INTRODUCTION

AIM - To study the relation between forgiveness and psychological well

being.
REVIEW OF LITERATURES

Rueda and Artazcoz (2009) examined gender disparities in health among aged persons by
embracing a statistical structure that addresses three dimensions of health determinants
worldwide: social and economic status, family environment and social assistance. For
this research, a sub-sample of people aged 65–85 years without paying jobs was chosen
(1,113 men and 1,484 women). The health outcomes examined were self-perceived
health status, poor mental health status and long-standing limiting illness. The health
status amongst elderly women was observed to be much worse than among men for the
three outcomes examined. The findings highlighted the importance of using a holistic
approach for the study of inequalities in health among elderly people, taking into account
socio-economic status, family characteristics and social support, in order to best
appreciate the social determinants of the state of health among elder men and women.

Yu (2018) evaluated how gender discrimination has a worldwide effect on mental health.
Women are about twice as likely to suffer from mental disorders as men are. This gender
disparity in depressive disorders can be related to socio-economic inequalities and living
conditions across countries. The research examined the correlation between the ratio of
female to male depressive conditions, the gross domestic product, the GINI index, and
the gender inequality index for 122 countries. Research yielded that there is a strong link
between gender inequality and gender disparities in mental wellbeing and that the latter is
often correlated with a nation's wealth. These results will help educate public, decision
makers and practitioners about how to improve optimal health at a global level.
Vigod and Rochon (2020) studied the correlation between gender discrimination and
depression symptom scores among women. The researchers focused more on how subtle
forms of perceived gender discrimination that are witnessed in everyday lives can also
negatively impact a woman’s sense of well-being and success, in a way that is often
unrecognized by women themselves. The investigators conducted a secondary analysis
focused on a measure of gender discrimination that would include overt acts of gender
discrimination such as less pay for similar jobs, under representation in leadership
positions, caregiving burden and intimate partner violence, but also encompass the
experience of a woman with respect to gender discrimination in her everyday life.
Perceived gender discrimination was assessed by the following question: “Would you say
that in the past 12 months, someone treated you unfairly because of your gender?”.
Women were asked this question on three occasions, in mid-pregnancy, and 7 and 11
years after delivery. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to
measure depressive symptoms at each time-point. The study findings were striking. More
than 1 in 10 women - who were all pregnant or parenting young children at the time -
responded yes to experiencing perceived gender discrimination. Woman who answered
“yes” to the gender discrimination question had higher depression scores. This finding
was robust to all adjustments for confounders that could otherwise increase risk for
depression such as poverty, level of social support, and gender role inequality. This
strongly suggests that perceived gender discrimination is an important factor in a
woman's mental health.
Yu, S. (2018). Uncovering the hidden impacts of inequality on mental health: a global

study. Translational Psychiatry, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0148-0

Rueda, S., & Artazcoz, L. (2009). Gender inequality in health among elderly people in a

combined framework of socioeconomic position, family characteristics and social

support. Ageing and Society, 29(4), 625–647.

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08008349
‌