(1)

NAMES
Mohamed Hamed Hussein Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hafez
Mohamed Ahmed Fouad Ibrahim Nabawey Ibrahim
Mohamed Reda Mohamed Khaled Rashad Rabie
Mohamed Esmail Ahmed Elsheshtawy
Youssef Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Sharif Saeed
Mohamed Abdelrahman Fikry Assem abdelaal
Contents
................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Components of thermal comfort: - ................................................................................................................................... 2
❖ Metabolic heat production ............................................................................................................................... 2
❖ Clothing ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
❖ Relative humidity .............................................................................................................................................. 2
❖ Convection ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
❖ Conduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
❖ Radiation ........................................................................................................................................................... 2
Traditional methods of treating thermal loads................................................................................................................. 3
Traditional climate wall treatments .............................................................................................................................. 3
Conventional climate treatments for manifolds ........................................................................................................... 3
Smart interfaces ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
DESIGN ............................................................................................................................................................................ 11
PLAN ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
SECTION (A-A) ................................................................................................................................................................. 13
SECTION (B-B).................................................................................................................................................................. 14
ROOF ISOMATRIC ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
ELEVATIONTHE SOLAR BREAKER................................................................................................................................. 16
...................................................................................................................... 18
...................................................................................................................................... 18
PROJECT OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................................................... 18
Design.......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
PROJECT OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................................................... 19
PROJECT IMPACT......................................................................................................................................................... 20
introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 21
EnergyPlus Simulation key features ............................................................................................................................ 22
Unparalleled Simulation Flexibility and Documentation ............................................................................................ 23
introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 23
LARGE SCALE ANALYSIS WITH OPENSTUDIO .............................................................................................................. 25
OPENSTUDIO APPLICATION ........................................................................................................................................ 25

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Components of thermal comfort: -
To begin, I will go through the six parameters of thermal comfort that have to be taken into
account.
❖ Metabolic heat production
Humans are endotherms, and produce their own heat through metabolism. Depending on
activity levels and person-to-person physiological differences, metabolic heat production can
vary a lot. This heat becomes an important part of how people perceive their thermal
comfort.
❖ Clothing
The clothes that people wear in the workplace obviously play a large role in thermal comfort.
Clothing affects energy transfer between the skin and the environment.
❖ Relative humidity
The efficiency of evaporative heat dissipation is strongly influenced by relative humidity. At
high relative humidity, people will begin to struggle to lose heat via evaporative pathways.
Therefore, even relatively low air temperatures will feel hot and uncomfortable if the relative
humidity is high.
These first three influence people’s sensitivity to the thermal environment, and now the
next three points will dictate thermal comfort.
❖ Convection
Energy transfer via the flow of air. For people in the workplace, the convective component
of thermal comfort is governed primarily by the air temperature and ventilation rate.
❖ Conduction
Energy transfer through direct contact with surrounding surfaces. This is not generally very
important in the workplace, other than in considering the material used for surfaces like
chairs, which people are constantly in contact with.
❖ Radiation
Energy transfer via radiation from surrounding surfaces. This is the largest component of
thermal comfort, as humans experience the thermal environment as over 50 % the MRT.

All of these factors interact to regulate thermal comfort, which creates a lot to consider for
attempting to achieve thermal comfort in the Building.

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Traditional methods of treating thermal loads.
Traditional climate wall treatments
1) Use of insulating materials in the walls.
2) Building walls from slow thermal gain and heat transfer materials such as (concrete, mud
bricks - stones)
3) Create double walls to make an air insulator.
4) Creating double walls that allow air to pass between them and renew it, and reduce the
thermal load that penetrates into the space.
5) The use of heat-reflecting materials (the effect of the absorption coefficient on the
thermal efficiency of the material).

Conventional climate treatments for manifolds

1) The use of horizontal, vertical or combined solar panels.
2) Use of projections.
3) Use of plants (evergreen trees)
4) Using bodies near the building

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Smart interfaces
The study of façades is one of the great challenges facing designers to achieve thermal
comfort inside spaces, therefore Smart interfaces are attractive for their ability to
continuously interact with the climate and control the transfer of heat from outside to inside
This leads to saving energy consumption. Smart materials systems have been developed over
the past years and technology has been introduced In a variety of ways, various innovations
helped to emerge in this field, and adaptive systems were also developed with high precision
and control Thermal environment inside the vacuums.

❖ PCM (materials change phase)

They are materials that have the ability to absorb temperatures significantly and store and use
them when heating, where they are subjected A phase changes its properties under the
influence of temperatures depending on the ambient temperature of the building.
The basic principle is the utilization and absorption of a large amount of high heat and the
heat is stored, thus preserving energy. This property can be used as a means to increase the
.thermal mass and thus to ensure that the cooling and heating loads are reduced

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❖ Perlite
Perlites are small, white, light gray grains made of obsidian glass, ranging in diameter from 3
to 1.5 mm.
Features:
• It has the ability to retain water 3-4 times its weight.
• Amorphous and containing a high percentage of water, as this occurs naturally and has
an exceptional property to expand greatly when sufficiently heated.
• It is used to insulate external walls and ceilings. These granules are produced at
densities ranging between 35-240 kg / m3.
• The material contains open pores filled with air and is subject to high water
absorption. Therefore, it is treated with silicon to reduce the material's absorption of
water and moisture.

❖ Smart glass
Glass was widely used in the past in buildings, and this allowed sunlight to enter the interior
spaces and so forth.
It was accompanied by high temperatures inside, and with the development of technology
and the interest of designers was to consider the use Techniques in the evolution of the glass
material and changing its properties, colors and various shapes to reduce the entry of heat
and make use of the pot.
Appropriate light and many forms and types of smart glass have appeared that have a role in
reducing temperatures and achieving Thermal comfort and energy saving, which is treated
glass and is considered one of the smart systems that are used to reduce degrees Heat
treatment and building envelope.

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❖ Electrophoresis glass
It is one of the modern systems for controlling the sun's radiation, where the light
transmittance and transparency can be controlled and changed to a degree
The required opacity and electric control. When sunlight shines on the glass, the glass
changes from transparency to the degrees of opacity required by the electric current
Its uses achieve protection in interior spaces by automatically controlling the amount of light

and solar energy that passes through the glass, and it can help save energy in buildings.
Features:
• Provide the right shades for the glass
• It is not necessary to maintain a specific color level.
• It needs very little electrical current, which allows controlling and controlling levels of
sunlight.

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❖ Smart double glazing system
Double glazing is a system consisting of two glass
panels, including an air vacuum, but it is
preferable to use an inert gas such as argon,
because it is a weaker heat carrier than air,
improves the effectiveness of windows, and
achieves natural ventilation, which is adopted and
used mostly according to climatic conditions and
location.
This system can consist of one unit or double
glazed units from a distance of 20 mm between
one glass and another to protect the façade from
high temperatures during the cooling period and
provide means for solar shading.

The smart double glazing system works either naturally or mechanically to control the
process of ventilation and temperature, in cold climates it is done
Obtaining solar energy by using that system to provide heating requirements. In hot climates,
this system works on Reducing and controlling solar radiation and reducing cooling loads.
Recent studies have shown that improving energy efficiency is based on the interface
positively communicating with the surrounding environment at The application of one of the
smart systems, such as double glazing, that can improve and improve the properties of
materials, whether in cold or hot climates By improving the ventilation

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❖ Smart sun shading systems
Control systems appeared recently after the advancement of technology and the interest of
designers to protect the façades from the sun's rays
There have been types of solar control systems that operate either manually or automatically
as desired. When the sun’s rays are shed, they arise
The sensors of this system close these breakers and protect the facades from the sun's rays,
providing the appropriate shades.

Solar shading and sun screen systems are among the most prominent modern technological
means in the first century. The first to design an environmentally friendly building, where
modern solar shading systems are intelligently and precisely controlled with presence
Sensors, when shining the sun's rays, these technologies react and close and provide
appropriate shading on the façade Adequate savings in massive energy. These systems can
reduce the energy needed for heating, cooling, the use of lighting and air conditioning can be
reduced by nearly 40%.

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❖ The mass Trombe Wall
This method is eliminated by placing a solid, thick, dark wall behind a large window in order
to wipe the sun's rays through the penetration of this thick wall, which absorbs and stores this
heat energy during the day, and after that the heat is transferred by contact to the space
behind this wall and the necessary time. For the process of heat transfer from outside into the
space depends on the thickness of this wall, and to accelerate the process of heat transfer into
the vacuum, an opening can be made in the wall to activate the process of heat transfer
through the air between the wall and the glass.

❖ Water Trombe Wall

This method is similar to the previous method, and I used to use cylindrical gallons filled
with water instead of a solid wall. The use of water is characterized by its thermal storage
capacity much higher than a concrete wall, brick or stone.

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❖ roof pand
The main idea of the roof pand method is based on the same idea of the water wall, but with
these pillows placed above the surface of the space and the heat is transferred through a
metal roof by the method of radiation, and good insulation of these ceilings must be taken
into account to prevent thermal leakage into the external environment in the winter or at
night And prevent excessive heat from transferring to the interior spaces during the summer

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DESIGN

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PLAN

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SECTION (A-A)

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SECTION (B-B)

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ROOF ISOMATRIC

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ELEVATION

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THE SOLAR BREAKER

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Open Building Control
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
A properly designed, implemented, and maintained
HVAC control strategy can reduce commercial building
energy consumption by 20-30%. Control optimization
can reduce energy use by an additional 10-15%. These
opportunities are currently underutilized because the
processes of control optimization, implementation, and
commissioning are not fully automated and do not
interoperate with whole-building energy analysis. Lack of interoperability and automation
increase manual effort, cost, and human error, limiting the deployment of high-performance
control sequences.

The Open Building Control (OBC) Project aims to address these digitization and
interoperability gaps. BACnet and Haystack/BRICK already digitize and standardize the
communication and semantic tagging aspects of the building control delivery process,
respectively. OBC completes the chain by digitizing and standardizing the expression of
control logic

Design
We develop a controls design tool that will enable the selection and performance comparison
of building control strategies that reduce energy and peak power while increasing air quality
and comfort. This tool will also allow to export control sequences and functional verification
tests, expressed in a digital form using an open-standard controls description language
(CDL).

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 ASHRAE Standard 140 Maintenance and Development
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
ASHRAE Standard 140 “Standard Method of Test
for Building Energy Simulation Computer
Programs” aims to increase confidence in the use
of building energy modeling (BEM) by creating
standardized and citable test procedures for
validating, diagnosing, and improving the current
generation of BEM software. ASHRAE first
published Standard 140 in 2001, and updates were published in 2004, 2007, 2011,
2014, and 2017. The continuing development and maintenance of ASHRAE Standard
140 is a critical part of ensuring that building energy modeling (BEM) engines provide
accurate and consistent results to building designers, energy consultants, efficiency
.program administrators, and product developers

This project continues BTO’s support for this standard. It aims to increase adoption of
the standard, accelerate its development, and reduce the burden on vendors that
participate in developing the standard by contributing to published results as well as
to those testing against the standard. This will be achieved by adding automation to
simulation trials and reporting. The team will develop a user guide for the standard,
explore reorganization of the standard to make it more readable, streamline the IRS
179D software submission process, and increase engagement with BEM developers
and incentive programs that reference Standard 140.

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An important part of this project will be adding empirical tests to Standard 140. The
Standard 140 testing framework relies on a mix of three kinds of tests: (1) Analytical
tests with closed form solutions, (2) empirical tests with results based on measured
data, and (3) comparative tests with neither closed form solutions nor measured
data. Comparative tests fill the gaps between analytical and empirical tests for
engines that have passed the first two. Collectively, the three kinds of tests form a
more robust and complete structure than any could create individually or any two
could create without the third. Historically, Standard 140 has relied heavily on
comparative and analytical tests because “validation-grade” empirical measurements
for whole-building energy simulation have been difficult to obtain. However, well-
characterized highly-instrumented test facilities like LBNL’s FLEXLAB (Facility for Low
Energy eXperiments) and ORNL’s FRP (Flexible Research Platform) make validation-
grade experiments feasible. For the past three years, DOE has funded such validation
experiments at these two facilities with the intention of incorporating their results
into the standard

PROJECT IMPACT
Building Energy Modeling (BEM) is the basis for a number of building energy-efficiency
activities including energy-efficiency standards. These activities could not take place without
confidence in building energy modeling engines. ASHRAE Standard 140 is the framework
for establishing this confidence in energy modeling engines and—collectively—in the
energy modeling enterprise. It also serves as a living engine-neutral test suite that allows an
ever-expanding and rising minimum baseline of capabilities among engines available at any
given time. The ASHRAE Standard 140 suite is the primary mechanism by which engines
are certified for specific purposes. The most notable example for commercial buildings is the
list of software qualified for use for application for the 179D tax credit. Many other
organizations reference the 179D qualified software list. For residential buildings, RESNET

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cites Standard 140 to qualify software for the RESNET Home Energy Rating System
(HERS).
The primary target audience for ASHRAE Standard 140 are engine developers like DOE
(EnergyPlus and Spawn), TESS (TRNSYS), IES (Apache), and Wrightsoft (CSE). Other
audiences include codes and standards agencies, energy efficiency program administrators,
and building energy modeling practitioners. Standard 140 is cited and used by other
ASHRAE Standards such as the 90.1 Standard for minimal energy efficiency in commercial
buildings, the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), the International Green
Conservation Code (IGCC), and the energy codes of many nations, states and localities
including Canada, China, Japan, and Australia.
This project will accelerate the development and improve the accessibility of Standard 140
while adding new empirical validation test cases.
EnergyPlus
introduction
EnergyPlus is a whole building energy simulation program that engineers, architects, and
researchers use to model both energy consumption—for heating, cooling, ventilation,
lighting and plug and process loads—and water use in buildings. Some of the notable
features and capabilities of EnergyPlus include:
Integrated, simultaneous solution of thermal zone conditions and HVAC system response
that does not assume that the HVAC system can meet zone loads and can simulate un-
conditioned and under-conditioned spaces.
Heat balance-based solution of radiant and convective effects that produce surface
temperatures thermal comfort and condensation calculations.
Sub-hourly, user-definable time steps for interaction between thermal zones and the
environment; with automatically varied time steps for interactions between thermal zones
and HVAC systems. These allow EnergyPlus to model systems with fast dynamics while
also trading off simulation speed for precision.
Combined heat and mass transfer model that accounts for air movement between zones.
Advanced fenestration models including controllable window blinds, electrochromic
glazings, and layer-by-layer heat balances that calculate solar energy absorbed by window
panes.

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Illuminance and glare calculations for reporting visual comfort and driving lighting controls.
Component-based HVAC that supports both standard and novel system configurations.
A large number of built-in HVAC and lighting control strategies and an extensible runtime
scripting system for user-defined control.
Functional Mockup Interface import and export for co-simulation with other engines.
Standard summary and detailed output reports as well as user definable reports with
selectable time-resolution from annual to sub-hourly, all with energy source multipliers.
EnergyPlus is a console-based program that reads input and writes output to text files. It
ships with a number of utilities including IDF-Editor for creating input files using a simple
spreadsheet-like interface, EP-Launch for managing input and output files and performing
batch simulations, and EP-Compare for graphically comparing the results of two or more
simulations. Several comprehensive graphical interfaces for EnergyPlus are also available.
DOE does most of its work with EnergyPlus using the OpenStudio software development kit
and suite of applications.

EnergyPlus Simulation key features

• EnergyPlus is tightly integrated within this module providing advanced dynamic
thermal simulation at sub-hourly timesteps.
• Provide accurate environmental performance data such as energy consumption, carbon
emissions, room comfort at annual, monthly, daily, hourly, and sub-hourly intervals.
• Report solar gains on surfaces, surface temperatures and radiant exchanges.
• Access an extensive range of results for buildings and systems.
• Assess passive performance, thermal mass, and temperature distribution.
• Export surface temperatures and airflow rates as boundary conditions for detailed CFD
analysis.
• Size heating and cooling systems.
• Assess building operational and whole-life cycle costs using industry standard
calculation methods.

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Unparalleled Simulation Flexibility and Documentation
Most competing tools use a "black box" approach to simulation, meaning that you get no
access to the raw simulation inputs, outputs and the code used to run the simulations, and so
can never be really sure what is going on under the hood. DesignBuilder Simulations are
different. With EnergyPlus you get full access to the source code and documentation which
has been extensively tested by thousands of practitioners and academics. And when you need
to model building facades, systems or operational modes that are not provided out of the box,
you can customize your simulations to match the real case through a range of methods:
Modify the simulation input files, either manually or automatically in a script (requires the
Scripting module).
Customize the simulation using EMS runtime scripting (requires the Scripting module).
Modify the EnergyPlus source code (for the more confident modeler with software
development experience).
No other mainstream simulation tool offers so much flexibility in an easy to use package.

openstudio

introduction
OpenStudio is a cross-platform
(Windows, Mac, and Linux)
collection of software tools to
support whole building energy
modeling using EnergyPlus and
advanced daylight analysis
using Radiance. OpenStudio is
an open source (LGPL) project to facilitate community development, extension, and private
sector adoption. OpenStudio includes graphical interfaces along with a Software
Development Kit (SDK).

The graphical applications include the OpenStudio SketchUp Plug-in, OpenStudio

Application, ResultsViewer and the Parametric Analysis Tool. The OpenStudio SketchUp
Plug-in is an extension to Trimble’s popular SketchUp 3D modeling tool that allows users to
quickly create geometry needed for EnergyPlus. Additionally, OpenStudio supports import
of gbXML and IFC for geometry creation. The OpenStudio Application is a fully featured
graphical interface to OpenStudio models including envelope, loads, schedules, and HVAC.
ResultsViewer enables browsing, plotting, and comparing simulation output data, especially
time series. The Parametric Analysis Tool enables studying the impact of applying multiple
combinations of OpenStudio Measures to a base model as well as export of the analysis
results for EDAPT submission.

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In addition to the graphical interface, OpenStudio allows building researchers and software
developers to quickly get started through its multiple entry levels, including access through
C++, Ruby, and C#. Users can leverage the Ruby interface to create OpenStudio Measures
that can be easily shared and applied to OpenStudio Models.
The OpenStudio platform enables workflow automation via a distinctive feature called
Measures. Measures are small, interpreted programs that can transform a model, or query a
model and its simulation results. Measures—named so because many of them correspond to
energy-conservation measures (ECMs)—can perform transformations that are as simple as
changing insulation levels or as complex as reconfiguring fenestration, shading, and controls
to optimize for daylight harvesting. Measures are lightweight, easy to create and modify, and
provide a way to customize OpenStudio and its capabilities without having to modify the
core SDK. Beyond enabling parametric analysis—the systematic application of measures to
a model in various combinations—measures dramatically reduce the effort required to
construct energy models, while improving their consistency and quality. Over 200 Measures
are already available on the Building Component Library (BCL), an online repository of
OpenStudio content. Many more are currently in development. One recently developed and
especially powerful measure is “Create Performance Rating Method Baseline Building
Model” which automates the ASHRAE 90.1 “Appendix G” baselining procedure that is at
the heart of both code-compliance and above code BEM applications LEED and energy-
efficiency incentive documentation. Automating this procedure eliminates tedious modeler
effort and frees up time and budget for more creative and productive activities like
evaluating energy-efficiency strategies.

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LARGE SCALE

ANALYSIS
WITH

OPENSTUDIO
One focus of the OpenStudio project is support for large-scale analysis, including design
optimization, model input calibration, building stock analysis to identify buildings that are
candidates for specific programs, or prototype analysis to develop typical savings values.
There are two aspects to this—support for cloud computing, and the use of Measures to
systematically and efficiently create and index large simulation spaces consisting of related
model variants. The cloud provides cheap on-demand processing resources. OpenStudio, and
specifically Measures, allow these resources to be used productively.

OPENSTUDIO APPLICATION
The OpenStudio project includes a graphical application for creating and editing models,
running simulations, and viewing results. In line with its stated goal to support BEM
application developers and service providers, BTO has announced that it will be transitioning
the OpenStudio Application and SketchUp plug-in to one or more third parties by April
2020. More information about this transition plan, including answers to some frequently
asked questions and contact information for additional questions is available on the
openstudio site here

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Th a nk
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