|) NATIONAL OILWELL A850-PT TRIPLEX PISTON PUMP L INSTALLATION, CARE AND OPERATING MANUAL NATIONAL-OILWELL P.O. BOX 4638 HOUSTON, TEXAS 77210-4638. AS used herein, any references to OILWELL shall be deemed to mean NATIONAL-OTLWELL SM: 12-91 Printed in U.S.A.Tt = NATIONAL-OILWELL FOREWORD ‘This manual is published as a guide for the normal operations of your NATIONAL-OILWELL equipment. Because of the many factors which contribute to the proper function or malfunction of this machinery, and not having complete knowledge of each factor or combination of factors, we cannot detail all facets of this subject. We must therefore confine the scope of this presentation, and when situations encountered are not fully ‘encompassed by complete understandable instructions, these situations must be referred to the ‘manufacturer. When other than routine servicing is necessary, it can be mostly efficiently performed if the unit is removed to an area of adequate space where an overhead crane, hydraulic lift, bearing pullers, impact tools, etc., are accessible. ‘The dimensions and tolerances specified in this publication are those desirable for the most efficient operations of the equipment. When components become worn or when new parts are introduced into a worn unit, it may not be possible or economically feasible to re-establish such strict alignment and correct all dimensional deviations. Improvements in design, engineering, materials production methods, etc., ‘may necessitate changes in these products and result in inconsistencies between the contents of this publication and the physical equipment. We reserve the right to make changes without incurring any liability or obligation beyond that stipulated in the Purchase Contract. ‘THE PICTURES, PHOTOGRAPHS, CHARTS, DIAGRAMS, DRAWINGS, VERBAL CONTENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS CONTAINED HEREIN ARE NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS GIVING RISE TO ANY WARRANTY ON THE PART OF NATIONAL-OILWELL. NATIONAL-OILWELL MAKES NO WARRANTYM EITHER EXPRESSES OR IMPLIED, BEYOND THAT STIPULATED IN THE PURCHASE CONTRACT. Aer fy EXERCISE SAFETY IN ALL PERFORMANCES, DO NOT IGNORE ANY CAUTIONS, USE ONLY APPROVED METHODS, MATERIALS AND TOOLS. Do NOT PERMIT ANY FUNCTION OF QUESTIONABLE SAFETY BECAUSE ACCIDENTS ARE CAUSED BY UNSAFE ACTS AND UNSAFE CONDITIONS. SAFETY IS YOUR BUSINESS AND YOU ARE INVOLVED! Accaction A Before performing any service function, be certain that the unit is separated from its power source of that the power source is locked-out to prevent any form of energy from entering the equipment. This would include electrical or mechanical energy into or from the prime mover(s), pneumatic energy from the compressor/air system, etc. The traveling equipment should be suspended from the hang line and the mechanical brake released to ensure there is no load one the drum that may cause unintended rotation, The sub-assemblies of this unit represent massive weights and must also be suspended before being released from their operating positions. Axwaaninc A FAILURE TO OBSERVE THE WARNINGS AND NOTES OF CAUTION IN THIS PUBLICATION ‘CAN RESULT IN PROPERTY DAMAGE, SERIOUS BODILY INJURY OR DEATH.TTT a_ NATIONAL-OILWELL INTRODUCTION This manual is published as a guide for the disassembly and re-assembly of your unit, The recommendations made here, for the performance of normal servicing, are based on many years of experience in the manufacturing, maintenance and servicing of this equipment; however, unusual or extreme circumstances may arise and these must be referred to the manufacture’s technical services department. Improvements in design, engineering, materials, production methods, etc., may necessitate changes in this product and result in inconsistencies between the contents of this publication and physical equipment. We reserve the right 10 make these changes without incurring any obligation for equipment previously or subsequently delivered. ‘The manufacturer will, upon request and contract; provide trained, experienced personnel to assist you in the maintenance and servicing of this machinery. Acwarninc A ‘The materials used in construction of National-Oilwell mud pumps are suitable for use in sour gas (Hydrogen Sulfide) environments ONLY if the drilling fluid environment is controlled as specified in the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) Standard MR-01-75, 1984 Revision, Paragraph 11.2 and particularly sub-paragraph 11.2.2 which provides: "11.2.2 - The drilling environment is controlled by main of drilling fluid hydrostatic head and fluid density to minimize formation fluid in-flow and by the use of one or more of the following: 1) Maintenance of pH 10 or higher to neutralize HS in the drilled formation, 2) Use of chemical sulfide scavengers, and 3) Use of a Grilling fluid in which oil is the continuous phase”. Failure to control the drilling fluid environment as specified above can result in sulfide stress cracking of certain components. Such cracking may result in subsequent failures causing serious personal injury and/or property damage.es = NATIONAL-OLLWELL TABLE OF CONTENTS DESCRIPTION PAGE Introduction Brief Description... 0... cece cece cece cee eect eee ners 1 Standard Composite Details... 2.06.6. cece cece eee eee e eens 2 Technical Information ........ 222-22 ceeeee tees eee e teres 316 Fluid End - Fluid Chambers... 22.0000 c cee e cece cece eens 17-20 Pistons and Liners .. 2... - 22. cece cece cece cece eee e eens 21-25 iValve Service yee eee 26-29 Power End 0002s eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ees 30-32 Diaphragm Assembly 0.000000 00 eee cece eee eee 33:36 Pinion Shaft Assembly... 0.0.00 00 cece ence eee e eee e eens 37-41 Crankshaft Assembly 2.0.0... e cece cece eee e scene eee ees 42-48 Jackshaft Assembly... 2.6222 e cece cece cece sees tere cece 49-52 Crossheads 2... eee eee eee eee e cece eee e eee e eee 53-60 Connecting Rods... see eee eee eee cess eee cece eee e es 61-64 Lubrication 65-66 Internal Lubrication Assembly... 6... ee eee eee e eee eee 67-68 External Lubrication Assembly ©... 0.000000 cece cere ee 0-71 Liner Flushing System. 0... 0000 eee ceeeeeeee eee e eens RB Strainer Maintenance... 0.00. eee e ee eee cece eee e eee eeeeeee 4 Appendix. . Viscosity Equivalents Chart CMA ANATIONAL-OILWELL Important Features ‘Horizontally design ‘Ply enclosed fabricated sel power frame ‘Double extended pinion sha ‘Roller bearing throughout ‘ecrosshed guides. Shim adjustable and replaceable spresue-Cassadeubrcaion separate iniviually replaceable Oui ylinders ‘Separate bolt-on aston and discharge manifolds BRIEF DESCRIPTION. Designed for heavy duty service, this pump is a 9 inch stroke, horizontal, single acting triplex pump with a maximum rated horsepower of 850 at 160 rpm. Weight is 34,669 Ibs. ‘The use of modem high strength steels and latest techniques in fabrication, plus long experienced in pump design, manufacture and assembly have resulted in a product unexcelled in the industry. ‘The extreme volume-pressure capabilities of this pump are developed in an all-welded steel power frame. Double row spherical self-aligning roller bearings, support both crankshaft and pinion shaft with straight roller bearings employed in the ‘connecting rods at crank and crosshead ends. Crossheads are cast ductile iron, operating in renewable shim adjustable guides. ‘The connecting rods are two-piece design which permits separate installation of connecting rods into pump and in-frame assembly of connecting rods to crankshaft. ‘The dual lubrication system is designed to provide constant trouble free operation. The cascade oiling system will temporarily provide lubrication even inthe event of oil pump failure. An independently driven oil pump is recommended and is required should the pump be operated under 50 rpm. ‘The three fully interchangeable and individually replaceable "L* shaped fluid cylinders afford easy maintenance. For time saving and convenience, the piston rods are threaded two-piece construction, which quickly disassemble to facilitate removal of pistons without disturbing the liner. Valves and valve seats are removed and replaced through individual valve covers. ‘This pump incorporates all features contributing to low cost, trouble-free maintenance. A TTNATIONAL-OILWELL STANDARD COMPOSITE DETAILS Variations in requirements may demand relocation or the omission of certain components on a specific pump, therefore, please inspect your unit and become familiar with its equipment and details. (1) Magnetic Oil Filter (9) Cradle Drain * (2) Cartridge Type Oil Filter (10) Flushing Fluid Sump Drain @) — Crankcase Oil Level Dipstick (11) Heat Exchanger * (4) Piston Rod Back-up Tool (12) Motor Driven Flushing Pump () _ Crankcase Oil Drain* (13) Fluid Chamber No. 1 (Left Hand Side) © Electrically Driven Lube Oil Pump (14) Fluid Chamber No. 2 (Center) Oil Pressure Gauge (15) Fluid Chamber No. 3 (Right Hand Side) M (8) Sludge Drain* “Not illustrated.Tet = NATIONAL-OILWELL TECHNICAL INFORMATION NATIONAL-OILWELL A850-PT SINGLE ACTING TRIPLEX PUMP The following details are presented to permit identification of the valve service pistons and piston rods under industry standards, as a guide to the proper setting or clearance of rotating and reciprocating parts and includes parts and includes data pertinent to the unit or its function. ROTATING AND RECIPROCATING PARTS Pinion Shaft Bearings: Type... . . «Spherical Clearance . Non-adjustable Lateral Clearance of Shaft . . * "050" to .060" End Play Crankshaft Bearings: Type .... Clearance . Lateral Clearance of Shaft’. - - Spherical ‘Non-adjustable .050" to .060" End Play Jack Shaft Bearings: ao . Spherical : ‘Non-adjustable .010" to .015" End Play Lateral Clearance of Shaft. - Connecting Rod (Crank Pin) Bearis : Straight Roller + Non-adjustable ‘Type Clearance - Crosshead Pin in Crosshead Clearance - Bearing or Bushing to Crosshead sees... Straight Roller 0,000" to Minus 0.003" Non-adjustable Crosshead: Clearance - Crosshead to Crosshead Guide . . . 015" to .025"wt _a_—-,/ . NATIONAL-OILWELL HNICAI IN. Continued... NATIONAL-OILWELL A850-PT SINGLE ACTING TRIPLEX PUMP VALVE SERVICE Size... . . API No. 7 Accessibility . . «Individual Covers. Screw Type PISTONS Designation . API SA-4 Function . + Single Acting Material* . Regular or Oil Resistant PISTON RODS Designation +... APISA4 Function . +. Single Acting Material ‘Cadmium Plated ‘CYLINDER LINERS Material Super DI-HARD MISCELLANEOUS Tools: Valve Seat Puller . Hydraulic** ‘Tool for Piston Installation & Removal ....... . Furnished with Pump Tool for Piston Rod Nuts ....... ++ . ++ Spline Wrench or Socket Tool for Body Fitted Bolts on Power Frame . ‘Wrench for 2-3/4" Nut Mechanics Tools (Sockets, Box End Wrenches, etc.) .. Max. 1-3/4" Nuts *Consult manufacturer for recommendation. **May be purchased separately from pump manufacturer. SRes = NATIONAL-OILWELL A850-PT SINGLE ACTING TRIPLEX PUMP TE Pump Size (Maximum Piston Dia. x Stroke ......-. ++ inches | 7-3/4 x9 Standard Piston Sizes 2.2... eee eee eee eee eee i 510 7-3/4 Rated Brake Input Horsepower . . 850 at 160 rpm Gear Ratio free 4.4821 Rated Working Pressure Fluid Chamber: Discharge bees 5000 Suction . 250 Hydrostatic Test Pressure: Discharge 10,000 Suction . pecaneanccas 500 Fluid Suction Connection (ANSI 150# Flange) 8 Fluid Discharge Connections - API 5000# R.T.J. Flanges both sides (4 in, API 5000# R.T.J. Flange center only)... .. - « inches 5 Crank case Oil Capacity 6... eee eee eee eee eee gallons 85 Pinion Shaft Extension: Diameter x Length... 2.2.2.0... 0005 8.000 x 13-1/2 Keyway Width x Depth : 2x 3/4 ‘Weight with Standard Equipment and Skids. . 34,669 DIMENSIONS Overall Length (Pump and Base)... 2.2.0... eee eee e ee ee 13° 0-1/4" Overall Width (Over Pinion Shaft)... 22... ...220200 0005 T 1-44" Overall Height... 0.0... e eee eee eee 6 7-3/4"es — NATIONAL-OILWELL A850-PT SINGLE ACTING TRIPLEX PUMP PERFORMANCE DATA English Units c DISPLACEMENT ristox | Maximum | GALLONS SIZE ‘PRESSURE ER Gallons per Minute at Pump Speeds (pn of: INCHES a a @ 0 100 0 140 160 5 3565 be. 186 230 275 sa 361 sn 2346 161 m 2 333 389 6 ‘ 2416 198 264 330 397, 463 3 62 2110 3.88 23 310 388 465 543 a 1 1819 450 270 360 450 S40 30 70 aan 1534 5.16 310 43 516 620 23 26 7314 1484 55 331 a 551 662 ™ 882 a 424 330 636 12 850 269 358 8 538 or 117 Metric Units DISPLACEMENT Liters pec Minute at Pump Speeds (rpm) of:* a 0 100 no | | 127 250.68 a7 so | or | im ror [sais | 1399 40 2012 1082 2 | eo | tose | toon | tema | toe 182 174.08 129 79 | 999 |e | 10s | rss | 2002 165 48.35 1409 aso | urs [1 | rr60_ | 205s | 2351 178 127.89 1703 wa [0 | rm | 204 | 2s | ons 11 1137 1933 ne |__| ss |e _|2m7_| ar 197 108.34 2086 w2s3_[ 1669 | 2086 | 2505 | 2922_| 3339 aa | 530 ee ee asa_| 48 ated ears |res = NATIONAL-OILWELL A850-PT SINGLE ACTING TRIPLEX PUMP PERFORMANCE DATA ‘THE PERFORMANCE DATA IN THIS PUBLICATION IS BASED, IN PART, ‘ON THE FOLLOWING VALUES AND EQUATIONS BRAKE HORSEPOWER = gpm x psi 1714 x 90% Mech. Eff. BARRELS PER DAY = gpm x 34.3 BARRELS PER DAY = Gal. per Rev. x rpm x 34.3 1 in (inch) = 24.5 mm (millimeters) (exactly) 1 sq in (square inch) = 6,451 6 sq cm (square centimeters) (exactly) 1 eu in (cubic inch) = 0.016 386 6 (liters) (approximately) 1 Tb (pound) - 0.453 592 37 keg (kilograms) (exactly) ‘Area of Piston x (Length of Stroke x Number of Pistons) 231 GAL. PER MIN. = _bpd_ 34.3 GAL. PER MIN. = Gal. per Rev. x rpm 1 USgal (U.S. gallon) = 231 cu in (cubic inches) (exactly) 1 Usgal (U.S. gallon) = 3.785 31 (liters) (approximately) 1 bbl (barrel - petroleum measure) = 42 USgal (U.S. gallons) (exactly) Sica ASR LO RR RTM_s « NATIONAL-OILWELL INSTALLATION ‘The installation of your pump, if carefully planned and adequately performed, is the first most important step in providing for long, trouble free service from the pump as well as the associated equipment. Review the specifications and performance data on the preceding pages and be sure that the flow system pressures and that it provides a safe pressure relief in the event of flow interruption as well as immediate shut-down should line failure occur. Safe guards for all reciprocating and rotating elements should be mandatory at the time of installation, Hand rails, supports, tie-down, shields, deck plating, ctc,, must be considered in your program. Make it a safe installation. owing are considered bi Mt A. GENERAL: 1. The skid or foundation must be level. Angular installation and operation may be detrimental to the lubrication of the equipment and my impose high stresses causing equipment failure. 2. The skid or foundation must be sufficient strength to prevent flexing of the equipment. 3. The skid or foundation must be of sufficient size and design to maintain the equipment free of strain. 4. The equipment must be adequately secured to the skid or the foundation. High strength bolts or capscrews with locking devices are generally employed. 5. Consideration should be given to the location of the equipment with its proximity to the associated equipment, fluid supply, fuel supply, environmental contamination, etc. 6. Avoid environmental contamination by providing for the proper disposition of drainage from the crankcase, gear case, chain case, sludge sump and any other lubrication reservoirs as well a from the flushing media reservoir, the flushing media sump, the pump cradle, the suction line and the discharge line. ELTes == NAT ONAL-OL WELL INSTALLATION ‘Continued... ! Attention ! Counter clockwise rotation (rotation reverse to that indicated) WILL BE DETRIMENTAL TO THE UNIT! GEAR OR PUMP (DRIVEN) PRIME MOVER (DRIVER) Figure No. 2 - ALIGNMENT ‘With the pump and prime mover on the skid or foundation, use a srnghtedge or chalk Line to determine the relative postion of these two componeas. When clove signmeat is achieved, install the bet or chain ‘nd adjust for proper tesion then reposition the prime mover to obtain fll murface contact between the srightedge of chalk line and the sheaves or sprockets a pots (A), (B), (C) and (D)- Retain thin Alignment and r-adjust the bes o chain for tension. Secure the components 'o their movatng. B. ALIGNMENT: 1. It is most important that the pump be accurately aligned with the prime mover. Figure No. 2 will guide you in the alignment of the V-belt or chain drives are provided. 2. If flexible couplings are used, follow alignment recommended by the coupling manufacturer. 3. When alignment is achieved it should be reinforced by shear blocks or dowel pins.ies §==NATIONAL-OILWELL INSTALLATION Continued. C. PUMP SUCTION: 1. Single acting pumps require a flooded or charged suction for proper performance. A net positive suction pressure, as provided by an adequate centrifugal charging pump, will aid in the filling if the fluid cylinders and reduce the erratic operation caused by cavitation. Generally, the charging pump should have a capacity equal to 1-1/2 times that of the triplex pump. 2. The suction flow should be streamlined through gradual turns with friction not greater than those caused by 45 deg. long radius elbows. Do not install any bend directly adjacent to the pump intake, 3. The suction line must not be smaller than the pump suction, preferably the line should be at least one pipe size larger. The line should be as short as possible and the fluid velocity should not exceed 3 feet/second. In the pumping of solids it may be necessary to exceed this velocity to prevent the product from settling out of the carrier fluid. In this service, maintain the lowest possible pump speed to provide for maximum pump performance. 4. A suction stabilizer is recommended - installed as close as possible to the pump suction. 5. Install a full-opening gate valve or butterfly valve at the supply tank to permit the suction line to be closed and drained when necessary. Do not use a valve with any flow restriction. 6. Install a drain valve at the lowest point in the suction system. 7, Install a pressure gauge at the pump suction. 8. Install low suction pressure alarm system. 9, Install a thermometer well at the pump suction. 2S 10Cnt = NATIONAL-OILWELL INSTALLATION Continued... . PUMP SUCTION Continued... 10. Do not introduce meters or any restricting device into the suction line. 11, It is not recommended, but if it should be necessary to manifold a number of pumps to a common suction, the suction pipe from the supply tank and the manifold must have a cross sectional area equal to or greater than the total cross-sectional areas of all the pump sections connected to the manifold. 12, Support the suction line at the pump and at the supply tank to remove any imposed stresses or strains. Additional supports, dependent upon the length and configuration of the suction line, may be necessary to reduce fatigue and vibration. D. PUMP DISCHARGE: 1. The discharge line must not be smaller than the discharge at the pump. 2. ‘The discharge from the pump should be streamlined through gradual turns with friction not greater than those caused by 45 deg. long radius elbows. Do not install any bend directly adjacent to the pump discharge. 3. Install a discharge pulsation dampener as close to the pump as possible. 4. Any valves in the discharge line must be full-opening type. 5. Install a pressure relief valve ahead of any valve in the discharge line. It must be set at a pressure not greater than 25% above the rated working pressure of the pistons or plungers being used. The discharge from the relief valve should be directed through a securely positioned line back to the supply tank (not to the pump suction). AAA IS uwems §==NATIONAL-OILWELL INSTALLATION Continued... D. PUMP DISCHARGE Continued... 6. Install a by-pass line to permit the unit to be operated without load. This permits servicing of the equipment and circulation of lubrication prior to loading the pump. Install a pressure gauge at the pump discharge. Install a high-low pressure alarm system. This may be supplemented with a time delay shut-down, 12es = NATIONAL-OILWELL PREPARING FOR OPERATION Certain preparations are necessary before the pump can be placed in operation. It is suggested that ali check points in the MAINTENANCE, section of this publication be observed and executed prior to releasing the pump for service. ‘The Following is a Guide for General Preparation: A. GENERAL: Inspect the unit for any damage or defects. 2. Check sheaves/sprockets/couplings for proper alignment. 3. Check belts or chains for proper tension, 4, Check fuel, water, suction, discharge and drainage piping. 5. Check safety guards for maximum protection. 6. Check safety devices for malfunction. B. FLUID END: 1. The fluid end is normally shipped complete with the valves and seats installed. The liners and pistons will, if delayed start-up is indicated, be shipped unassembled. 2. Remove valve covers - inspect the valve service and the interior of the fluid end for defects or foreign materials. C. POWER END: ! ATTENTION ! 1. CHECK ROTATION. THE PUMP IS DESIGNED FOR CLOCKWISE ROTATION OF THE CRANKSHAFT WHEN VIEWED FROM THE RIGHT HAND SIDE. RIGHT OR LEFT HAND SIDE IS DETERMINED BY STANDING AT THE POWER END AND LOOKING TOWARD THE FLUID END. REVERSE ROTATION MAY BE DETRIMENTAL TO THE UNIT (CHECK WITH MANUPACTURER IF REVERSE ROTATION IS NECESSARY. 13es =8=NATIONAL-OILWELL PREPARING FOR OPERATION Continued... C. POWER END Continued... 2, Remove inspection doors and covers - check the interior of the pump for dirt, rust, water and foreign objects, particularly if the pump has been in storage. If necessary, clean and wash ‘out the power end with a non-toxic, non-explosive solvent. a. Replace the inspection doors and covers. b. Check and be sure the drains are closed. 3, Fill the crankcase with correct amount of the proper lubricant as indicated in the LUBRICATION section of this manual. a, The filling may be accomplished by removing the breather on top of the crankcase and introducing the lubricant at this point. b. Replace the breather. 4, Fill the flushing system with the correct quantity of the proper fluid as indicated in the LUBRICATION section of this manual, a. The filling is accomplished by introducing the fluid to the cradle section of the pump where it will gravitate to the flushing system sump. 14tV—_____ ac NATIONAL-OILWELL PLACING IN OPERATION If the unit has been prepared for operation as outlined in the foregoing, proceed to place the unit in service. ‘The Following is a Guide for Initial Start-up: 1. If the pump is equipped with an externally driven lubricating oil system, energize the system five minutes in advance of start-up. 2, If the pump is equipped with an internal lubricating system or has a combination splash/cascade oiling system, remove the inspection doors and covers from the power end, introduce a copious quantity of the lubricating media into the bearing reservoirs, crosshead-ways, crank pin bearing troughs, etc. Replace the doors and covers. 3. Check the temperature of the lubricant in the crankcase. This must be within the limits specified in the LUBRICANT TABLE which appears subsequently in this publication. If the lubricant is below the minimum specified degree it can possibly be increased in temperature by circulating it through the lubrication system. If this action does not bring the temperature up to the minimum level, introduce hot water into the heat exchanger or use emersion type heaters. If the lubricant is above the maximum specified degree it is possible to decreased lubricant temperature by allowing cool/cold water to circulate through the heat exchanger until the temperature is within the operating range. ! ATTENTION ! DO NOT PLACE THE PUMP IN OPERATION OR MAINTAIN IT IN OPERATION WHEN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE LUBRICANT IS ABOVE OR BELOW THE LIMITS STATED IN THE LUBRICANT TABLE APPERARING IN THIS PUBLICATION. 4. Ifthe pump is equipped with a flushing system, energize the flushing system.HI 2 es = NATIONAL-OILWELL 10. PLACING IN OPERATION Continued... Rotate the pump one full revolution by hand to be certain all moving parts are free and can move unrestricted. Open by-pass valve. Open valve at suction tank. Apply power slowly, check direction of rotation and control at low 1pm to prime the pump fluid chambers. Open the valve in the discharge line, increase power, close by-pass valve and observe the following: Borvrre me pos Check lubricant pump to be certain of flow in the lubrication system. Check flushing system for proper distribution. Check for fluid leaks at “tell-tale” holes in fluid cylinders, Check for fluid leaks at “tell-tale” holes in valve pots. Check for lubricant leaks at diaphragm. Check for suction pressure. Check for discharge pressure. Check lubricant pressure. Check suction stabilizer for proper operational level. Check discharge pulsation dampener for charge pressure. Check for lubricant leaks in external piping. Check for fluid leaks in suction and discharge piping. Check all external bolting for proper torquing. If operations are below 50 rpm consult manufacturer for lubrication instructions. * *NOTE: Not applicable to pumps with separately driven lubricating oil pumps which provides positive lubrication at all times. 16