1

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
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UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION:
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER: Computer is an Electro-Mechanical device, which accepts
data as its input from its user process it by doing some kind of manipulations and produce the
output in a desired format, which can capable to store large volume of information.

HOW THE NAME “COMPUTER” WAS CAME:

The first computers were people. These electronic computers were given this name
because they performed the work that had previously been assigned to people.

“COMPUTER” was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings
(predominantly Women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to
compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, & planetary positions.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CALCULATOR AND COMPUTER

CALCULATOR COMPUTER

1. Calculator works with numeric data. 1. Computer works with alphanumeric data.

2. Cannot store information. 2. Can store information or instructions.

3. Input in the form of pressing or touching 3. Input may be in several forms, like:
punch

buttons. Cards, keyboard, joy sticks etc…….

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER:

CPU
CU ALU

Input Unit Output Unit

Memory Unit

Auxiliary Memory Unit

CPU-Central Processing Unit

CU-Control Unit
ALU-Arithmetic Logical Unit
SOFTWARE:
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A set of programs is nothing but known as software. A set of instructions is

called program. The hardware cannot function without software.

Computer software is divided into 2 categories.

1. System Software
2. Application Software

1.) System Software: It consists of programs that manage the hardware

resources of a computer and perform required information processing tasks.
This facilitates the communication between user and computer. This includes
Operating system (OS), Assembler, Compiler, Interpreter, Editors, etc….
2.) Application Software: Application programs are written for solving a
specific problem. Sales analysis, word processing, billing, etc… are examples
of application software.

HARDWARE:

The physical components of the computer are called Hardware. Those components can
be seen and touched.

Ex: Input, Output, Memory unit, CPU

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

Computer programming means giving instructions to a computer, in the language which
computer understands.

Instructions can be written in two different languages.

1. Low level language

2. High level language

1. Low level language: These are basically two types, they are

a.)Machine Language
b.)Assembly Language

a.)Machine Language: A computer is an electronic machine which can understand

any instruction given to it in a coded form. Since its memory can store only 0’s and
1’s, the instruction must be given to computer in binary code. “The program written
in binary coded form that can be directly fed into the computer for execution is
known as machine language.” Machine language contains instructions written in
very long numerical chains and it is very difficult to remember the code.
b.)Assembly Language: It is a symbolical language to reduce the programmers’
burden, developed in 1950’s. This language permits the use of alphanumeric
symbols. An assembly language program contains mnemonics because it is also
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called mnemonical language. Mnemonic means that the information can be

memorized easily and is generally in the form of abbreviations.

2. High level language: A set of languages developed which are very close to our native
languages, are called high-level languages. High level languages were designed to provide high
level control structures.

Ex:- BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL

Advantages of high level language:

1. Easy to learn and easy to understand than machine or assembly languages.

2. Takes less time to write.
3. Easy to maintain.
4. Better Documentation

Difference between Machine language & Assembly language:

1. Execution of machine language program is faster than the assembly language program,
because there is no conversion in machine language.
2. Reading and writing the assembly language programs are easy for programmers; it is
difficult in machine language.
3. Machine instructions are difficult to remember where as mnemonics are easy to
remember.
4. Introduction of data to program is easier in assembly language, while it is difficult in
machine language.

Introduction to C (or) History of C:

1. C is a programming language which was born at “AT & T’s Bell Laboratory” of USA in
1972.
AT & T-------American Telephone and Telegraph Company
2. C was written by Dennis Ritchie, thats why he is also called as father of c programming
language.
3. C language was created for a specific purpose i.e designing the UNIX operating system.
4. Many of C’s principles and ideas were derived from the earlier language B. (Ken Thompson
was the developer of B Language.)
5. BCPL and CPL are the earlier ancestors of B Language
6. CPL is common Programming Language. In 1967, BCPL Language ( Basic CPL ) was
created as a scaled down version of CPL
7. As many of the features were derived from “B” Language thats why it was named as “C”.
8. After 7-8 years C++ came into existence which was first example of object oriented
programming .
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Programming Language Development Year Developed by

ALGOL 1960 International Group

BCPL 1967 Martin Richards

B 1970 Ken Thompson

Traditional C 1972 Dennis Ritchie

K&R C 1978 Brain Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie

ANSI C 1989 ANSI Committee

ANSI/ISO C 1990 ISO Committee

Features of C (or) Importance of C:

 It is a robust language with rich set of built-in functions and operators that can be used to
write any complex program.
 The C compiler combines the capabilities of an assembly language with features of a
high-level language.
 Programs Written in C are efficient and fast. This is due to its variety of data type and
powerful operators.
 C is highly portable this means that programs once written can be run on another
machines with little or no modification.
 Another important feature of C program is its ability to extend itself.
 A C program is basically a collection of functions that are supported by C library. We
can also create our own function and add it to C library.
 C language is the most widely used language in operating systems and embedded system
development today.

ALGORITHM:
Definition:
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By describing the process step-by-step called Algorithm.

or

An Algorithm is defined as ‘a finite steps that provide a chain of actions for solving a
definite nature of problem’.

Properties of Algorithm:

Algorithm must satisfy the following properties.

1. Input

2. Output

3. Finiteness

4. Definiteness

5. Effectiveness

6. Generality

1. Input: An Algorithm can take some precise input during its execution, zero or more inputs.

2. Output: An Algorithm can give one or more outputs.

3. Finiteness: An Algorithm must terminate after a fixed number of steps. It means Algorithm
have an end.

4. Definiteness: Each step in an Algorithm must be definite i.e; it must have a meaning towards
the solution.

5. Effectiveness: All the operations used in the Algorithm can be performed exactly in a fixed
duration of time.

6. Generality: Algorithm should be complete in itself so that it can be used to solve all
problems of a given type for any input data.

Example for Algorithm:

Write an Algorithm for finding the largest number amongst the 3 numbers.

Step1: START
Step2: Read the values for a, b, c
Step3:if a>b and a>c then
Step4: Display the result as ‘a’ is biggest or largest number
Step5: otherwise, if b>c then
Step6: Display the result as ‘b’ is largest number
Step7: otherwise, display the result as ‘c’ is largest number
Step8: STOP
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FLOW CHART:
By representing the various steps in the form of a diagram called as flow chart.

or

A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequence of steps for solving a problem.

A completed flow chart enables you to organize your problem into a plan of actions.

It is constructed using different types of boxes and symbols. The operation to be

performed is written inside the box. All symbols are connected by arrows among themselves to
indicate the flow of information and processing. It is an easy way to solve the complex
designing problems. Instead of descriptive steps, we use pictorial representation for every step.

Limitations:

 Flow charts are difficult to modify redrawing.

 Translation of flow chart into computer program is always not easy.

Advantages:

 Logic of program is clearly represented.

 It is easily follow logically the flow chart

NAME SYMBOL USAGE DESCRIPTION

Start/stop. It comes
Oval (or) Egg shaped terminal
twice in a flow chart.

Making data available

for processing (or)
Parallelogram Input /Output
recording of
processed information
Any processing can
Rectangle Process be performed like add,
sub, etc…

Depends on the
Diamond Decision
condition

Joining the two parts

Circle Connector of flow chart in
different pages.
Hexagon Loop Implementation for
loops.
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Arrow Flow Join two symbols.

Ex:- Draw a flow chart for largest of three numbers.

Start

Read a, b, c

If a>b & a>c

False True

If b>c Print a
False True

Print c Print b

Stop

STRUCTURE OF A ‘C’ PROGRAM:

In general the C program contains the following Sections:

Documentation section or Comments

Header file section
Global Declaration
main() //function
{
Local Declaration part;
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Executable part;
}

User defined functions

{
Stmt 1;
Stmt 2;
.
.
.
Stmt n;
}
1. Documentation Section or Comments: Comments are not necessary in program. Comments
are used to convey a message and to increase the readability of a program. They are not
processed by the compiler. Comments are to be inserted by the programmer. These are useful
for documentation. Comments are placed in between the delimiters /* & */. The compiler does
not execute comments.

a. Single line comments

It starts with two forward slashes (i.e //) and is automatically terminated with the end –
of the line. The first line of our program is a single line comment.

//This is my first program

or

/* This is my first program*/

b. Nested comments or Multi Line Comments

/* This is

an example*/

2. Header Files: A C program depends upon some header files for function definition that are
used in the program. Each header file by default has a extension ‘.h’. The file should be included
by #include directive.

a.)stdio.h
#include<stdio.h> or #include “stdio.h”
Ex: printf (), scanf (), put (), get ()

b.)math.h
#include<math.h>
Ex: pow (), absc (), cos (), sin (), sqrt (), sqr ()

c.)conio.h
#include<conio.h>
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Ex: clrscr (), getch ()

d.)string.h
#include<string.h>
Ex: strlen (), strcmp ()

3. Global Declaration:

In this section global variables are declared before main(). These functions can be accessed by
the all used defined functions including main(). If a user defined function or a variable is not
declared in this section it will not accessed by the remaining functions.
4. Main function: Every program written in C language must contain the main() function.
Empty parentheses after main are necessary. The execution of program always begins main().

 main() - function has no arguments.

 int main() – it returns a value to the operating system.
 void main() – it doesn’t return any value.

5. Declaration Part: The declaration part declares all variables that are used in the execution
part. Initialization of variables is also done in the section. Provides initial value to the variables.
Variables are declared by using data types.

6. Executable Part: This part contains the statements following the declaration of the variables.
This part contains a set of statements or single statement. These statements enclosed between
braces.

7. User-Defined Functions: The functions defined by the user are called user-defined functions.
These functions are generally defined after the main function. This portion is not compulsory.

The general form of the header of the function is:

[return-type] function_name([argument_list])

The terms enclosed within square brackets are optional.

Programming Rules:

1. All statements should be written in lower case letters. Upper case letters are only used
for symbolic constants. Either in upper case or lower case will contain different ASCII
values. The ASCII carries 7 bits for represent each character.

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

2. Blank spaces may be inserted between the words. This improves the readability of the
statements. It is not used while declaring a variable, keyword, constant and functions.
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3. Every statement in C must be ended with semicolon (;). In the function definition must
not ended with semicolon.
4. The opening and closing braces should be balanced i.e; for ex: if opening braces four
then closing braces should also be four.
Sample program:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf(“Hello World\n”);
}
Output:
Hello World

CREATING AND RUNNING PROGRAMS: Executing a program written in C involves a

series of steps.

1. Creating the program.

2. Compiling the program.
3. Linking the program with functions that are needed from the C library.
4. Executing the program
Although these steps remain the same irrespective of the operating system.

1. Creating the Program: The program should be written in ‘C’ editor. The file name
does not necessarily include the extension ‘.c’. The default extension is ‘.c’.
2. Compiling the Program: The source program statements should be translated into the
object program, which is suitable for execution by the computer. The translation is done
after correcting each statement. If there is no error, compilation proceeds and translated
program is stored in another file with the same file name with extension ‘.obj’. If errors
are there the programmer should correct them.

A program is a set of instructions for performing a particular task. These

instructions are just like English words. The computer processes the instructions as 1’s
and 0’s. A program can be written in assembly language as well as high level language.
This written program is called a source program. The source program is to be converted
to the machine language, which is called an object program.

In compiling part we come across with the following.

a.)Interpreters: An Interpreter reads only one line of a source program at a time and
converts it to the object codes. The disadvantage is that it consumes more time for
converting a source program to an object program.

b.)Compilers: A Compiler reads the entire program and converts it to the object code. It
consumes little time for converting a source program to an object program.
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3. Linking the Program: Linking is also an essential process. It puts together all other
program files and functions that are required by the program.
Ex:- The user is using the pow() function, then the object code of this function should be
brought from math.h library of the system and linked to the main() program.

4. Executing the Program: After the compilation, the executable object code will be
loaded in the computer’s main memory and the program is executed.

Compile and Execute a C Program:

Let us see how to save the source code in a file, how to compile and how to run it.

 Open a text editor and type the source code (program).

 Save the file as sample.c
 Open command prompt and go to the directory where we have saved the file.
 Type cc file_name.c and press enter to compile our code.
 If there are no errors in our code, the command prompt will take you to the next line and
would generate a.out executable file.
 Now type ./a.out to execute our program.
 Finally we will get output.
$cc sample.c
$./a.out
Hello world!

System Ready

Program Code Enter Program

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Source program

Edit Source Program

Compile Source
C Compiler Program

Syntax Errors Yes

No

Object code
System Library Link with System
Library
Executable object code

Execute object
Input data
Code

Logic & data

errors
Data Error Logic Error

No Errors

Correct output

Stop

C TOKENS:
In a passage of text, individual words and punctuation marks are called Tokens.
Similarly, in a C program the smallest individual units are known as C Tokens.
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C has 6 types of tokens

C Tokens

Keywords Identifiers Special Symbols Operators

float, while main, amount [ ], { } +, -, *, /

Constants Strings
-15.5, 100 “ABC”, year

Identifiers: Identifiers are names of variables, functions and arrays. They are user-defined
names, consisting of sequence of letters & digits. Lower case letters preferred. Upper case also
permitted. ( _ ) symbol can be used as an identifier. In general ‘_’ used as a link between 2
words in long identifiers.

Variables: A variable is a data name that may be used to store a data value. A variable name
can be chosen by the programmer in a meaningful way so as to reflect its function or nature in
the program.
Valid Ex:- Average height counter_1 sum1
Invalid Ex:- 123 (area) % 25th
Rules for defining variables:

1. They must begin with a character without spaces but underscore is permitted.
2. ANSI C recognizes the maximum length of a variable up to 31 characters.
3. The variable should not be a keyword.
4. The variable names may be a combination of upper and lower characters.
5. The variable name should not start with a digit.

Keywords:

auto double int struct

break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
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const float short unsigned

continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while

C Character Set

As every language contains a set of characters used to construct words, statements etc., C
language also has a set of characters which include alphabets, digits and special symbols. C
language supports a total of 256 characters.

Every C program contains statements. These statements are constructed using words and these
words are constructed using characters from C character set. C language character set contains
the following set of characters...

1. Alphabets
2. Digits
3. Special Symbols

Alphabets

C language supports all the alphabets from english language. Lower and upper case letters
together supports 52 alphabets.

lower case letters - a to z

UPPER CASE LETTERS - A to Z

Digits

C language supports 10 digits which are used to construct numerical values in C language.

Digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Special Symbols

C language supports rich set of special symbols that include symbols to perform mathematical
operations, to check conditions, white spaces, back spaces and other special symbols.
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Special Symbols - ~ @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = { } [ ] ; : ' " / ? . > , < \ | tab newline space NULL
bell backspace vertical tab etc.,

Every character in C language has its equivalent ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) value.

Constants:

The constants in C are applicable to the values which do not change during the execution
of a program. There are several types of constants in C.

C Constants

Numeric Constants Character Constants

Integer Constants Real Constants Single character String Constants

Constants

Integer constants: An integer constant refers to a sequence of digits. There are 3 types of
integer, namely

Decimal integer

Octal integer

Hexa decimal

Decimal integer: It consist of a set of digits, 0 through 9, preceded by an optional – or +

sign.

Ex: 123 -321 0 654321 +78

Included spaces, commas, and non-digit characters are not permitted between digits.

Ex: 15 750 20,000 $1000 are illegal numbers.

Octal Integers: An Octal integer constant consists of any combination of digits from the
set 0 through 7, which leading 0.

Ex:- 037 0 0435 0551

Hexa Decimal integer: It consists of sequence of digits preceded by 0x or 0X is

considered as hexadecimal integer. They may include alphabets ‘A’ through ‘F’.

Ex:- 0x2 0X9F

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Real Constants: Integer numbers are inadequate to represent quantities that vary continuously,
such as distances, heights, temperatures, prices and so on. These quantities are represented by
numbers containing fractional parts like 17.548; such numbers are called real or floating point
constants.

Ex:- 0.0083 -0.75 435.36

These numbers are shown in decimal notation, having a whole number followed by a
decimal point and the fractional part. It is possible to omit digits before the decimal point or
digits after the decimal point.

215. .95 -.71 +.5 are valid examples.

A real number may also be expressed in exponential notation

Ex:- 215.62 2.15625e2

e2 means multiply by 102.

Exponent must be integer.

7500000000 7.5E9 or 75E8

-0.000000368 -3.68E-7

Single character constants: A single character constant contains a single character enclosed
within a pair of single quote marks.

Ex:- ‘x’ ‘5’ ‘;’

Here 5 is not a number, but 5 is character constant

Ex:- 1 Write a C program for printing ASCII values for corresponding characters.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf(“%d”,’a’);
}

Output: 97

Ex:-2 Write a C program for printing characters of corresponding ASCII values.

#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
printf(“%c”,97);

}
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Output: a
String constants: A string constant is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes. The
characters may be letters, numbers, special characters and blank space.

Ex:- “Hello” “1988” “well done” “?----!” “5+3” “x”

Remember that a character constant (eg:- x) is not equivalent to the single character
string constant. Further, a single character string constant does not have an equivalent integer
value while a character constant has an integer value.

Ex:- Write a C program for printing the string constant.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
printf(“%s”,”well done”);
}

Output: well done

Backslash Character constants (or) Escape Sequences:

C supports some special backslash character constants that are used in output functions.

Ex:- ‘\n’ – New line character

Each one of them represents one character, although they consist of two characters. The
characters combinations are known as Escape sequences.

Constant Meaning

\a Audible alert
\b back space
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\’ single quote
\” double quote
\? Question mark
\\ Back slash
\0 null

Ex:- Write a C program using escape sequence.

#include<stdio.h>
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void main()
{
printf(“welcome to C\n”);
printf(“Backslash\tConstants”);
printf(“\nThank you”);
}

Output: welcome to C
Backslash Constants
Thank you

Defining Symbolic Constants:

We often use certain unique constants in a program. These constants may appear
repeatedly in a number of places in the program. One example of such a constant is 3.142,
representing the value of the mathematical constant “pi”.

In any case if you want to change the value of pi, we have to search throughout the
program, if any value is left, the program may produce wrong result. To avoid this disadvantage
C provides to define symbolic constants.

Syntax:

#define symbolic_name value_of_constant

Ex:- #define STRENGTH 100

#define PASS_MARK 40

#define PI 3.142

#define MAX 200

Rules for Symbolic Constants:

1. Symbolic names have the same form as variable names. (symbolic names are written in
CAPITALS to visually distinguish them from the normal variable names which are
written in lower case letters.)
2. No blank space between # and define is permitted.
3. # must be the first character in the line.
4. A blank space is required between #define and symbolic name and between the symbolic
name and the constant.
5. #define statements must not end with a semicolon.

Statement validity Remarks

#define x=2.5 Invalid = sign not allowed

# define MAX 10 Invalid No white space between # & define.

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#define N 25; Invalid No semicolon at end.

#define N 5,M 10 Invalid A statement can define only one name.

#Define ARRAY 11 Invalid define should be in lower case

#define PRICE$ 100 Invalid $ symbol is not permitted in name

#define pi 3.14 valid

#define CONST 5 valid

Basic Data Types and Sizes:

C language is rich in its data types. Storage representations and machine instructions to
handle constants differ from machine to machine. The variety of date types available ANSI C
supports four classes of date types.

1. Primary data types

2. User-defined data types
3. Derived data types
4. Empty data set

1. Primary data types: Primary data types are divided into sub parts.

a. Integer data type: C offers three different integer data types they are

short int
int
long int

short int: short int represents fairly small integer values and requires half the
amount of storage as a regular int number uses. The size of the short int occupies
1 byte. If we use 8 bits length, the size of the short int value is limited to the
range -128 to +127. The control string is used for it is %d.
int: Integers are whole numbers with a range of values supported by a particular
machine. The size of the integer occupies 2 bytes. If we use 16 bits length, the
size of the integer value is limited to the range -32768 to +32767. A signed
integer uses one bit for sign and 15 bits for the magnitude of the number, control
string is %d.
long int: The storage capacity is 4 bytes, 32 bit word length can store an integer
ranging from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 the control string is used for it is
%ld.

Type Modifiers -

A type modifier alter the meaning of the base data type to yield a new type. There are four types
of modifiers in C they are
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 signed
 unsigned
 short
 long

C has 3 classes of integer storage, namely short int, int, long int, in both signed and unsigned
forms. We are already discussed about signed forms.

unsigned short int: unsigned integers use all the bits for the magnitude of the
number and are always positive. Unsigned short integer occupies 1 byte, 8 bits.
Its ranging from 0 to 255. The control string is %u.
unsigned int: Unsigned integers occupy 2 bytes and its range will be from 0 to
65,535.
unsigned long int: Unsigned long integers to increase the range of values. It
occupies 4 bytes the rage is 0 to 4,294,967,295.

b. Floating point data type: Floating point numbers are stored in 32 bits, with 6 bits of
precision. Floating point numbers are defined in C by the keyword float. The accuracy
provided by a float number is not sufficient. Its range is 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38

double: A double data type number uses 64 bits giving a precision of 14 digits.
These are known as double precision numbers.
long double: To extend the precision further, we may use long double which uses
80 bits
c. Character data type: A single character can be defined as a character (char) type
data. Characters are usually stored in 8 bits of internal storage. The qualifier signed char
(or) unsigned char.
unsigned char: unsigned char have values between 0 to 255
signed char: signed char have values from -128 to 127
Ex:- Write a C program for displaying numbers using different data types.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float x,p;
double y,q;
unsigned int k;
int m=54321;
long int n=1234567890;
x=1.234567890000;
y=9.87654321;
k=54321; Output: m=-11215
p=q=1.0; n=1234567890
printf(“m=%d\n”,m); x=1.234567880630
printf(“n=%ld\n”,n); x=1.234568
y=9.876543210000
y=9.876543
k=54321,p=1.000000,q=1.000000000000
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printf(“x=%.12lf\n”,x);
printf(“x=%f\n”,x);
printf(“y=%.12lf\n”,y);
printf(“y=%lf\n”,y);
printf(“k=%u,p=%f,q=%.12lf\n”,k,p,q); }
Size in Control
Data Type Keywords Range
bytes bits String

signed integer signed int (or)int 2 16 -32768 to +32767 %d (or) %I

short integer short int 1 8 -128 to +127 %d (or) %I

signed long -2,147,483,648

signed long int
integer (or) long 4 32 %ld
(or) long int to +2,147,483,647
integer

unsigned integer unsigned int 2 16 0 to +65535 %u

unsigned short unsigned short

1 8 0 to 255 %u
integer int (or) short int

unsigned long unsigned long int

4 32 0 to 4,294,967,295 %lu
integer (or) long int

char (or)signed
signed character 1 8 -128 to +127 %c
char

unsigned Char unsigned char 1 8 0 to 255 %c

Float float 4 32 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 %f

Double double 8 64 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 %lf

3.4E-4932 to
long double long double 10 80 %lf
3.4E+4932

1byte=8bits.

For signed values the range is -2n-1 to +2n-1-1

For unsigned values the range is 0 to +2n-1, Where n is the size of the data type in bits.

C Scopes:
• Scope of the variable is the visibility of the variable in the block.
• Visibility means accessibility (or) area of the program we can access the variable.
• There are Two types:

o Local Scope (or) block scope

o Global Scope (or) File scope (or) program scope

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Local variable: The local variables are defined within the body of the function or the block.
The variable defined is local to that function or block only. Other function cannot access these
variables. The compiler shows errors in case others functions try to access the variables.
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int b=10, c=5;
printf(“In main() b=%d c=%d”,b,c);
fun();
}
fun()
{
int b=20,c=10;
printf(“\n In fun() b=%d c=%d, b,c);
}
Global variables: Global variables are defined outside the main() function. Multiple functions
can use them.
#include<stdio.h>
int b=20,c=10;
main()
{
printf(“\n In main() b=%d c=%d”,b,c);
fun();
}
fun()
{
printf(“In fun() b=%d c=%d”,b,c);
}
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Differences between Local variable and Global variable:-

Local variable Global variable

a) The variable which are a )The variable which are declared above
declared within any function are called any function or outside are called global
local variables. variables.

b) These variables can accessed only by b) These variables can be accessed by all
the function in which they are declared. the functions in the programs.
c) Default value for local variable is c) Default value for global variable is
garbage value. zero.