1. What is the passage mainly about?

a. Plants that contribute to the soil formation process

b. the different types of soil that result from parent materials
c. weathering processes that lead to soil formation
d. the fragmentation of large rocks
2. The phrase “more recent”; in line 3 is closest in meaning to?
 a. Newer
b. Harder
c. Rarer
d. Lighter
3. The author mentions “lava flows” (line 4) as an example of
a. a primary agent of weathering
b. a source for parent material
c. the effect of temperature changes
d. a force that can fragment parent material
4. According to the first paragraph, what is the role of weathering in the
formation of soil?
a. Weathering causes buried rock to become exposed
b. Weathering causes the breaking up of the solid parent material
c. Weathering separates the parent material into layers
d. Weathering strengthens the effect of temperature changes and friction
5. According to the second paragraph, why does heating cause a rock to break
apart?
a. Some parts of a rock expand more quickly than others
b. A rock expands very rapidly when heated
c. A rock cannot absorb significant amounts of heat
d. When a rock is heated, water seeps into the cracks in the rock
6. What happens when water in the cracks of rocks repeatedly thaws and
freezes?
a. The rocks expand in size
b. The rocks are able to support the growth of plants
c. The rocks fragment into pieces
d. The force of the expanding water holds the rock together
7. The author mentions “roots of plants” (line 17) in order to
a. Provide examples of how plants begin to grow and develop
b. Show how important soil formation is to plat growth
c. Illustrate one way that rocks are broken apart
d. Point out the kinds of plants that grow in the cracks of rocks
8. The word “deposited” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
a. Combined
b. Left
c. Split
 d. Increased
9. The phrase ”consists of” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
a. Gets rid of
b. Is similar to
c. Requires
d. Is composed of
10. The third paragraph mentions all of the following as effects of wind and
moving water except
a. The formation of glaciers
b. The exposure of new surfaces to weathering
c. The smoothing of pebbles
d. The physical breakdown of rock
11. What is the passage mainly about?
a. Effects of climate change on crops
b. The interpretation of historical records
c. Sources of information on climate and weather
d. The relationship between climate and pollen
12. According to the first paragraph, what is true of instrument records of
weather and climate?
 a. They are dependable only in temperate climates
b. They are not very accurate
c. They have become widely available in fairly recent times
d. They are not influenced by human interpretation
13. he word “they” in line 6 refers to
a. Times and places
b. Various indicators
c. Variations in climate
d. Weather instruments
14. The word “scrutiny” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
a. Examination
b. Excavation
c. Movement
d. Preservation
15. The phrase “a wealth” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
a. A repetition
b. A division
c. An abundance
d. An indication
16. According to the third paragraph, the climatic information found in historical
documents can be unreliable because it many
a. Contain only direct evidence
b. Reflect circumstances other than the weather
c. Be too old to be useful
d. Not be related to the area under study
17. The phrase “bear in mind” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
a. Worry
b. Remember
c. Argue
d. Agree
18. The word “corroborative” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
a. Collected
b. Supporting
c. Informal
d. Established
19. All of the following are mentioned in the third paragraph as factors that affect
harvest dates EXCEPT
a. The variety of grain grow in an area
b. Changing market decisions
c. Human decisions
d. Weather conditions during the growing season
20. According to the fourth paragraph, deposited pollen can be a useful indicator
of climate when the pollen is
a. Separated from the sediments with which it is mixed
b. Used to fertilize seeds
c. Carried great distances by the wind
d. Associated with local vegetation
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
a. Various methods of resist dyeing fabrics
b. A technique for producing patterns on fabrics
c. Fabric patterns used throughout the world
d. The story of fabric design in south America
22. The word “immersed” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
a. Submerged
b. Collected
c. Displayed
d. Prepared
23. The word “these” in line 4 refers to
 a. Colors
b. Techniques
c. Designs
d. Parts of the fabric
24. The word “intricate” in line 6 is closest in meaning to
a. Complex
b. Abstract
c. Natural
d. Attractive
25. According to the first paragraph, the tie-and-dye method of resist dyeing
involves which of the following processes?
a. Using a variety of dyes to color the fabric
b. Dyeing parts of the fabric at different times
c. Repeating the same design on different types of fabric
d. Preventing dye from reaching some parts of the fabric
26. According to the first paragraph, the designs created by the tie-and-dye
method are
a. Never exactly like each other
b. Usually in shades of the same color
c. Hardly ever brightly colored
d. Mostly the same pattern repeated
27. According to the second paragraph, the tie-and-dye fabric found at Paracus in
Peru has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
a. Fringes
b. Spots of several colors
c. Sleeves
d. Woolen yarn
28. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that tying fabric over the
rounded ends of sticks before dyeing it had which of the following effects?
a. It prevented the fabric from becoming spotted
b. It produced a design of spots in the fabric
c. It created a mixture
d. It made patchwork fabric easier to sew into a garment
29. According to the second paragraph, the tie-and-dye fabrics of the Pre-
Columbians of the Americas were characterized by which of the following?
a. Patchworks of woven cotton
 b. An all-over pattern of spots
c. Monochrome square designs
d. A unique shade of blue
30. The word “practiced” in line 28 is closest in meaning to
a. Initially discovered
b. Frequently attempted
c. Constantly evaluated
d. Routinely performed
31. The word “vulnerable” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
a. Likely to survive
b. Unable to notice
c. Responsive to risks
d. Open to harm
32. According to the first paragraph, all of the following statements are true about
normal sleep EXCEPT
a. We become unaware of dangers in our environment.
b. We avoid some of the risks that we take when awake
c. Our body temperatures are not regulated
d. Out thought processes become less reliable
33. The author’s main purpose in the first paragraph is to point out the
a. Potential hazards of sleep
b. Benefits of normal sleep
c. Ways we can control body temperature
d. Ways in which dreams affect the body
34. The phrase “complementary answers” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
answers that
a. Differ from each other only in wording
b. Fit together to provide a complete solution
c. Contradict each other
d. Are likely to be revised in the future
35. What does the author imply in the second paragraph about organizing and
storing information?
a. It has both benefit and risks for the sleeper
b. It cannot be done efficiently while we are gathering new information
c. It does not occur during sleep
d. It requires lowering our metabolic rate while we are asleep
36. The word “capacity” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
a. Ability
b. Energy
c. Resistance
d. Magnitude
37. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following is a homeostatic
function that occurs during sleep?
a. Reorganizing information
 b. Changing internal conditions
c. Conserving energy
d. Developing new behavior
38. The word “they” in line 29 refers to
a. Systems
b. Circumstances
c. Functions
d. Scientists
39. The word “restoration” in line 30 is closest in meaning to
a. Relaxation
b. Renewal
c. Removal
d. Revealing
40. What does the author imply about scientists’ current knowledge of
sleep?
a. They think that people should change their sleep habits from time to time
b. They doubt that any aspect of sleep serves both homoeostatic and
heteroplastic functions
c. They disagree about which features of sleep are homeostatic and which
are heteroplastic
d. They cannot yet make an exact measurement of the benefits of sleep
41. What aspect of ancient Mesopotamia does the passage mainly discuss?
a. Methods of cultivating crops in river valley
b. Conflict and cooperation between city-states
c. The mutual dependence of cities and villages
d. Crafts practiced by the inhabitants of urban centers
42. The first paragraph mentions all of the following as advantages that farming
families get by uniting into a village EXCEPT
a. Help with farm work at times of the year when such help is needed
b. Opportunity to specialize in work other than food production
c. Mutual protection against attack
d. Satisfaction of people’s social needs
43. The word “potential” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
a. Possible
 b. Desirable
c. Young
d. Interesting
44. The word “coalesced” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
a. Entered
b. Divided
c. Merged
d. Expanded
45. The author mentions “Jericho” and “Catal Huyuk” in line 13 in order to
support the claim that
a. Early cities would not have been possible without agriculture
b. Most people living in early Mesopotamian cities did not engage in farming
activities
c. Early Mesopotamian villages did not depend on cities
d. The largest ancient cities in the middle east were in Mesopotamia
46. The phrase “engaged in” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
a. Was forced to
b. Was satisfied with
c. Was limited to
d. Was occupied with
47. The phrase “its population” in line 23 refers to the population of
a. Mesopotamia
b. The agricultural land
c. The city
d. The vicinity
48. According to the third paragraph, mesopotamian cities depended on villages
in their territory for which of the following?
a. Special craft items
b. Military protection
c. Raw materials for urban crafts
d. Food for specialists
49. According to the fourth paragraph, what separated the territories of
neighboring Mesopotamian city-states?
a. Areas with independent villages that did not belong to any city-state
b. Mountain ranges and wide rivers
 c. Independent market areas where merchants from different city-states
traded goods
d. Unclaimed land not suitable for agriculture
50. The word “disputes” in line 31 is closest in meaning to
a. Attacks
b. Disagreements
c. Claims
d. Migrations