Holy Angel University

School of Engineering and Architecture

Angeles City

Mechanical Engineering Department

Design of Thermal Analysis (HVAC-DTHERM)

Thursday 7:10pm—9:10pm
M.E.—402

Midterm Requirement

Submitted by:

Soliman, Car-vinne B.

Date Submitted:
October 9, 2021
 1. Discuss thermal systems and indoor environmental quality in buildings.

Thermal systems are those that involves the transfer and storage of heat. Heat

stored in a material or object is manifested as a higher temperature. For example, an

hot block has more heat stored in it than an equivalent cool block. Heat flows

between objects by one of three mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Conductive heat transfer occurs when a temperature difference exists across an

object. An example is the flow of heat that occurs through the wall of a building if

the temperature inside is higher (or lower) than the temperatures outside.

Convective heat transfer involves the flow of heat in a liquid or gas, as when a fan

blows cool air across a hot object; the air carries away some of the heat of the object.

Radiative heat transfer, like conductive transfer, is caused by a temperature

difference between objects, does not require a physical medium for heat flow.

TABLE OF UNITS (THERMAL SYSTEM)

Fundamental Quantities SI unit

Time - t second (s)

Energy - w Joule (J)

Power (or heat flow) - q Watt (J/s)

Temperature - θ (note we will generally be interested in

temperature differences. Since temperature

 differences are equal on Kelvin and Celsius scales,

we will generally use °C instead of K)

Thermal Resistance - R K/W

Thermal Conductance - KT W/K

Thermal Capacitance - C J/K

Mass flow rate - G kilogram/sec (kg/s)

Specific heat - cp J/(kg-K)

Heat flows naturally from a high temperature to low thermal or temperature.

Thermal systems are made up of two fundamental physical elements which include

thermal persistence and thermal capacitance. There are three possible sources: the

power source, temperature source, and flow of fluid.

The role of the thermal control system is to keep temperature of the

components within required temperature limits given power demand, orbits, etc. a
thermal system is a multipart assembly of coupled components, showing a common
structured behavior. For example, a refrigerator is a combination of pipes,
compressor electric motor, etc. that interacts to reach a certain goal which is the cold
production within. Whereas the refrigerant fluid and the interior space are
thermodynamic systems.
 Indoor environmental quality refers to the quality of a building’s environment
in relation to the well-being and health of those who occupy it. It is determined by
various factors and this includes lighting, air quality, and damp conditions.
Indoor environmental quality encompasses the conditions inside a building-air

quality, thermal conditions, lighting, compatibility of their effects on the residents

or occupants. Preserving human health, improving quality of life, reducing stress

and potential injuries are all strategies for addressing indoor environmental quality.

2. What are the things to consider in designing thermal systems and indoor

environmental quality?

The things to consider for designing thermal system are active heat load, passive

heat load, and heat transfer equations.

a. Active heat load – the actual heat generated by the component or system to be

cooled

b. Passive heat load – it is sometimes referred to as heat leak or parasitic heat

load; it is the heat energy that is lost or gained by the particle being load in the

conduction, convection and/or radiation

c. Heat transfer equation – it is to optimize the performance of a thermal system,

the use of heat transfer is important. These factors include heat conducted

through a solid material, heat transfer from an exposed surface to ambient by

convection.
Things to consider for indoor environmental quality:

Indoor environmental quality is about indoor air quality and this is relevant

on the HVAC system. The HVAC system helps control the indoor climate and

acceptable thermal comfort. Regular preventive maintenance makes sure that you

are keeping people safe.

Here are simple ways on how you can improve the indoor air quality through

HVAC maintenance:

- Replacing the air filters in consistent increments

- Regular cleaning f your air ducts

- Inspect ventilation rates and increase if necessary

- Visually inspect your HVAC system if there are any issues

3. What are the thermal effects of thermal system and indoor environmental

quality?

Thermal effects include the changes induced in the composite system due to

exposure to temperature variations, exposure to temperatures above the curing

temperature, exposure to negative temperature (freezing), high temperature, and

freeze-thaw cycles
 The thermal comfort is experienced by a number of conscious interactions

between three personal and environmental factors (physiological, physical, and

psychological)

1. The physiological aspect – regulation systems within our bodies continuously

strive to balance our heat exchange with the environment, by speeding up or

slowing down our heart beat to modify our blood flow and regulate heat

distribution; by sweating more when it is too hot to reduce skin temperature

credits to evaporation.

2. The physical aspect – thermal energy (hot or cold) is transferred via

conduction, radiation, and convection. Convection is energy transfer from a

solid to an adjacent gas or fluid (air and water). Radiation is the energy emitted

from a surface, such as in a radiator.

3. Socio-physiologic aspect – an individual’s current emotional state, mood,

level of fatigue will influence their experience in the environment. Other

environmental factors like noise and glare may influence thermal perception.

Leading in an increased sensation of overheating.

4. Choose 1 topic and determine the steps and calculations in designing.

Better indoor environmental quality can enhance the lives of building occupants,

increase the resale value of the building, and reduce liability for building owners.
These are the steps for indoor environmental quality and calculations in designing.

First we need to know the sources of indoor air contaminants.

What are common sources of indoor air contaminants?

• People smoking tobacco inside the building or near building entrances or air

uptakes

• Building materials such as paints, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and furniture

that may emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs), substances that vaporize

at room temperature and can cause health problems

• Combustion processes in HVAC equipment, fireplaces and stoves, and

vehicles in garages or near entrances

• Mold resulting from moisture in building materials

• Cleaning materials

• Radon or methane off-gassing from the soil underneath the building

• Pollutants from specific processes used in laboratories, hospitals, and factories

• Pollutants tracked in on occupants’ shoes

• Occupants’ respiration, which increases carbon dioxide levels and may

introduce germs

The steps for indoor environmental quality:

1. Use daylighting

2. Install operable windows

 3. Give occupants temperature and ventilation control

4. Give occupants lighting control

5. Conduct occupant surveys

6. Provide ergonomic furniture

7. Include appropriate acoustic design

Why it is important to have an indoor environmental quality for us?

This is to make their buildings places where people feel good and perform

well, project teams must balance selection of strategies that promote efficiency and

conservation with those that address the needs of the occupants and promote well-

being. Ideally, the chosen strategies do both: the solutions that conserve energy,

water and materials also contribute to a great indoor experience.

 References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, May 17). Indoor
Environmental Quality. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved
October 8, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/default.html.
Erik Cheever, S. C. (n.d.). Thermal systems. Linear Physical Systems - Erik
Cheever. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from
https://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Systems/Thermal/SysThermalAll.html#:~:text=Therm
al%20systems%20are%20those%20that%20involve%20the%20storage%20and%2
0transfer%20of%20heat.&text=An%20example%20is%20the%20flow,lower)
%20than%20the%20temperatures%20outside.
Green building 101: What is Indoor Environmental Quality? U.S. Green
Building Council. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2021, from
https://www.usgbc.org/articles/green-building-101-what-indoor-environmental-
quality.
Robert Bean, R. E. T. (n.d.). Fundamentals of Indoor Environmental Quality
:: Thermal comfort :: Section 2. Online educational resource on achieving indoor
environmental quality with radiant based HVAC systems. Retrieved October 8,
2021, from
http://www.healthyheating.com/Thermal_Comfort_Working_Copy/HH_physiolog
y_intro.htm#.YWDY_tpByUk.