ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE.

Topic-TYPES OF NATURAL
AND MANADE DISASTER
Submitted to- submitted by-
Department of Divyansha Sharma
Nutrition. Msc 2nd semester
Ms . Sonal Prasad Roll no-
WHAT IS DISASTER????
A disaster is a serious disruption, occurring over a
relatively short time, of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human, material, economic
or environmental loss and impacts, which exceeds the
ability of the affected community or society to cope using
its own resources.[1][2]
In contemporary academia, disasters are seen as the
consequence of inappropriately managed risk. These risks
are the product of a combination of both hazards and
vulnerability. Hazards that strike in areas with low
vulnerability will never become disasters, as in the case of
uninhabited regions.[3]
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a
disaster hits – more than 95 percent of all deaths caused
by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due
to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage
of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized
countries
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that
seriously disrupts the functioning of a community
or society and causes human, material, and
economic or environmental losses that exceed the
community’s or society’s ability to cope using its
own resources. Though often caused by nature,
disasters can have human origins.
TYPES OF DISASTER….
There are mainly two types of disaster , they
are-
A) NATURAL DISASTER-

B) MANMADE DISASTER-
 NATURAL DISASTER….

A natural disaster is a major adverse

event resulting from natural processes of
the Earth; examples
include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volca
nic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and
other geologic processes. A natural disaster
can cause loss of life or property damage,
[1]
 and typically leaves some economic
damage in its wake, the severity of which
depends on the affected
population's resilience, or ability to recover
and also on the infrastructure available.[2]
An adverse event will not rise to the level of
a disaster if it occurs in an area without
vulnerable population.[3][4] In a vulnerable
area, however, such as Nepal during the
2015 earthquake, an earthquake can have
disastrous consequences and leave lasting
damage, which can require years to repair.
TYPES OF NATURAL
DISASTER….

There are many types of natural disaster, they

are

1) Tornado
2) Tsunami
3) Drought
4) Cyclones
5) Volcanic eruption
6) Flood
7) Earthquake
 TORNADO
….
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and
a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. They are often referred to
as twisters, whirlwinds or cyclones,[1] although the word cyclone is used in meteorology to name a
weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which winds blow counterclockwise in
the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern.[2] Tornadoes come in many shapes and
sizes, and they are often visible in the form of a condensation funnel originating from the base of a
cumulonimbus cloud, with a cloud of rotating debris and dust beneath it. Most tornadoes have wind
speeds less than 110 miles per hour (180 km/h), are about 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few
miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of
more than 300 miles per hour (480 km/h), are more than two miles (3 km) in diameter, and stay on
the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).[3][4][5]
Various types of tornadoes include the multiple vortex tornado, landspout and waterspout.
Waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large
cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellulartornadoes that
develop over bodies of water, but there is disagreement over whether to classify them as true
tornadoes. These spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator,
and are less common at high latitudes.[6] Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include
the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, and steam devil.
Tornadoes occur in North America, particularly in the area of the United States known as tornado
alley,[7] as well as in northern and east-central South America, Southern Africa, northwestern and
southeast Europe, western and southeastern Australia, and New Zealand.[8] Tornadoes can be
detected before or as they occur through the use of Pulse-Doppler radar by recognizing patterns in
velocity and reflectivity data, such as hook echoes or debris balls, as well as through the efforts
of storm spotters.
 TSUNAMI….

A tsunami (from Japanese: 津波, "harbour wave";[1] English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/ tsoo-

NAH-mee[2]) or tidal wave, also known as a seismic sea wave, is a series of waves in a water
body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large
lake.[3] Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations
of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other
disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.[4] Unlike
normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, or tides, which are generated by the
gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water.
Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or sea waves, because their
wavelength is far longer.[5] Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead
initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as "tidal
waves", although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community as tsunamis are not
tidal in nature. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with periods ranging from
minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "internal wave train".[6] Wave heights of tens of metres
can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas,
their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004
Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least
230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.
Ancient Greek historian Thucydides suggested in his late–5th century BC History of the
Peloponnesian War, that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes,[7][8] but the
understanding of a tsunami's nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains
unknown. Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large
earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast
the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves interact
with specific shorelines.
DROUGHT….
A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region,
resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether
atmospheric, surface water or ground water. A drought can last for months
or years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days.[1] It can have a
substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected
region[2] and harm to the local economy.[3] Annual dry seasons in
the tropics significantly increase the chances of a drought developing and
subsequent bush fires. Periods of heat can significantly worsen drought
conditions by hastening evaporation of water vapour.
Many plant species, such as those in the family Cactaceae (or cacti),
have drought tolerance adaptations like reduced leaf area and waxy
cuticles to enhance their ability to tolerate drought. Some others survive dry
periods as buried seeds. Semi-permanent drought produces arid biomes
such as deserts and grasslands.[4] Prolonged droughts have caused mass
migrations and humanitarian crises. Most arid ecosystems have inherently
low productivity. The most prolonged drought ever in the world in recorded
history occurred in the Atacama Desert in Chile (400 Years).[5
CYCLONES….
In meteorology, a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center
of low atmospheric pressure.[1][2]Cyclones are characterized by
inward spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure.[3][4] The largest low-
pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale
(the synoptic scale). Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones and subtropical
cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale.[5] Mesocyclones, tornadoes and dust
devils lie within the smaller mesoscale.[6] Upper level cyclones can exist without the
presence of a surface low, and can pinch off from the base of the tropical upper
tropospheric trough during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones
have also been seen on extraterrestrial planets, such as Mars and Neptune.[7]
[8]
 Cyclogenesis describes the process of cyclone formation and intensification.
[9]
 Extratropical cyclones begin as waves in large regions of enhanced mid-latitude
temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones. These zones contract and form weather
fronts as the cyclonic circulation closes and intensifies. Later in their life cycle,
extratropical cyclones occlude as cold air masses undercut the warmer air and become
cold core systems. A cyclone's track is guided over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle
by the steering flow of the subtropical jet stream.
Weather fronts mark the boundary between two masses of air of
different temperature, humidity, and densities, and are associated with the most
prominent meteorological phenomena. Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands
of thunderstorms and severe weather, and may on occasion be preceded by squall
lines or dry lines. Such fronts form west of the circulation center and generally move
from west to east; warm fronts form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded
by stratiform precipitation and fog. Warm fronts move poleward ahead of the cyclone
path. Occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone
and often wrap around the storm center.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION….
A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and
gas compounds are some of these "ejecta".
Eruptions can come from side branches or from the top of the volcano. Some eruptions are
terrible explosions that throw out huge amounts of rock and volcanic ash and kill many people.
Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been
described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of
eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of
activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows
hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a
hotter, softer layer in its mantle.[1]Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic
plates are diverging or converging, and most are found underwater. For example, a mid-oceanic
ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas
the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also
form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and
the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of
volcanism falls under the umbrella of "plate hypothesis" volcanism.[2] Volcanism away from plate
boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called "hotspots", for example
Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary,
3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past
one another.
FLOOD….
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.[1] The European
Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by
water.[2] In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods
are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil
engineering and public health.
Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in
which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual
boundaries,[3] or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal
flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes
in precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless
they flood property or drown domestic animals.
Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel,
particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage to homes and
businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be
eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived and
worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy travel
and access to commerce and industry.
Some floods develop slowly, while others such as flash floods, can develop in just a few minutes and
without visible signs of rain. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a neighborhood or
community, or very large, affecting entire river basins.
A flood is an Dick on water on land which is usually dry.[1][2]
Sometimes a water resource (river, lake or pond) gets flushed with too much water. Unusually heavy
rain sometimes causes floods. When there is too much water, it may overflow beyond its normal
limits. This water then spreads over land, flooding it. Extreme flooding can also be caused by
a tsunami or a large storm that causes a storm surge. Floods that happen quickly are called flash
floods.
The most deadly flooding was in 1931 in China and killed between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 people.
[3]

During a flood, people try to move themselves and their most precious belongings to higher ground
quickly. The process of leaving homes in search of a safe place is called evacuation.

EARTHQUAKE….
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the
Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic
waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those
violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of
an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The
word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of
the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be
displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally
volcanic activity.
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether
natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by
rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine
blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter.
The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
An earthquake (or quakes, tremors) is the shaking of the surface of the earth, caused by 
the sudden movement in the Tectonic Plates. They can be extremely violent or cannot be felt by
anyone.
Earthquakes are usually quite brief, but may repeat. They are the result of a sudden release of
energy in the Tectonic Plates. This creates seismic waves, which are waves of energy that travel
through the Earth. The study of earthquakes is called seismology.[1]Seismology studies the
frequency, type and size of earthquakes over a period of time.
There are large earthquakes and small earthquakes. Large earthquakes can take down buildings
and cause death and injury. Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The
magnitude of an earthquake, and the intensity of shaking, is usually reported on the Richter
scale.The Richter Scale was invented by Charles Francis Richter in 1935. On the scale, 3 or less is
scarcely noticeable, and magnitude 5 (or more) causes damage over a wide area.

MANMADE DISASTER…..
The difference between natural and man-made disasters is the element of
human intent or negligence that leads to human suffering and environmental damage;
many mirror natural disasters, yet man has a direct hand in their occurrence.
These are the net result of inadequately managed man-made hazards and they typically
cost the most in terms of human suffering, loss of life and long-term damage to a
country's economy and productive capacity.
One of the most disconcerting and difficult to forget is the Deep Water Horizon (BP)
Explosion in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Not only did 11 men lose their lives, but the
ecosystem in that area was devastated. Part of the reason it is hard to get over is due to
the deception surrounding the event. Initially, the story was told that only a few
thousand barrels of oil were seeping out of the well each day, when in fact there were
tens, perhaps even hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil gushing into the waters off of
Mexico. Years later, the damage still exists and people are still suffering.
Another man-made disaster that seems to be happening more frequently is
explosions. One of the most stunningly visual ones was in Puerto Rico in 2009. It
was so intense, it even set off a natural disaster - an earthquake. The actual explosion
was caused by a large gasoline tank at the Caribbean Petroleum Corporation oil refinery
and oil depot. The smoke plume reached as high as 30,000 feet.
If you want to learn more about explosions, go here: Explosions
Another man-made disaster that should be of more concern to everyone, but doesn't get
much attention is an EMP. Fox News had an article about it in January 2014 and stated
that, "An electro-magnetic pulse attack could destroy America's defenses, leaving the
U.S. in a technology world equivalent to the 1800s. We wouldn't even be able to figure
out who attacked us.

TYPES OF MAN MADE

DISASTER…
Disasters also can be caused by humans. Hazardous materials
emergencies include chemical spills and groundwater
contamination. Workplace fires are more common and can cause
significant property damage and loss of life. Communities are
also vulnerable to threats posed by extremist groups who use
violence against both people and property.
High-risk targets include military and civilian government
facilities, international airports, large cities and high-profile
landmarks. Cyber-terrorism involves attacks against computers
and networks done to intimidate or coerce a government or its
people for political or social objectives.
There are various types of manmade disaster, they are-

1) Nuclear disaster
2) Chemical disaster
3) Radiological emergencies
4) Terrorism

Nuclear disaster…
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the
facility." Examples include lethal effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to the
environment, or reactor core melt."[4] The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in
which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactivity are released, such as in
the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.[5]

The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate since the first nuclear reactors were
constructed in 1954, and has been a key factor in public concern about nuclear facilities.[6]
Technical measures to reduce the risk of accidents or to minimize the amount of radioactivity
released to the environment have been adopted, however human error remains, and "there have
been many accidents with varying impacts as well near misses and incidents".[6][7] As of 2014,
there have been more than 100 serious nuclear accidents and incidents from the use of nuclear
power. Fifty-seven accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and about 60% of all
nuclear-related accidents have occurred in the USA.[8] Serious nuclear power plant accidents
include the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), Chernobyl disaster (1986), Three Mile
Island accident (1979), and the SL-1 accident (1961).[9] Nuclear power accidents can involve loss
of life and large monetary costs for remediation work.[10]

Nuclear-powered submarine core meltdown and other mishaps include the K-19 (1961), K-11
(1965), K-27 (1968), K-140 (1968), K-429 (1970), K-222 (1980), and K-431 (1985).[9][11][12]
Serious radiation accidents include the Kyshtym disaster, Windscale fire, radiotherapy accident
in Costa Rica,[13] radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza,[14] radiation accident in Morocco,[15] Goiania
accident,[16] radiation accident in Mexico City, radiotherapy unit accident in Thailand,[17] and the
Mayapuri radiological accident in India.[17]

Nuclear power plant accidents

The abandoned city of Prypiat, Ukraine, following the Chernobyl disaster. The Chernobyl nuclear power
plant is in the background.

See also: Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States, List of nuclear power accidents by country, and
List of nuclear and radiation fatalities by country

One of the worst nuclear accidents to date was the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986 in
Ukraine. The accident killed 31 people directly and damaged approximately $7 billion of
property. A study published in 2005 estimates that there will eventually be up to 4,000 additional
cancer deaths related to the accident among those exposed to significant radiation levels.[19]
Radioactive fallout from the accident was concentrated in areas of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia.
Other studies have estimated as many as over a million eventual cancer deaths from Chernobyl.
[20][21]
Estimates of eventual deaths from cancer are highly contested. Industry, UN and DOE
agencies claim low numbers of legally provable cancer deaths will be traceable to the disaster.
The UN, DOE and industry agencies all use the limits of the epidemiological resolvable deaths
as the cutoff below which they cannot be legally proven to come from the disaster. Independent
studies statistically calculate fatal cancers from dose and population, even though the number of
additional cancers will be below the epidemiological threshold of measurement of around 1%.
These are two very different concepts and lead to the huge variations in estimates. Both are
reasonable projections with different meanings. Approximately 350,000 people were forcibly
resettled away from these areas soon after the accident.[19]

Social scientist and energy policy expert, Benjamin K. Sovacool has reported that worldwide
there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents
that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, the
amount the US federal government uses to define major energy accidents that must be reported),
totaling US$20.5 billion in property damages.[8] Fifty-seven accidents have occurred since the
Chernobyl disaster, and almost two-thirds (56 out of 99) of all nuclear-related accidents have
occurred in the US. There have been comparatively few fatalities associated with nuclear power
plant accidents.[8]
CHEMICAL DISASTER…..

A chemical accident is the unintentional release of one or more hazardous

substances which could harm human health or the environment. Chemical
hazards are systems where chemical accidents could occur under certain
circumstances. Such events include fires, explosions, leakages or releases of toxic
or hazardous materials that can cause people illness, injury, disability or death.

While chemical accidents may occur whenever toxic materials are stored,
transported or used, the most severe accidents are industrial accidents, involving
major chemical manufacturing and storage facilities. The most significant chemical
accident in recorded history was the 1984 Bhopal disaster in India, in which more
than 3,000 people had died after a highly toxic vapour, (methyl isocyanate), was
released at a Union Carbide Pesticides factory.
Efforts to prevent accidents range from improved safety systems to fundamental
changes in chemical use and manufacture, referred to as primary prevention or
inherent safety.

In the United States, concern about chemical accidents after the Bhopal disaster led
to the passage of the 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know
Act. The EPCRA requires local emergency planning efforts throughout the
country, including emergency notifications. The law also requires companies to
make publicly available information about their storage of toxic chemicals. Based
on such information, citizens can identify the vulnerable zones in which severe
toxic releases could cause harm or death.

In 1990, the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board was established by
Congress, though the CSB did not become operational until 1998. The Board's
mission is to determine the root causes of chemical accidents and issue safety
recommendations to prevent future Safety Performance Indicators. It also
organizes workshops on a number of issues related to preparing for, preventing,
and responding to chemical accidents.[1]

In the European Union, incidents such as the Flixborough disaster and the Seveso
disaster led to legislation such as the Seveso Directive and Seveso planning and
provide for safety reports to local authorities. Many countries have organisations
that can assist with substance risk assessment and emergency planning that is
required by a wide variety of legislation, such as the National Chemical
Emergency Centre in the UK, Brandweerinformatiecentrum voor gevaarlijke
stoffen/Fire service information centre for dangerous goods in Belgium.

In the UK, the UK Chemical Reaction Hazards Forum publishes reports of

accidents on its web site.[2] These accidents were, at the time, minor in nature, but
they could have escalated into major accidents. It is hoped that publishing these
incidents will prevent "Re-inventing the Wheel". At present, (Dec 2008), there are
over 140 articles on the web site.

Status of Chemical Disaster Risk in India

India has witnessed the world’s worst chemical (industrial) disaster “Bhopal Gas
Tragedy” in the year 1984. The Bhopal Gas tragedy was most devastating chemical
accident in history, where over thousands of people died due to accidental release
of toxic gas Methyl Iso Cyanate (MIC).
Such accidents are significant in terms of injuries, pain, suffering, loss of lives,
damage to property and environment. India continued to witness a series of
chemical accidents even after Bhopal had demonstrated the vulnerability of the
country. Only in last decade, 130 significant chemical accidents reported in India,
which resulted into 259 deaths and 563 number of major injured.
There are about 1861 Major Accident Hazard (MAH) units, spread across 301
districts and 25 states & 3 Union Territories, in all zones of country. Besides, there
are thousands of registered and hazardous factories (below MAH criteria) and un-
organized sectors dealing with numerous range of hazardous material posing
serious and complex levels of disaster risks.

RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES….
• The growth in the application of nuclear science and technology in
the fields of power generation, medicine, industry, agriculture,
research and defence has led to an increase in the risk of occurrence of
Nuclear and Radiological emergencies. 

• India is also one amongst the seven declared nuclear weapon states,
which uses nuclear technology for strategic purposes. 

• The phenomenal growth in the applications of radioisotopes and

radiation technology has helped in improving the quality of life of the
human race. 
• Nuclear plants, in general, adopt a defense- in-depth approach and
multiple physical barriers to ensure that radioactivity is contained at
all times. Emergency preparedness and response plans are in place to
cope with nuclear or radiological emergency scenarios ranging from
minor incidents like a small spillage of radioactive material to a major
nuclear accident releasing large-scale radioactivity (like Chernobyl) in
the public domain. 

• However, nuclear emergencies can still arise due to factors beyond the
control of the operating agencies; e.g., human error, system failure,
sabotage, earthquake, cyclone, flood, etc

Nuclear or radiological emergency disaster scenario

Any radiation incident resulting in or having a potential to result in

exposure to and/or contamination of the workers or the public in
excess of the respective permissible limits can be termed is a nuclear/
radiological emergency. 

These emergencies can be broadly classified in the following manner:

1. An accident-taking place in any nuclear facility of the nuclear fuel

cycle.

2. A 'criticality' accident in a nuclear fuel cycle facility where an

uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction takes-place.

3. An accident during the transportation of radioactive material.

4. The Male-volent use of radioactive material as Radiological

Dispersal Device (RDD) by terrorists.

5. A large-scale nuclear disaster resulting from a nuclear weapon attack

(as had happened at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan),
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classifies the above
emergency scenarios under- two broad categories nuclear and
radiological:

• A nuclear emergency refers to an emergency situation in which there

is, or is presumed to be, a hazard due to the release of energy along with
radiation from a nuclear chain reaction.

• All other emergency situations, which have the potential hazard of

radiation exposure due to decay of radioisotopes are classified as
radiological emergencies.

Institutional mechanism for it

The Government of India has identified Department of Atomic Energy

(DAE) as the nodal agency for providing the necessary technical inputs
to the national or local.

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the nodal ministry in such

emergencies. For this purpose, a Crisis Management Group (CMG)
has been functioning since 1987 at DAE.

Crisis Management Group (CMG)

It is immediately activated and it coordinates with the local authority in

the -affected area. 

All the concerning authorities at the centre (NCMC/ NEC/NDMA)- to

ensure that the necessary technical- inputs are available to respond to the
nuclear/radiological' emergency.

Medical preparedness for nuclear emergencies 

• In each constituent unit of DAE, a few doctors have been dedicated

and given the necessary training in the medical management of radiation
emergencies. 
• All nuclear power plants and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
(BARC) are equipped with radiation monitoring instruments, have
personnel decontamination centres and the necessary stock of antidote
medicines and specific de-corporation agents for typical radioisotopes. 

Public awareness 

To educate the people about the beneficial aspects of nuclear radiation

and to remove their misgivings about it, the authorities of nuclear fuel
cycle facilities in general, and that of nuclear power stations in
particular, are actively involved in carrying out regular public awareness
programmes for people living in the vicinity of these facilities. 

Mitigation and preparation

Goals are:

• To reduce radiation-induced health effects by preventing. 

• To limit the occurrence of stochastic effects in the population. 

Domain of Action

The response actions within the site boundary of the nuclear facility -are
the responsibility of the management of the nuclear facility whereas the
implementation of the emergency response plans in the public domain
(beyond the site boundary) is the responsibility of the concerned district
authority. 

In the event of an off-site emergency having the potential for trans-

boundary effects, necessary action is taken by DAE in accordance with
the country's international obligations. 

Specialized Response Teams

Four battalions of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) are being

specially trained by NDMA with assistance from DAE/DRDO to
provide specialized response during a nuclear/radiological
emergency/disaster. 

Role of Civil Defense 

Selected civil defence personnel will be trained extensively in the

subjects of radiation, radioactivity, radiation--protection, use of
monitoring instruments, shielding, decontamination, waste disposal, etc. 

Role of Armed Forces 

The armed forces will also gear up their nuclear disaster preparedness so
that they can be inducted in the event of nuclear disasters.

Periodic Exercises and Mock Drills

It focuses on roles and responsibilities resource identification, use of

equipment, understanding the effects of radiation on human beings,
animals and the environment. 

Emergency Response Centres (ERCs) 

ERCs will be set up at all levels (i.e., state .capitals and major cities)
with the necessary manpower, instruments and equipment. Depending
upon the location and assigned functions, these ERCs will also be
maintained in a ready state to quickly respond to any nuclear/
radiological emergency. 

Radiation Detection, Monitoring Instruments and Protective Gear 

The first need is the availability of instruments for detecting and

monitoring the radiation. An inventory of radiation monitoring
instruments and protective gear will be built up by all the SDMAs and
DDMAs in consultation with DAE. 

Real Time Monitoring Systems 

A network of simple environmental monitors, the Indian
Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network (IERMON) has been
established by BARC. These monitors work on a 24 x 7 basis.

Radioactivity can be of natural or artificial origin. It originates from the

transformation of the structure of matter which emits ionising rays
(alpha, beta, gamma) that represent a major danger to man and the
environment. Depending on the strength of the ionising radiation
received, one may distinguish between serious biological damage
provoking apparent lesions (burns, organic lesions) and delayed
biological damage, the effects of which show after several years in the
guise of cancer or hereditary genetic malformations.
It is therefore important not to expose human beings and the
environment to ionising rays by preventing or limiting all unnecessary
rise in the radiation level or by reducing this to the minimum.

TERRORISM….
Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally
indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror, or fear, to achieve a
financial, political, religious or ideological aim. [1] It is used in this regard
primarily to refer to violence against peacetime targets or in war
against non-combatants.[2] The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism"
originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century[3] but
gained mainstream popularity during the U.S. Presidency of Ronald
Reagan (1981–89) after the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings[4] and again
after the attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. in September
2001[5][4][6] and on Bali in October 2002.[4]

There is no commonly accepted definition of "terrorism".[7][8] Being a

charged term, with the connotation of something "morally wrong", it is
often used, both by governments and non-state groups, to abuse or
denounce opposing groups.[9][10][4][11][8] Broad categories of political
organisations have been claimed to have been involved in terrorism to
further their objectives, including right-wing and left-wing political
organisations, nationalist groups, religious groups, revolutionaries and
ruling governments.[12] Terrorism-related legislation has been adopted
in various states, regarding "terrorism" as a crime.[13][14] There is no
universal agreement as to whether or not "terrorism", in some
definition, should be regarded as a war crime.[14][15]

According to the Global Terrorism Database by the University of

Maryland, College Park, more than 61,000 incidents of non-state
terrorism, resulting in at least 140,000 deaths, have been recorded
from 2000 to 2014.[1

There are over 109 different definitions of terrorism.[22] U.S. American

political philosopher Michael Walzer in 2002 wrote: "Terrorism is the
deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, to spread fear through a
whole population and force the hand of its political leaders".[8] This
meaning can be traced back to Sergey Nechayev, who described himself
as a "terrorist".[23] Nechayev founded the Russian terrorist group
"People's Retribution" (Народная расправа) in 1869.[24]

In November 2004, a Secretary-General of the United Nations report

described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily
harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a
population or compelling a government or an international organization
to do or abstain from doing any act".[25] Alternatively, responding to
developments in modern warfare, Paul James and Jonathan Friedman
distinguish between state terrorism against non-combatants and state
terrorism against combatants, including 'Shock and Awe' tactics.

CONCLUSION…
It was essential that we look at disaster also management from the
development angle. It is no longer either a one-off or stand-alone
activity.Despite the fact that disaster preparedness has not been
identified as one of the MDGs, it is apparent that proper mechanisms for
disaster awareness and means of disaster recovery are essential to
achieving the MDGs. In particular, the MDG targets such as integrating
the principles of sustainable development into country policies and
programmes, and reversing the loss of environmental resources can
never be achieved without giving due emphasis to effective disaster
management strategies.

The key priorities for the future, as illustrated by the UN/ISDR report
‘Living with Risk’(2004), can be extremely useful to help understand the
prospects of ICT in disaster risk reduction.

First, as the report points out, there is a need for disaster and risk
reduction to be an essential part of the broader concerns of sustainable
development,and hence the need to make sure that risk assessments and
vulnerability reduction measures are taken into account in different
fields, such as environmental management, poverty reduction and
financial management. Second, it is essential to note that current
development practices do not necessarily reduce community
vulnerability to disasters – indeed, ill-advised and misdirected
development practices may actually increase disaster risks. A
considerable challenge remains in raising awareness of this concern and
to influence and enhance existing development projects, poverty
reduction strategies and other programmes to systematically reduce
disaster risk.

BIBLIOGRAPHY..
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