the efficacy of frictions with oil and
name, which had no reference whatever to the subjects the plant termed by botanists polygonum condolvulus,
discussed in them . With a little more attention on in cases of quartan fever. He left a work on the
his part, Andronicus might have found a better title in principles of his school, which has not come down to
the writings of Aristotle himself; forit appears that the us. ( Coel.Aurel.,acut., 3, 16, p. 233.- Apoll. Dysc.,
books which we have on Metaphysics are the same hist. mirab, c. 33, p . 133.- Galen , I. c.)
with what the Stagirite calls his Λόγοι εκ της πρώτης Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandrea , in the
odotopías, “ Discourses on the First Philosophy.”. 4th century. He denied the divinity and consubstan
The best editions of the entire works of Aristotle are, tiality of the Word. After having been persecuted
that of Du Val, Paris, 1619,2 vols. fol.; thatof Bekker, for his opinions, he gained the favour of the Emperor
Berol., 1831, 5 vols. 4to ; and the small stereotype one Constantine, and supplanted St.Athanasius,his adver
published by Tauchnitz, Lips., 16 vols. 18m0, 1832, sary, but died suddenly, when just about to enter in
& c.-Of the separate treatises, the following editions triumph the cathedral of Constantinople, A.D. 336 .
may be mentioned . The best edition of the Organon He gave name to the sect of the Arians. (Epiphan .,
is that of Geneva, 1605, 4t0 ; of the Ethics, that of Hæres., 68.- Socrat., Hist. Eccles., & c.)
Cardwell, Oron., 1828-30, 2 vols. 8vo ; to which we ARMENIA, a large country of Asia , divided into Ar
may add that of Bekker, Berol., 1831, 8vo ; of the Art menia Major and Minor. The first,which isthe mod
ofPoetry,thatof Hermann , Lips., 1803,8vo ; towhich ern Turcomania, and is still sometimes called Armenia,
may be added the excellent one of Tyrwhitt, Oxon., lies south of Mount Caucasus, and comprehends the
1794,410, and that of Græfenhahn, Lips., 1821,8vo ; Turkish pachalics Erzerum , Kars, and Van, and also
of the Art of Rhetoric, that published at Oxford, the Persian province Iran or Erivan. Itwas separa
1820,2 vols. 8vo ; of the History ofAnimals, that of ted from Armenia Minor by the river Euphrates. Ar
Schneider, Lips., 1811, 4 vols. 8vo ; of the Politics, menia Minor was, properly speaking, a part of Cappa
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 ARMENIA . ARM

docia. It is now called Aladulia or Pegian, belongs For some remarks on the Armenian language, consult
to the Turks, and is divided between the pachalics Balbi, Atlas Ethnographique, & c., tabl. 4 , and Intro
Merashe and Sivas. Armenia is a rough, mountain- duction a l'Atlas, p. 45. - As regards the literary
ous country, which has Caucasus for its northern history of Armenia, it may be remarked, that the litera
boundary , and in the centre is traversed by branches ture of the country begins with the conversion of the
of Mount Taurus, to which belongs Mount Ararat. Armenians to Christianity in the commencement of the
Here the two great rivers Euphrates and Tigris take fourth century. Since that time they have translated
their rise ; likewise the Cyrus or Kur, and other less from the Greek (there is a Homer in Armenian hex
considerable streams. Herodotus (7, 73) says that ameters ), Hebrew , Syriac , and Chaldee, into their
the Armenians were a Phrygian colony, and used arms own dialect, which some assert to be an original lan
like those of the Phrygians ; but, as Ritter well re- guage, as has already been remarked ; while others
marks (Erdkunde, vol. 2, p . 782), the nations whom regard it as a mixed dialect, composed of the Syriac ,
the father of profane history designates as Phrygians, Chaldee, Hebrew ,and Arabic. Both opinions are cor
Armenians, Cappadocians, and Syrians, are all de- rect. The old Armenian , the language of literature
scendants of the Aramean stock . Hence wemay,with and of the church, is , as Vater agrees, an original lan
some degree of probability ,consider the name Armenia guage; the modern Armenian has been formed, as a
as derived from Aram , and the Semitic Arameans to popular language, by foreign additions during the suc
have been the first inhabitants of the land, who were cessive changes of their conquerors, and consists of

.
afterward overpowered by barbarian tribes from Upper four principal dialects. The written language owes
Asia. (Compare Adelung, Mithradates,vol. 1, p. 420.) its cultivation to the translation of the Bible, begun in
According to another opinion , the Armenian tongue 411 by Mesrob, with his disciples (among whom was
may be traced to Xisuthros or Noah , and may boast Moses Choronensis), by the desire of the patriarch
of being antediluvian in its character. (Recherches Isaac the Great, and finished in 511. Mesrob first
Curieuses, & c., par Chahan de Cubied et Martin , added seven vowel -signs to the old Armenian alpha
Paris, 1806 , 8vo.) of the ancient history of Arme- bet, which before only contained 27 consonants. At
nia but little is known. The native writers make the same time schools were established. The most
Haïg to have been the first chieftain or prince that flourishing period of Armenian literature was in the
ruled over this country , and from him they called them- sixth century, at the time of the separation of the Ar
selves Haji. He was the son of Taglath , who, ac- menians from the Greek church after the council of
cording to them ,was the same with Thogarma, grand- Chalcedon. It continued to flourish until the tenth
son of Japhet. Twenty -two centuries before the century, revived in the thirteenth , and maintained a
Christian era he left Babylon,his native place,and es- respectable character till 1453. In scientific inquiries
tablished himself, with all his family, in the mountains it never rose to any considerable eminence. It is par
of southern Armenia, in order to escape from the tyr- ticularly valuable in what relates to history . — The best
anny of Belus, king of Assyria . The latter attacked introduction to Armenian history, geography, and lit
him in his new settlements,but perished by his hand. erature, is that which M. J. Saint-Martin , member of
Aram , the sixth successor of Haig, became so distin- the French Institute , has extracted from old Armenian
guished by his exploits, that, from his time, the sur- writings, inscriptions, and other sources, under the
rounding nations called the country Armenia, after his title of Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur
name. Ara, son of the preceding, fell in defending l’Armenie, Paris, 1808, 2 vols. (Encyc. Amer ., 1 ,
his country against Semiramis, and Armenia became 373.)
thenceforward an Assyrian province until the death of ARMILUSTRIUM OFARMILUSTRUM , a festivalat Rome,
Sardanapalus, when a succession of native princes on the 19th of October, during which they sacrificed
again appeared . (Compare Klaproth, Tableaux His- completely armed , and to the sound of trumpets. It
toriques de l'Asie, & c., p . 50 , seqq .) After the death was intended for the expiation of the armies, and the
of Alexander, it became part of the kingdom of Syria, prosperity of the arms of the Roman people. The
and so remained till the overthrow of Antiochus the name is also sometimes applied to the place in which
Great, when it fell into the hands of different rulers, the sacrifice was performed. ( Varro, L. L., 4, 32.
and was divided into Armenia Major and Minor . – Ar- Id . ib., 5 , 3. - Liv., 27, 37.)
menia Major was exposed to many attacks. The ARMINIUS (the Latin name for Hermann, i. e., lead
Romans and Parthians fought a long time for the er or general), the deliverer of Germany from the
right of giving a successor to the throne, and it was Roman yoke. He was a son of a prince of the
governed at one period by Parthian princes, at anoth - Cherusci, Sigimer (which , in the old German , signifies
er by those whom the Romans favoured, until Tra- a famous conqueror), and was born 18 B.C. He was
jan made it a Roman province. Armenia afterward educated at Rome, admitted into the rank of equites,
recovered its independence, and was under the rule and appointed to an honourable station in the army of
of its own kings. Sapor, king of Persia, attempt Augustus. But princely favour and the charms of
ed its subjugation in vain, and it remained free until learning were insufficient to make the young barbarian
650, when it was conquered by the Arabians. After forget his early associations. Convinced that the rude
this it several times changed its masters, among whom strength of his savage countrymen would be unequal
were Gengis-Khan and Timour-leng. In 1552, Selim to cope with the disciplined forces of the Romans in
II. conquered it from the Persians, and the greater the open field, he had recourse to stratagem . Having
part has since remained under the Turkish dominion. fomented the discontent prevailing among the German
-Armenia Minor has also had several rulers, among nations, and having produced a wide confederacy for
whom Mithradates was first distinguished . From revolt, he artfully drew Varus, the Roman commander
him Pompey took the kingdom , and gave it to Deiota- on the Rhine, into an ambuscade, where three Roman
rus. On the decline of the Roman Empire in the legions were cut to pieces. Varus, unable to survive
east it was conquered by the Persians, and in 950 his disgrace, slew himself, A.D. 10. Germanicus
fell into the hands of the Arabians, since which time marched with a powerful army to revenge the over
it has shared the same fate as Armenia Major, and was throw of Varus ; but it required more than one cam
made, in 1514, a Turkish province by Selim I. - The paign, and several battles,before he obtained any de
earlier capital of Armenia was Armavir, which , during cided advantage; and at last Arminius fell a sacrifice
1800 years, was the residence of the kings. After only to the civil feuds in which he was involved with
Armavir, Artaxata (Artaschad) on the Araxes, built his own countrymen and kindred , being assassinated
in the time of the Seleucidæ , became the capital, but by one of his own relations, in the 37th year of his
sank into decay before the end of the 8th century.- age. Tacitus relates, that he drew upon himself the
204
 CHA CHA

vonic, Nebu -godnoi-tzar,i. e., a prince worthy of heav. Cyrus : either, therefore, they must have shifted their
en . Belshazzar would be equivalent to Bolshoi-tzar, position , or Cræsus subsequently lost what he had
i. e., a great prince; and so of others. It has been gained on the right bank of the Halys. Xenophon,
objected to this , that the word Czar in Slavonic is who traversed the country of the Chalybes, speaks of
nothing more than a corruption of Cæsar, an opinion them as being few in number, and subject to the Mo
hardly worth refuting. The orthography of the Rus- synæci; he adds, that their chief employment was
sian term tsar sufficiently disproves such an idea. forging iron. But it is worthy of remark , that he
Compare the Hebrew sar ; the Arabic sary ; the places these chalybes more to the east than other
Sanscrit shera ; the English sire . So also we have writers. (Anab., 5, 5 , 2.) Zennius, therefore, is of
in the arrow -headed inscriptions of Persepolis, as in- opinion , that this people must have lived a wandering
terpreted by Lassen, the form ksahiah for “ king." | sort of life, and have often changed their territory.
(Lassen , Altpersischen Keil- Inschriften , & c., p. 141. (Dissert. Geogr.ad Anab., p. xxvii., ed . Oxon., 1809.)
-Compare Michaëlis , Spicileg. Geogr., Heb. ext., Xenophon , however, speaks elsewhere of some other
vol. 2, p . 77, se99.)- The Chaldæans appear to have chalybes,who were situated apparently on the borders
been originally a mountaineer-race from the northern of Armenia, and were much more numerous and war
parts of Mesopotamia, though not, as Michaëlis sup- like. (Anab., 4 , 7, 10.) Strabo reports, that the
poses, of foreign extraction ,but in reality a branch of Chalybes, in his time, had changed their name to that
the Semitic race. (Compare Adelung, Mithradates, of Chaldæi( Strab.,549),and it is remarked , that Xen
vol. 1, p. 517.- Fürst, Chald . Gram ., p. 5, seq9: - ophon speaks of an Armenian tribe of Chaldees, who
Compare still farther, in relation to the Chaldee encountered theGreeksnear the river Centritis (Anab.,
tongue, the remarks of Saint-Martin , as cited by Bal- 4 , 3, 4. - Compare Eustath . ad Dion . Perieg., 768) ;
bi, Introduction a l'Atlas Ethnographique, p. 106 , but Menippus, in his Periplus, calls the Pontic tribe
and, as regards the pretended antiquity of the Chaldee Chaldi, and their canton Chaldia. (Ap. Steph . Byz .,
empire, consult Cuvier, on the Revolutions of the Sur. 8. v. Xardía. - Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. I, p . 273,
face of the Glohe, p . 127, seqq., Eng. transl., 1829, seqq.)
and Drummond's Origines, vol. 1, p . 13 , seqq.) The CHALÝBON, a city of Syria, capital of the district
Chaldæans are highly commended in many of the an- called Chalybonitis, and the same with the Scripture
cient writers for their skill in the sciences, especially Helbon. ( Ezek., 27, 18.) The surrounding country
in astronomy. If we are to believe Diodorus, how- was famed for its wine. (Compare Casaub. ad Alhen .,
ever, their claims to this high character were very 2, p . 66. — Bochart, Hieroz ., pt. 1, lib . 2, c. 45, p .
slight. They seem to have pursued the study of as- 485. - Schleusner, Ler. V. T., s. v. Xenbúv.) The
tronomy no farther than as it might tend to aid their venot, Russel, and others make this city correspond to
astrological researches. They taught that the shape themodern Aleppo (Haleb). Pococke, however, is in
of the earth was that of a skiff or small boat, and of favour of Kennesrin , to the south of Aleppo. (Vid .
eclipses of the sun they knew but little, and never Berca.)
ventured to predict them , or fix the time of their oc CHALYBS, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, in the
curring . So says Diodorus. (Diod . Sic., 2, 31.— country of the Celtiberi, and one of the tributaries of
Compare, however, in relation to the science of the the Iberus. Its waters were famed for hardening steel;
Chaldæans,the remarks of Sir W. Drummond , Class. so that the name Chalybswas given to it from this
Journ ., vol. 16, p. 145 and 262 ; vol. 17, p. 19; vol. circumstance , by either the Romans or the Greeks,
18 , p. 1 and 298 ; vol. 19, p . 296.) more probably the former. The modern name is the
CHALDEI, I. the inhabitants of Chaldæa. - II. The Queiles. ( Justin , 44, 3.)
same with the Chalybes. (Vid . Chalybes.) Chaõnes, a people of Epirus. (Vid . Chaonia.)
Chalïbes, a people of Pontus, in Asia Minor, who CHAðnia , a region of Epirus. The ancients com
inhabited the whole coast from the Jasonium Promon- prehended under the name of Chaonia that northwest
torium to the vicinity of the river Thermodon , to- ern part of Epirus which bordered on the territory of
gether with a portion of the inner country. They Oricum , Amantia, and still more to the east on the
were celebrated in antiquity for the great iron -mines country of the Atintanes, while it extended along the
and forges which existed in their country. (Apoll. coast of the Ionian Sea from the Acroceraunian prom
Rh., 2, 1002, se99: -1d ., 2 , 374. – Virg ., Georg ., 1, ontory to the harbour of Buthrotum , opposite the isl
58. — Dionys. Perieg., 768.) We are ignorant and of Corcyra. The exact limits of Chaonia can
the grounds on which the ancients attributed this ac not now be ascertained , since , even in Strabo's time,
tive employment in the manufacture of iron to the it was impossible to discern with accuracy what be
Chalybes, for it does not appear at present that this longed to each of the several tribes into which the
part of Asia is at all productive of that most useful body of the nation had been divided , owing to the great
metal ; perhaps, however, if the mountainous districts political changes which that country had experienced
were accurately examined , there could be found ces since it became subject to the Romans. ( Strabo ,
of the ancient works. It is plain , however, that they 322.) We must observe , however, that in the time
had not ceased to furnish a good supply of metallic of Thucydides, the river Thyamis bounded that south
ore in Strabo's time, for he observes, that the two ern portion of Chaonia which bore the name of Ces
great articles of produce in the land of the Chalybes, trine,on the side of Thesprotia. The Chaones, as we
who were then commonly called Chaldæi or Chaldi, learn from Strabo,were once the most powerful and
were the fisheries of the pelamys and the iron-works; warlike people of Epirus, until the Molossi, in their
the latter kept in constant employment a great num- turn, acquired a preponderating ascendancy over the
ber of men. Strabo observes, also , that these mines other clans of that country . In the time of the Pel
formerly produced a quantity of silver ; and this cir- oponnesian war the Chaones differed from their neigh
cumstance, together with some affinity in the names, bours, in being subject to an aristocratical and not a
led some commentators of Homer to identify the Aly- monarchical government ; their annual magistrates
be of that poet with the Chalybes of Pontus. (II., 2, being always chosen from a particular family. ( Tha
856.). Strabo himself strongly contends for this inter- cyd., 2, 80.) Tradition ascribed the origin of their
pretation, and it is in all probability the true one. name to Chaon, the brother of Helenus who married
( Strabo, 549, seqq.) It is remarkable, that Herodotus Andromache after the death of Pyrrhus . (Virg.,
names the Chalybes among the nations of Asia that Æn., 3, 333. - Compare the commentary of Servius,
were conquered by Cræsus (1, 28 ), and yet they cer- ad loc.) It may be inferred from the name of Pelas
tainly are found afterward considerably beyond the gis given to Chaonia by some ancient writers, that it
334 separated his dominion from those of was formerly occupied by the Pelasgi. ( Steph. Byz.,
Halys, which