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Atomic Strucrure: Long Answer Questions
Atomic Strucrure: Long Answer Questions
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ATOMIC STRUCRURE
Ans. The various orbitals in an atom qualitatively distinguished by their size, shape and orientation.
The atomic orbitals are precisely distinguished by the numbers known as quantum numbers. Each
orbital is designated by three quantum numbers labelled as n, l and m.
There are four quantum numbers required for a complete explanation of electrons in an atom.
The quantum numbers are –
iv. It indicates the orbital angular momentum of electron. Orbital angular momentum of the electron
h
is given by l ( l + 1)
2π
V. It represents the sub shell to which electron belongs.
Significance: It indicates the shape of orbitals S-spherical, P-dumb bell and d- double dumb bell.
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m):
i. It was proposed by Lande
ii. The values of m are +l to -l including zero, a total of 2l+1 values
iii. The total number of m values indicates the total number of orbitals in the subshell. The number
of orbitals in s, p, d and f sub shells is 1, 3, 5 and 7 respectively
iv. The number of oribitals in a sub shell =2l+1 and electrons = 2(2l+1)
Significance: It indicates the orientation of orbitals in space
2. What are the main Postulates of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom?Discus the importance of
this model to explain various series of line spectra in hydrogen atom. Give its merits and
demerits?
Ans. Postulates of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom
(1) The electrons in the hydrogen atom revolves around the nucleus only in certain circular orbits
associated with definite energy, called energy shells (or) energy levels. These are designated as
numbers like 1,2,3,4, -------- etc (or) letters like K, L, M, N --------- etc.
(2) As long as the electron revolves in a particular orbit it can neither loose nor gain energy i.e
energy of an electron in a particular orbit remains constant. Hence these orbits are called stationary
orbits.
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(3) Only those orbits are permitted in which the angular momentum of electrons is the whole
number multiple of h/2
The angular momentum of electron can be represented as
mvr=nh/2 where n = 1, 2, 3....... m = mass of electron, v = velocity of electron, r = radius of an orbit
and h = Planck’s constant
4) Electron may emit or absorbs energy when it changes from one level to another level. Electron
moves from lower orbit to higher orbit by absorbing energy. If electron jumps from higher orbit to
lower orbit then it emits energy.
The energy emitted or absorbed is given by ∆ E = E 2 − E1 = hν
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n=7
n=6
P fund series (Far IR region)
n=5
Brackett Series(Middle IR region)
n=4
Paschen Series (Near I.R region)
n=3
Balmer Series(Visible region)
n=2
n=1
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The orbital with the lowest (n + l) value is filled first. When two or more orbitals have the same
(n + l) value, the one with the lowest ‘n’ value is preferred in filling.
Consider two orbitals 3d and 4s. The n + l value of 3d = 3 + 2 = 5 and of 4s = 4 + 0 = 4. Since 4s
has lowest (n + l) value, it is filled first before filling taking place in 3d.
The order of increasing energy of atomic orbitals is:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s and so on.
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle:
Pauli’s principle may be stated as “No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of values for
all the four quantum numbers”.
This means that two electrons in an orbital may have the same n, same l and same m but
differ in spin quantum number. In an orbital if one electron has clockwise spin, the other has
anticlockwise spin. It follows that an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite
spins.
For example helium atom has two electrons in its 1s orbital. Quantum numbers for
First electrons are n =1, l = 0, m = 0 and s = +1/2 and for second electrons are:
n =1, l = 0, m =0, s = –1/2.
The two electrons have the same value for n, same value for l and same value for m but differ
in s. The maximum capacity of a main energy shell is equal to 2n2 electrons and that of a sub-shell
is equal to (4 l + 2).
Hund’s Rule:
It states that “Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell
(p, d or f) does not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each
i.e., all the orbitals are singly occupied”.
Since there are 3, 5 and 7 orbitals in p, d and f - subshell, pairing in these subshells starts
with 4th, 6th and 8th electron respectively.
The following examples explain Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. 6C:
2
1s2 2s2 2p
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
2px1 2py1
3
1s2 2s2 2p
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
7 2px12py12pz1
N:
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i.e hν = W0 + K .E → (1)
Where hν = energy of incident photon
W0= work function
1 2
mv
Kinetic energy K.E =2
the equation (1) is expressed as hν = hv0 + K .E → ( 2 ) here W0 = hν 0
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hν 0 =the minimum energy required to break the force of attraction between nucleus and electron is
c
K .E = hν − hν 0 = h (ν −ν 0 ) ∴ν = λ
hc hc 1 1
K .E = − = hc −
λ λ0 λ λ0
1) Except Li remaining alkali metals are used in photo electric cells. Due to low work function and
low I.P value.
2) Caesium is more used in photo electric cell due to very low I.P value.
3. What is a nodal plane? How many nodal planes are possible for 2p- and 3d- orbitals?
Ans. The plane passing through the nucleus where the probability of finding the electron is zero is
called nodal plane.
Number of nodal planes for orbit is equal to ‘l’ where l is Azimuthal quantum number
i) For a 2p orbital ‘l’ is 1. ∴ the number of nodal planes are one.
ii) for a 3d orbital l value is ‘2’. ∴ the number of nodal planes are two.
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6. The static electric charge on the oil drop is −3.2044 × 10 −19 C. How many electrons are present
on it?
Ans. − 1.602 × 10 −19 C means 1 electron
− 3.204 × 10 −19 C means
−3.204 ×10−19
= = 2 electrons.
−1.602 ×10−19
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